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Sankar DS, Kaeser-Pebernard S, Vionnet C, Favre S, de Oliveira Marchioro L, Pillet B, Zhou J, Stumpe M, Kovacs WJ, Kressler D, Antonioli M, Fimia GM, Dengjel J. The ULK1 effector BAG2 regulates autophagy initiation by modulating AMBRA1 localization. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114689. [PMID: 39207901 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy initiation is regulated by the ULK1 kinase complex. To gain insights into functions of the holo-complex, we generated a deep interactome by combining affinity purification- and proximity labeling-mass spectrometry of all four complex members: ULK1, ATG13, ATG101, and RB1CC1/FIP200. Under starvation conditions, the ULK1 complex interacts with several protein and lipid kinases and phosphatases, implying the formation of a signalosome. Interestingly, several selective autophagy receptors also interact with ULK1, indicating the activation of selective autophagy pathways by nutrient starvation. One effector of the ULK1 complex is the HSC/HSP70 co-chaperone BAG2, which regulates the subcellular localization of the VPS34 lipid kinase complex member AMBRA1. Depending on the nutritional status, BAG2 has opposing roles. In growth conditions, the unphosphorylated form of BAG2 sequesters AMBRA1, attenuating autophagy induction. In starvation conditions, ULK1 phosphorylates BAG2 on Ser31, which supports the recruitment of AMBRA1 to the ER membrane, positively affecting autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christine Vionnet
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Favre
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Lais de Oliveira Marchioro
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS "L. Spallanzani", 00149 Rome, Italy; Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo CEP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Benjamin Pillet
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jianwen Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Stumpe
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Werner Josef Kovacs
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dieter Kressler
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Manuela Antonioli
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS "L. Spallanzani", 00149 Rome, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Fimia
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS "L. Spallanzani", 00149 Rome, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza", 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Jӧrn Dengjel
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Caminiti G, Volterrani M, Iellamo F, Marazzi G, Silvestrini M, Giamundo DM, Morsella V, Di Biasio D, Franchini A, Perrone MA. Exercise training for patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. A narrative review. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2024. [PMID: 39058025 DOI: 10.4081/monaldi.2024.3030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) remains a significant global health challenge, accounting for up to 50% of all heart failure cases and predominantly affecting the elderly and women. Despite advancements in therapeutic strategies, HFpEF's complexity poses substantial challenges in management, particularly due to its high comorbidity burden, including renal failure, atrial fibrillation, and obesity, among others. These comorbidities not only complicate the pathophysiology of HFpEF but also exacerbate its symptoms, necessitating a personalized approach to treatment focused on comorbidity management and symptom alleviation. In heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, exercise training (ET) was effective in improving exercise tolerance, quality of life, and reducing hospitalizations. However, the efficacy of ET in HFpEF patients remains less understood, with limited studies showing mixed results. Exercise intolerance is a key symptom in HFpEF patients, and it has a multifactorial origin since both central and peripheral oxygen mechanisms of transport and utilization are often compromised. Recent evidence underscores the potential of supervised ET in enhancing exercise tolerance and quality of life among HFpEF patients; however, the literature remains sparse and predominantly consists of small-scale studies. This review highlights the critical role of exercise intolerance in HFpEF and synthesizes current knowledge on the benefits of ET. It also calls for a deeper understanding and further research into exercise-based interventions and their underlying mechanisms, emphasizing the need for larger, well-designed studies to evaluate the effectiveness of ET in improving outcomes for HFpEF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Caminiti
- Department of Human Science and Promotion of Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University, Rome; Cardiology Rehabilitation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele, Rome.
| | - Maurizio Volterrani
- Department of Human Science and Promotion of Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University, Rome; Cardiology Rehabilitation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele, Rome.
| | - Ferdinando Iellamo
- Division of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome.
| | | | - Marco Silvestrini
- Division of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome.
| | | | | | | | | | - Marco Alfonso Perrone
- Division of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome.
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3
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Mori H, Peterson SK, Simmermon RC, Overmyer KA, Nishii A, Paulsson E, Li Z, Jen A, Uranga RM, Maung JN, Yacawych WT, Lewis KT, Schill RL, Hetrick T, Seino R, Inoki K, Coon JJ, MacDougald OA. Scd1 and monounsaturated lipids are required for autophagy and survival of adipocytes. Mol Metab 2024; 83:101916. [PMID: 38492843 PMCID: PMC10975504 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exposure of adipocytes to 'cool' temperatures often found in the periphery of the body induces expression of Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase-1 (Scd1), an enzyme that converts saturated fatty acids to monounsaturated fatty acids. The goal of this study is to further investigate the roles of Scd in adipocytes. METHOD In this study, we employed Scd1 knockout cells and mouse models, along with pharmacological Scd1 inhibition to dissect the enzyme's function in adipocyte physiology. RESULTS Our study reveals that production of monounsaturated lipids by Scd1 is necessary for fusion of autophagosomes to lysosomes and that with a Scd1-deficiency, autophagosomes accumulate. In addition, Scd1-deficiency impairs lysosomal and autolysosomal acidification resulting in vacuole accumulation and eventual cell death. Blocking autophagosome formation or supplementation with monounsaturated fatty acids maintains vitality of Scd1-deficient adipocytes. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the indispensable role of Scd1 in adipocyte survival, with its inhibition in vivo triggering autophagy-dependent cell death and its depletion in vivo leading to the loss of bone marrow adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Mori
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Sydney K Peterson
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rachel C Simmermon
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Katherine A Overmyer
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA; National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Akira Nishii
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Emma Paulsson
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ziru Li
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Annie Jen
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Romina M Uranga
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jessica N Maung
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Warren T Yacawych
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kenneth T Lewis
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rebecca L Schill
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Taryn Hetrick
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ryo Seino
- Dojindo Molecular Technologies, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ken Inoki
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joshua J Coon
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA; National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ormond A MacDougald
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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4
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Kong Y, Guo P, Xu J, Li J, Wu M, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Liu X, Yang L, Liu M, Zhang H, Wang P, Zhang Z. MoMkk1 and MoAtg1 dichotomously regulating autophagy and pathogenicity through MoAtg9 phosphorylation in Magnaporthe oryzae. mBio 2024; 15:e0334423. [PMID: 38501872 PMCID: PMC11005334 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03344-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a central biodegradation pathway critical in eliminating intracellular cargo to maintain cellular homeostasis and improve stress resistance. At the same time, the key component of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade regulating cell wall integrity signaling MoMkk1 has an essential role in the autophagy of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Still, the mechanism of how MoMkk1 regulates autophagy is unclear. Interestingly, we found that MoMkk1 regulates the autophagy protein MoAtg9 through phosphorylation. MoAtg9 is a transmembrane protein subjected to phosphorylation by autophagy-related protein kinase MoAtg1. Here, we provide evidence demonstrating that MoMkk1-dependent MoAtg9 phosphorylation is required for phospholipid translocation during isolation membrane stages of autophagosome formation, an autophagic process essential for the development and pathogenicity of the fungus. In contrast, MoAtg1-dependent phosphorylation of MoAtg9 negatively regulates this process, also impacting growth and pathogenicity. Our studies are the first to demonstrate that MoAtg9 is subject to MoMkk1 regulation through protein phosphorylation and that MoMkk1 and MoAtg1 dichotomously regulate autophagy to underlie the growth and pathogenicity of M. oryzae.IMPORTANCEMagnaporthe oryzae utilizes multiple signaling pathways to promote colonization of host plants. MoMkk1, a cell wall integrity signaling kinase, plays an essential role in autophagy governed by a highly conserved autophagy kinase MoAtg1-mediated pathway. How MoMkk1 regulates autophagy in coordination with MoAtg1 remains elusive. Here, we provide evidence that MoMkk1 phosphorylates MoAtg9 to positively regulate phospholipid translocation during the isolation membrane or smaller membrane structures stage of autophagosome formation. This is in contrast to the negative regulation of MoAtg9 by MoAtg1 for the same process. Intriguingly, MoMkk1-mediated MoAtg9 phosphorylation enhances the fungal infection of rice, whereas MoAtg1-dependant MoAtg9 phosphorylation significantly attenuates it. Taken together, we revealed a novel mechanism of autophagy and virulence regulation by demonstrating the dichotomous functions of MoMkk1 and MoAtg1 in the regulation of fungal autophagy and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Kong
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pusheng Guo
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiayun Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaxu Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Miao Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziqi Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Leiyun Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muxing Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Kamath AJ, Chandy AS, Joseph AA, Gorantla JN, Donadkar AD, Nath LR, Sharifi-Rad J, Calina D. Embelin: A multifaceted anticancer agent with translational potential in targeting tumor progression and metastasis. EXCLI JOURNAL 2023; 22:1311-1329. [PMID: 38234968 PMCID: PMC10792175 DOI: 10.17179/excli2023-6590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Embelin, a natural para-benzoquinone product, is derived from plants of the Embelia genus, particularly Embelia ribes Burm.f. A staple in traditional medicinal formulations for centuries, Embelin's pharmacological actions are attributed to the hydroxyl benzoquinone present in its structure. Its therapeutic potential is bolstered by unique physical and chemical properties. Recently, Embelin, recognized as a non-peptidic, cell-permeable small inhibitor of the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), has garnered significant attention for its anticancer activity. It demonstrates various anticancer mechanisms, such as apoptosis induction, cell cycle arrest, and autophagy, in different cancer types. Additionally, Embelin modulates several signal transduction pathways, including NF-κB, PI3Kinase/AKT, and STAT3, effectively inhibiting the proliferation of diverse cancer cell lines. This literature review illuminates the anticancer potential of Embelin, detailing its mechanisms of action and prospective clinical applications, based on relevant scientific literature from the past decade sourced from various electronic databases. See also the Graphical abstract(Fig. 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adithya Jayaprakash Kamath
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi-682 041, India
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi-682 041, India
| | - Alda Sara Chandy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi-682 041, India
| | - Aina Ann Joseph
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi-682 041, India
| | - Jaggiah N. Gorantla
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit-48202, Michigan, USA
| | - Asawari Dilip Donadkar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi-682 041, India
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi-682 041, India
| | - Lekshmi R. Nath
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi-682 041, India
| | | | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
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6
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Liu W, Wei T, Wang X. Plant reoviruses hijack autophagy in insect vectors. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:1251-1261. [PMID: 37453843 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant reoviruses, transmitted only by insect vectors, seriously threaten global cereal production. Understanding how insect vectors efficiently transmit the viruses is key to controlling the viral diseases. Autophagy commonly plays important roles in plant host defense against virus infection, but recent studies have shown that plant reoviruses can hijack the autophagy pathway in insect cells to enable their persistence in the insect and continued transmission to plants. Here, we summarize and discuss new insights on viral activation, evasion, regulation, and manipulation of autophagy within the insect vectors and the role of autophagy in virus survival in insect vectors. Deeper knowledge of the functions of autophagy in vectors may lead to novel strategies for blocking transmission of insect-borne plant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Taiyun Wei
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Xifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
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7
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Mori H, Peterson SK, Simmermon R, Overmyer KA, Nishii A, Paulsson E, Li Z, Jen A, Uranga RM, Maung J, Yacawych WT, Lewis KT, Schill RL, Hetrick T, Seino R, Inoki K, Coon JJ, MacDougald OA. SCD1 and monounsaturated lipids are required for autophagy and survival of adipocytes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.27.564376. [PMID: 37961537 PMCID: PMC10634865 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.27.564376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of adipocytes to 'cool' temperatures often found in the periphery of the body induces expression of Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase-1 (SCD1), an enzyme that converts saturated fatty acids to monounsaturated fatty acids. In this study, we employed Scd1 knockout cells and mouse models, along with pharmacological SCD1 inhibition, to investigate further the roles of SCD1 in adipocytes. Our study reveals that production of monounsaturated lipids by SCD1 is necessary for fusion of autophagosomes to lysosomes and that with a SCD1-deficiency, autophagosomes accumulate. In addition, SCD1-deficiency impairs lysosomal and autolysosomal acidification resulting in vacuole accumulation and eventual cell death. Blocking autophagosome formation or supplementation with monounsaturated fatty acids maintains vitality of SCD1-deficient adipocytes. Taken together, our results demonstrate that in vitro inhibition of SCD1 in adipocytes leads to autophagy-dependent cell death, and in vivo depletion leads to loss of bone marrow adipocytes.
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8
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Nita M, Grzybowski A. Antioxidative Role of Heterophagy, Autophagy, and Mitophagy in the Retina and Their Association with the Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) Etiopathogenesis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1368. [PMID: 37507908 PMCID: PMC10376332 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), an oxidative stress-linked neurodegenerative disease, leads to irreversible damage of the central retina and severe visual impairment. Advanced age and the long-standing influence of oxidative stress and oxidative cellular damage play crucial roles in AMD etiopathogenesis. Many authors emphasize the role of heterophagy, autophagy, and mitophagy in maintaining homeostasis in the retina. Relevantly modifying the activity of both macroautophagy and mitophagy pathways represents one of the new therapeutic strategies in AMD. Our review provides an overview of the antioxidative roles of heterophagy, autophagy, and mitophagy and presents associations between dysregulations of these molecular mechanisms and AMD etiopathogenesis. The authors performed an extensive analysis of the literature, employing PubMed and Google Scholar, complying with the 2013-2023 period, and using the following keywords: age-related macular degeneration, RPE cells, reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, heterophagy, autophagy, and mitophagy. Heterophagy, autophagy, and mitophagy play antioxidative roles in the retina; however, they become sluggish and dysregulated with age and contribute to AMD development and progression. In the retina, antioxidative roles also play in RPE cells, NFE2L2 and PGC-1α proteins, NFE2L2/PGC-1α/ARE signaling cascade, Nrf2 factor, p62/SQSTM1/Keap1-Nrf2/ARE pathway, circulating miRNAs, and Yttrium oxide nanoparticles performed experimentally in animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Nita
- Domestic and Specialized Medicine Centre "Dilmed", 40-231 Katowice, Poland
| | - Andrzej Grzybowski
- Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Foundation for Ophthalmology Development, Gorczyczewskiego 2/3, 61-553 Poznań, Poland
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9
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Zhang C, Wang W, Du C, Li H, Zhou K, Luan Z, Chang Y, Liu S, Wei Y. Autophagy in the pharmacological activities of celastrol (Review). Exp Ther Med 2023; 25:268. [PMID: 37206564 PMCID: PMC10189746 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.11967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Celastrol, a natural compound extracted from the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, possesses broad-spectrum pharmacological properties. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process through which cytoplasmic cargo is delivered to the lysosomes for degradation. Autophagy dysregulation contributes to multiple pathological processes. Therefore, targeting autophagic activity is a promising therapy for various diseases, as well as a drug-development strategy. According to previous studies, autophagy is specifically targeted and may be altered in response to celastrol treatment, highlighting that autophagy modulation is an important mechanism underlying the therapeutic efficacy of celastrol for the treatment of various diseases. The present study summarizes the currently available information regarding the role of autophagy in the effect of celastrol to exert anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-pulmonary fibrosis and anti-macular degeneration activities. The diverse signaling pathways involved are also analyzed to provide insight into the mechanisms of action of celastrol and thereby pave the way for establishing celastrol as an efficacious autophagy modulator in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicine and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030619, P.R. China
| | - Weiyan Wang
- College of Chinese Medicine and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030619, P.R. China
| | - Chenhui Du
- College of Chinese Medicine and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030619, P.R. China
| | - Huifang Li
- College of Chinese Medicine and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030619, P.R. China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Shanxi Institute of Energy, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030600, P.R. China
| | - Zhihua Luan
- Experimental Management Center, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030619, P.R. China
| | - Yinxia Chang
- College of Chinese Medicine and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030619, P.R. China
| | - Shan Liu
- College of Chinese Medicine and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030619, P.R. China
| | - Yanming Wei
- College of Chinese Medicine and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030619, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Dr Yanming Wei, College of Chinese Medicine and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, 121 Daxue Street, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030619, P.R. China
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10
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Wible DJ, Parikh Z, Cho EJ, Chen MD, Mukhopadhyay S, Dalby KN, Varadarajan S, Bratton SB. Unexpected inhibition of the lipid kinase PIKfyve reveals an epistatic role for p38 MAPKs in endolysosomal fission and volume control. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.13.532495. [PMID: 36993747 PMCID: PMC10054966 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.13.532495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) regulate early endocytic trafficking, but their effects on late endocytic trafficking remain unclear. Herein, we report that the pyridinyl imidazole p38 MAPK inhibitors, SB203580 and SB202190, induce a rapid but reversible Rab7-dependent accumulation of large cytoplasmic vacuoles. While SB203580 did not induce canonical autophagy, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate [PI(3)P] accumulated on vacuole membranes, and inhibition of the class III PI3-kinase (PIK3C3/VPS34) suppressed vacuolation. Ultimately, vacuolation resulted from the fusion of ER/Golgi-derived membrane vesicles with late endosomes and lysosomes (LELs), combined with an osmotic imbalance in LELs that led to severe swelling and a decrease in LEL fission. Since PIKfyve inhibitors induce a similar phenotype by preventing the conversion of PI(3)P to PI(3,5)P2, we performed in vitro kinase assays and found that PIKfyve activity was unexpectedly inhibited by SB203580 and SB202190, corresponding to losses in endogenous PI(3,5)P2 levels in treated cells. However, vacuolation was not entirely due to 'off-target' inhibition of PIKfyve by SB203580, as a drug-resistant p38α mutant suppressed vacuolation. Moreover, genetic deletion of both p38α and p38β rendered cells dramatically more sensitive to PIKfyve inhibitors, including YM201636 and apilimod. In subsequent 'washout' experiments, the rate of vacuole dissolution upon the removal of apilimod was also significantly reduced in cells treated with BIRB-796, a structurally unrelated p38 MAPK inhibitor. Thus, p38 MAPKs act epistatically to PIKfyve to promote LEL fission; and pyridinyl imidazole p38 MAPK inhibitors induce cytoplasmic vacuolation through the combined inhibition of both PIKfyve and p38 MAPKs.
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Mironov AA, Savin MA, Beznoussenko GV. COVID-19 Biogenesis and Intracellular Transport. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054523. [PMID: 36901955 PMCID: PMC10002980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. The structure of SARS-CoV-2 and most of its proteins of have been deciphered. SARS-CoV-2 enters cells through the endocytic pathway and perforates the endosomes' membranes, and its (+) RNA appears in the cytosol. Then, SARS-CoV-2 starts to use the protein machines of host cells and their membranes for its biogenesis. SARS-CoV-2 generates a replication organelle in the reticulo-vesicular network of the zippered endoplasmic reticulum and double membrane vesicles. Then, viral proteins start to oligomerize and are subjected to budding within the ER exit sites, and its virions are passed through the Golgi complex, where the proteins are subjected to glycosylation and appear in post-Golgi carriers. After their fusion with the plasma membrane, glycosylated virions are secreted into the lumen of airways or (seemingly rarely) into the space between epithelial cells. This review focuses on the biology of SARS-CoV-2's interactions with cells and its transport within cells. Our analysis revealed a significant number of unclear points related to intracellular transport in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Mironov
- Department of Cell Biology, IFOM ETS—The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Maksim A. Savin
- The Department for Welding Production and Technology of Constructional Materials, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Komsomolsky Prospekt, 29, 614990 Perm, Russia
| | - Galina V. Beznoussenko
- Department of Cell Biology, IFOM ETS—The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
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Canonical and Noncanonical ER Stress-Mediated Autophagy Is a Bite the Bullet in View of Cancer Therapy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233773. [PMID: 36497032 PMCID: PMC9738281 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells adapt multiple mechanisms to counter intense stress on their way to growth. Tumor microenvironment stress leads to canonical and noncanonical endoplasmic stress (ER) responses, which mediate autophagy and are engaged during proteotoxic challenges to clear unfolded or misfolded proteins and damaged organelles to mitigate stress. In these conditions, autophagy functions as a cytoprotective mechanism in which malignant tumor cells reuse degraded materials to generate energy under adverse growing conditions. However, cellular protection by autophagy is thought to be complicated, contentious, and context-dependent; the stress response to autophagy is suggested to support tumorigenesis and drug resistance, which must be adequately addressed. This review describes significant findings that suggest accelerated autophagy in cancer, a novel obstacle for anticancer therapy, and discusses the UPR components that have been suggested to be untreatable. Thus, addressing the UPR or noncanonical ER stress components is the most effective approach to suppressing cytoprotective autophagy for better and more effective cancer treatment.
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BECLIN-1-Mediated Autophagy Suppresses Silica Nanoparticle-Induced Testicular Toxicity via the Inhibition of Caspase 8-Mediated Cell Apoptosis in Leydig Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121863. [PMID: 35740992 PMCID: PMC9221084 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of silica nanoparticles (SNPs) in the testes leads to male reproductive toxicity. However, little is known about the effect and mechanistic insights of SNP-induced autophagy on apoptosis in Leydig cells. In this study, we aimed to verify the role of SNP-induced autophagy in apoptosis and explore the possible underlying mechanism in mouse primary Leydig cells (PLCs). H&E staining showed that SNPs changed the histological structures of the testes, including a reduction in the Leydig cell populations in vivo. CCK-8 assay showed that SNPs decreased cell viability, and flow cytometry showed that SNPs increased cell apoptosis, both in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. Additionally, Western blotting further found that SNPs activated autophagy by an increase in BECLIN-1, ATG16L, and LC3-II levels and promoted the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis by an increase in the BAX/BCL-2 ratio, cleaved the caspase 8 and caspase 3 levels. Furthermore, autophagy decreased SNP-induced apoptosis via regulation of the caspase 8 level combined with rapamycin, 3-methyladenine, and chloroquine. BECLIN-1 depletion increased the caspase 8 level, leading to an increase in SNP-induced cell apoptosis. Collectively, this evidence demonstrates that SNPs activated BECLIN-1-mediated autophagy, which prevented SNP-induced testicular toxicity via the inhibition of caspase 8-mediated cell apoptosis in Leydig cells.
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Hernandez GA, Perera RM. Autophagy in cancer cell remodeling and quality control. Mol Cell 2022; 82:1514-1527. [PMID: 35452618 PMCID: PMC9119670 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As one of the two highly conserved cellular degradation systems, autophagy plays a critical role in regulation of protein, lipid, and organelle quality control and cellular homeostasis. This evolutionarily conserved pathway singles out intracellular substrates for elimination via encapsulation within a double-membrane vesicle and delivery to the lysosome for degradation. Multiple cancers disrupt normal regulation of autophagy and hijack its degradative ability to remodel their proteome, reprogram their metabolism, and adapt to environmental challenges, making the autophagy-lysosome system a prime target for anti-cancer interventions. Here, we discuss the roles of autophagy in tumor progression, including cancer-specific mechanisms of autophagy regulation and the contribution of tumor and host autophagy in metabolic regulation, immune evasion, and malignancy. We further discuss emerging proteomics-based approaches for systematic profiling of autophagosome-lysosome composition and contents. Together, these approaches are uncovering new features and functions of autophagy, leading to more effective strategies for targeting this pathway in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Hernandez
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Pathology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Rushika M Perera
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Pathology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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