1
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Bruun N, Laursen MF, Carmelo R, Christensen E, Jensen TS, Christiansen G, Birkelund S, Agger R, Kofod-Olsen E. Novel nucleotide-packaging vaccine delivers antigen and poly(I:C) to dendritic cells and generate a potent antibody response in vivo. Vaccine 2024; 42:2909-2918. [PMID: 38538405 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
An issue with many current vaccines is the dependency on broadly inflammatory adjuvants, such as aluminum hydroxide or aluminum salts that affect many immune- and non-immune cells. These adjuvants are not necessarily activating all antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that take up the antigen and most likely they also activate APCs with no antigen uptake, as well as many non-immune cells. Conjugation of antigen and adjuvant would enable the use of smaller amounts of adjuvant and avoid unnecessary tissue damage and activation of bystander cells. It would ensure that all APCs that take up the antigen would also become activated and avoid that immature and non-activated APCs present the antigen to T cells without a co-stimulatory signal, leading to tolerogenesis. We have developed a novel vaccine that co-deliver antigen and a nucleotide adjuvant to the same APC and lead to a strong activation response in dendritic cells and macrophages. The vaccine is constructed as a fusion-protein with an antigen fused to the DNA/RNA-binding domain from the Hc2 protein from Chlamydia trachomatis. We have found that the fusion protein is able to package polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) or dsDNA into small particles. These particles were taken up by macrophages and dendritic cells and led to strong activation and maturation of these cells. Immunization of mice with the fusion protein packaged poly(I:C) led to a stronger antibody response compared to immunization with a combination of poly(I:C) and antigen without the Hc2 DNA/RNA-binding domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasja Bruun
- Aalborg University, Department of Health Science and Technology, Denmark
| | - Marlene F Laursen
- Aalborg University, Department of Health Science and Technology, Denmark
| | - Rita Carmelo
- Aalborg University, Department of Health Science and Technology, Denmark
| | - Esben Christensen
- Aalborg University, Department of Health Science and Technology, Denmark
| | - Trine S Jensen
- Aalborg University, Department of Health Science and Technology, Denmark
| | - Gunna Christiansen
- Aalborg University, Department of Health Science and Technology, Denmark
| | - Svend Birkelund
- Aalborg University, Department of Health Science and Technology, Denmark
| | - Ralf Agger
- Aalborg University, Department of Health Science and Technology, Denmark
| | - Emil Kofod-Olsen
- Aalborg University, Department of Health Science and Technology, Denmark.
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2
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Liu X, Lu Y, Li X, Luo L, You J. Nanoplatform-enhanced photodynamic therapy for the induction of immunogenic cell death. J Control Release 2024; 365:1058-1073. [PMID: 38056695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
As an efficient, non-invasive, low-side-effect, and highly selective cancer therapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT) is used to treat various malignant tumors. However, the inefficiency of dealing with deep tumors and metastatic lesions highly limits the use of PDT. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a particular form of tumor cell death that could elicit a tumor-special immune response, leading to a systemic anti-tumor effect and providing therapeutic benefits for metastatic lesions. In this regard, it is crucial to enhance the ability of PDT to induce ICD. Luckily, advanced nanotechnology created many promising ways to improve the immunogenicity of PDT and achieve photoimmunotherapy. This review summarizes the emerging strategies for triggering immunogenic cell death via nanoplatform-enhanced PDT, with particular emphasis on their advantages in photoimmunotherapy. We highlight the nanoplatforms classified according to the basic principles of photodynamic therapy and immunogenic cell death, which provides a valuable reference for the design of nanoplatform for photoimmunotherapy. In addition, we also discuss the current situation and prospect of nano-based photoimmunotherapy in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yichao Lu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Lihua Luo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China; Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, 498 Yiwu Street, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321299, P. R. China.
| | - Jian You
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P. R. China; The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 QingChun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P. R. China; Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, 498 Yiwu Street, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321299, P. R. China.
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3
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Hostallero DE, Wei L, Wang L, Cairns J, Emad A. Preclinical-to-clinical Anti-cancer Drug Response Prediction and Biomarker Identification Using TINDL. GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2023; 21:535-550. [PMID: 36775056 PMCID: PMC10787192 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Prediction of the response of cancer patients to different treatments and identification of biomarkers of drug response are two major goals of individualized medicine. Here, we developed a deep learning framework called TINDL, completely trained on preclinical cancer cell lines (CCLs), to predict the response of cancer patients to different treatments. TINDL utilizes a tissue-informed normalization to account for the tissue type and cancer type of the tumors and to reduce the statistical discrepancies between CCLs and patient tumors. Moreover, by making the deep learning black box interpretable, this model identifies a small set of genes whose expression levels are predictive of drug response in the trained model, enabling identification of biomarkers of drug response. Using data from two large databases of CCLs and cancer tumors, we showed that this model can distinguish between sensitive and resistant tumors for 10 (out of 14) drugs, outperforming various other machine learning models. In addition, our small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown experiments on 10 genes identified by this model for one of the drugs (tamoxifen) confirmed that tamoxifen sensitivity is substantially influenced by all of these genes in MCF7 cells, and seven of these genes in T47D cells. Furthermore, genes implicated for multiple drugs pointed to shared mechanism of action among drugs and suggested several important signaling pathways. In summary, this study provides a powerful deep learning framework for prediction of drug response and identification of biomarkers of drug response in cancer. The code can be accessed at https://github.com/ddhostallero/tindl.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Earl Hostallero
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A, Canada; Mila - Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute, Montreal, QC H2S, Canada
| | - Lixuan Wei
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Liewei Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Junmei Cairns
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Amin Emad
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A, Canada; Mila - Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute, Montreal, QC H2S, Canada; The Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A, Canada.
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4
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Leśniak M, Lipniarska J, Majka P, Kopyt W, Lejman M, Zawitkowska J. The Role of TRL7/8 Agonists in Cancer Therapy, with Special Emphasis on Hematologic Malignancies. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020277. [PMID: 36851155 PMCID: PMC9967151 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) belong to the pattern recognition receptors (PRR). TLR7 and the closely correlated TLR8 affiliate with toll-like receptors family, are located in endosomes. They recognize single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules and synthetic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)/RNA analogs-oligoribonucleotides. TLRs are primarily expressed in hematopoietic cells. There is compiling evidence implying that TLRs also direct the formation of blood cellular components and make a contribution to the pathogenesis of certain hematopoietic malignancies. The latest research shows a positive effect of therapy with TRL agonists on the course of hemato-oncological diseases. Ligands impact activation of antigen-presenting cells which results in production of cytokines, transfer of mentioned cells to the lymphoid tissue and co-stimulatory surface molecules expression required for T-cell activation. Toll-like receptor agonists have already been used in oncology especially in the treatment of dermatological neoplastic lesions. The usage of these substances in the treatment of solid tumors is being investigated. The present review discusses the direct and indirect influence that TLR7/8 agonists, such as imiquimod, imidazoquinolines and resiquimod have on neoplastic cells and their promising role as adjuvants in anticancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Leśniak
- Student Scientific Society of Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Justyna Lipniarska
- Student Scientific Society of Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Patrycja Majka
- Student Scientific Society of Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Weronika Kopyt
- Student Scientific Society of Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Lejman
- Independent Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Zawitkowska
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence:
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5
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Mantovani A, Allavena P, Marchesi F, Garlanda C. Macrophages as tools and targets in cancer therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:799-820. [PMID: 35974096 PMCID: PMC9380983 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00520-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 479] [Impact Index Per Article: 239.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumour-associated macrophages are an essential component of the tumour microenvironment and have a role in the orchestration of angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodelling, cancer cell proliferation, metastasis and immunosuppression, as well as in resistance to chemotherapeutic agents and checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. Conversely, when appropriately activated, macrophages can mediate phagocytosis of cancer cells and cytotoxic tumour killing, and engage in effective bidirectional interactions with components of the innate and adaptive immune system. Therefore, they have emerged as therapeutic targets in cancer therapy. Macrophage-targeting strategies include inhibitors of cytokines and chemokines involved in the recruitment and polarization of tumour-promoting myeloid cells as well as activators of their antitumorigenic and immunostimulating functions. Early clinical trials suggest that targeting negative regulators (checkpoints) of myeloid cell function indeed has antitumor potential. Finally, given the continuous recruitment of myelomonocytic cells into tumour tissues, macrophages are candidates for cell therapy with the development of chimeric antigen receptor effector cells. Macrophage-centred therapeutic strategies have the potential to complement, and synergize with, currently available tools in the oncology armamentarium. Macrophages can promote tumorigenesis and enhance the antitumour response. This Review discusses the molecular mechanisms underlying the reprogramming of macrophages in the tumour microenvironment and provides an overview of macrophage-targeted therapies for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Mantovani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy. .,IRCCS- Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy. .,The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Paola Allavena
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS- Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Marchesi
- IRCCS- Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Garlanda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS- Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
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6
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Borgovan T, Yanamandra N, Schmidt H. INNATE IMMUNITY AS A TARGET FOR NOVEL THERAPEUTICS IN TRIPLE NEGATIVE BREAST CANCER. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2022; 31:781-794. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2022.2096005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theo Borgovan
- Oncology Research and DevelopmentGlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426,
| | - Niranjan Yanamandra
- Immuno-Oncology & Combinations Research Unit.GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426,
| | - Hank Schmidt
- Oncology Research and DevelopmentGlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426,
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7
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Poot E, Maguregui A, Brunton VG, Sieger D, Hulme AN. Targeting Glioblastoma through Nano- and Micro-particle-Mediated Immune Modulation. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 72:116913. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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8
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Man SM, Jenkins BJ. Context-dependent functions of pattern recognition receptors in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2022; 22:397-413. [PMID: 35355007 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-022-00462-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The immune system plays a critical role in shaping all facets of cancer, from the early initiation stage through to metastatic disease and resistance to therapy. Our understanding of the importance of the adaptive arm of the immune system in antitumour immunity has led to the implementation of immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors in numerous cancers, albeit with differing efficacy. By contrast, the clinical utility of innate immunity in cancer has not been exploited, despite dysregulated innate immunity being a feature of at least one-third of all cancers associated with tumour-promoting chronic inflammation. The past two decades have seen innate immune pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) emerge as critical regulators of the immune response to microbial infection and host tissue damage. More recently, it has become apparent that in many cancer types, PRRs play a central role in modulating a vast array of tumour-inhibiting and tumour-promoting cellular responses both in immune cells within the tumour microenvironment and directly in cancer cells. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of the fast-evolving field of PRRs in cancer, and discuss the potential to target PRRs for drug development and biomarker discovery in a wide range of oncology settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Ming Man
- Division of Immunity, Inflammation and Infection, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Brendan J Jenkins
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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9
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Tang K, McLeod L, Livis T, West AC, Dawson R, Yu L, Balic JJ, Chonwerawong M, Wray-McCann G, Oshima H, Oshima M, Deswaerte V, Ferrero RL, Jenkins BJ. Toll-like Receptor 9 Promotes Initiation of Gastric Tumorigenesis by Augmenting Inflammation and Cellular Proliferation. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 14:567-586. [PMID: 35716851 PMCID: PMC9307956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Gastric cancer (GC) is strongly linked with chronic gastritis after Helicobacter pylori infection. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key innate immune pathogenic sensors that mediate chronic inflammatory and oncogenic responses. Here, we investigated the role of TLR9 in the pathogenesis of GC, including Helicobacter infection. METHODS TLR9 gene expression was profiled in gastric tissues from GC and gastritis patients and from the spontaneous gp130F/F GC mouse model and chronic H felis-infected wild-type (WT) mice. Gastric pathology was compared in gp130F/F and H felis infection models with or without genetic ablation of Tlr9. The impact of Tlr9 targeting on signaling cascades implicated in inflammation and tumorigenesis (eg, nuclear factor kappa B, extracellular signal-related kinase, and mitogen-activated protein kinase) was assessed in vivo. A direct growth-potentiating effect of TLR9 ligand stimulation on human GC cell lines and gp130F/F primary gastric epithelial cells was also evaluated. RESULTS TLR9 expression was up-regulated in Helicobacter-infected gastric tissues from GC and gastritis patients and gp130F/F and H felis-infected WT mice. Tlr9 ablation suppressed initiation of tumorigenesis in gp130F/F:Tlr9-/- mice by abrogating gastric inflammation and cellular proliferation. Tlr9-/- mice were also protected against H felis-induced gastric inflammation and hyperplasia. The suppressed gastric pathology upon Tlr9 ablation in both mouse models associated with attenuated nuclear factor kappa B and, to a lesser extent, extracellular signal-related kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. TLR9 ligand stimulation of human GC cells and gp130F/F GECs augmented their proliferation and viability. CONCLUSIONS Our data reveal that TLR9 promotes the initiating stages of GC and facilitates Helicobacter-induced gastric inflammation and hyperplasia, thus providing in vivo evidence for TLR9 as a candidate therapeutic target in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Tang
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise McLeod
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thaleia Livis
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alison C. West
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ruby Dawson
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Liang Yu
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jesse J. Balic
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle Chonwerawong
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Georgie Wray-McCann
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hiroko Oshima
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masanobu Oshima
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Virginie Deswaerte
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard L. Ferrero
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brendan J. Jenkins
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Brendan J. Jenkins, PhD, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
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10
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Du JJ, Zhou SH, Cheng ZR, Xu WB, Zhang RY, Wang LS, Guo J. MUC1 Specific Immune Responses Enhanced by Coadministration of Liposomal DDA/MPLA and Lipoglycopeptide. Front Chem 2022; 10:814880. [PMID: 35186882 PMCID: PMC8854779 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.814880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucin 1 (MUC1), a well-known tumor-associated antigen and attractive target for tumor immunotherapy, is overexpressed in most human epithelial adenomas with aberrant glycosylation. However, its low immunogenicity impedes the development of MUC1-targeted antitumor vaccines. In this study, we investigated three liposomal adjuvant systems containing toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) and auxiliary lipids of different charges: cationic lipid dimethyldioctadecylammonium (DDA), neutral lipid distearoylglycerophosphocholine (DSPC) or anionic lipid dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG), respectively. ELISA assay evidenced that the positively charged DDA/MPLA liposomes are potent immune activators, which induced remarkable levels of anti-MUC1 antibodies and exhibited robust Th1-biased immune responses. Importantly, the antibodies induced by DDA/MPLA liposomes efficiently recognized and killed MUC1-positive tumor cells through complement-mediated cytotoxicity. In addition, antibody titers in mice immunized with P2-MUC1 vaccine were significantly higher than those from mice immunized with P1-MUC1 or MUC1 vaccine, which indicated that the lipid conjugated on MUC1 antigen also played important role for immunomodulation. This study suggested that the liposomal DDA/MPLA with lipid-MUC1 is a promising antitumor vaccine, which can be used for the immunotherapy of various epithelial carcinomas represented by breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Du
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Pathogenesis and Intervention, College of Medicine, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, China
| | - Shi-Hao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zi-Ru Cheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Pathogenesis and Intervention, College of Medicine, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, China
| | - Wen-Bo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ru-Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Long-Sheng Wang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Long-Sheng Wang, ; Jun Guo,
| | - Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Long-Sheng Wang, ; Jun Guo,
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Rathee J, Kaur A, Kanwar R, Kaushik D, Kumar R, Salunke DB, Mehta S. Polymeric Nanoparticles as a Promising Drug Delivery Platform for the Efficacious Delivery of Toll-Like Receptor 7/8 Agonists and IDO-Inhibitor. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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12
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The Role of Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) Mediated Inflammation in Pancreatic Cancer Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312743. [PMID: 34884547 PMCID: PMC8657588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most lethal forms of cancer, characterized by its aggressiveness and metastatic potential. Despite significant improvements in PC treatment and management, the complexity of the molecular pathways underlying its development has severely limited the available therapeutic opportunities. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a pivotal role in inflammation and immune response, as they are involved in pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Activation of TLRs initiates a signaling cascade, which in turn, leads to the transcription of several genes involved in inflammation and anti-microbial defense. TLRs are also deregulated in several cancers and can be used as prognostic markers and potential targets for cancer-targeted therapy. In this review we discuss the current knowledge about the role of TLRs in PC progression, focusing on the available TLRs-targeting compounds and their possible use in PC therapy.
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13
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Ricco G, Andrini E, Siepe G, Mosconi C, Ambrosini V, Ricci C, Casadei R, Campana D, Lamberti G. Multimodal Strategy in Localized Merkel Cell Carcinoma: Where Are We and Where Are We Heading? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910629. [PMID: 34638968 PMCID: PMC8508588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive neuroendocrine tumor of the skin whose incidence is rising. Multimodal treatment is crucial in the non-metastatic, potentially curable setting. However, the optimal management of patients with non-metastatic MCC is still unclear. In addition, novel insights into tumor biology and newly developed treatments (e.g., immune checkpoint inhibitors) that dramatically improved outcomes in the advanced setting are being investigated in earlier stages with promising results. Nevertheless, the combination of new strategies with consolidated ones needs to be clarified. We reviewed available evidence supporting the current treatment recommendations of localized MCC with a focus on potentially ground-breaking future strategies. Advantages and disadvantages of the different treatment modalities, including surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy in the non-metastatic setting, are analyzed, as well as those of different treatment modalities (adjuvant as opposed to neoadjuvant). Lastly, we provide an outlook of remarkable ongoing studies and of promising agents and strategies in the treatment of patients with non-metastatic MCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Ricco
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialized Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.R.); (E.A.); (V.A.); (G.L.)
- NET Team Bologna—ENETS Center of Excellence, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.M.); (C.R.); (R.C.)
| | - Elisa Andrini
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialized Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.R.); (E.A.); (V.A.); (G.L.)
- NET Team Bologna—ENETS Center of Excellence, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.M.); (C.R.); (R.C.)
| | - Giambattista Siepe
- Radiation Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero—Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Cristina Mosconi
- NET Team Bologna—ENETS Center of Excellence, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.M.); (C.R.); (R.C.)
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero—Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Ambrosini
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialized Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.R.); (E.A.); (V.A.); (G.L.)
- NET Team Bologna—ENETS Center of Excellence, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.M.); (C.R.); (R.C.)
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero—Universitaria di Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Ricci
- NET Team Bologna—ENETS Center of Excellence, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.M.); (C.R.); (R.C.)
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero—Universitaria di Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Casadei
- NET Team Bologna—ENETS Center of Excellence, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.M.); (C.R.); (R.C.)
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero—Universitaria di Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Davide Campana
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialized Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.R.); (E.A.); (V.A.); (G.L.)
- NET Team Bologna—ENETS Center of Excellence, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.M.); (C.R.); (R.C.)
- Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero—Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-2142886
| | - Giuseppe Lamberti
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialized Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.R.); (E.A.); (V.A.); (G.L.)
- NET Team Bologna—ENETS Center of Excellence, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.M.); (C.R.); (R.C.)
- Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero—Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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14
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Basheer AS, Abas F, Othman I, Naidu R. Role of Inflammatory Mediators, Macrophages, and Neutrophils in Glioma Maintenance and Progression: Mechanistic Understanding and Potential Therapeutic Applications. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164226. [PMID: 34439380 PMCID: PMC8393628 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The tumor microenvironment is a complex network comprised of neoplastic and a variety of immune cells, proteins, and inflammatory mediators. Previous studies have shown that during cancer progression, diverse inflammatory molecules, either directly or indirectly via recruiting immune cells, support the process of carcinogenesis. The present review focuses on the mechanistic understanding of the oncogenic role of these inflammatory mediators and immune cells, particularly tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) in glioma maintenance and progression. Moreover, the potential therapeutic benefits of targeting inflammatory mediators, immune cells, and associated signaling pathways in glioma genesis have also been discussed. Abstract Gliomas are the most common, highly malignant, and deadliest forms of brain tumors. These intra-cranial solid tumors are comprised of both cancerous and non-cancerous cells, which contribute to tumor development, progression, and resistance to the therapeutic regimen. A variety of soluble inflammatory mediators (e.g., cytokines, chemokines, and chemotactic factors) are secreted by these cells, which help in creating an inflammatory microenvironment and contribute to the various stages of cancer development, maintenance, and progression. The major tumor infiltrating immune cells of the tumor microenvironment include TAMs and TANs, which are either recruited peripherally or present as brain-resident macrophages (microglia) and support stroma for cancer cell expansion and invasion. These cells are highly plastic in nature and can be polarized into different phenotypes depending upon different types of stimuli. During neuroinflammation, glioma cells interact with TAMs and TANs, facilitating tumor cell proliferation, survival, and migration. Targeting inflammatory mediators along with the reprogramming of TAMs and TANs could be of great importance in glioma treatment and may delay disease progression. In addition, an inhibition of the key signaling pathways such as NF-κB, JAK/STAT, MAPK, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and TLRs, which are activated during neuroinflammation and have an oncogenic role in glioblastoma (GBM), can exert more pronounced anti-glioma effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Samad Basheer
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (A.S.B.); (I.O.)
| | - Faridah Abas
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 434000, Malaysia
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (A.S.B.); (I.O.)
| | - Rakesh Naidu
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (A.S.B.); (I.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-5514-6345
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15
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Manoharan I, Prasad PD, Thangaraju M, Manicassamy S. Lactate-Dependent Regulation of Immune Responses by Dendritic Cells and Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 12:691134. [PMID: 34394085 PMCID: PMC8358770 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.691134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, lactate has been considered an innocuous bystander metabolite of cellular metabolism. However, emerging studies show that lactate acts as a complex immunomodulatory molecule that controls innate and adaptive immune cells’ effector functions. Thus, recent advances point to lactate as an essential and novel signaling molecule that shapes innate and adaptive immune responses in the intestine and systemic sites. Here, we review these recent advances in the context of the pleiotropic effects of lactate in regulating diverse functions of immune cells in the tissue microenvironment and under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indumathi Manoharan
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Puttur D Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Muthusamy Thangaraju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Santhakumar Manicassamy
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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16
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Hamblin MR, Abrahamse H. Factors Affecting Photodynamic Therapy and Anti-Tumor Immune Response. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 21:123-136. [PMID: 32188394 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200318101037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is a cancer therapy involving the systemic injection of a Photosensitizer (PS) that localizes to some extent in a tumor. After an appropriate time (ranging from minutes to days), the tumor is irradiated with red or near-infrared light either as a surface spot or by interstitial optical fibers. The PS is excited by the light to form a long-lived triplet state that can react with ambient oxygen to produce Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) such as singlet oxygen and/or hydroxyl radicals, that kill tumor cells, destroy tumor blood vessels, and lead to tumor regression and necrosis. It has long been realized that in some cases, PDT can also stimulate the host immune system, leading to a systemic anti-tumor immune response that can also destroy distant metastases and guard against tumor recurrence. The present paper aims to cover some of the factors that can affect the likelihood and efficiency of this immune response. The structure of the PS, drug-light interval, rate of light delivery, mode of cancer cell death, expression of tumor-associated antigens, and combinations of PDT with various adjuvants all can play a role in stimulating the host immune system. Considering the recent revolution in tumor immunotherapy triggered by the success of checkpoint inhibitors, it appears that the time is ripe for PDT to be investigated in combination with other approaches in clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
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17
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Sun C, Chen XC, Kang YF, Zeng MS. The Status and Prospects of Epstein-Barr Virus Prophylactic Vaccine Development. Front Immunol 2021; 12:677027. [PMID: 34168649 PMCID: PMC8218244 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.677027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a human herpesvirus that is common among the global population, causing an enormous disease burden. EBV can directly cause infectious mononucleosis and is also associated with various malignancies and autoimmune diseases. In order to prevent primary infection and subsequent chronic disease, efforts have been made to develop a prophylactic vaccine against EBV in recent years, but there is still no vaccine in clinical use. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and the global cooperation in vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2 provide insights for next-generation antiviral vaccine design and opportunities for developing an effective prophylactic EBV vaccine. With improvements in antigen selection, vaccine platforms, formulation and evaluation systems, novel vaccines against EBV are expected to elicit dual protection against infection of both B lymphocytes and epithelial cells. This would provide sustainable immunity against EBV-associated malignancies, finally enabling the control of worldwide EBV infection and management of EBV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Chun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yin-Feng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Dendritic Cell Tumor Vaccination via Fc Gamma Receptor Targeting: Lessons Learned from Pre-Clinical and Translational Studies. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9040409. [PMID: 33924183 PMCID: PMC8074394 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite significant recent improvements in the field of immunotherapy, cancer remains a heavy burden on patients and healthcare systems. In recent years, immunotherapies have led to remarkable strides in treating certain cancers. However, despite the success of checkpoint inhibitors and the advent of cellular therapies, novel strategies need to be explored to (1) improve treatment in patients where these approaches fail and (2) make such treatments widely and financially accessible. Vaccines based on tumor antigens (Ag) have emerged as an innovative strategy with the potential to address these areas. Here, we review the fundamental aspects relevant for the development of cancer vaccines and the critical role of dendritic cells (DCs) in this process. We first offer a general overview of DC biology and routes of Ag presentation eliciting effective T cell-mediated immune responses. We then present new therapeutic avenues specifically targeting Fc gamma receptors (FcγR) as a means to deliver antigen selectively to DCs and its effects on T-cell activation. We present an overview of the mechanistic aspects of FcγR-mediated DC targeting, as well as potential tumor vaccination strategies based on preclinical and translational studies. In particular, we highlight recent developments in the field of recombinant immune complex-like large molecules and their potential for DC-mediated tumor vaccination in the clinic. These findings go beyond cancer research and may be of relevance for other disease areas that could benefit from FcγR-targeted antigen delivery, such as autoimmunity and infectious diseases.
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19
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Cho S, Kim SB, Lee Y, Song EC, Kim U, Kim HY, Suh JH, Goughnour PC, Kim Y, Yoon I, Shin NY, Kim D, Kim IK, Kang CY, Jang SY, Kim MH, Kim S. Endogenous TLR2 ligand embedded in the catalytic region of human cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase 1. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2019-000277. [PMID: 32461342 PMCID: PMC7254149 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2019-000277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The generation of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses is required for successful cancer vaccine therapy. In this regard, ligands of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been suggested to activate adaptive immune responses by modulating the function of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Despite their therapeutic potential, the development of TLR ligands for immunotherapy is often hampered due to rapid systemic toxicity. Regarding the safety concerns of currently available TLR ligands, finding a new TLR agonist with potent efficacy and safety is needed. Methods A unique structural domain (UNE-C1) was identified as a novel TLR2/6 in the catalytic region of human cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase 1 (CARS1) using comprehensive approaches, including RNA sequencing, the human embryonic kidney (HEK)-TLR Blue system, pull-down, and ELISA. The potency of its immunoadjuvant properties was analyzed by assessing antigen-specific antibody and CTL responses. In addition, the efficacy of tumor growth inhibition and the presence of the tumor-infiltrating leukocytes were evaluated using E.G7-OVA and TC-1 mouse models. The combined effect of UNE-C1 with an immune checkpoint inhibitor, anti-CTLA-4 antibody, was also evaluated in vivo. The safety of UNE-C1 immunization was determined by monitoring splenomegaly and cytokine production in the blood. Results Here, we report that CARS1 can be secreted from cancer cells to activate immune responses via specific interactions with TLR2/6 of APCs. A unique domain (UNE-C1) inserted into the catalytic region of CARS1 was determined to activate dendritic cells, leading to the stimulation of robust humoral and cellular immune responses in vivo. UNE-C1 also showed synergistic efficacy with cancer antigens and checkpoint inhibitors against different cancer models in vivo. Further, the safety assessment of UNE-C1 showed lower systemic cytokine levels than other known TLR agonists. Conclusions We identified the endogenous TLR2/6 activating domain from human cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase CARS1. This novel TLR2/6 ligand showed potent immune-stimulating activity with little toxicity. Thus, the UNE-C1 domain can be developed as an effective immunoadjuvant with checkpoint inhibitors or cancer antigens to boost antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongmin Cho
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Bum Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youngjin Lee
- Infection and Immunity Research Laboratory, Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ee Chan Song
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Uijoo Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeong Yun Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Hun Suh
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Peter C Goughnour
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - YounHa Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Ina Yoon
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Na Young Shin
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Doyeun Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Il-Kyu Kim
- Laboratory of Immunology, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang-Yuil Kang
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Laboratory of Immunology, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Song Yee Jang
- Infection and Immunity Research Laboratory, Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Myung Hee Kim
- Infection and Immunity Research Laboratory, Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea .,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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20
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Allavena P, Anfray C, Ummarino A, Andón FT. Therapeutic Manipulation of Tumor-associated Macrophages: Facts and Hopes from a Clinical and Translational Perspective. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:3291-3297. [PMID: 33531428 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-1679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The stroma of most solid tumors is populated by myeloid cells, which mostly represent macrophages. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), strongly influenced by cancer cell-derived factors, are key drivers of immunosuppression and support tumor growth and spread to distant sites. Their accurate quantification and characterization in the tumor microenvironment are gaining prognostic value: increasing evidence demonstrates their ability to hamper cancer patients' response to chemotherapy, as well as to immunotherapies based on checkpoint inhibition. Therefore, strategies to counteract their negative effects are nowadays gaining momentum at preclinical, translational, and clinical levels. Our knowledge of the biology of TAMs has greatly advanced in the last years; several strategies to target and reprogram their functions to become antitumor effectors have proven successful in experimental preclinical tumor models; on the other hand, few approaches have so far been effectively translated into clinic practice. A growing interest in the therapeutic manipulation of TAMs is evidenced by numerous early-phase clinical trials, which are continuously fueled by new discoveries from basic research. This gives us hope that the targeting and sustained reprogramming of TAMs will be more specific to synergize with current therapies and maximize antitumor responses in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Allavena
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Clément Anfray
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Aldo Ummarino
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fernando Torres Andón
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Center for Research in Molecular Medicine & Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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21
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Luchner M, Reinke S, Milicic A. TLR Agonists as Vaccine Adjuvants Targeting Cancer and Infectious Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:142. [PMID: 33499143 PMCID: PMC7911620 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern vaccines have largely shifted from using whole, killed or attenuated pathogens to being based on subunit components. Since this diminishes immunogenicity, vaccine adjuvants that enhance the immune response to purified antigens are critically needed. Further advantages of adjuvants include dose sparing, increased vaccine efficacy in immunocompromised individuals and the potential to protect against highly variable pathogens by broadening the immune response. Due to their ability to link the innate with the adaptive immune response, Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are highly promising as adjuvants in vaccines against life-threatening and complex diseases such as cancer, AIDS and malaria. TLRs are transmembrane receptors, which are predominantly expressed by innate immune cells. They can be classified into cell surface (TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6) and intracellular TLRs (TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9), expressed on endosomal membranes. Besides a transmembrane domain, each TLR possesses a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) segment that mediates PAMP/DAMP recognition and a TIR domain that delivers the downstream signal transduction and initiates an inflammatory response. Thus, TLRs are excellent targets for adjuvants to provide a "danger" signal to induce an effective immune response that leads to long-lasting protection. The present review will elaborate on applications of TLR ligands as vaccine adjuvants and immunotherapeutic agents, with a focus on clinically relevant adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Luchner
- Department of Biochemistry, Magdalen College Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 4AU, UK;
| | - Sören Reinke
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK;
| | - Anita Milicic
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK;
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22
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Hug BA, Matheny CJ, Burns O, Struemper H, Wang X, Washburn ML. Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of the TLR4 Agonist GSK1795091 in Healthy Individuals: Results from a Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Ascending Dose Study. Clin Ther 2020; 42:1519-1534.e33. [PMID: 32739049 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Interest in Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists for cancer treatment has been renewed after promising preliminary clinical data in combination with checkpoint inhibitors. This first-in-human study assessed the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties of intravenous GSK1795091, a synthetic TLR4 agonist, in healthy volunteers as a precursor to evaluation in patients with cancer. METHODS Healthy participants were randomized (1:3; double-blinded manner) to receive placebo or a single intravenous injection of GSK1795091 at doses of 7-100 ng. The primary objective was to evaluate the safety and tolerability of GSK1795091; secondary and exploratory objectives were to characterize GSK1795091 PK and PD properties. FINDINGS Forty participants received study treatment (10 received placebo and 30 received GSK1795091). Overall, 3 of the 10 participants (30%) who received placebo and 16 of the 30 (53%) who received GSK1795091 experienced ≥1 adverse event (AE). The most common AEs were influenza-like illness, headache, back pain, and increased body temperature. One participant experienced late-occurring AEs (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase increases), considered possibly related to GSK1795091. No serious AEs were reported. GSK1795091 PK properties were characterized by dose proportional increase in exposure. Transient and dose-dependent changes in induced cytokine and chemokine concentrations and immune cell counts were observed 1-4 h after GSK1795091 administration and returned to baseline within 24 h. IMPLICATIONS Intravenously administered GSK1795091 was acceptably tolerated in healthy volunteers, had favorable PK properties, and stimulated immune cell changes in a dose-dependent manner, providing evidence of target engagement and downstream pharmacology. These results supported the design and initiation of a repeat-dose study of intravenous GSK1795091 in combination with other immunotherapies in patients with advanced cancer. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02798978.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Hug
- R&D Pharmaceuticals, GSK, Upper Providence, PA, USA.
| | | | - Olivia Burns
- Global Clinical Sciences & Delivery, GSK, Abbotsford, Victoria, Australia
| | - Herbert Struemper
- Clinical Pharmacology Modeling & Simulation, GSK, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- R&D Pharmaceuticals, GSK, Upper Providence, PA, USA
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23
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Suryawanshi A, Hussein MS, Prasad PD, Manicassamy S. Wnt Signaling Cascade in Dendritic Cells and Regulation of Anti-tumor Immunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:122. [PMID: 32132993 PMCID: PMC7039855 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) control the strength and quality of antigen-specific adaptive immune responses. This is critical for launching a robust immunity against invading pathogens while maintaining a state of tolerance to self-antigens. However, this also represents a fundamental barrier to anti-tumor immune responses and cancer immunotherapy. DCs in the tumor microenvironment (TME) play a key role in this process. The factors in the TME and signaling networks that program DCs to a regulatory state are not fully understood. Recent advances point to novel mechanisms by which the canonical Wnt signaling cascade in DCs regulates immune suppression, and the same pathway in tumors is associated with the evasion of anti-tumor immunity. Here, we review these recent advances in the context of the pleiotropic effects of the Wnts in shaping anti-tumor immune responses by modulating DC functions. In addition, we will discuss how Wnt/β-catenin pathway in DCs can be targeted for successful cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Suryawanshi
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Mohamed S Hussein
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Puttur D Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Santhakumar Manicassamy
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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24
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Pham HT, Yoo S, Mesplède T. Combination therapies currently under investigation in phase I and phase II clinical trials for HIV-1. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:273-283. [PMID: 31994943 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1724281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: HIV infection is manageable through the use of antiretroviral drugs. However, HIV reservoirs that are constituted early during infection are resistant to treatment. HIV persistence under treatment necessitates life-long treatment and is associated with various co-morbidities. Two significant research avenues are explored through the development of either new antiretroviral drugs or interventions aimed at stimulating the immune system to eradicate HIV reservoirs.Areas covered: This report provides a review of investigational drugs and cell-based interventions against HIV infection that are currently under Phase I or Phase II clinical trials. We report on new antiretroviral drugs, antibodies directed against viral or host targets, reactivating agents, immune modulators and immune checkpoint inhibitors, and cell-based interventions. These new therapies are often tested in combination, including with current antiretroviral drugs.Expert opinion: Islatravir and GS-6207 are promising antiretroviral drugs that are expected to perform well in phase III trials. Whether the host immune system can be activated sufficiently to reduce HIV reservoirs remains unknown. Additional research is needed to identify surrogate markers of success for curative interventions. Given the current safety and efficacy of antiretroviral treatment, risk-benefits should be carefully evaluated before interventions that risk triggering high levels of immune stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanh Thi Pham
- McGill AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Subin Yoo
- McGill AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Thibault Mesplède
- McGill AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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25
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Approaches to treat immune hot, altered and cold tumours with combination immunotherapies. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019; 18:197-218. [PMID: 30610226 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-018-0007-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1800] [Impact Index Per Article: 360.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapies are the most rapidly growing drug class and have a major impact in oncology and on human health. It is increasingly clear that the effectiveness of immunomodulatory strategies depends on the presence of a baseline immune response and on unleashing of pre-existing immunity. Therefore, a general consensus emerged on the central part played by effector T cells in the antitumour responses. Recent technological, analytical and mechanistic advances in immunology have enabled the identification of patients who are more likely to respond to immunotherapy. In this Review, we focus on defining hot, altered and cold tumours, the complexity of the tumour microenvironment, the Immunoscore and immune contexture of tumours, and we describe approaches to treat such tumours with combination immunotherapies, including checkpoint inhibitors. In the upcoming era of combination immunotherapy, it is becoming critical to understand the mechanisms responsible for hot, altered or cold immune tumours in order to boost a weak antitumour immunity. The impact of combination therapy on the immune response to convert an immune cold into a hot tumour will be discussed.
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26
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Liu YD, Yu L, Ying L, Balic J, Gao H, Deng NT, West A, Yan F, Ji CB, Gough D, Tan P, Jenkins BJ, Li JK. Toll-like receptor 2 regulates metabolic reprogramming in gastric cancer via superoxide dismutase 2. Int J Cancer 2019; 144:3056-3069. [PMID: 30536754 PMCID: PMC6590666 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play critical roles in host defense after recognition of conserved microbial- and host-derived components, and their dysregulation is a common feature of various inflammation-associated cancers, including gastric cancer (GC). Despite the recent recognition that metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer, the molecular effectors of altered metabolism during tumorigenesis remain unclear. Here, using bioenergetics function assays on human GC cells, we reveal that ligand-induced activation of TLR2, predominantly through TLR1/2 heterodimer, augments both oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and glycolysis, with a bias toward glycolytic activity. Notably, DNA microarray-based expression profiling of human cancer cells stimulated with TLR2 ligands demonstrated significant enrichment of gene-sets for oncogenic pathways previously implicated in metabolic regulation, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), p53 and Myc. Moreover, the redox gene encoding the manganese-dependent mitochondrial enzyme, superoxide dismutase (SOD)2, was strongly induced at the mRNA and protein levels by multiple signaling pathways downstream of TLR2, namely JAK-STAT3, JNK MAPK and NF-κB. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated suppression of SOD2 ameliorated the TLR2-induced metabolic shift in human GC cancer cells. Importantly, patient-derived tissue microarrays and bioinformatics interrogation of clinical datasets indicated that upregulated expression of TLR2 and SOD2 were significantly correlated in human GC, and the TLR2-SOD2 axis was associated with multiple clinical parameters of advanced stage disease, including distant metastasis, microvascular invasion and stage, as well as poor survival. Collectively, our findings reveal a novel TLR2-SOD2 axis as a potential biomarker for therapy and prognosis in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Dong Liu
- Department of General SurgeryShanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious DiseasesHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Liang Yu
- Department of General SurgeryShanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious DiseasesHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVICAustralia
- Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of MedicineNursing and Health Sciences, Monash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Le Ying
- Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of MedicineNursing and Health Sciences, Monash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
- Centre for Cancer ResearchHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Jesse Balic
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious DiseasesHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVICAustralia
- Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of MedicineNursing and Health Sciences, Monash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Hugh Gao
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious DiseasesHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVICAustralia
- Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of MedicineNursing and Health Sciences, Monash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Nian Tao Deng
- Tumour Progression Cancer DivisionGarvan Institute of Medical ResearchDarlinghurstNSWAustralia
| | - Alison West
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious DiseasesHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVICAustralia
- Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of MedicineNursing and Health Sciences, Monash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Feng Yan
- Australian Centre for Blood DiseasesMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Cheng Bo Ji
- Department of General SurgeryShanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious DiseasesHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVICAustralia
- Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of MedicineNursing and Health Sciences, Monash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Daniel Gough
- Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of MedicineNursing and Health Sciences, Monash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
- Centre for Cancer ResearchHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Patrick Tan
- Genome Institute of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Cancer and Stem Cell BiologyDuke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
- Cancer Science Institute of SingaporeNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Brendan J. Jenkins
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious DiseasesHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVICAustralia
- Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of MedicineNursing and Health Sciences, Monash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Ji Kun Li
- Department of General SurgeryShanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
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27
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Muñoz MD, Gutierrez LJ, Delignat S, Russick J, Gomez Mejiba SE, Lacroix-Desmazes S, Enriz RD, Ramirez DC. The nitrone spin trap 5,5‑dimethyl‑1‑pyrroline N‑oxide binds to toll-like receptor-2-TIR-BB-loop domain and dampens downstream inflammatory signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:1152-1159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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28
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Żeromski J, Kaczmarek M, Boruczkowski M, Kierepa A, Kowala-Piaskowska A, Mozer-Lisewska I. Significance and Role of Pattern Recognition Receptors in Malignancy. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2019; 67:133-141. [PMID: 30976817 PMCID: PMC6509067 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-019-00540-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are members of innate immunity, playing pivotal role in several immunological reactions. They are known to act as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. They are expressed on several normal cell types but have been shown with increasing frequency on/in tumor cells. Significance of this phenomenon is largely unknown, but it has been shown by several authors that they, predominantly Toll-like receptors (TLRs), act in the interest of tumor, by promotion of its growth and spreading. Preparation of artificial of TLRs ligands (agonists) paved the way to use them as a therapeutic agents for cancer, so far in a limited scale. Agonists may be combined with conventional anti-cancer modalities with apparently promising results. PRRs recognizing nucleic acids such as RIG-1 like receptors (sensing RNA) and STING (sensing DNA) constitute a novel promising approach for cancer immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity/drug effects
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- DNA/immunology
- DNA/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/drug effects
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Ligands
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA/immunology
- RNA/metabolism
- Receptors, Pattern Recognition/agonists
- Receptors, Pattern Recognition/immunology
- Receptors, Pattern Recognition/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Żeromski
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Mariusz Kaczmarek
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Maciej Boruczkowski
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agata Kierepa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hepatology and Acquired Immunodeficiencies, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Arleta Kowala-Piaskowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hepatology and Acquired Immunodeficiencies, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Iwona Mozer-Lisewska
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hepatology and Acquired Immunodeficiencies, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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29
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Ho NI, Huis In 't Veld LGM, Raaijmakers TK, Adema GJ. Adjuvants Enhancing Cross-Presentation by Dendritic Cells: The Key to More Effective Vaccines? Front Immunol 2018; 9:2874. [PMID: 30619259 PMCID: PMC6300500 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, vaccine development has advanced significantly in pursuing higher safety with less side effects. However, this is often accompanied by a reduction in vaccine immunogenicity and an increased dependency on adjuvants to enhance vaccine potency. Especially for diseases like cancer, it is important that therapeutic vaccines contain adjuvants that promote strong T cell responses. An important mode of action for such adjuvants is to prolong antigen exposure to dendritic cells (DCs) and to induce their maturation. These mature DCs are extremely effective in the activation of antigen-specific T cells, which is a pre-requisite for induction of potent and long-lasting cellular immunity. For the activation of CD8+ cytotoxic T cell responses, however, the exogenous vaccine antigens need to gain access to the endogenous MHCI presentation pathway of DCs, a process referred to as antigen cross-presentation. In this review, we will focus on recent insights in clinically relevant vaccine adjuvants that impact DC cross-presentation efficiency, including aluminum-based nanoparticles, saponin-based adjuvants, and Toll-like receptor ligands. Furthermore, we will discuss the importance of adjuvant combinations and highlight new developments in cancer vaccines. Understanding the mode of action of adjuvants in general and on antigen cross-presentation in DCs in particular will be important for the design of novel adjuvants as part of vaccines able to induce strong cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataschja I Ho
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Lisa G M Huis In 't Veld
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Tonke K Raaijmakers
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Gosse J Adema
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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30
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Locy H, de Mey S, de Mey W, De Ridder M, Thielemans K, Maenhout SK. Immunomodulation of the Tumor Microenvironment: Turn Foe Into Friend. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2909. [PMID: 30619273 PMCID: PMC6297829 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy, where the patient's own immune system is exploited to eliminate tumor cells, has become one of the most prominent new cancer treatment options in the last decade. The main hurdle for classical cancer vaccines is the need to identify tumor- and patient specific antigens to include in the vaccine. Therefore, in situ vaccination represents an alternative and promising approach. This type of immunotherapy involves the direct intratumoral administration of different immunomodulatory agents and uses the tumor itself as the source of antigen. The ultimate aim is to convert an immunodormant tumor microenvironment into an immunostimulatory one, enabling the immune system to eradicate all tumor lesions in the body. In this review we will give an overview of different strategies, which can be exploited for the immunomodulation of the tumor microenvironment and their emerging role in the treatment of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Locy
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy (LMCT), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sven de Mey
- Department of Radiotherapy, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wout de Mey
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy (LMCT), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mark De Ridder
- Department of Radiotherapy, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kris Thielemans
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy (LMCT), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah K. Maenhout
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy (LMCT), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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31
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Ma J, Wei K, Zhang H, Tang K, Li F, Zhang T, Liu J, Xu P, Yu Y, Sun W, Zhu L, Chen J, Zhou L, Liang X, Lv J, Fiskesund R, Liu Y, Huang B. Mechanisms by Which Dendritic Cells Present Tumor Microparticle Antigens to CD8 + T Cells. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:1057-1068. [PMID: 30018046 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cell-derived microparticles (T-MP) contain tumor antigen profiles as well as innate signals, endowing them with vaccine potential; however, the precise mechanism by which DCs present T-MP antigens to T cells remains unclear. Here, we show that T-MPs activate a lysosomal pathway that is required for DCs presenting tumor antigens of T-MPs. DCs endocytose T-MPs to lysosomes, where T-MPs increase lysosomal pH from 5.0 to a peak of 8.5 via NOX2-catalyzed reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. This increased pH, coupled with T-MP-driven lysosomal centripetal migration, promotes the formation of MHC class I-tumor antigen peptide complexes. Concurrently, endocytosis of T-MPs results in the upregulation of CD80 and CD86. T-MP-increased ROS activate lysosomal Ca2+ channel Mcoln2, leading to Ca2+ release. Released Ca2+ activates transcription factor EB (TFEB), a lysosomal master regulator that directly binds to CD80 and CD86 promoters, promoting gene expression. These findings elucidate a pathway through which DCs efficiently present tumor antigen from T-MPs to CD8+ T cells, potentiating T-MPs as a novel tumor cell-free vaccine with clinical applications. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(9); 1057-68. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Ma
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Keke Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huafeng Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianzhen Zhang
- Department of Immunology and National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junwei Liu
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pingwei Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuandong Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiwei Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - LiYan Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liang
- Department of Immunology and National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiadi Lv
- Department of Immunology and National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Roland Fiskesund
- Department of Immunology and National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuying Liu
- Department of Immunology and National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Immunology and National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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32
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Poly(I:C) enhanced anti-cervical cancer immunities induced by dendritic cells-derived exosomes. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 113:1182-1187. [PMID: 29427678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-derived exosomes (Dexo) has been confirmed to be able to induce the specific anti-tumor immune response ex vivo and in vivo. Here, the aim of this study was to evaluate the application of the antigen-pulsed Dexo as a new vaccination platform in immunotherapy for cervical cancer. The immunogenic profile of the different Dexo was assessed by the cell proliferation, cytokines secretion and effector functions of CD8+ T cells and the splenocytes from Dexo-vaccinated mice. Furthermore, the anti-tumor immunity elicited by Dexo was further compared in cervical cancer-bearing mice. Dexo from DCs loaded with E749-57 peptide could efficiently induce the cytotoxic activity of CD8+ T cells on TC-1 tumor cells ex vivo, the proliferation and IFN-γ excretion of CD8+ T cells. Moreover, Dexo vaccine promoted the immune responses of vaccinated mice splenocytes induced by antigen E7 in vitro restimulation. Of note, poly(I:C) was significantly more potent inducer of the antigen-loaded Dexo mediated protective immunity responses for cervical cancer and further evidenced by that Dexo(E7+pIC) markedly inhibited the tumor growth and improved the survival rate of the tumor-bearing mice. We provided evidence that poly(I:C) dramatically increased the potent antitumoral immunity induced by antigen-pulsed Dexo for ameliorating cervical cancer.
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