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Bos PR, Schiphorst C, Kercher I, Buis S, de Jong D, Vunderink I, Wientjes E. Spectral diversity of photosystem I from flowering plants. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2023; 155:35-47. [PMID: 36260271 PMCID: PMC9792416 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-022-00971-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem I and II (PSI and PSII) work together to convert solar energy into chemical energy. Whilst a lot of research has been done to unravel variability of PSII fluorescence in response to biotic and abiotic factors, the contribution of PSI to in vivo fluorescence measurements has often been neglected or considered to be constant. Furthermore, little is known about how the absorption and emission properties of PSI from different plant species differ. In this study, we have isolated PSI from five plant species and compared their characteristics using a combination of optical and biochemical techniques. Differences have been identified in the fluorescence emission spectra and at the protein level, whereas the absorption spectra were virtually the same in all cases. In addition, the emission spectrum of PSI depends on temperature over a physiologically relevant range from 280 to 298 K. Combined, our data show a critical comparison of the absorption and emission properties of PSI from various plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Bos
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christo Schiphorst
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ian Kercher
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sieka Buis
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Djanick de Jong
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Igor Vunderink
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Emilie Wientjes
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Shen JR. Structure, Function, and Variations of the Photosystem I-Antenna Supercomplex from Different Photosynthetic Organisms. Subcell Biochem 2022; 99:351-377. [PMID: 36151382 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-00793-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem I (PSI) is a protein complex functioning in light-induced charge separation, electron transfer, and reduction reactions of ferredoxin in photosynthesis, which finally results in the reduction of NAD(P)- to NAD(P)H required for the fixation of carbon dioxide. In eukaryotic algae, PSI is associated with light-harvesting complex I (LHCI) subunits, forming a PSI-LHCI supercomplex. LHCI harvests and transfers light energy to the PSI core, where charge separation and electron transfer reactions occur. During the course of evolution, the number and sequences of protein subunits and the pigments they bind in LHCI change dramatically depending on the species of organisms, which is a result of adaptation of organisms to various light environments. In this chapter, I will describe the structure of various PSI-LHCI supercomplexes from different organisms solved so far either by X-ray crystallography or by cryo-electron microscopy, with emphasis on the differences in the number, structures, and association patterns of LHCI subunits associated with the PSI core found in different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ren Shen
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, and Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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3
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Shen G, Gan F, Bryant DA. The siderophilic cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya sp. strain JSC-1 acclimates to iron starvation by expressing multiple isiA-family genes. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2016; 128:325-340. [PMID: 27071628 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-016-0257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the evolution of different cyanobacteria performing oxygenic photosynthesis, the core complexes of the two photosystems were highly conserved. However, cyanobacteria exhibit significant diversification in their light-harvesting complexes and have flexible regulatory mechanisms to acclimate to changes in their growth environments. In the siderophilic, filamentous cyanobacterium, Leptolyngbya sp. strain JSC-1, five different isiA-family genes occur in two gene clusters. During acclimation to Fe limitation, relative transcript levels for more than 600 genes increased more than twofold. Relative transcript levels were ~250 to 300 times higher for the isiA1 gene cluster (isiA1-isiB-isiC), and ~440- to 540-fold for the isiA2-isiA3-isiA4-cpcG2-isiA5 gene cluster after 48 h of iron starvation. Chl-protein complexes were isolated and further purified from cells grown under Fe-replete and Fe-depleted conditions. A single class of particles, trimeric PSI, was identified by image analysis of electron micrographs of negatively stained PSI complexes from Fe-replete cells. However, three major classes of particles were observed for the Chl-protein supercomplexes from cells grown under iron starvation conditions. Based on LC-MS-MS analyses, the five IsiA-family proteins were found in the largest supercomplexes together with core components of the two photosystems; however, IsiA5 was not present in complexes in which only the core subunits of PSI were detected. IsiA5 belongs to the same clade as PcbC proteins in a phylogenetic classification, and it is proposed that IsiA5 is most likely involved in supercomplexes containing PSII dimers. IsiA4, which is a fusion of an IsiA domain and a C-terminal PsaL domain, was found together with IsiA1, IsiA2, and IsiA3 in complexes with monomeric PSI. The data indicate that horizontal gene transfer, gene duplication, and divergence have played important roles in the adaptive evolution of this cyanobacterium to iron starvation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaozhong Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 4406 Althouse Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Fei Gan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 4406 Althouse Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Donald A Bryant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 4406 Althouse Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA.
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Integral Light-Harvesting Complex Expression In Symbiodinium Within The Coral Acropora aspera Under Thermal Stress. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25081. [PMID: 27117333 PMCID: PMC4846871 DOI: 10.1038/srep25081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Coral reef success is largely dependent on the symbiosis between coral hosts and dinoflagellate symbionts belonging to the genus Symbiodinium. Elevated temperatures can result in the expulsion of Symbiodinium or loss of their photosynthetic pigments and is known as coral bleaching. It has been postulated that the expression of light-harvesting protein complexes (LHCs), which bind chlorophylls (chl) and carotenoids, are important in photobleaching. This study explored the effect a sixteen-day thermal stress (increasing daily from 25–34 °C) on integral LHC (chlorophyll a-chlorophyll c2-peridinin protein complex (acpPC)) gene expression in Symbiodinium within the coral Acropora aspera. Thermal stress leads to a decrease in Symbiodinium photosynthetic efficiency by day eight, while symbiont density was significantly lower on day sixteen. Over this time period, the gene expression of five SymbiodiniumacpPC genes was quantified. Three acpPC genes exhibited up-regulated expression when corals were exposed to temperatures above 31.5 °C (acpPCSym_1:1, day sixteen; acpPCSym_15, day twelve; and acpPCSym_18, day ten and day sixteen). In contrast, the expression of acpPCSym_5:1 and acpPCSym_10:1 was unchanged throughout the experiment. Interestingly, the three acpPC genes with increased expression cluster together in a phylogenetic analysis of light-harvesting complexes.
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Ishihara T, Ifuku K, Yamashita E, Fukunaga Y, Nishino Y, Miyazawa A, Kashino Y, Inoue-Kashino N. Utilization of light by fucoxanthin-chlorophyll-binding protein in a marine centric diatom, Chaetoceros gracilis. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2015; 126:437-47. [PMID: 26149177 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-015-0170-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The major light-harvesting pigment protein complex (fucoxanthin-chlorophyll-binding protein complex; FCP) was purified from a marine centric diatom, Chaetoceros gracilis, by mild solubilization followed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and then characterized. The dynamic light scattering measurement showed unimodality, indicating that the complex was highly purified. The amount of chlorophyll a (Chl a) bound to the purified FCP accounted for more than 60 % of total cellular Chl a. The complex was composed of three abundant polypeptides, although there are nearly 30 FCP-related genes. The two major components were identified as Fcp3 (Lhcf3)- and Fcp4 (Lhcf4)-equivalent proteins based on their internal amino acid sequences and a two-dimensional isoelectric focusing electrophoresis analysis developed in this work. Compared with the thylakoids, the FCP complex showed higher contents of fucoxanthin and chlorophyll c but lower contents of the xanthophyll cycle pigments diadinoxanthin and diatoxanthin. Fluorescence excitation spectra analyses indicated that light harvesting, rather than photosystem protection, is the major function of the purified FCP complex, which is associated with more than 60 % of total cellular Chl a. These findings suggest that the huge amount of Chl bound to the FCP complex composed of Lhcf3, Lhcf4, and an unidentified minor protein has a light-harvesting function to allow efficient photosynthesis under the dim-light conditions in the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Ishihara
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kohto, Kamigohri, Ako-gun, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ifuku
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Eiki Yamashita
- Institute of Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuko Fukunaga
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kohto, Kamigohri, Ako-gun, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan
| | - Yuri Nishino
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kohto, Kamigohri, Ako-gun, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan
| | - Atsuo Miyazawa
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kohto, Kamigohri, Ako-gun, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kashino
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kohto, Kamigohri, Ako-gun, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan.
| | - Natsuko Inoue-Kashino
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kohto, Kamigohri, Ako-gun, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan
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Solov’ev AA, Erokhin YE. Formation of 55-kDa fragments under impaired coordination bonds and hydrophobic interactions in peripheral light-harvesting complexes isolated from photosynthetic purple bacteria. Microbiology (Reading) 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261715030194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Niedzwiedzki DM, Jiang J, Lo CS, Blankenship RE. Spectroscopic properties of the Chlorophyll a-Chlorophyll c 2-Peridinin-Protein-Complex (acpPC) from the coral symbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinium. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2014; 120:125-139. [PMID: 23361658 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-013-9794-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Femtosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy was performed on the chlorophyll a-chlorophyll c 2-peridinin-protein-complex (acpPC), a major light-harvesting complex of the coral symbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinium. The measurements were carried out on the protein as well on the isolated pigments in the visible and the near-infrared region at 77 K. The data were globally fit to establish inter-pigment energy transfer paths within the scaffold of the complex. In addition, microsecond flash photolysis analysis was applied to reveal photoprotective capabilities of carotenoids (peridinin and diadinoxanthin) in the complex, especially the ability to quench chlorophyll a triplet states. The results demonstrate that the majority of carotenoids and other accessory light absorbers such as chlorophyll c 2 are very well suited to support chlorophyll a in light harvesting. However, their performance in photoprotection in the acpPC is questionable. This is unusual among carotenoid-containing light-harvesting proteins and may explain the low resistance of the acpPC complex against photoinduced damage under even moderate light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz M Niedzwiedzki
- Photosynthetic Antenna Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1138, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA,
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Janouskovec J, Sobotka R, Lai DH, Flegontov P, Koník P, Komenda J, Ali S, Prásil O, Pain A, Oborník M, Lukes J, Keeling PJ. Split photosystem protein, linear-mapping topology, and growth of structural complexity in the plastid genome of Chromera velia. Mol Biol Evol 2013; 30:2447-62. [PMID: 23974208 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/mst144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The canonical photosynthetic plastid genomes consist of a single circular-mapping chromosome that encodes a highly conserved protein core, involved in photosynthesis and ATP generation. Here, we demonstrate that the plastid genome of the photosynthetic relative of apicomplexans, Chromera velia, departs from this view in several unique ways. Core photosynthesis proteins PsaA and AtpB have been broken into two fragments, which we show are independently transcribed, oligoU-tailed, translated, and assembled into functional photosystem I and ATP synthase complexes. Genome-wide transcription profiles support expression of many other highly modified proteins, including several that contain extensions amounting to hundreds of amino acids in length. Canonical gene clusters and operons have been fragmented and reshuffled into novel putative transcriptional units. Massive genomic coverage by paired-end reads, coupled with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and polymerase chain reaction, consistently indicate that the C. velia plastid genome is linear-mapping, a unique state among all plastids. Abundant intragenomic duplication probably mediated by recombination can explain protein splits, extensions, and genome linearization and is perhaps the key driving force behind the many features that defy the conventional ways of plastid genome architecture and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Janouskovec
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Pan H, Slapeta J, Carter D, Chen M. Phylogenetic analysis of the light-harvesting system in Chromera velia. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2012; 111:19-28. [PMID: 22161624 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-011-9710-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chromera velia is a newly discovered photosynthetic eukaryotic alga that has functional chloroplasts closely related to the apicoplast of apicomplexan parasites. Recently, the chloroplast in C. velia was shown to be derived from the red algal lineage. Light-harvesting protein complexes (LHC), which are a group of proteins involved in photon capture and energy transfer in photosynthesis, are important for photosynthesis efficiency, photo-adaptation/accumulation and photo-protection. Although these proteins are encoded by genes located in the nucleus, LHC peptides migrate and function in the chloroplast, hence the LHC may have a different evolutionary history compared to chloroplast evolution. Here, we compare the phylogenetic relationship of the C. velia LHCs to LHCs from other photosynthetic organisms. Twenty-three LHC homologues retrieved from C. velia EST sequences were aligned according to their conserved regions. The C. velia LHCs are positioned in four separate groups on trees constructed by neighbour-joining, maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. A major group of seventeen LHCs from C. velia formed a separate cluster that was closest to dinoflagellate LHC, and to LHC and fucoxanthin chlorophyll-binding proteins from diatoms. One C. velia LHC sequence grouped with LI1818/LI818-like proteins, which were recently identified as environmental stress-induced protein complexes. Only three LHC homologues from C. velia grouped with the LHCs from red algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Pan
- School of Biological Sciences (A08), Faculty of Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Ryan-Keogh TJ, Macey AI, Cockshutt AM, Moore CM, Bibby TS. THE CYANOBACTERIAL CHLOROPHYLL-BINDING-PROTEIN ISIA ACTS TO INCREASE THE IN VIVO EFFECTIVE ABSORPTION CROSS-SECTION OF PSI UNDER IRON LIMITATION(1). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2012; 48:145-54. [PMID: 27009659 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Iron availability limits primary production in >30% of the world's oceans; hence phytoplankton have developed acclimation strategies. In particular, cyanobacteria express IsiA (iron-stress-induced) under iron stress, which can become the most abundant chl-binding protein in the cell. Within iron-limited oceanic regions with significant cyanobacterial biomass, IsiA may represent a significant fraction of the total chl. We spectroscopically measured the effective cross-section of the photosynthetic reaction center PSI (σPSI ) in vivo and biochemically quantified the absolute abundance of PSI, PSII, and IsiA in the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. We demonstrate that accumulation of IsiA results in a ∼60% increase in σPSI , in agreement with the theoretical increase in cross-section based on the structure of the biochemically isolated IsiA-PSI supercomplex from cyanobacteria. Deriving a chl budget, we suggest that IsiA plays a primary role as a light-harvesting antenna for PSI. On progressive iron-stress in culture, IsiA continues to accumulate without a concomitant increase in σPSI , suggesting that there may be a secondary role for IsiA. In natural populations, the potential physiological significance of the uncoupled pool of IsiA remains to be established. However, the functional role as a PSI antenna suggests that a large fraction of IsiA-bound chl is directly involved in photosynthetic electron transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Ryan-Keogh
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UKDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB E4L 1G7, CanadaSchool of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Anna I Macey
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UKDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB E4L 1G7, CanadaSchool of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Amanda M Cockshutt
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UKDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB E4L 1G7, CanadaSchool of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - C Mark Moore
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UKDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB E4L 1G7, CanadaSchool of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Thomas S Bibby
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UKDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB E4L 1G7, CanadaSchool of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
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Mishra Y, Johansson Jänkänpää H, Kiss AZ, Funk C, Schröder WP, Jansson S. Arabidopsis plants grown in the field and climate chambers significantly differ in leaf morphology and photosystem components. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:6. [PMID: 22236032 PMCID: PMC3296669 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants exhibit phenotypic plasticity and respond to differences in environmental conditions by acclimation. We have systematically compared leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana plants grown in the field and under controlled low, normal and high light conditions in the laboratory to determine their most prominent phenotypic differences. RESULTS Compared to plants grown under field conditions, the "indoor plants" had larger leaves, modified leaf shapes and longer petioles. Their pigment composition also significantly differed; indoor plants had reduced levels of xanthophyll pigments. In addition, Lhcb1 and Lhcb2 levels were up to three times higher in the indoor plants, but differences in the PSI antenna were much smaller, with only the low-abundance Lhca5 protein showing altered levels. Both isoforms of early-light-induced protein (ELIP) were absent in the indoor plants, and they had less non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). The field-grown plants had a high capacity to perform state transitions. Plants lacking ELIPs did not have reduced growth or seed set rates, but their mortality rates were sometimes higher. NPQ levels between natural accessions grown under different conditions were not correlated. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that comparative analysis of field-grown plants with those grown under artificial conditions is important for a full understanding of plant plasticity and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Mishra
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Anett Z Kiss
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christiane Funk
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang P Schröder
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stefan Jansson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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12
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Assembly of Light Harvesting Pigment-Protein Complexes in Photosynthetic Eukaryotes. PHOTOSYNTHESIS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-1579-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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13
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Light Stress Proteins in Viruses, Cyanobacteria and Photosynthetic Eukaryota. PHOTOSYNTHESIS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-1579-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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14
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The Extended Light-Harvesting Complex (LHC) Protein Superfamily: Classification and Evolutionary Dynamics. FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS AND EVOLUTION OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC SYSTEMS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-1533-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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15
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Green BR. Chloroplast genomes of photosynthetic eukaryotes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 66:34-44. [PMID: 21443621 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04541.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast genomes have retained a core set of genes from their cyanobacterial ancestor, most of them required for the light reactions of photosynthesis or functions connected with transcription and translation. Other genes have been transferred to the nucleus or were lost in a lineage-specific manner. The genomes are distinguished by the selection of genes retained, whether or not transcripts are edited, presence/absence of introns and small repeats and their physical organization. Plants and green algae have kept fewer plastid genes than either the red algae or the chromistan algae, which obtained their plastids from red algae by secondary endosymbiosis. Photosynthetic dinoflagellates have the fewest (fewer than 20), but still grow photoautotrophically. All chloroplast genomes map as a circle, but there have been extensive rearrangements of gene order even between related species. Genome sizes vary much more than gene content, depending on the extent of gene duplication and small repeats and the size of intergenic spacers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverley R Green
- Botany Department, University of British Columbia, #3529-6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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16
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Neilson JAD, Durnford DG. Structural and functional diversification of the light-harvesting complexes in photosynthetic eukaryotes. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2010; 106:57-71. [PMID: 20596891 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-010-9576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotes acquired photosynthetic metabolism over a billion years ago, and during that time the light-harvesting antennae have undergone significant structural and functional divergence. The antenna systems are generally used to harvest and transfer excitation energy into the reaction centers to drive photosynthesis, but also have the dual role of energy dissipation. Phycobilisomes formed the first antenna system in oxygenic photoautotrophs, and this soluble protein complex continues to be the dominant antenna in extant cyanobacteria, glaucophytes, and red algae. However, phycobilisomes were lost multiple times during eukaryotic evolution in favor of a thylakoid membrane-integral light-harvesting complex (LHC) antenna system found in the majority of eukaryotic taxa. While photosynthesis spread across different eukaryotic kingdoms via endosymbiosis, the antenna systems underwent extensive modification as photosynthetic groups optimized their light-harvesting capacity and ability to acclimate to changing environmental conditions. This review discusses the different classes of LHCs within photosynthetic eukaryotes and examines LHC diversification in different groups in a structural and functional context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A D Neilson
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
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Engelken J, Brinkmann H, Adamska I. Taxonomic distribution and origins of the extended LHC (light-harvesting complex) antenna protein superfamily. BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10:233. [PMID: 20673336 PMCID: PMC3020630 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The extended light-harvesting complex (LHC) protein superfamily is a centerpiece of eukaryotic photosynthesis, comprising the LHC family and several families involved in photoprotection, like the LHC-like and the photosystem II subunit S (PSBS). The evolution of this complex superfamily has long remained elusive, partially due to previously missing families. Results In this study we present a meticulous search for LHC-like sequences in public genome and expressed sequence tag databases covering twelve representative photosynthetic eukaryotes from the three primary lineages of plants (Plantae): glaucophytes, red algae and green plants (Viridiplantae). By introducing a coherent classification of the different protein families based on both, hidden Markov model analyses and structural predictions, numerous new LHC-like sequences were identified and several new families were described, including the red lineage chlorophyll a/b-binding-like protein (RedCAP) family from red algae and diatoms. The test of alternative topologies of sequences of the highly conserved chlorophyll-binding core structure of LHC and PSBS proteins significantly supports the independent origins of LHC and PSBS families via two unrelated internal gene duplication events. This result was confirmed by the application of cluster likelihood mapping. Conclusions The independent evolution of LHC and PSBS families is supported by strong phylogenetic evidence. In addition, a possible origin of LHC and PSBS families from different homologous members of the stress-enhanced protein subfamily, a diverse and anciently paralogous group of two-helix proteins, seems likely. The new hypothesis for the evolution of the extended LHC protein superfamily proposed here is in agreement with the character evolution analysis that incorporates the distribution of families and subfamilies across taxonomic lineages. Intriguingly, stress-enhanced proteins, which are universally found in the genomes of green plants, red algae, glaucophytes and in diatoms with complex plastids, could represent an important and previously missing link in the evolution of the extended LHC protein superfamily.
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Singh AK, Sherman LA. Reflections on the function of IsiA, a cyanobacterial stress-inducible, Chl-binding protein. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2007; 93:17-25. [PMID: 17375369 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-007-9151-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The isiA gene encodes a protein that is similar to the Photosystem II chlorophyll-binding protein CP43, but lacks the entire large lumenal loop of over 100 amino acids. What is the function of this IsiA protein? Research on IsiA has traveled a long and interesting path since it was first discovered by its large accumulation during growth under iron-limited conditions. What appeared to be a simple on-off switch for isiA based on iron concentration has developed into a much richer and more intriguing set of possibilities that involve its expression and function. We provide an overview of isiA transcriptional regulation by many environmental factors and its proposed functions. We also describe the response to oxidative stress by cells that lack the IsiA protein. It is now clear that isiA expression can be de-repressed in the presence of normal iron levels and that the regulatory mechanisms can be linked to the inter-relationship between iron homeostasis and oxidative stress. The de facto transcriptional control of isiA expression has expanded to include regulation at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay K Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, Hansen Hall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Zhang Y, Chen M, Zhou BB, Jermiin LS, Larkum AWD. Evolution of the Inner Light-Harvesting Antenna Protein Family of Cyanobacteria, Algae, and Plants. J Mol Evol 2007; 64:321-31. [PMID: 17273917 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-006-0058-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Two hypotheses account for the evolution of the inner antenna light-harvesting proteins of oxygenic photosynthesis in cyanobacteria, algae, and plants: one in which the CP43 protein of photosytem II gave rise to the extrinsic CP43-like antennas of cyanobacteria (i.e. IsiA and Pcb proteins), as a late development, and the other in which CP43 and CP43-like proteins derive from an ancestral protein. In order to determine which of these hypotheses is most likely, we analyzed the family of antenna proteins by a variety of phylogenetic techniques, using alignments of the six common membrane-spanning helices, constructed using information on the antenna proteins' three-dimensional structure, and surveyed for evidence of factors that might confound inference of a correct phylogeny. The first hypothesis was strongly supported. As a consequence, we conclude that the ancestral photosynthetic apparatus, with 11 membrane-spanning helices, split at an early stage during evolution to form, on the one hand, the reaction center of photosystem II and, on the other hand, the ancestor of inner antenna proteins, CP43 (PsbC) and CP47 (PsbB). Only much later in evolution did the CP43 lineage give rise to the CP43' proteins (IsiA and Pcb) of cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, Heydon-Laurence Building A08, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Mulkidjanian AY, Koonin EV, Makarova KS, Mekhedov SL, Sorokin A, Wolf YI, Dufresne A, Partensky F, Burd H, Kaznadzey D, Haselkorn R, Galperin MY. The cyanobacterial genome core and the origin of photosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:13126-31. [PMID: 16924101 PMCID: PMC1551899 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0605709103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparative analysis of 15 complete cyanobacterial genome sequences, including "near minimal" genomes of five strains of Prochlorococcus spp., revealed 1,054 protein families [core cyanobacterial clusters of orthologous groups of proteins (core CyOGs)] encoded in at least 14 of them. The majority of the core CyOGs are involved in central cellular functions that are shared with other bacteria; 50 core CyOGs are specific for cyanobacteria, whereas 84 are exclusively shared by cyanobacteria and plants and/or other plastid-carrying eukaryotes, such as diatoms or apicomplexans. The latter group includes 35 families of uncharacterized proteins, which could also be involved in photosynthesis. Only a few components of cyanobacterial photosynthetic machinery are represented in the genomes of the anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria Chlorobium tepidum, Rhodopseudomonas palustris, Chloroflexus aurantiacus, or Heliobacillus mobilis. These observations, coupled with recent geological data on the properties of the ancient phototrophs, suggest that photosynthesis originated in the cyanobacterial lineage under the selective pressures of UV light and depletion of electron donors. We propose that the first phototrophs were anaerobic ancestors of cyanobacteria ("procyanobacteria") that conducted anoxygenic photosynthesis using a photosystem I-like reaction center, somewhat similar to the heterocysts of modern filamentous cyanobacteria. From procyanobacteria, photosynthesis spread to other phyla by way of lateral gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armen Y. Mulkidjanian
- *School of Physics, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico–Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia
| | - Eugene V. Koonin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894
| | - Kira S. Makarova
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894
| | - Sergey L. Mekhedov
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894
| | - Alexander Sorokin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894
| | - Yuri I. Wolf
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894
| | - Alexis Dufresne
- Station Biologique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7144, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Université Paris 6, BP74, F-29682 Roscoff Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Partensky
- Station Biologique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7144, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Université Paris 6, BP74, F-29682 Roscoff Cedex, France
| | - Henry Burd
- Integrated Genomics, Inc., Chicago, IL 60612; and
| | | | - Robert Haselkorn
- **Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Michael Y. Galperin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894
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Frigaard NU, Bryant DA. Chlorosomes: Antenna Organelles in Photosynthetic Green Bacteria. MICROBIOLOGY MONOGRAPHS 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/7171_021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Frigaard NU, Li H, Martinsson P, Das SK, Frank HA, Aartsma TJ, Bryant DA. Isolation and characterization of carotenosomes from a bacteriochlorophyll c-less mutant of Chlorobium tepidum. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2005; 86:101-11. [PMID: 16172929 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-005-1331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2004] [Accepted: 01/27/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Chlorosomes are the light-harvesting organelles in photosynthetic green bacteria and typically contain large amounts of bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) c in addition to smaller amounts of BChl a, carotenoids, and several protein species. We have isolated vestigial chlorosomes, denoted carotenosomes, from a BChl c-less, bchK mutant of the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium tepidum. The physical shape of the carotenosomes (86 +/- 17 nm x 66 +/- 13 nm x 4.3 +/- 0.8 nm on average) was reminiscent of a flattened chlorosome. The carotenosomes contained carotenoids, BChl a, and the proteins CsmA and CsmD in ratios to each other comparable to their ratios in wild-type chlorosomes, but all other chlorosome proteins normally found in wild-type chlorosomes were found only in trace amounts or were not detected. Similar to wild-type chlorosomes, the CsmA protein in the carotenosomes formed oligomers at least up to homo-octamers as shown by chemical cross-linking and immunoblotting. The absorption spectrum of BChl a in the carotenosomes was also indistinguishable from that in wild-type chlorosomes. Energy transfer from the bulk carotenoids to BChl a in carotenosomes was poor. The results indicate that the carotenosomes have an intact baseplate made of remarkably stable oligomeric CsmA-BChl a complexes but are flattened in structure due to the absence of BChl c. Carotenosomes thus provide a valuable material for studying the biogenesis, structure, and function of the photosynthetic antennae in green bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels-Ulrik Frigaard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Singh AK, Li H, Bono L, Sherman LA. Novel adaptive responses revealed by transcription profiling of a Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 delta-isiA mutant in the presence and absence of hydrogen peroxide. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2005; 84:65-70. [PMID: 16049756 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-004-6429-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2004] [Accepted: 11/16/2004] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The isiAB genes have proven to be highly stress-responsive under a variety of environmental conditions, including iron deficiency, high salt and oxidative stress. In order to understand the function of IsiA and its importance in oxidative stress, we constructed a knock out mutant of the isiA gene and compared differential gene expression of the DeltaisiA strain in the presence and absence of H2O2. We used the full genome microarray for the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 as previously described [Postier BL, Wang HL, Singh A, Impson L, Andrews, HL, Klahn J, Li H, Risinger G, Pesta D, Deyholos M, Galbraith DW, Sherman LA and Burnap RL (2003) BMC Genenomics 4: 23-34]. We determined that one of the main differences in DeltaisiA compared to wild-type (in the absence of peroxide) was the induction of a gene cluster (sll1693-sll1696) that encoded genes resembling pilins or general secretory proteins (Gsp). These proteins are targeted to the cytoplasmic membrane and we suggest that they may be involved in the assembly of membrane complexes, including pigment-protein complexes. The DeltaisiA strain was more resistant to H2O2 compared to the wild-type. In the presence of 1.5 mM H2O2 for 30 min, a cluster of genes that includes a peroxiredoxin was induced 7- to 8-fold and we suggest that this peroxide scavenging enzyme is responsible for the increased peroxide resistance of the DeltaisiA strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay K Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Melkozernov AN, Blankenship RE. Structural and functional organization of the peripheral light-harvesting system in photosystem I. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2005; 85:33-50. [PMID: 15977058 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-004-6474-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2004] [Accepted: 11/19/2004] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This review centers on the structural and functional organization of the light-harvesting system in the peripheral antenna of Photosystem I (LHC I) and its energy coupling to the Photosystem I (PS I) core antenna network in view of recently available structural models of the eukaryotic Photosystem I-LHC I complex, eukaryotic LHC II complexes and the cyanobacterial Photosystem I core. A structural model based on the 3D homology of Lhca4 with LHC II is used for analysis of the principles of pigment arrangement in the LHC I peripheral antenna, for prediction of the protein ligands for the pigments that are unique for LHC I and for estimates of the excitonic coupling in strongly interacting pigment dimers. The presence of chlorophyll clusters with strong pigment-pigment interactions is a structural feature of PS I, resulting in the characteristic red-shifted fluorescence. Analysis of the interactions between the PS I core antenna and the peripheral antenna leads to the suggestion that the specific function of the red pigments is likely to be determined by their localization with respect to the reaction center. In the PS I core antenna, the Chl clusters with a different magnitude of low energy shift contribute to better spectral overlap of Chls in the reaction center and the Chls of the antenna network, concentrate the excitation around the reaction center and participate in downhill enhancement of energy transfer from LHC II to the PS I core. Chlorophyll clusters forming terminal emitters in LHC I are likely to be involved in photoprotection against excess energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Melkozernov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for the Study of Early Events in Photosynthesis, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1604, USA.
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