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Duranti E, Villa C. From Brain to Muscle: The Role of Muscle Tissue in Neurodegenerative Disorders. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:719. [PMID: 39336146 PMCID: PMC11428675 DOI: 10.3390/biology13090719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD), primarily affect the central nervous system, leading to progressive neuronal loss and motor and cognitive dysfunction. However, recent studies have revealed that muscle tissue also plays a significant role in these diseases. ALS is characterized by severe muscle wasting as a result of motor neuron degeneration, as well as alterations in gene expression, protein aggregation, and oxidative stress. Muscle atrophy and mitochondrial dysfunction are also observed in AD, which may exacerbate cognitive decline due to systemic metabolic dysregulation. PD patients exhibit muscle fiber atrophy, altered muscle composition, and α-synuclein aggregation within muscle cells, contributing to motor symptoms and disease progression. Systemic inflammation and impaired protein degradation pathways are common among these disorders, highlighting muscle tissue as a key player in disease progression. Understanding these muscle-related changes offers potential therapeutic avenues, such as targeting mitochondrial function, reducing inflammation, and promoting muscle regeneration with exercise and pharmacological interventions. This review emphasizes the importance of considering an integrative approach to neurodegenerative disease research, considering both central and peripheral pathological mechanisms, in order to develop more effective treatments and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Villa
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy;
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2
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Escobar MC, White TJ. Fast and Slow-Twitch Actuation via Twisted Liquid Crystal Elastomer Fibers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2401140. [PMID: 38520204 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The performance of robotic systems can benefit from low-density material actuators that emulate muscle typology (e.g., fast and slow twitch) of natural systems. Recent reports detail the thermomechanical, chemical, electrical, and pneumatic response of twisted and coiled fibers. The geometrical constraints imparted on typically commodity materials realize distinguished stimuli-induced actuation including low density, high force, and moderate stroke. Here, actuators are prepared by twisting fibers composed of liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs). The actuators combine the inherent stimuli-response of LCEs with the geometrical constraints of twisted fiber actuators to dramatically increase the deformation rate, specific work, and achievable force output. In some geometries, the thermomechanical response of the LCE exhibits a pseudo-first-order transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin Colorado Escobar
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Timothy J White
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
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3
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Wang Y, Zhang D, Liu Y. Research Progress on the Regulating Factors of Muscle Fiber Heterogeneity in Livestock: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2225. [PMID: 39123750 PMCID: PMC11311112 DOI: 10.3390/ani14152225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The type of muscle fiber plays a crucial role in the growth, development, and dynamic plasticity of animals' skeletal muscle. Additionally, it is a primary determinant of the quality of both fresh and processed meat. Therefore, understanding the regulatory factors that contribute to muscle fibers' heterogeneity is of paramount importance. Recent advances in sequencing and omics technologies have enabled comprehensive cross-verification of research on the factors affecting the types of muscle fiber across multiple levels, including the genome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome. These advancements have facilitated deeper exploration into the related biological questions. This review focused on the impact of individual characteristics, feeding patterns, and genetic regulation on the proportion and interconversion of different muscle fibers. The findings indicated that individual characteristics and feeding patterns significantly influence the type of muscle fiber, which can effectively enhance the type and distribution of muscle fibers in livestock. Furthermore, non-coding RNA, genes and signaling pathways between complicated regulatory mechanisms and interactions have a certain degree of impact on muscle fibers' heterogeneity. This, in turn, changes muscle fiber profile in living animals through genetic selection or environmental factors, and has the potential to modulate the quality of fresh meat. Collectively, we briefly reviewed the structure of skeletal muscle tissue and then attempted to review the inevitable connection between the quality of fresh meat and the type of muscle fiber, with particular attention to potential events involved in regulating muscle fibers' heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yiping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611134, China; (Y.W.); (D.Z.)
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4
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Rizk J, Sahu R, Duteil D. An overview on androgen-mediated actions in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Steroids 2023; 199:109306. [PMID: 37634653 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2023.109306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Androgens are a class of steroid hormones primarily associated with male sexual development and physiology, but exert pleiotropic effects in either sex. They have a crucial role in various physiological processes, including the regulation of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue homeostasis. The effects of androgens are mainly mediated through the androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-activated nuclear receptor expressed in both tissues. In skeletal muscle, androgens via AR exert a multitude of effects, ranging from increased muscle mass and strength, to the regulation of muscle fiber type composition, contraction and metabolic functions. In adipose tissue, androgens influence several processes including proliferation, fat distribution, and metabolism but they display depot-specific and organism-specific effects which differ in certain context. This review further explores the potential mechanisms underlying androgen-AR signaling in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Understanding the roles of androgens and their receptor in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue is essential for elucidating their contributions to physiological processes, disease conditions, and potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Rizk
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Inserm, IGBMC UMR 7104- UMR-S 1258, F-67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Rajesh Sahu
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Inserm, IGBMC UMR 7104- UMR-S 1258, F-67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Delphine Duteil
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Inserm, IGBMC UMR 7104- UMR-S 1258, F-67400 Illkirch, France.
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5
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Dileep D, Syed TA, Sloan TFW, Dhandapany PS, Siddiqi K, Sirajuddin M. Cardiomyocyte orientation recovery at micrometer scale reveals long-axis fiber continuum in heart walls. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113288. [PMID: 37671467 PMCID: PMC10548172 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022113288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coordinated cardiomyocyte contraction drives the mammalian heart to beat and circulate blood. No consensus model of cardiomyocyte geometrical arrangement exists, due to the limited spatial resolution of whole heart imaging methods and the piecemeal nature of studies based on histological sections. By combining microscopy and computer vision, we produced the first-ever three-dimensional cardiomyocyte orientation reconstruction across mouse ventricular walls at the micrometer scale, representing a gain of three orders of magnitude in spatial resolution. We recovered a cardiomyocyte arrangement aligned to the long-axis direction of the outer ventricular walls. This cellular network lies in a thin shell and forms a continuum with longitudinally arranged cardiomyocytes in the inner walls, with a complex geometry at the apex. Our reconstruction methods can be applied at fine spatial scales to further understanding of heart wall electrical function and mechanics, and set the stage for the study of micron-scale fiber remodeling in heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drisya Dileep
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and DiseaseInstitute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative MedicineBengaluruIndia
- The University of Trans‐Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU)BengaluruIndia
| | - Tabish A Syed
- School of Computer Science and Centre for Intelligent MachinesMcGill University, and MILA – Québec AI InstituteMontréalQCCanada
| | | | - Perundurai S Dhandapany
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and DiseaseInstitute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative MedicineBengaluruIndia
| | - Kaleem Siddiqi
- School of Computer Science and Centre for Intelligent MachinesMcGill University, and MILA – Québec AI InstituteMontréalQCCanada
| | - Minhajuddin Sirajuddin
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and DiseaseInstitute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative MedicineBengaluruIndia
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6
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Lu L, Tian L. Postmenopausal osteoporosis coexisting with sarcopenia: the role and mechanisms of estrogen. J Endocrinol 2023; 259:e230116. [PMID: 37523234 DOI: 10.1530/joe-23-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens (estradiol, estriol, and estrone) are important hormones that directly and indirectly regulate the metabolism and function of bone and skeletal muscle via estrogen receptors. Menopause causes a dramatic reduction in the concentration of estrogen in the body. This contributes to a decline in bone and skeletal muscle function, thereby resulting in osteoporosis and sarcopenia. Menopausal women often experience osteoporosis and muscle wasting, and clinicians recognize estrogen as playing an important role in these conditions, particularly in women. Bone and muscle are closely related endocrine tissues that synthesize and produce various cytokines. These bone- and muscle-derived cytokines, including interleukin-6, irisin, β-aminoisobutyric acid, osteocalcin, fibroblast growth factor-23, and sclerostin, regulate both local and distant tissues, and they mediate the crosstalk between bone and skeletal muscle. This review examines the metabolic effects of estrogen on bone and skeletal muscle and describes cytokine-mediated bone-muscle crosstalk in conditions of estrogen deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Lu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Tian
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Endocrinology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Huang M, Yan Y, Deng Z, Zhou L, She M, Yang Y, Zhang M, Wang D. Saikosaponin A and D attenuate skeletal muscle atrophy in chronic kidney disease by reducing oxidative stress through activation of PI3K/AKT/Nrf2 pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 114:154766. [PMID: 37002971 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle atrophy in chronic kidney disease (CKD) leads to a decline in quality of life and increased risk of morbidity and mortality. We have obtained evidence that oxidative stress is essential in the progression of CKD-related muscle atrophy. Whether Saikosaponin A and D, two emerging antioxidants extracted from Bupleurum chinense DC, alleviate muscle atrophy remains to be further studied. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects and mechanisms of these two components on CKD complicated with muscle atrophy. METHODS In this research, muscle dystrophy model was established using 5/6 nephrectomized mice in vivo and in vitro with Dexamethasone (Dex)-managed C2C12 myotubes. RESULTS The results of RNA-sequencing showed that exposure to Dex affected the antioxidant activity, catalytic activity and enzyme regulator activity of C2C12 cells. According to KEGG analysis, the largest numbers of differentially expressed genes detected were enriched in the PI3K/AKT pathway. In vivo, Saikosaponin A and D remain renal function, cross-section size, fiber-type composition and anti-inflammatory ability. These two components suppressed the expression of MuRF-1 and enhanced the expression of MyoD and Dystrophin. In addition, Saikosaponin A and D maintained redox balance by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes while inhibiting the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, Saikosaponin A and D stimulated PI3K/AKT and its downstream Nrf2 pathway in CKD mice. The effects of Saikosaponin A and D on increasing the inner diameter of C2C12 myotube, reducing oxidative stress and enhancing expression of p-AKT, p-mTOR, p70S6K, Nrf2 and HO-1 proteins were observed in vitro. Importantly, we verified that these protective effects could be significantly reversed by inhibiting PI3K and knocking out Nrf2. CONCLUSIONS In summary, Saikosaponin A and D improve CKD-induced muscle atrophy by reducing oxidative stress through the PI3K/AKT/Nrf2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518000, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518000, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Zihao Deng
- The First Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Lingli Zhou
- The First Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Meiling She
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518000, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Yajun Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Key Laboratory for R&D of Natural Drug, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang,524000, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518000, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Dongtao Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518000, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
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8
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Bennett JL, Pratt AG, Dodds R, Sayer AA, Isaacs JD. Rheumatoid sarcopenia: loss of skeletal muscle strength and mass in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2023; 19:239-251. [PMID: 36801919 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-023-00921-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia, a disorder that involves the generalized loss of skeletal muscle strength and mass, was formally recognized as a disease by its inclusion in the International Classification of Diseases in 2016. Sarcopenia typically affects older people, but younger individuals with chronic disease are also at risk. The risk of sarcopenia is high (with a prevalence of ≥25%) in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and this rheumatoid sarcopenia is associated with increased likelihood of falls, fractures and physical disability, in addition to the burden of joint inflammation and damage. Chronic inflammation mediated by cytokines such as TNF, IL-6 and IFNγ contributes to aberrant muscle homeostasis (for instance, by exacerbating muscle protein breakdown), and results from transcriptomic studies have identified dysfunction of muscle stem cells and metabolism in RA. Progressive resistance exercise is an effective therapy for rheumatoid sarcopenia but it can be challenging or unsuitable for some individuals. The unmet need for anti-sarcopenia pharmacotherapies is great, both for people with RA and for otherwise healthy older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Bennett
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- Musculoskeletal Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Arthur G Pratt
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Musculoskeletal Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Richard Dodds
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Avan A Sayer
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John D Isaacs
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Musculoskeletal Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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9
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Kaigorodova EV, Kozik AV, Zavaruev IS, Grishchenko MY. Hybrid/Atypical Forms of Circulating Tumor Cells: Current State of the Art. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2022; 87:380-390. [PMID: 35527376 PMCID: PMC8993035 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922040071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most common diseases worldwide, and its treatment is associated with many challenges such as drug and radioresistance and formation of metastases. These difficulties are due to tumor heterogeneity, which has many causes. One may be the cell fusion, a process that is relevant to both physiological (e.g., wound healing) and pathophysiological (cancer and viral infection) processes. This literature review aimed to summarize the existing data on the hybrid/atypical forms of circulating cancer cells and their role in tumor progression. For that, the bioinformatics search in universal databases, such as PubMed, NCBI, and Google Scholar was conducted by using the keywords “hybrid cancer cells”, “cancer cell fusion”, etc. In this review the latest information related to the hybrid tumor cells, theories of their genesis, characteristics of different variants with data from our own researches are presented. Many aspects of the hybrid cell research are still in their infancy. However, with the level of knowledge already accumulated, circulating hybrids such as CAML and CHC could be considered as promising biomarkers of cancerous tumors, and even more as a new approach to cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya V Kaigorodova
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, 634050, Russia.
- Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Alexey V Kozik
- Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
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Nishikawa H, Fukunishi S, Asai A, Yokohama K, Ohama H, Nishiguchi S, Higuchi K. Sarcopenia, frailty and type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:854. [PMID: 34651658 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the largest and most energy‑consuming organ in the human body, which plays an important role in energy metabolism and glucose uptake. There is a notable decrease in glucose uptake in the skeletal muscle of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Endurance exercise can reduce hyperglycemia and improve insulin resistance in patients with type 2 DM. Insulin exerts a variety of effects, many of which are mediated by Akt, including increasing glucose uptake, promoting glycogen synthesis and inhibiting glycogen degradation, increasing free fatty acid uptake, increasing protein synthesis, promoting muscle hypertrophy and inhibiting protein degradation. Skeletal muscle mass progressively declines with aging, resulting in loss of muscle strength and physical function. Sarcopenia is a syndrome characterized by loss of skeletal muscle mass and muscle weakness or loss of physical function, and frailty is another syndrome that has received great interest in recent years. Decreased organ function results in vulnerability to external stress. Frailty is associated with falls, fractures and hospitalization; however, there is the reversibility of returning to a healthy state with appropriate interventions. Frailty is classified into three subgroups: Physical frailty, social frailty and cognitive frailty, whereby sarcopenia is the main component of physical frailty. The present review discusses the associations between sarcopenia, frailty and type 2 DM based on current evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Nishikawa
- The Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka 569‑8686, Japan
| | - Shinya Fukunishi
- The Premier Department of Medicine Research, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka 569‑8686, Japan
| | - Akira Asai
- The Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka 569‑8686, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yokohama
- The Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka 569‑8686, Japan
| | - Hideko Ohama
- The Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka 569‑8686, Japan
| | - Shuhei Nishiguchi
- The Department of Internal Medicine, Kano General Hospital, Takatsuki, Osaka 531‑0041, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Higuchi
- The Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka 569‑8686, Japan
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11
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Pinheiro H, Pimentel MR, Sequeira C, Oliveira LM, Pezzarossa A, Roman W, Gomes ER. mRNA distribution in skeletal muscle is associated with mRNA size. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs256388. [PMID: 34297126 PMCID: PMC7611476 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.256388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle myofibers are large and elongated cells with multiple and evenly distributed nuclei. Nuclear distribution suggests that each nucleus influences a specific compartment within the myofiber and implies a functional role for nuclear positioning. Compartmentalization of specific mRNAs and proteins has been reported at the neuromuscular and myotendinous junctions, but mRNA distribution in non-specialized regions of the myofibers remains largely unexplored. We report that the bulk of mRNAs are enriched around the nucleus of origin and that this perinuclear accumulation depends on recently transcribed mRNAs. Surprisingly, mRNAs encoding large proteins - giant mRNAs - are spread throughout the cell and do not exhibit perinuclear accumulation. Furthermore, by expressing exogenous transcripts with different sizes we found that size contributes to mRNA spreading independently of mRNA sequence. Both these mRNA distribution patterns depend on microtubules and are independent of nuclear dispersion, mRNA expression level and stability, and the characteristics of the encoded protein. Thus, we propose that mRNA distribution in non-specialized regions of skeletal muscle is size selective to ensure cellular compartmentalization and simultaneous long-range distribution of giant mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Pinheiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa. Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Ramos Pimentel
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa. Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Sequeira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa. Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís Manuel Oliveira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa. Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Anna Pezzarossa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa. Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - William Roman
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa. Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
- Experimental and Health Sciences (DCEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08002 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edgar R. Gomes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa. Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Histologia e Biologia do Desenvolvimento, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
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12
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Transcriptional Regulation of Postnatal Cardiomyocyte Maturation and Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063288. [PMID: 33807107 PMCID: PMC8004589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During the postnatal period, mammalian cardiomyocytes undergo numerous maturational changes associated with increased cardiac function and output, including hypertrophic growth, cell cycle exit, sarcomeric protein isoform switching, and mitochondrial maturation. These changes come at the expense of loss of regenerative capacity of the heart, contributing to heart failure after cardiac injury in adults. While most studies focus on the transcriptional regulation of embryonic or adult cardiomyocytes, the transcriptional changes that occur during the postnatal period are relatively unknown. In this review, we focus on the transcriptional regulators responsible for these aspects of cardiomyocyte maturation during the postnatal period in mammals. By specifically highlighting this transitional period, we draw attention to critical processes in cardiomyocyte maturation with potential therapeutic implications in cardiovascular disease.
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13
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Nikonova E, Kao SY, Spletter ML. Contributions of alternative splicing to muscle type development and function. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 104:65-80. [PMID: 32070639 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Animals possess a wide variety of muscle types that support different kinds of movements. Different muscles have distinct locations, morphologies and contractile properties, raising the question of how muscle diversity is generated during development. Normal aging processes and muscle disorders differentially affect particular muscle types, thus understanding how muscles normally develop and are maintained provides insight into alterations in disease and senescence. As muscle structure and basic developmental mechanisms are highly conserved, many important insights into disease mechanisms in humans as well as into basic principles of muscle development have come from model organisms such as Drosophila, zebrafish and mouse. While transcriptional regulation has been characterized to play an important role in myogenesis, there is a growing recognition of the contributions of alternative splicing to myogenesis and the refinement of muscle function. Here we review our current understanding of muscle type specific alternative splicing, using examples of isoforms with distinct functions from both vertebrates and Drosophila. Future exploration of the vast potential of alternative splicing to fine-tune muscle development and function will likely uncover novel mechanisms of isoform-specific regulation and a more holistic understanding of muscle development, disease and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Nikonova
- Biomedical Center, Department of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152 Martinsried-Planegg, Germany
| | - Shao-Yen Kao
- Biomedical Center, Department of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152 Martinsried-Planegg, Germany
| | - Maria L Spletter
- Biomedical Center, Department of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152 Martinsried-Planegg, Germany; Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) at the Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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14
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Hauck JS, Howard ZM, Lowe J, Rastogi N, Pico MG, Swager SA, Petrosino JM, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Accornero F, Rafael-Fortney JA. Mineralocorticoid Receptor Signaling Contributes to Normal Muscle Repair After Acute Injury. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1324. [PMID: 31736768 PMCID: PMC6830343 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute skeletal muscle injury is followed by a temporal response of immune cells, fibroblasts, and muscle progenitor cells within the muscle microenvironment to restore function. These same cell types are repeatedly activated in muscular dystrophy from chronic muscle injury, but eventually, the regenerative portion of the cycle is disrupted and fibrosis replaces degenerated muscle fibers. Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist drugs have been demonstrated to increase skeletal muscle function, decrease fibrosis, and directly improve membrane integrity in muscular dystrophy mice, and therefore are being tested clinically. Conditional knockout of MR from muscle fibers in muscular dystrophy mice also improves skeletal muscle function and decreases fibrosis. The mechanism of efficacy likely results from blocking MR signaling by its endogenous agonist aldosterone, being produced at high local levels in regions of muscle damage by infiltrating myeloid cells. Since chronic and acute injuries share the same cellular processes to regenerate muscle, and MR antagonists are clinically used for a wide variety of conditions, it is crucial to define the role of MR signaling in normal muscle repair after injury. In this study, we performed acute injuries using barium chloride injections into tibialis anterior muscles both in myofiber MR conditional knockout mice on a wild-type background (MRcko) and in MR antagonist-treated wild-type mice. Steps of the muscle regeneration response were analyzed at 1, 4, 7, or 14 days after injury. Presence of the aldosterone synthase enzyme was also assessed during the injury repair process. We show for the first time aldosterone synthase localization in infiltrating immune cells of normal skeletal muscle after acute injury. MRcko mice had an increased muscle area infiltrated by aldosterone synthase positive myeloid cells compared to control injured animals. Both MRcko and MR antagonist treatment stabilized damaged myofibers and increased collagen infiltration or compaction at 4 days post-injury. MR antagonist treatment also led to reduced myofiber size at 7 and 14 days post-injury. These data support that MR signaling contributes to the normal muscle repair process following acute injury. MR antagonist treatment delays muscle fiber growth, so temporary discontinuation of these drugs after a severe muscle injury could be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Spencer Hauck
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Zachary M. Howard
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jeovanna Lowe
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Neha Rastogi
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Madison G. Pico
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sarah A. Swager
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Petrosino
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Celso E. Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Elise P. Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Federica Accornero
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jill A. Rafael-Fortney
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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