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Riva F, Bloise N, Omes C, Ceccarelli G, Fassina L, Nappi RE, Visai L. Human Ovarian Follicular Fluid Mesenchymal Stem Cells Express Osteogenic Markers When Cultured on Bioglass 58S-Coated Titanium Scaffolds. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16103676. [PMID: 37241304 DOI: 10.3390/ma16103676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that stem cells (human follicular fluid mesenchymal stem cells or hFF-MSCs) are present in ovarian follicular fluid (hFF) and that they have a proliferative and differentiative potential which is similar to that of MSCs derived from other adult tissue. These mesenchymal stem cells, isolated from human follicular fluid waste matter discarded after retrieval of oocytes during the IVF process, constitute another, as yet unutilized, source of stem cell materials. There has been little work on the compatibility of these hFF-MSCs with scaffolds useful for bone tissue engineering applications and the aim of this study was to evaluate the osteogenic capacity of hFF-MSCs seeded on bioglass 58S-coated titanium and to provide an assessment of their suitability for bone tissue engineering purposes. Following a chemical and morphological characterization with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), cell viability, morphology and expression of specific osteogenic markers were examined after 7 and 21 days of culture. The hFF-MSCs seeded on bioglass and cultured with osteogenic factors, when compared with those seeded on tissue culture plate or on uncoated titanium, exhibited enhanced cell viability and osteogenic differentiation, as reflected by increased calcium deposition and increased ALP activity with expression and production of bone-related proteins. Taken together, these results demonstrate that MSCs from human follicular fluid waste materials can be easily cultured in titanium scaffolds coated with bioglass, having osteoinductive properties. This process has significant potential for regenerative medicine applications and indicates that hFF-MSCs may be a valid alternative to hBM-MSC cells in experimental models in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Riva
- Histology and Embryology Unit, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Nora Bloise
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Centre for Health Technologies (CHT), INSTM UdR of Pavia, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Medicina Clinica-Specialistica, UOR5 Laboratorio di Nanotecnologie, ICS Maugeri, IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudia Omes
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit 2, Woman and Child Health Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Gabriele Ceccarelli
- Human Anatomy Unit, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Centre for Health Technologies (CHT), University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Fassina
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, Centre for Health Technologies (CHT), University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Rossella Elena Nappi
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit 2, Woman and Child Health Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Livia Visai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Centre for Health Technologies (CHT), INSTM UdR of Pavia, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Medicina Clinica-Specialistica, UOR5 Laboratorio di Nanotecnologie, ICS Maugeri, IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Dibazar ZE, Nie L, Azizi M, Nekounam H, Hamidi M, Shavandi A, Izadi Z, Delattre C. Bioceramics/Electrospun Polymeric Nanofibrous and Carbon Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2799. [PMID: 37049093 PMCID: PMC10095723 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering integrates biomaterials, cells, and bioactive agents to propose sophisticated treatment options over conventional choices. Scaffolds have central roles in this scenario, and precisely designed and fabricated structures with the highest similarity to bone tissue have shown promising outcomes. On the other hand, using nanotechnology and nanomaterials as the enabling options confers fascinating properties to the scaffolds, such as precisely tailoring the physicochemical features and better interactions with cells and surrounding tissues. Among different nanomaterials, polymeric nanofibers and carbon nanofibers have attracted significant attention due to their similarity to bone extracellular matrix (ECM) and high surface-to-volume ratio. Moreover, bone ECM is a biocomposite of collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite crystals; accordingly, researchers have tried to mimic this biocomposite using the mineralization of various polymeric and carbon nanofibers and have shown that the mineralized nanofibers are promising structures to augment the bone healing process in the tissue engineering scenario. In this paper, we reviewed the bone structure, bone defects/fracture healing process, and various structures/cells/growth factors applicable to bone tissue engineering applications. Then, we highlighted the mineralized polymeric and carbon nanofibers and their fabrication methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ebrahimvand Dibazar
- Department of Oral and Maxillo Facial Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165687386, Iran
| | - Lei Nie
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Mehdi Azizi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan 6517838636, Iran
| | - Houra Nekounam
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416634793, Iran
| | - Masoud Hamidi
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), École Polytechnique de Bruxelles, 3BIO-BioMatter, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50-CP 165/61, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Amin Shavandi
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), École Polytechnique de Bruxelles, 3BIO-BioMatter, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50-CP 165/61, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Zhila Izadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6714869914, Iran
- USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6714869914, Iran
| | - Cédric Delattre
- Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 Rue Descartes, 75005 Paris, France
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A Review of 3D Polymeric Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: Principles, Fabrication Techniques, Immunomodulatory Roles, and Challenges. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10020204. [PMID: 36829698 PMCID: PMC9952306 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, biopolymers have attracted great interest in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine due to the great diversity of their chemical, mechanical, and physical properties for the fabrication of 3D scaffolds. This review is devoted to recent advances in synthetic and natural polymeric 3D scaffolds for bone tissue engineering (BTE) and regenerative therapies. The review comprehensively discusses the implications of biological macromolecules, structure, and composition of polymeric scaffolds used in BTE. Various approaches to fabricating 3D BTE scaffolds are discussed, including solvent casting and particle leaching, freeze-drying, thermally induced phase separation, gas foaming, electrospinning, and sol-gel techniques. Rapid prototyping technologies such as stereolithography, fused deposition modeling, selective laser sintering, and 3D bioprinting are also covered. The immunomodulatory roles of polymeric scaffolds utilized for BTE applications are discussed. In addition, the features and challenges of 3D polymer scaffolds fabricated using advanced additive manufacturing technologies (rapid prototyping) are addressed and compared to conventional subtractive manufacturing techniques. Finally, the challenges of applying scaffold-based BTE treatments in practice are discussed in-depth.
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Existing and Novel Biomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010529. [PMID: 36613972 PMCID: PMC9820083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of bone defects remains one of the major challenges in modern clinical practice. Nowadays, with the increased incidence of bone disease in an aging population, the demand for materials to repair bone defects continues to grow. Recent advances in the development of biomaterials offer new possibilities for exploring modern bone tissue engineering strategies. Both natural and synthetic biomaterials have been used for tissue repair. A variety of porous structures that promote cell adhesion, differentiation, and proliferation enable better implant integration with increasingly better physical properties. The selection of a suitable biomaterial on which the patient's new tissue will grow is one of the key issues when designing a modern tissue scaffold and planning the entire treatment process. The purpose of this article is to present a comprehensive literature review of existing and novel biomaterials used in the surgical treatment of bone tissue defects. The materials described are divided into three groups-organic, inorganic, and synthetic polymers-taking into account current trends. This review highlights different types of existing and novel natural and synthetic materials used in bone tissue engineering and their advantages and disadvantages for bone defects regeneration.
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Geevarghese R, Sajjadi SS, Hudecki A, Sajjadi S, Jalal NR, Madrakian T, Ahmadi M, Włodarczyk-Biegun MK, Ghavami S, Likus W, Siemianowicz K, Łos MJ. Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Biomaterials and Their Effect on Cell Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416185. [PMID: 36555829 PMCID: PMC9785373 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials for tissue scaffolds are key components in modern tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Targeted reconstructive therapies require a proper choice of biomaterial and an adequate choice of cells to be seeded on it. The introduction of stem cells, and the transdifferentiation procedures, into regenerative medicine opened a new era and created new challenges for modern biomaterials. They must not only fulfill the mechanical functions of a scaffold for implanted cells and represent the expected mechanical strength of the artificial tissue, but furthermore, they should also assure their survival and, if possible, affect their desired way of differentiation. This paper aims to review how modern biomaterials, including synthetic (i.e., polylactic acid, polyurethane, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene terephthalate, ceramics) and natural (i.e., silk fibroin, decellularized scaffolds), both non-biodegradable and biodegradable, could influence (tissue) stem cells fate, regulate and direct their differentiation into desired target somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rency Geevarghese
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Seyedeh Sara Sajjadi
- School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1971653313, Iran
| | - Andrzej Hudecki
- Łukasiewicz Network-Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals, 44-121 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Samad Sajjadi
- School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1971653313, Iran
| | | | - Tayyebeh Madrakian
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6516738695, Iran
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran
| | - Mazaher Ahmadi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6516738695, Iran
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran
| | - Małgorzata K. Włodarczyk-Biegun
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Polymer Science, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Research Institutes of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba-University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, University of Technology in Katowice, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Wirginia Likus
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Siemianowicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (M.J.Ł.); Tel.: +48-32-237-2913 (M.J.Ł.)
| | - Marek J. Łos
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (M.J.Ł.); Tel.: +48-32-237-2913 (M.J.Ł.)
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Mochi F, Scatena E, Rodriguez D, Ginebra MP, Del Gaudio C. Scaffold-based bone tissue engineering in microgravity: potential, concerns and implications. NPJ Microgravity 2022; 8:45. [PMID: 36309540 PMCID: PMC9617896 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-022-00236-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
One of humanity's greatest challenges is space exploration, which requires an in-depth analysis of the data continuously collected as a necessary input to fill technological gaps and move forward in several research sectors. Focusing on space crew healthcare, a critical issue to be addressed is tissue regeneration in extreme conditions. In general, it represents one of the hottest and most compelling goals of the scientific community and the development of suitable therapeutic strategies for the space environment is an urgent need for the safe planning of future long-term manned space missions. Osteopenia is a commonly diagnosed disease in astronauts due to the physiological adaptation to altered gravity conditions. In order to find specific solutions to bone damage in a reduced gravity environment, bone tissue engineering is gaining a growing interest. With the aim to critically investigate this topic, the here presented review reports and discusses bone tissue engineering scenarios in microgravity, from scaffolding to bioreactors. The literature analysis allowed to underline several key points, such as the need for (i) biomimetic composite scaffolds to better mimic the natural microarchitecture of bone tissue, (ii) uniform simulated microgravity levels for standardized experimental protocols to expose biological materials to the same testing conditions, and (iii) improved access to real microgravity for scientific research projects, supported by the so-called democratization of space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Mochi
- E. Amaldi Foundation, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Scatena
- E. Amaldi Foundation, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniel Rodriguez
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Av. Eduard Maristany 10, 08019, Barcelona, Spain.,Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Eduard Maristany 10, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria-Pau Ginebra
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Av. Eduard Maristany 10, 08019, Barcelona, Spain.,Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Eduard Maristany 10, 08019, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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Valencia-Llano CH, Castro JI, Saavedra M, Zapata PA, Navia-Porras DP, Flórez-López E, Caicedo C, Calambas HL, Grande-Tovar CD. Histological Evaluation of Cassava Starch/Chicken Gelatin Membranes. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183849. [PMID: 36145994 PMCID: PMC9506157 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of biopolymers for tissue engineering has recently gained attention due to the need for safer and highly compatible materials. Starch is one of the most used biopolymers for membrane preparation. However, incorporating other polymers into starch membranes introduces improvements, such as better thermal and mechanical resistance and increased water affinity, as we reported in our previous work. There are few reports in the literature on the biocompatibility of starch/chicken gelatin composites. We assessed the in vivo biocompatibility of the five composites (T1–T5) cassava starch/gelatin membranes with subdermal implantations in biomodels at 30, 60, and 90 days. The FT-IR spectroscopy analysis demonstrated the main functional groups for starch and chicken gelatin. At the same time, the thermal study exhibited an increase in thermal resistance for T3 and T4, with a remaining mass (~15 wt.%) at 800 °C. The microstructure analysis for the T2–T4 demonstrated evident roughness changes with porosity presence due to starch and gelatin mixture. The decrease in the starch content in the composites also decreased the gelatinization heats for T3 and T4 (195.67, 196.40 J/g, respectively). Finally, the implantation results demonstrated that the formulations exhibited differences in the degradation and resorption capacities according to the starch content, which is easily degraded by amylases. However, the histological results showed that the samples demonstrated almost complete reabsorption without a severe immune response, indicating a high in vivo biocompatibility. These results show that the cassava starch/chicken gelatin composites are promising membrane materials for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Humberto Valencia-Llano
- Research Group in Biomateriales Dentales, School of Odontología, Faculty of Health, Campus San Fernando, Universidad del Valle, Calle 4B # 36-00, Cali 76001, Colombia
| | - Jorge Iván Castro
- Research Group SIMERQO, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, Campus Melendez, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No. 100-00, Santiago de Cali 76001, Colombia
| | - Marcela Saavedra
- Research Group of Polímeros, Department of Chemistry, Faculty de Chemistry and Biology, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Santiago 9170020, Chile
| | - Paula A. Zapata
- Research Group of Polímeros, Department of Chemistry, Faculty de Chemistry and Biology, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Santiago 9170020, Chile
| | - Diana Paola Navia-Porras
- Research Group Biotecnología, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de San Buenaventura Cali, Carrera 122 # 6-65, Santiago de Cali 76001, Colombia
| | - Edwin Flórez-López
- Research Group in Química y Biotecnología QUIBIO, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Calle 5 No 62-00, Cali 760035, Colombia
| | - Carolina Caicedo
- Research Group GIGAE3D, Faculty of Engineering, Unidad Central del Valle del Cauca (UCEVA), Carrera 17ª 48-144, Tuluá 763022, Colombia
| | - Heidy Lorena Calambas
- Research Group in Desarrollo de Materiales y Productos, Centro Nacional de Asistencia Técnica a la Industria (ASTIN), SENA, Cali 760003, Colombia
| | - Carlos David Grande-Tovar
- Research Group of Fotoquímica y Fotobiología, Universidad del Atlántico, Carrera 30 Número 8-49, Puerto Colombia 081008, Colombia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-5-3599-484
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Electrospun Collagen Scaffold Bio-Functionalized with Recombinant ICOS-Fc: An Advanced Approach to Promote Bone Remodelling. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183780. [PMID: 36145925 PMCID: PMC9503128 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of osteoporotic fractures is a severe clinical issue, especially in cases where low support is provided, e.g., pelvis. New treatments aim to stimulate bone formation in compromised scenarios by using multifunctional biomaterials combined with biofabrication techniques to produce 3D structures (scaffolds) that can support bone formation. Bone’s extracellular matrix (ECM) is mainly composed of type I collagen, making this material highly desirable in bone tissue engineering applications, and its bioactivity can be improved by incorporating specific biomolecules. In this work, type I collagen membranes were produced by electrospinning showing a fibre diameter below 200 nm. An optimized one-step strategy allowed to simultaneously crosslink the electrospun membranes and bind ICOS-Fc, a biomolecule able to reversibly inhibit osteoclast activity. The post-treatment did not alter the ECM-like nanostructure of the meshes and the physicochemical properties of collagen. UV-Vis and TGA analyses confirmed both crosslinking and grafting of ICOS-Fc onto the collagen fibres. The preservation of the biological activity of grafted ICOS-Fc was evidenced by the ability to affect the migratory activity of ICOSL-positive cells. The combination of ICOS-Fc with electrospun collagen represents a promising strategy to design multifunctional devices able to boost bone regeneration in osteoporotic fractures.
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Jia X, Zhou J, Ning J, Li M, Yao Y, Wang X, Jian Y, Zhao K. The polycaprolactone/silk fibroin/carbonate hydroxyapatite electrospun scaffold promotes bone reconstruction by regulating the polarization of macrophages. Regen Biomater 2022; 9:rbac035. [PMID: 35801011 PMCID: PMC9255275 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbac035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are known to modulate the osteogenic environment of bone regeneration elicited by biological bone grafts. Alteration in certain chemical components tends to affect macrophages polarization. Comparatively to hydroxyapatite (HAp), carbonate hydroxyapatite (CHA) consists of 7.4 (wt%) carbonate ions and more closely resembles the mineral content of bone. It remains unknown whether CHA scaffolds or HA scaffolds have better osteogenic properties. In this study, we fabricated PCL/SF scaffold, PCL/SF/HAp scaffold and PCL/SF/CHA scaffold using the electrospinning technique. Despite comparable mechanical properties, the PCL/SF/CHA scaffold exhibited better osteogenic properties than the PCL/SF/HAp scaffold. Although no significant differences were observed between the two scaffolds for promoting osteoblast differentiation in vitro, the PCL/SF/CHA group appeared to be more effective at promoting bone regeneration in cranial defects in vivo. The PCL/SF/CHA scaffold was found to promote macrophage polarization toward M2 via activating the JAK/STAT5 pathway which caused a pro-osteogenic microenvironment to facilitate osteoblast differentiation. The results of this study indicated a higher potential of CHA to substitute HAp in the production of bone scaffolds for better bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshi Jia
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, China
| | - Jinqiu Ning
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, China
| | - Maoquan Li
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, China
| | - Yitong Yao
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, China
| | - Yutao Jian
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, China
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Kaewmanee R, Wang F, Mei S, Pan Y, Yu B, Wu Z, Meesane J, Wei J. Molybdenum disulfide nanosheet/polyimide composites with improved tribological performances, surface properties, antibacterial effects and osteogenesis for facilitating osseointegration. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:5058-5070. [PMID: 35727102 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00776b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric biocomposites display some advantages over metal or ceramic biomaterials, and are regarded as a promising candidate for artificial joint application. Herein, molybdenum disulfide (MD) nanosheets were prepared and incorporated into polyimide (PI) to form MD/PI composites with a MD content of 20 wt% (PM20) and 40 wt% (PM40). The results revealed that incorporation of MD nanosheets obviously improved the tribological performances, surface properties (e.g., roughness, wettability and surface energy) and protein absorption of the composites, which enhanced with the increase of MD content. In addition, the composites containing MD nanosheets exhibited antibacterial effects, and the antibacterial effects of PM40 were higher than those of PM20 and PI. PM40 significantly stimulated the cellular responses of rat bone mesenchymal stem cells in vitro, which was better than PM20 and PI. Furthermore, PM40 remarkably accelerated osteogenesis and osseointegration in vivo, which was better than PM20 and PI. In summary, the MD content in composites played pivotal roles in improving not only tribological performances, surface properties, antibacterial effects and cellular response in vitro but also osteogenesis and osseointegration in vivo. As a result, PM40 with high MD content exhibited excellent osteogenic bioactivity and antibacterial effects, which would have great potential for artificial joint applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rames Kaewmanee
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Fan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Shiqi Mei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Yongkang Pan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Baoqing Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China.
| | - Zhaoying Wu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China.
| | - Jirut Meesane
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Jie Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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Tian Y, Wu D, Wu D, Cui Y, Ren G, Wang Y, Wang J, Peng C. Chitosan-Based Biomaterial Scaffolds for the Repair of Infected Bone Defects. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:899760. [PMID: 35600891 PMCID: PMC9114740 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.899760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of infected bone defects includes infection control and repair of the bone defect. The development of biomaterials with anti-infection and osteogenic ability provides a promising strategy for the repair of infected bone defects. Owing to its antibacterial properties, chitosan (an emerging natural polymer) has been widely studied in bone tissue engineering. Moreover, it has been shown that chitosan promotes the adhesion and proliferation of osteoblast-related cells, and can serve as an ideal carrier for bone-promoting substances. In this review, the specific molecular mechanisms underlying the antibacterial effects of chitosan and its ability to promote bone repair are discussed. Furthermore, the properties of several kinds of functionalized chitosan are analyzed and compared with those of pure chitosan. The latest research on the combination of chitosan with different types of functionalized materials and biomolecules for the treatment of infected bone defects is also summarized. Finally, the current shortcomings of chitosan-based biomaterials for the treatment of infected bone defects and future research directions are discussed. This review provides a theoretical basis and advanced design strategies for the use of chitosan-based biomaterials in the treatment of infected bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Tian
- Orthopedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Danhua Wu
- The People’s Hospital of Chaoyang District, Changchun, China
| | - Dankai Wu
- Orthopedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yutao Cui
- Orthopedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guangkai Ren
- Orthopedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanbing Wang
- Orthopedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jincheng Wang
- Orthopedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chuangang Peng
- Orthopedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Chuangang Peng,
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12
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Ashraf R, Maqbool T, Beigh MA, Jadhav AH, Sofi HS, Sheikh FA. Synthesis, characterization, and cell viability of bifunctional medical‐grade polyurethane nanofiber: Functionalization by bone inducing and bacteria ablating materials. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roqia Ashraf
- Department of Nanotechnology University of Kashmir Srinagar India
| | - Tariq Maqbool
- Department of Nanotechnology University of Kashmir Srinagar India
| | - Mushtaq A. Beigh
- Department of Nanotechnology University of Kashmir Srinagar India
| | - Arvind H. Jadhav
- Centre for Nano and Material Science (CNMS) Jain University Bangalore India
| | - Hasham S. Sofi
- Department of Nanotechnology University of Kashmir Srinagar India
| | - Faheem A. Sheikh
- Department of Nanotechnology University of Kashmir Srinagar India
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13
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Wu YX, Ma H, Wang JL, Qu W. Production of chitosan scaffolds by lyophilization or electrospinning: which is better for peripheral nerve regeneration? Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1093-1098. [PMID: 33269755 PMCID: PMC8224144 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.300463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Both lyophilization and electrospinning are commonly used to make chitosan scaffolds. However, it remains unknown which method is better for cell growth. In this study, we established the following groups: (1) lyophilization group-chitosan scaffolds were prepared by lyophilization method and seeded with Schwann cells from Sprague-Dawley rats aged 3-5 days; (2) electrospinning group-chitosan scaffolds were prepared by electrospinning method and seeded with Schwann cells; (3) control group-Schwann cells were cultured on culture dishes. The growth of Schwann cells was evaluated by immunofluorescence and scanning electron microscopy. Western blot assay was performed to explore the mechanism of Schwann cell growth. Both materials were non-toxic and suitable for the growth of Schwann cells. The pores produced by electrospinning were much smaller than those produced by lyophilization. The proliferation rate and adhesion rate of Schwann cells in the electrospinning group were higher than those in the lyophilization group. Schwann cells cultured on electrospinning scaffolds formed a Bungner band-like structure, and a much greater amount of brain-derived neurotrophic factor was secreted, which can promote the growth of neurons. Our findings show that the chitosan scaffold prepared by the electrospinning method has a nanofiber structure that provides an extracellular matrix that is more favorable for cell-cell interactions. The electrospinning method is more suitable for nerve regeneration than the lyophilization method. This research was approved by the Medical Ethical Committee of Dalian Medical University (approval No. AEE1-2016-045) on March 3, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xuan Wu
- Department of Hand Microsurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hao Ma
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Lan Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Wei Qu
- Department of Hand Microsurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
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14
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Collagen-Based Electrospun Materials for Tissue Engineering: A Systematic Review. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:bioengineering8030039. [PMID: 33803598 PMCID: PMC8003061 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen is a key component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in organs and tissues throughout the body and is used for many tissue engineering applications. Electrospinning of collagen can produce scaffolds in a wide variety of shapes, fiber diameters and porosities to match that of the native ECM. This systematic review aims to pool data from available manuscripts on electrospun collagen and tissue engineering to provide insight into the connection between source material, solvent, crosslinking method and functional outcomes. D-banding was most often observed in electrospun collagen formed using collagen type I isolated from calfskin, often isolated within the laboratory, with short solution solubilization times. All physical and chemical methods of crosslinking utilized imparted resistance to degradation and increased strength. Cytotoxicity was observed at high concentrations of crosslinking agents and when abbreviated rinsing protocols were utilized. Collagen and collagen-based scaffolds were capable of forming engineered tissues in vitro and in vivo with high similarity to the native structures.
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15
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Wang W, Gao Q, Yu Z, Wang Y, Jiang M, Sun S, Wang P, Li Y, Meir YJJ, Li G, Zhou H. Opening the Soul Window Manually: Limbal Tissue Scaffolds with Electrospun Polycaprolactone/Gelatin Nanocomposites. Macromol Biosci 2020; 21:e2000300. [PMID: 33205604 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Restricted by the difficulty in fabricating scaffolds suitable for cell proliferation, the use of ex vivo expanded limbal stem cell (LSC) for LSC transplantation, an effective treatment method for patients with limb stem cell deficiency (LSCD), is hard to be widely used in clinical practice. To tackle these challenges, a novel electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL)/gelatin nanocomposite is proposed to make 3D scaffolds for limbal niche cells (LNC) proliferation in vitro, which is a milestone in the treatment of diseases such as LSCD. PCL and gelatin in different weight ratios are dissolved in a mixed solvent, and then electrospinning and cross-linking are performed to prepare a scaffold for cell proliferation. The characterizations of the nanocomposites indicate that the gelatin content has a significant effect on its micro-morphology, thermal properties, crystallinity, degradation temperature, hydrophilicity, and mechanical properties. P8G2-C (PCL: gelatin = 80: 20, cross-linked), with smooth fibers and homogeneous pores, has better hydrophilicity, mechanical properties, and flexibility, so it can support LNC as cell proliferation assays revealed. This detailed investigation presented here demonstrates the feasibility of using PCL/gelatin nanocomposites electrospun fiber membranes as a limbus tissue engineering scaffold, which undoubtedly provide a new perspective for the development of tissue engineering field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, China
| | - Qingqin Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Renhe Hospital affiliated to Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei Province, 443001, China
| | - Zhaohan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yunming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Menglin Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, China
| | - Shuang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renhe Hospital affiliated to Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei Province, 443001, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yaa-Jyuhn James Meir
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Guigang Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, China
| | - Huamin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
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16
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Lopez de Armentia S, del Real JC, Paz E, Dunne N. Advances in Biodegradable 3D Printed Scaffolds with Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Bone Regeneration. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13225083. [PMID: 33187218 PMCID: PMC7697295 DOI: 10.3390/ma13225083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bone possesses an inherent capacity to fix itself. However, when a defect larger than a critical size appears, external solutions must be applied. Traditionally, an autograft has been the most used solution in these situations. However, it presents some issues such as donor-site morbidity. In this context, porous biodegradable scaffolds have emerged as an interesting solution. They act as external support for cell growth and degrade when the defect is repaired. For an adequate performance, these scaffolds must meet specific requirements: biocompatibility, interconnected porosity, mechanical properties and biodegradability. To obtain the required porosity, many methods have conventionally been used (e.g., electrospinning, freeze-drying and salt-leaching). However, from the development of additive manufacturing methods a promising solution for this application has been proposed since such methods allow the complete customisation and control of scaffold geometry and porosity. Furthermore, carbon-based nanomaterials present the potential to impart osteoconductivity and antimicrobial properties and reinforce the matrix from a mechanical perspective. These properties make them ideal for use as nanomaterials to improve the properties and performance of scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. This work explores the potential research opportunities and challenges of 3D printed biodegradable composite-based scaffolds containing carbon-based nanomaterials for bone tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lopez de Armentia
- Institute for Research in Technology/Mechanical Engineering Dept., Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Alberto Aguilera 25, 28015 Madrid, Spain; (S.L.d.A.); (J.C.d.R.)
| | - Juan Carlos del Real
- Institute for Research in Technology/Mechanical Engineering Dept., Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Alberto Aguilera 25, 28015 Madrid, Spain; (S.L.d.A.); (J.C.d.R.)
| | - Eva Paz
- Institute for Research in Technology/Mechanical Engineering Dept., Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Alberto Aguilera 25, 28015 Madrid, Spain; (S.L.d.A.); (J.C.d.R.)
- Correspondence: (E.P.); (N.D.)
| | - Nicholas Dunne
- Centre for Medical Engineering Research, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Stokes Building, Collins Avenue, Dublin 9, Ireland
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University of Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre (I-Form), School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Advanced Processing Technology Research Centre, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Correspondence: (E.P.); (N.D.)
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17
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Comparison of Scaffolds Fabricated via 3D Printing and Salt Leaching: In Vivo Imaging, Biodegradation, and Inflammation. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102210. [PMID: 32993178 PMCID: PMC7599662 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we prepared fluorescently labeled poly(ε-caprolactone-ran-lactic acid) (PCLA-F) as a biomaterial to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds via salt leaching and 3D printing. The salt-leached PCLA-F scaffold was fabricated using NaCl and methylene chloride, and it had an irregular, interconnected 3D structure. The printed PCLA-F scaffold was fabricated using a fused deposition modeling printer, and it had a layered, orthogonally oriented 3D structure. The printed scaffold fabrication method was clearly more efficient than the salt leaching method in terms of productivity and repeatability. In the in vivo fluorescence imaging of mice and gel permeation chromatography of scaffolds removed from rats, the salt-leached PCLA scaffolds showed slightly faster degradation than the printed PCLA scaffolds. In the inflammation reaction, the printed PCLA scaffolds induced a slightly stronger inflammation reaction due to the slower biodegradation. Collectively, we can conclude that in vivo biodegradability and inflammation of scaffolds were affected by the scaffold fabrication method.
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18
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Filippi M, Born G, Chaaban M, Scherberich A. Natural Polymeric Scaffolds in Bone Regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:474. [PMID: 32509754 PMCID: PMC7253672 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable advances in microsurgical techniques over the past decades, bone tissue remains a challenging arena to obtain a satisfying functional and structural restoration after damage. Through the production of substituting materials mimicking the physical and biological properties of the healthy tissue, tissue engineering strategies address an urgent clinical need for therapeutic alternatives to bone autografts. By virtue of their structural versatility, polymers have a predominant role in generating the biodegradable matrices that hold the cells in situ to sustain the growth of new tissue until integration into the transplantation area (i.e., scaffolds). As compared to synthetic ones, polymers of natural origin generally present superior biocompatibility and bioactivity. Their assembly and further engineering give rise to a wide plethora of advanced supporting materials, accounting for systems based on hydrogels or scaffolds with either fibrous or porous architecture. The present review offers an overview of the various types of natural polymers currently adopted in bone tissue engineering, describing their manufacturing techniques and procedures of functionalization with active biomolecules, and listing the advantages and disadvantages in their respective use in order to critically compare their actual applicability potential. Their combination to other classes of materials (such as micro and nanomaterials) and other innovative strategies to reproduce physiological bone microenvironments in a more faithful way are also illustrated. The regeneration outcomes achieved in vitro and in vivo when the scaffolds are enriched with different cell types, as well as the preliminary clinical applications are presented, before the prospects in this research field are finally discussed. The collection of studies herein considered confirms that advances in natural polymer research will be determinant in designing translatable materials for efficient tissue regeneration with forthcoming impact expected in the treatment of bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Filippi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gordian Born
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mansoor Chaaban
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Scherberich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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19
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Klimek K, Ginalska G. Proteins and Peptides as Important Modifiers of the Polymer Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications-A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E844. [PMID: 32268607 PMCID: PMC7240665 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer scaffolds constitute a very interesting strategy for tissue engineering. Even though they are generally non-toxic, in some cases, they may not provide suitable support for cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, which decelerates tissue regeneration. To improve biological properties, scaffolds are frequently enriched with bioactive molecules, inter alia extracellular matrix proteins, adhesive peptides, growth factors, hormones, and cytokines. Although there are many papers describing synthesis and properties of polymer scaffolds enriched with proteins or peptides, few reviews comprehensively summarize these bioactive molecules. Thus, this review presents the current knowledge about the most important proteins and peptides used for modification of polymer scaffolds for tissue engineering. This paper also describes the influence of addition of proteins and peptides on physicochemical, mechanical, and biological properties of polymer scaffolds. Moreover, this article sums up the major applications of some biodegradable natural and synthetic polymer scaffolds modified with proteins and peptides, which have been developed within the past five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Klimek
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1 Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
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20
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Sofi HS, Abdal-Hay A, Ivanovski S, Zhang YS, Sheikh FA. Electrospun nanofibers for the delivery of active drugs through nasal, oral and vaginal mucosa: Current status and future perspectives. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 111:110756. [PMID: 32279775 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Transmucosal surfaces bypass many limitations associated with conventional drug delivery (oral and parenteral routes), such as poor absorption rate, enzymatic activity, acidic environment and first-pass metabolism occurring inside the liver. However, these surfaces have several disadvantages such as poor retention time, narrow absorption window and continuous washout of the drug by the surrounding fluids. Electrospun nanofibers with their unique surface properties and encapsulation efficiency may act as novel drug carriers to overcome the challenges associated with conventional drug delivery routes, so as to achieve desired therapeutic responses. This review article provides detailed information regarding the challenges faced in the mucosal delivery of drugs, and the use of nanofiber systems as an alternative to deliver drugs to the systemic circulation, as well as local drug administration. The physiological and anatomical features of different types of mucosal surfaces and current challenges are systematically discussed. We also address future considerations in the area of transmucosal delivery of some important drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasham S Sofi
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Abdalla Abdal-Hay
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Oral Health Centre Herston, 288 Herston Road, Herston QLD 4006, Australia; Department of Engineering Materials and Mechanical Design, Faculty of Engineering, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Saso Ivanovski
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Oral Health Centre Herston, 288 Herston Road, Herston QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Faheem A Sheikh
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
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21
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Ashraf R, Sofi HS, Sheikh FA. Experimental Protocol of MSC Differentiation into Neural Lineage for Nerve Tissue Regeneration Using Polymeric Scaffolds. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2125:109-117. [PMID: 31020638 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2019_229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of neurodegenerative diseases is still a challenging grindstone in reconstructive surgeries and regenerative medicine. The retention of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to retain remarkable properties of differentiating into motor neuron-like cells and Schwann cells can prove to be effective in repairing disorders. Moreover, the ultrafine electrospun nanofibers provide a favorable and conducive platform for proliferation and differentiation of MSCs. The development of new 3D culture methods with electrospun scaffolds that closely mimic the physiological niche of cells will help us to understand the functional benefits of MSCs in regeneration process. This article highlights the protocols for isolation of MSCs from rat bone marrow and their subsequent culture on nanofiber scaffolds. Furthermore, this chapter summarizes the various procedures including isolation of the MSCs, their seeding on electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds, and their proliferation and differentiation into neural lineage upon appropriate induction. The materials and preparation of various reagents used at different steps of the protocol are also summarized in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roqia Ashraf
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Hasham S Sofi
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Faheem A Sheikh
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
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22
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Tao F, Cheng Y, Shi X, Zheng H, Du Y, Xiang W, Deng H. Applications of chitin and chitosan nanofibers in bone regenerative engineering. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 230:115658. [PMID: 31887899 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Promoting bone regeneration and repairing defects are urgent and critical challenges in orthopedic clinical practice. Research on bone substitute biomaterials is essential for improving the treatment strategies for bone regeneration. Chitin and its derivative, chitosan, are among the most abundant natural biomaterials and widely found in the shells of crustaceans. Chitin and chitosan are non-toxic, antibacterial, biocompatible, degradable, and have attracted significant attention in bone substitute biomaterials. Chitin/chitosan nanofibers and nanostructured scaffolds have large surface area to volume ratios and high porosities. These scaffolds can be fabricated by electrospinning, thermally induced phase separation and self-assembly, and are widely used in biomedical applications such as biological scaffolds, drug delivery, bacterial inhibition, and wound dressing. Recently, some chitin/chitosan-based nanofibrous scaffolds have been found structurally similar to bone's extracellular matrix and can assist in bone regeneration. This review outlines the biomedical applications and biological properties of chitin/chitosan-based nanofibrous scaffolds in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China; Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Yanxiang Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, China.
| | - Xiaowen Shi
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Huifeng Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
| | - Yumin Du
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China; Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Hongbing Deng
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
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23
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Protocol for Determining the Induction of Human Embryonic Stem Cells into Myogenic Lineage Using Electrospun Nanofibers. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31707645 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2019_255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
An efficient method for the development of myogenic differentiation using the stem cells can be beneficial in patients with severely compromised mobility, muscular damage, or degenerative diseases. The stem cells can prove to be excellent clinical source of myogenic progenitor cells due to their ability of self-proliferation, renewal, and differentiation into a specific phenotype. They represent an essential component of tissue engineering along with other factors (e.g., 3D scaffolds, ECM mimicking environment, and growth factors). In this chapter, we describe the experimental protocols for isolation of the embryonic stem cells, their proliferation on nanofiber scaffolds, and finally their differentiation into myogenic cells. Furthermore, this chapter elaborates experimental methods to assess the myogenic fate of embryonic stem cells on the nanofiber scaffolds.
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24
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Methodology Involved in the Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Chitosan-Collagen Nanofibers Incorporated with Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31707644 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2019_257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Tissue regeneration especially in case of bones is a complex process as a repair involved is often inadequate. The electrospun chitosan nanofibers incorporated with titanium dioxide and collagen due to their ability to enhance biomineralization have been widely explored for bone tissue regeneration. Moreover, the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possessing the properties of both self-renewal and multipotency offer a suitable recourse for cell-based regeneration strategies. This chapter summarizes the fabrication steps involved in the synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using sol-gel technique and their subsequent loading into chitosan/collagen nanofibers using the electrospinning process. Further on, the protocol involved in isolation of MSCs from bone marrow, seeding on fabricated nanofibers, and differentiation into osteoblasts is reported. The methods and techniques involved such as MTT assay, qRT-PCR, ALP activity, and immunofluorescence staining are also highlighted to investigate the potential of multifunctional nanofibers for the development of bony tissues.
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Fallahi A, Mandla S, Kerr-Phillip T, Seo J, Rodrigues RO, Jodat YA, Samanipour R, Hussain MA, Lee CK, Bae H, Khademhosseini A, Travas-Sejdic J, Shin SR. Flexible and Stretchable PEDOT-Embedded Hybrid Substrates for Bioengineering and Sensory Applications. CHEMNANOMAT : CHEMISTRY OF NANOMATERIALS FOR ENERGY, BIOLOGY AND MORE 2019; 5:729-737. [PMID: 33859923 PMCID: PMC8045745 DOI: 10.1002/cnma.201900146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we introduce a flexible, biocompatible, robust and conductive electrospun fiber mat as a substrate for flexible and stretchable electronic devices for various biomedical applications. To impart the electrospun fiber mats with electrical conductivity, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), a conductive polymer, was interpenetrated into nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) and poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDM) crosslinked electrospun fiber mats. The mats were fabricated with tunable fiber orientation, random and aligned, and displayed elastomeric mechanical properties and high conductivity. In addition, bending the mats caused a reversible change in their resistance. The cytotoxicity studies confirmed that the elastomeric and conductive electrospun fiber mats support cardiac cell growth, and thus are adaptable to a wide range of applications, including tissue engineering, implantable sensors and wearable bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsoon Fallahi
- Dr. A. Fallahi, S. Mandla, Prof. J. Seo, R. O. Rodrigues, Y. A. Jodat, Dr. R. Samanipour, Prof. A. Khademhosseini, Dr. S. R. Shin, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA, Office: (617) 768-8320,
- Dr. A. Fallahi, S. Mandla, Prof. J. Seo, R. O. Rodrigues, Y. A. Jodat, Dr. R. Samanipour, Prof. A. Khademhosseini, Dr. S. R. Shin, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Serena Mandla
- Dr. A. Fallahi, S. Mandla, Prof. J. Seo, R. O. Rodrigues, Y. A. Jodat, Dr. R. Samanipour, Prof. A. Khademhosseini, Dr. S. R. Shin, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA, Office: (617) 768-8320,
- Dr. A. Fallahi, S. Mandla, Prof. J. Seo, R. O. Rodrigues, Y. A. Jodat, Dr. R. Samanipour, Prof. A. Khademhosseini, Dr. S. R. Shin, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- S. Mandla, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Kerr-Phillip
- Dr. T. Kerr-Phillip, Prof. J. Travas-Sejdic, Polymer Electronics Research Centre (PERC), School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand
- Dr. T. Kerr-Phillip, Prof. J. Travas-Sejdic, The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology New Zealand
| | - Jungmok Seo
- Dr. A. Fallahi, S. Mandla, Prof. J. Seo, R. O. Rodrigues, Y. A. Jodat, Dr. R. Samanipour, Prof. A. Khademhosseini, Dr. S. R. Shin, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA, Office: (617) 768-8320,
- Dr. A. Fallahi, S. Mandla, Prof. J. Seo, R. O. Rodrigues, Y. A. Jodat, Dr. R. Samanipour, Prof. A. Khademhosseini, Dr. S. R. Shin, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Prof. J. Seo, Centre for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 14 Hwarang-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Raquel O Rodrigues
- Dr. A. Fallahi, S. Mandla, Prof. J. Seo, R. O. Rodrigues, Y. A. Jodat, Dr. R. Samanipour, Prof. A. Khademhosseini, Dr. S. R. Shin, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA, Office: (617) 768-8320,
- Dr. A. Fallahi, S. Mandla, Prof. J. Seo, R. O. Rodrigues, Y. A. Jodat, Dr. R. Samanipour, Prof. A. Khademhosseini, Dr. S. R. Shin, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- R. O. Rodrigues, Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering, Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Yasamin A Jodat
- Dr. A. Fallahi, S. Mandla, Prof. J. Seo, R. O. Rodrigues, Y. A. Jodat, Dr. R. Samanipour, Prof. A. Khademhosseini, Dr. S. R. Shin, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA, Office: (617) 768-8320,
- Dr. A. Fallahi, S. Mandla, Prof. J. Seo, R. O. Rodrigues, Y. A. Jodat, Dr. R. Samanipour, Prof. A. Khademhosseini, Dr. S. R. Shin, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Y. A. Jodat, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, New Jersey, USA
| | - Roya Samanipour
- Dr. A. Fallahi, S. Mandla, Prof. J. Seo, R. O. Rodrigues, Y. A. Jodat, Dr. R. Samanipour, Prof. A. Khademhosseini, Dr. S. R. Shin, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA, Office: (617) 768-8320,
- Dr. A. Fallahi, S. Mandla, Prof. J. Seo, R. O. Rodrigues, Y. A. Jodat, Dr. R. Samanipour, Prof. A. Khademhosseini, Dr. S. R. Shin, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Dr. R. Samanipour, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Okanagan, BC, Canada
| | - Mohammad Asif Hussain
- Prof. M. A. Hussain, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80204, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chang Kee Lee
- Dr. C. K. Lee, Korea Packaging Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojae Bae
- Prof. H. Bae, Prof. A. Khademhosseini, KU Convergence Science and Technology Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Dr. A. Fallahi, S. Mandla, Prof. J. Seo, R. O. Rodrigues, Y. A. Jodat, Dr. R. Samanipour, Prof. A. Khademhosseini, Dr. S. R. Shin, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA, Office: (617) 768-8320,
- Dr. A. Fallahi, S. Mandla, Prof. J. Seo, R. O. Rodrigues, Y. A. Jodat, Dr. R. Samanipour, Prof. A. Khademhosseini, Dr. S. R. Shin, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Prof. H. Bae, Prof. A. Khademhosseini, KU Convergence Science and Technology Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
- Prof. A. Khademhosseini, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Prof. A. Khademhosseini, Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Prof. A. Khademhosseini, California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Prof. A. Khademhosseini, Centre for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jadranka Travas-Sejdic
- Dr. T. Kerr-Phillip, Prof. J. Travas-Sejdic, Polymer Electronics Research Centre (PERC), School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand
- Dr. T. Kerr-Phillip, Prof. J. Travas-Sejdic, The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology New Zealand
| | - Su Ryon Shin
- Dr. A. Fallahi, S. Mandla, Prof. J. Seo, R. O. Rodrigues, Y. A. Jodat, Dr. R. Samanipour, Prof. A. Khademhosseini, Dr. S. R. Shin, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA, Office: (617) 768-8320,
- Dr. A. Fallahi, S. Mandla, Prof. J. Seo, R. O. Rodrigues, Y. A. Jodat, Dr. R. Samanipour, Prof. A. Khademhosseini, Dr. S. R. Shin, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Sofi HS, Ashraf R, Sheikh FA. Experimental Protocol for Culture and Differentiation of Osteoblasts on 3D Abode Using Nanofiber Scaffolds. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2125:95-108. [PMID: 31004285 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2019_230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Nanofibrous structures provide a three-dimensional topography in vivo to allow the attachment, migration, proliferation, and differentiation of the cells in an environment which exactly mimics the native tissue. Herein, we report the standard protocols to carry out the cell culture of human osteoblast on nanofiber scaffolds. We also have described protocols for the determination of cell viability, morphology, mineralization, and phenotypic characterization of the osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasham S Sofi
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Roqia Ashraf
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Faheem A Sheikh
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
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