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Kolozsváriné Nagy J, Schwarczinger I, Király L, Bacsó R, Ádám AL, Künstler A. Near-Isogenic Barley Lines Show Enhanced Susceptibility to Powdery Mildew Infection Following High-Temperature Stress. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11070903. [PMID: 35406883 PMCID: PMC9003484 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Barley cultivation is adversely affected by high-temperature stress, which may modulate plant defense responses to pathogens such as barley powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei, Bgh). Earlier research focused mainly on the influence of short-term heat stress (heat shock) of barley on Bgh infection. In this study, our aim was to investigate the effects of both short- and long-term heat stress (35 °C from 30 s to 5 days) on Bgh infection in the barley cultivar Ingrid and its near-isogenic lines containing different powdery mildew resistance genes (Mla12, Mlg, and mlo5) by analyzing symptom severity and Bgh biomass with RT-qPCR. The expression of selected barley defense genes (BAX inhibitor-1, Pathogenesis- related protein-1b, Respiratory burst oxidase homologue F2, and Heat shock protein 90-1) was also monitored in plants previously exposed to heat stress followed by inoculation with Bgh. We demonstrated that pre-exposure to short- and long-term heat stress negatively affects the resistance of all resistant lines manifested by the appearance of powdery mildew symptoms and increased Bgh biomass. Furthermore, prolonged heat stress (48 and 120 h) enhanced both Bgh symptoms and biomass in susceptible wild-type Ingrid. Heat stress suppressed and delayed early defense gene activation in resistant lines, which is a possible reason why resistant barley became partially susceptible to Bgh.
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Wang G, Long D, Yu F, Zhang H, Chen C, Wang Y, Ji W. Genome-wide identification, evolution, and expression of the SNARE gene family in wheat resistance to powdery mildew. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10788. [PMID: 33552743 PMCID: PMC7831368 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SNARE proteins mediate eukaryotic cell membrane/transport vesicle fusion and act in plant resistance to fungi. Herein, 173 SNARE proteins were identified in wheat and divided into 5 subfamilies and 21 classes. The number of the SYP1 class type was largest in TaSNAREs. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that most of the SNAREs were distributed in 21 classes. Analysis of the genetic structure revealed large differences among the 21 classes, and the structures in the same group were similar, except across individual genes. Excluding the first homoeologous group, the number in the other homoeologous groups was similar. The 2,000 bp promoter region of the TaSNARE genes were analyzed, and many W-box, MYB and disease-related cis-acting elements were identified. The qRT-PCR-based analysis of the SNARE genes revealed similar expression patterns of the same subfamily in one wheat variety. The expression patterns of the same gene in resistant/sensitive varieties largely differed at 6 h after infection, suggesting that SNARE proteins play an important role in early pathogen infection. Here, the identification and expression analysis of SNARE proteins provide a theoretical basis for studies of SNARE protein function and wheat resistance to powdery mildew.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghao Wang
- Shaanxi Research Station of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Deyu Long
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fagang Yu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Shaanxi Research Station of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chunhuan Chen
- Shaanxi Research Station of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yajuan Wang
- Shaanxi Research Station of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wanquan Ji
- Shaanxi Research Station of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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3
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Huang Y, Xuan H, Yang C, Guo N, Wang H, Zhao J, Xing H. GmHsp90A2 is involved in soybean heat stress as a positive regulator. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 285:26-33. [PMID: 31203891 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 s (Hsp90s), one of the most conserved and abundant molecular chaperones, is an essential component of the protective stress response. A previous study reported at least 12 genes in the GmHsp90s family in soybean and that GmHsp90A2 overexpression enhanced thermotolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we investigate the roles of GmHsp90A2 in soybean by utilizing stable transgenic soybean lines overexpressing GmHsp90A2 and mutant lines generated by the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The results showed that compared with wild-type plants (WT) and empty vector control plants (VC), T3 transgenic soybean plants overexpressing GmHsp90A2 exhibited increased tolerance to heat stress through higher chlorophyll and lower malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in plants. Conversely, reduced chlorophyll and increased MDA contents in T2 homozygous GmHsp90A2-knockout mutants indicated decreased tolerance to heat stress. GmHsp90A2 was found to interact with GmHsp90A1 in yeast two-hybrid assays. Furthermore, subcellular localization analyses revealed that GmHsp90A2 was localized to the cytoplasm and cell membrane; as shown by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays, GmHsp90A2 interacted with GmHsp90A1 in the nucleus and cytoplasm and cell membrane. Hence, we conclude that GmHsp90A1 is able to bind to GmHsp90A2 to form a complex and that this complex enters the nucleus. In summary, GmHsp90A2 might respond to heat stress and positively regulate thermotolerance by interacting with GmHsp90A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhong Huang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huidong Xuan
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chengfeng Yang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Na Guo
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haitang Wang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jinming Zhao
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Han Xing
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Xu J, Xue C, Xue D, Zhao J, Gai J, Guo N, Xing H. Overexpression of GmHsp90s, a heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) gene family cloning from soybean, decrease damage of abiotic stresses in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69810. [PMID: 23936107 PMCID: PMC3723656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hsp90 is one of the most conserved and abundant molecular chaperones and is an essential component of the protective stress response; however, its roles in abiotic stress responses in soybean (Glycine max) remain obscure. Here, 12 GmHsp90 genes from soybean were identified and found to be expressed and to function differentially under abiotic stresses. The 12 GmHsp90 genes were isolated and named GmHsp90A1-GmHsp90A6, GmHsp90B1, GmHsp90B2, GmHsp90C1.1, GmHsp90C1.2, GmHsp90C2.1 and GmHsp90C2.2 based on their characteristics and high homology to other Hsp90s according to a new nomenclature system. Quantitative real-time PCR expression data revealed that all the genes exhibited higher transcript levels in leaves and could be strongly induced under heat, osmotic and salt stress but not cold stress. Overexpression of five typical genes (GmHsp90A2, GmHsp90A4, GmHsp90B1, GmHsp90C1.1 and GmHsp90C2.1) in Arabidopsis thaliana provided useful evidences that GmHsp90 genes can decrease damage of abiotic stresses. In addition, an abnormal accumulation of proline was detected in some transgenic Arabidopsis plants suggested overexpressing GmHsp90s may affect the synthesis and response system of proline. Our work represents a systematic determination of soybean genes encoding Hsp90s, and provides useful evidence that GmHsp90 genes function differently in response to abiotic stresses and may affect the synthesis and response system of proline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean/National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture/National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Chenchen Xue
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean/National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture/National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Dong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean/National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture/National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jinming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean/National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture/National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Junyi Gai
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean/National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture/National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Na Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean/National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture/National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Han Xing
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean/National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture/National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
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5
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Wang D, Dong X. A highway for war and peace: the secretory pathway in plant-microbe interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT 2011; 4:581-7. [PMID: 21742620 PMCID: PMC3146739 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssr053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Secretion of proteins and other molecules is the primary means by which a cell interacts with its surroundings. The overall organization of the secretory system is remarkably conserved among eukaryotes, and many of the components have been investigated in detail in animal models. Plant cells, because of their sessile lifestyle, are uniquely reliant on the secretory pathway to respond to changes in their environments, either abiotic, such as the absence of nutrients, or biotic, such as the presence of predators or pathogens. In particular, most plant pathogens are extracellular, which demands a robust and efficient host secretory system directed at the site of attack. Here, we present a summary of recent advances in our understanding of the molecular details of the secretory pathway during plant-microbe interactions. Secretion is required not only for the delivery of antimicrobial molecules, but also for the biogenesis of cell surface sensors to detect microbes. The deposition of extracellular material is important in the defense against classical bacterial pathogens as well as in the so-called 'non-host' resistance. Finally, boosting the protein secretion capacity is vital for avoiding infection as well as for achieving symbiosis, even though in the latter case, the microbes are engulfed in intracellular compartments. The emerging evidence indicates that secretion provides an essential interface between plant hosts and their associated microbial partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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6
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Gupta D, Tuteja N. Chaperones and foldases in endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling in plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:232-6. [PMID: 21427533 PMCID: PMC3121983 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.2.15490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones and foldases are a diverse group of proteins that in vivo bind to misfolded or unfolded proteins (non-native or unstable proteins) and play important role in their proper folding. Stress conditions compel altered and heightened chaperone and foldase expression activity in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which highlights the role of these proteins, due to which several of the proteins under these classes were identified as heat shock proteins. Different chaperones and foldases are active in different cellular compartment performing specific tasks. The review will discuss the role of the ER chaperones and foldases under stress conditions to maintain proper protein folding dynamics in the plant cells and recent advances in the field. The ER chaperones and foldases, which are described in article, are binding protein (BiP), glucose regulated protein (GRP94), protein-disulfide isomerase (PDI), peptidyl-prolyl isomerases (PPI), immunophilins, calnexin and calreticulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Gupta
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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Berrocal-Lobo M, Stone S, Yang X, Antico J, Callis J, Ramonell KM, Somerville S. ATL9, a RING zinc finger protein with E3 ubiquitin ligase activity implicated in chitin- and NADPH oxidase-mediated defense responses. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14426. [PMID: 21203445 PMCID: PMC3009710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are signals detected by plants that activate basal defenses. One of these PAMPs is chitin, a carbohydrate present in the cell walls of fungi and in insect exoskeletons. Previous work has shown that chitin treatment of Arabidopsis thaliana induced defense-related genes in the absence of a pathogen and that the response was independent of the salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET) signaling pathways. One of these genes is ATL9 ( = ATL2G), which encodes a RING zinc-finger like protein. In the current work we demonstrate that ATL9 has E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. The expression pattern of ATL9 is positively correlated with basal defense responses against Golovinomyces cichoracearum, a biotrophic fungal pathogen. The basal levels of expression and the induction of ATL9 by chitin, in wild type plants, depends on the activity of NADPH oxidases suggesting that chitin-mediated defense response is NADPH oxidase dependent. Although ATL9 expression is not induced by treatment with known defense hormones (SA, JA or ET), full expression in response to chitin is compromised slightly in mutants where ET- or SA-dependent signaling is suppressed. Microarray analysis of the atl9 mutant revealed candidate genes that appear to act downstream of ATL9 in chitin-mediated defenses. These results hint at the complexity of chitin-mediated signaling and the potential interplay between elicitor-mediated signaling, signaling via known defense pathways and the oxidative burst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Berrocal-Lobo
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Sophia Stone
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jay Antico
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Judy Callis
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Katrina M. Ramonell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Shauna Somerville
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, California, United States of America
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Cha JY, Jung MH, Ermawati N, Su'udi M, Rho GJ, Han CD, Lee KH, Son D. Functional characterization of orchardgrass endoplasmic reticulum-resident Hsp90 (DgHsp90) as a chaperone and an ATPase. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2009; 47:859-866. [PMID: 19625192 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Revised: 05/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Hsp90 proteins are essential molecular chaperones regulating multiple cellular processes in distinct subcellular organelles. In this study, we report the functional characterization of a cDNA encoding endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident Hsp90 from orchardgrass (DgHsp90). DgHsp90 is a 2742bp cDNA with an open reading frame predicted to encode an 808 amino acid protein. DgHsp90 has a well conserved N-terminal ATPase domain and a C-terminal Hsp90 domain and ER-retention motif. Expression of DgHsp90 increased during heat stress at 35 degrees C or H(2)O(2) treatment. DgHsp90 also functions as a chaperone protein by preventing thermal aggregation of malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) and citrate synthase (EC 2.3.3.1). The intrinsic ATPase activity of DgHsp90 was inhibited by geldanamycin, an Hsp90 inhibitor, and the inhibition reduced the chaperone activity of DgHsp90. Yeast cells overexpressing DgHsp90 exhibited enhanced thermotolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Yung Cha
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
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Luczak M, Bugajewska A, Wojtaszek P. Inhibitors of protein glycosylation or secretion change the pattern of extracellular proteins in suspension-cultured cells of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2008; 46:962-969. [PMID: 18650099 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls are essential for plant development and morphogenesis. The majority of wall proteins are glycosylated, either as N- or O-glycans. Various inhibitors of glycosylation and secretion are used to determine the importance of wall proteins for the functioning of the walls. Tunicamycin is an inhibitor of the first enzyme in the N-glycosylation pathway, 3,4-dehydroproline inhibits peptidyl proline hydroxylation, and Brefeldin A is an inhibitor of vesicle trafficking, disrupting the delivery of wall polymers to the apoplast. In inhibitor-treated suspension-cultured Arabidopsis thaliana cells, qualitative and quantitative differences in the extracellular proteome were observed for both proteins secreted into medium or ionically-bound in the walls. Lack of O-glycosylation resulted in the selective protein loss from the extracellular compartments. Following tunicamycin treatment the secretion of additional proteins as well as ER-resident chaperones from the Hsp70 and Hsp90 families outside the protoplasts was noted. Moreover, changes in the proteolytic degradation pattern of culture filtrate proteins were also observed. Application of Brefeldin A resulted in transient and selective loss of individual proteins from the extracellular compartments of A. thaliana cell suspension. We conclude that post-translational modifications are vital for the proper functioning of wall proteins. N-glycosylation is crucial for their proper folding and stability. Extracellular compartments could also serve as a sink for improperly folded proteins during the unfolded protein response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Luczak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Miedzychodzka 5, 60-371 Poznań, Poland
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Cho K, Shibato J, Agrawal GK, Jung YH, Kubo A, Jwa NS, Tamogami S, Satoh K, Kikuchi S, Higashi T, Kimura S, Saji H, Tanaka Y, Iwahashi H, Masuo Y, Rakwal R. Integrated transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics analyses to survey ozone responses in the leaves of rice seedling. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:2980-98. [PMID: 18517257 DOI: 10.1021/pr800128q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ozone (O(3)), a serious air pollutant, is known to significantly reduce photosynthesis, growth, and yield and to cause foliar injury and senescence. Here, integrated transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics approaches were applied to investigate the molecular responses of O(3) in the leaves of 2-week-old rice (cv. Nipponbare) seedlings exposed to 0.2 ppm O(3) for a period of 24 h. On the basis of the morphological alteration of O(3)-exposed rice leaves, transcript profiling of rice genes was performed in leaves exposed for 1, 12, and 24 h using rice DNA microarray chip. A total of 1535 nonredundant genes showed altered expression of more than 5-fold over the control, representing 8 main functional categories. Genes involved in information storage and processing (10%) and cellular processing and signaling categories (24%) were highly represented within 1 h of O(3) treatment; transcriptional factor and signal transduction, respectively, were the main subcategories. Genes categorized into information storage and processing (17, 23%), cellular processing and signaling (20, 16%) and metabolism (18, 19%) were mainly regulated at 12 and 24 h; their main subcategories were ribosomal protein, post-translational modification, and signal transduction and secondary metabolites biosynthesis, respectively. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis-based proteomics analyses in combination with tandem mass spectrometer identified 23 differentially expressed protein spots (21 nonredundant proteins) in leaves exposed to O(3) for 24 h compared to respective control. Identified proteins were found to be involved in cellular processing and signaling (32%), photosynthesis (19%), and defense (14%). Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry-based metabolomic profiling revealed accumulation of amino acids, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and glutathione in O(3) exposed leaves until 24 h over control. This systematic survey showed that O(3) triggers a chain reaction of altered gene, protein and metabolite expressions involved in multiple cellular processes in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungwon Cho
- Environmental Biology Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
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Gjetting T, Hagedorn PH, Schweizer P, Thordal-Christensen H, Carver TLW, Lyngkjaer MF. Single-cell transcript profiling of barley attacked by the powdery mildew fungus. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2007; 20:235-46. [PMID: 17378426 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-20-3-0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In many plant-pathogen interactions, there are several possible outcomes for simultaneous attacks on the same leaf. For instance, an attack by the powdery mildew fungus on one barley leaf epidermal cell may succeed in infection and formation of a functional haustorium, whereas a neighboring cell attacked at the same time may resist fungal penetration. To date, the mixed cellular responses seen even in susceptible host leaves have made it difficult to relate induced changes in gene expression to resistance or susceptibility in bulk leaf samples. By microextraction of cell-specific mRNA and subsequent cDNA array analysis, we have successfully obtained separate gene expression profiles for specific mildew-resistant and -infected barley cells. Thus, for the first time, it is possible to identify genes that are specifically regulated in infected cells and, presumably, involved in fungal establishment. Further, although much is understood about the genetic basis of effective papilla resistance associated with mutant mlo barley, we provide here the first evidence for gene regulation associated with effective papilla-based nonspecific resistance expressed in nominally "susceptible" wild-type barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Gjetting
- Biosystems Department, Risø National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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Klein EM, Mascheroni L, Pompa A, Ragni L, Weimar T, Lilley KS, Dupree P, Vitale A. Plant endoplasmin supports the protein secretory pathway and has a role in proliferating tissues. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 48:657-73. [PMID: 17059403 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02904.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmin is a molecular chaperone of the heat-shock protein 90 class located in the endoplasmic reticulum and its activity is poorly characterized in plants. We assessed the ability of endoplasmin to alleviate stress via its transient overexpression in tobacco protoplasts treated with tunicamycin, an inhibitor of glycosylation and inducer of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Endoplasmin supported the secretion of a model secretory protein but was less effective than BiP, the endoplasmic reticulum member of the heat-shock protein 70 family. Consistently, immunoprecipitation experiments with in vivo radioactively labelled proteins using an antiserum prepared against Arabidopsis endoplasmin showed that a much smaller number of newly synthesized polypeptides associated with endoplasmin than with BiP. Synthesis of endoplasmin was enhanced by UPR inducers in tobacco seedlings but not protoplasts. As BiP synthesis was induced in both systems, we conclude that the UPR acts differently, at least in part, on the expression of the two chaperones. Endoplasmin was not detectable in extracts of leaves and stems of the Arabidopsis endoplasmin T-DNA insertion mutant shepherd. However, the chaperone is present, albeit at low levels, in shepherd mutant callus, mature roots and tunicamycin-treated seedlings, demonstrating that the mutation is leaky. Reduced endoplasmin in the shepherd mutant has no effect on BiP protein levels in callus or mature roots, leaves and stems, but is compensated by increased BiP in seedlings. This increase occurs in proliferating rather than expanding leaf cells, indicating an important role for endoplasmin in proliferating plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Klein
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Nishikawa M, Kira Y, Yabunaka Y, Inoue M. Identification and characterization of endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein, ERp43. Gene 2006; 386:42-51. [PMID: 17020792 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2006.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Revised: 06/07/2006] [Accepted: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Disposal of misfolded proteins from the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is one of the quality control mechanisms present in the protein secretory pathway. Through ER-associated degradation, misfolded substrates are targeted to the cytosol where they are degraded by proteasomes. Here we describe the identification of a human ER-associated 43-kD protein (ERp43) by sequencing of the subtraction suppression hybridization cDNA library from ER stress-treated cells. The ERp43 gene encodes a protein of 383 amino acid residues that contains a potential transmembrane domain. Analysis revealed that ERp43 is primarily located in the ER. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that gene expression was relatively high in the neuronal tissues and in the kidney, with ERp43 protein highly expressed in the spinal cord and in the kidney. In cultured cells, overexpression of ERp43 accelerated cell growth and inhibited ER stress-induced cell death, while down-regulation of ERp43 expression decreased proliferation rate and enhanced this type of cell death. These findings indicate that ERp43 plays important roles in cell growth and ER stress-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Nishikawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
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14
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Liu D, Zhang X, Cheng Y, Takano T, Liu S. rHsp90 gene expression in response to several environmental stresses in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2006; 44:380-6. [PMID: 16889974 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2006.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2005] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the gene for a rice (Oryza sativa L.) 90 kDa heat shock protein (rHsp90, GenBank accession no. AB037681) was identified by screening rice root cDNAs that were up-regulated under carbonate (NaHCO(3)) stress using the method of differential display, and cloned. The open-reading-frame of rHsp90-cDNA was predicted to encode a protein containing 810 amino acids, which showed high similarity to proteins in Hordeum vulgare (accession no. X67960) and Catharathus roseus (accession no. L14594). Further studies showed that rHsp90 mRNA accumulated following exposure to several abiotic stresses, including salts (NaCl, NaHCO(3) and Na(2)CO(3)), desiccation (using polyethylene glycol), high pH (8.0 and 11.0) and high temperature (42 and 50 degrees C). Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) over-expressing rHsp90 exhibited greater tolerance to NaCl, Na(2)CO(3) and NaHCO(3) and tobacco seedlings over-expressing rHsp90 could tolerate salt concentrations as high as 200 mM NaCl, whereas untransformed control seedlings couldn't. These results suggest that rHsp90 plays an important role in multiple environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dali Liu
- Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center (ASNESC), Stress Molecular Biology Laboratory, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
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15
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Eichmann R, Biemelt S, Schäfer P, Scholz U, Jansen C, Felk A, Schäfer W, Langen G, Sonnewald U, Kogel KH, Hückelhoven R. Macroarray expression analysis of barley susceptibility and nonhost resistance to Blumeria graminis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 163:657-70. [PMID: 16545999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2005.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2005] [Accepted: 06/23/2005] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Different formae speciales of the grass powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis undergo basic-compatible or basic-incompatible (nonhost) interactions with barley. Background resistance in compatible interactions and nonhost resistance require common genetic and mechanistic elements of plant defense. To build resources for differential screening for genes that potentially distinguish a compatible from an incompatible interaction on the level of differential gene expression of the plant, we constructed eight dedicated cDNA libraries, established 13.000 expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences and designed DNA macroarrays. Using macroarrays based on cDNAs derived from epidermal peels of plants pretreated with the chemical resistance activating compound acibenzolar-S-methyl, we compared the expression of barley gene transcripts in the early host interaction with B. graminis f.sp. hordei or the nonhost pathogen B. graminis f.sp. tritici, respectively. We identified 102 spots corresponding to 94 genes on the macroarray that gave significant B. graminis-responsive signals at 12 and/or 24 h after inoculation. In independent expression analyses, we confirmed the macroarray results for 11 selected genes. Although the majority of genes showed a similar expression profile in compatible versus incompatible interactions, about 30 of the 94 genes were expressed on slightly different levels in compatible versus incompatible interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Eichmann
- Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff Ring 26-32, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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16
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Chivasa S, Simon WJ, Yu XL, Yalpani N, Slabas AR. Pathogen elicitor-induced changes in the maize extracellular matrix proteome. Proteomics 2005; 5:4894-904. [PMID: 16281185 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix is a vital compartment in plants with a prominent role in defence against pathogen attack. Using a maize cell suspension culture system and pathogen elicitors, responses to pathogen attack that are localised to the extracellular matrix were examined by a proteomic approach. Elicitor treatment of cell cultures induced a rapid change in the phosphorylation status of extracellular peroxidases, the apparent disappearance of a putative extracellular beta-N-acetylglucosamonidase, and accumulation of a secreted putative xylanase inhibitor protein. Onset of the defence response was attended by an accumulation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and a fragment of a putative heat shock protein. Several distinct spots of both proteins, which preferentially accumulated in cell wall protein fractions, were identified. These three novel observations, viz. (i) secretion of a new class of putative enzyme inhibitor, (ii) the apparent recruitment of classical cytosolic proteins into the cell wall and (ii) the change in phosphorylation status of extracellular matrix proteins, suggest that the extracellular matrix plays a complex role in defence. We discuss the role of the extracellular matrix in signal modulation during pathogen-induced defence responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Chivasa
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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17
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Abstract
In the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), secretory and transmembrane proteins fold into their native conformation and undergo posttranslational modifications important for their activity and structure. When protein folding in the ER is inhibited, signal transduction pathways, which increase the biosynthetic capacity and decrease the biosynthetic burden of the ER to maintain the homeostasis of this organelle, are activated. These pathways are called the unfolded protein response (UPR). In this review, we briefly summarize principles of protein folding and molecular chaperone function important for a mechanistic understanding of UPR-signaling events. We then discuss mechanisms of signal transduction employed by the UPR in mammals and our current understanding of the remodeling of cellular processes by the UPR. Finally, we summarize data that demonstrate that UPR signaling feeds into decision making in other processes previously thought to be unrelated to ER function, e.g., eukaryotic starvation responses and differentiation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schröder
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom.
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18
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Wang D, Weaver ND, Kesarwani M, Dong X. Induction of Protein Secretory Pathway Is Required for Systemic Acquired Resistance. Science 2005; 308:1036-40. [PMID: 15890886 DOI: 10.1126/science.1108791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In plants, systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is established as a result of NPR1-regulated expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. Using gene expression profiling in Arabidopsis, we found that in addition to controlling the expression of PR genes, NPR1 also directly controls the expression of the protein secretory pathway genes. Up-regulation of these genes is essential for SAR, because mutations in some of them diminished the secretion of PR proteins (for example, PR1), resulting in reduced resistance. We provide evidence that NPR1 coordinately regulates these secretion-related genes through a previously undescribed cis-element. Activation of this cis-element is controlled by a transcription factor that is translocated into the nucleus upon SAR induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Developmental, Cell and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Biology, Post Office Box 91000, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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19
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Schröder M, Kaufman RJ. ER stress and the unfolded protein response. Mutat Res 2005; 569:29-63. [PMID: 15603751 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1294] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2004] [Accepted: 06/10/2004] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Conformational diseases are caused by mutations altering the folding pathway or final conformation of a protein. Many conformational diseases are caused by mutations in secretory proteins and reach from metabolic diseases, e.g. diabetes, to developmental and neurological diseases, e.g. Alzheimer's disease. Expression of mutant proteins disrupts protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), causes ER stress, and activates a signaling network called the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR increases the biosynthetic capacity of the secretory pathway through upregulation of ER chaperone and foldase expression. In addition, the UPR decreases the biosynthetic burden of the secretory pathway by downregulating expression of genes encoding secreted proteins. Here we review our current understanding of how an unfolded protein signal is generated, sensed, transmitted across the ER membrane, and how downstream events in this stress response are regulated. We propose a model in which the activity of UPR signaling pathways reflects the biosynthetic activity of the ER. We summarize data that shows that this information is integrated into control of cellular events, which were previously not considered to be under control of ER signaling pathways, e.g. execution of differentiation and starvation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schröder
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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20
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Kishimoto J, Fukuma Y, Mizuno A, Nemoto TK. Identification of the pentapeptide constituting a dominant epitope common to all eukaryotic heat shock protein 90 molecular chaperones. Cell Stress Chaperones 2005; 10:296-311. [PMID: 16333984 PMCID: PMC1283875 DOI: 10.1379/csc-129r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2005] [Revised: 07/01/2005] [Accepted: 07/05/2005] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that, in human heat shock protein (Hsp) 90 (hHsp90), there are 4 highly immunogenic sites, designated sites Ia, Ib, Ic, and II. This study was performed to further characterize their epitopes and to identify the epitope that is potentially common to all members of the Hsp90 family. Panning of a bacterial library carrying randomized dodecapeptides revealed that Glu251-Ser-X-Asp254 constituted site Ia and Pro295-Ile-Trp-Thr-Arg299, site Ic. Site II (Asp701-Pro717) was composed of several epitopes. When 19 anti-hHsp90 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were subjected to immunoblotting against recombinant forms of 7 Hsp90-family members, 2 mAbs (K41110 and K41116C) that recognized site Ic bound to yeast Hsp90 with affinity identical to that for hHsp90, and 1 mAb (K3729) that recognized Glu222-Ala23, of hHsp90beta could bind to human 94-kDa glucose-regulated protein (Grp94), an endoplasmic reticulum paralog of Hsp90. Among the 5 amino acids constituting site Ic, Trp297 and Pro295 were essential for recognition by all anti-site-Ic mAbs, and Arg299 was important for most of them. The necessity of Ile296, Thr298, and Arg299, which are replaced by Leu, Met/Leu, and Lys, respectively, in some eukaryotic Hsp90, was dependent on the mAbs, and K41110 and K41116C could react with Hsp90s carrying these substitutions. From these data taken together, we propose that the pentapeptide Pro295-Ile-Trp-Thr-Arg299 of hHsp90 functions as an immunodominant epitope common to all eukaryotic Hsp90.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kishimoto
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Developmental and Reconstructive Medicine, Course of Medical and Dental Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
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Eckey C, Korell M, Leib K, Biedenkopf D, Jansen C, Langen G, Kogel KH. Identification of powdery mildew-induced barley genes by cDNA-AFLP: functional assessment of an early expressed MAP kinase. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 55:1-15. [PMID: 15604661 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-004-0275-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression analysis by cDNA-AFLP in barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) after powdery mildew ( Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei , Bgh ) inoculation revealed 615 (3.7%) of 16 500 screened cDNA fragments being differentially regulated 4 and/or 12 h after inoculation. Of these transcript derived fragments (TDFs), 120 were sequenced, and for 28 out of 29 tested, induction was confirmed via RT-PCR. Most TDFs did not show any homology to sequences with known functions, others showed homology to genes involved in primary and secondary metabolism, pathogen response, redox regulation, and signal transduction. TDFs with homology to a MAP kinase ( PWMK1 ), a WRKY transcription factor, a heparanase, an immunophilin, a cytochrome P450, and a receptor-like protein kinase were isolated as full length cDNAs. Knockdown by RNA interference via biolistic delivery of sequence specific double stranded RNA to leaf segments tagged two of these genes as possible candidates being causally involved in the outcome of the barley- Bgh interaction. Knockdown of the receptor-like protein kinase and the WRKY transcription factor increased resistance to the fungus, while knockdown of PWMK1 only led to a slightly enhanced susceptibility of epidermal cells to Bgh . This suggests that the receptor-like protein kinase and the WRKY protein are candidates for negative regulators of powdery mildew resistance. Based on expression analyses, PWMK1 appears to be more generally involved in stress response.
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MESH Headings
- Ascomycota/growth & development
- Blotting, Northern
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Genes, Plant/genetics
- Hordeum/genetics
- Hordeum/microbiology
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/genetics
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques/methods
- Phylogeny
- Plant Epidermis/cytology
- Plant Epidermis/genetics
- Plant Epidermis/microbiology
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Double-Stranded/genetics
- RNA, Double-Stranded/metabolism
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- RNA, Plant/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Stress, Mechanical
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Eckey
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Environmental Sciences, Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, Germany
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22
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Wick P, Gansel X, Oulevey C, Page V, Studer I, Dürst M, Sticher L. The expression of the t-SNARE AtSNAP33 is induced by pathogens and mechanical stimulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 132:343-51. [PMID: 12746539 PMCID: PMC166979 DOI: 10.1104/pp.102.012633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2002] [Revised: 10/16/2002] [Accepted: 01/29/2003] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The fusion of vesicles in the secretory pathway involves the interaction of t-soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (t-SNAREs) on the target membrane and v-SNAREs on the vesicle membrane. AtSNAP33 is an Arabidopsis homolog of the neuronal t-SNARE SNAP-25 involved in exocytosis and is localized at the cell plate and at the plasma membrane. In this paper, the expression of AtSNAP33 was analyzed after different biotic and abiotic stresses. The expression of AtSNAP33 increased after inoculation with the pathogens Plectosporium tabacinum and virulent and avirulent forms of Peronospora parasitica and Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato. The expression of PR1 transcripts encoding the secreted pathogenesis-related protein 1 also increased after inoculation with these pathogens and the expression of AtSNAP33 preceded or occurred at the same time as the expression of PR1. AtSNAP33 was also expressed in npr1 plants that do not express PR1 after pathogen inoculation as well as in cpr1 plants that overexpress PR1 in the absence of a pathogen. The level of AtSNAP33 decreased slightly in leaves inoculated with P. parasitica in the NahG plants, and eds5 and sid2 mutants that are unable to accumulate salicylic acid (SA) after pathogen inoculation, indicating a partial dependence on SA. AtSNAP33 was also expressed in systemic noninoculated leaves of plants inoculated with P. syringae. In contrast to the situation in infected leaves, the expression of AtSNAP33 in systemic leaves was fully SA dependent. Thus, the expression of AtSNAP33 after pathogen attack is regulated by SA-dependent and SA-independent pathways. Mechanical stimulation also led to an increase of AtSNAP33 transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wick
- Department of Biology, Plant Biology Unit, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
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23
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Stanca AM, Romagosa I, Takeda K, Lundborg T, Terzi V, Cattivelli L. Diversity in abiotic stress tolerances. DEVELOPMENTS IN PLANT GENETICS AND BREEDING 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-7972(03)80011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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24
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Cao D, Froehlich JE, Zhang H, Cheng CL. The chlorate-resistant and photomorphogenesis-defective mutant cr88 encodes a chloroplast-targeted HSP90. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 33:107-118. [PMID: 12943545 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.016011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The cr88 mutant of Arabidopsis is a novel chlorate-resistant mutant that displays long hypocotyls in red light, but not in far red or blue light, and is delayed in the greening process. In cotyledons and young leaves, plastids are less developed compared with those of the wild type. In addition, a subset of light-regulated genes are under-expressed in this mutant. To understand the pleiotropic phenotypes of cr88, we isolated the CR88 gene through map-based cloning. We found that CR88 encodes a chloroplast-targeted 90-kDa heat shock protein (HSP90). The CR88 gene is expressed at highest levels during early post-germination stages and in leaves and reproductive organs. It is constitutively expressed but is also light and heat shock inducible. Chloroplast import experiments showed that the protein is localized to the stroma compartment of the chloroplast. The possible function of an HSP90 in the chloroplast and a plausible explanation of the pleiotropic phenotypes observed in cr88 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsun Cao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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25
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Ishiguro S, Watanabe Y, Ito N, Nonaka H, Takeda N, Sakai T, Kanaya H, Okada K. SHEPHERD is the Arabidopsis GRP94 responsible for the formation of functional CLAVATA proteins. EMBO J 2002; 21:898-908. [PMID: 11867518 PMCID: PMC125899 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/21.5.898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis shepherd (shd) mutant shows expanded shoot apical meristems (SAM) and floral meristems (FM), disorganized root apical meristems, and defects in pollen tube elongation. We have discovered that SHD encodes an ortholog of GRP94, an ER-resident HSP90-like protein. Since the shd phenotypes in SAM and FM are similar to those of the clavata (clv) mutants, we have explored the possibility that CLV complex members could be SHD targets. The SAM and FM morphology of shd clv double mutants are indistinguishable from those of clv single mutants, and the wuschel (wus) mutation is completely epistatic to the shd mutation, indicating that SHD and CLV act in the same genetic pathway to suppress WUS function. Moreover, the effects of CLV3 overexpression that result in the elimination of SAM activity were abolished in the shd mutant, indicating that CLV function is dependent on SHD function. Therefore, we conclude that the SHD protein is required for the correct folding and/or complex formation of CLV proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hideko Nonaka
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502 and
National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan Corresponding author e-mail:
| | | | | | | | - Kiyotaka Okada
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502 and
National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan Corresponding author e-mail:
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26
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Abstract
The 90-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp90) is an essential molecular chaperone in eukaryotic cells, with key roles in the folding and activation of proteins involved in signal transduction and control of the cell cycle. A search for Hsp90 sequences in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome revealed that this family includes 7 members. The AtHsp90-1 through AtHsp90-4 proteins constitute the cytoplasmic subfamily, whereas the AtHsp90-5, AtHsp90-6, and AtHsp90-7 proteins are predicted to be within the plastidial, mitochondrial, and endoplasmic reticulum compartments, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequences of each of the cytoplasmic proteins contains the highly conserved C-terminal pentapeptide MEEVD. All of the AtHsp90 sequences include a conserved adenosine triphosphate-binding domain, whereas only the cytoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum-resident sequences include an adjacent charged linker domain that is common in mammalian and yeast sequences. The occurrence of multiple AtHsp90 proteins in the cytoplasm and of family members in other subcellular compartments suggests a range of specific functions and target polypeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Krishna
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
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27
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28
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Larreta R, Soto M, Alonso C, Requena JM. Leishmania infantum: gene cloning of the GRP94 homologue, its expression as recombinant protein, and analysis of antigenicity. Exp Parasitol 2000; 96:108-15. [PMID: 11052869 DOI: 10.1006/expr.2000.4553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The complete nucleotide sequence for the Leishmania infantum homologue to the glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) gene was determined from the isolation and characterization of a genomic clone. Like the mammalian and plant GRP94s, the L. infantum GRP94 sequence possesses both an N-terminal signal peptide and a putative endoplasmic reticulum retention signal, consisting of the C-terminal tetrapeptide EDDL. Thus, L. infantum is the first protozoan organism in which GRP94 has been identified. Southern blot analysis has indicated that this protein is encoded by a single-copy gene. The L. infantum GRP94 gene was expressed in Escherichia coli and the recombinant protein used to evaluate its antigenicity and immunogenicity. Eighty-four percent of sera from dogs with visceral leishmaniasis reacted with the protein, indicating that GRP94 is a potent immunogen during Leishmania infection. Given the immunogenic and antigenic properties shown by the L. infantum GRP94, we think that this protein constitutes a valuable molecule for diagnostic purposes and a potential candidate for studies of protective immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Larreta
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa,, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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29
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Kamoun S, Hraber P, Sobral B, Nuss D, Govers F. Initial assessment of gene diversity for the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans based on expressed sequences. Fungal Genet Biol 1999; 28:94-106. [PMID: 10587472 DOI: 10.1006/fgbi.1999.1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A total of 1000 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) corresponding to 760 unique sequence sets were identified using random sequencing of clones from a cDNA library constructed from mycelial RNA of Phytophthora infestans. A number of software programs, represented by a relational database and an analysis pipeline, were developed for the automated analysis and storage of the EST sequence data. A set of 419 nonredundant sequences, which correspond to a total of 632 ESTs (63.2%), were identified as showing significant matches to sequences deposited in public databases. A putative cellular identity and role was assigned to all 419 sequences. All major functional categories were represented by at least several ESTs. Four novel cDNAs containing sequences related to elicitins, a family of structurally related proteins that induce the hypersensitive response and condition avirulence of P. infestans on Nicotiana plants, were among the most notable genes identified. Two of these elicitin-like cDNAs were among the most abundant cDNAs examined. The set also contained several ESTs with high sequence similarity to unique plant genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kamoun
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA
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30
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Gomord V, Wee E, Faye L. Protein retention and localization in the endoplasmic reticulum and the golgi apparatus. Biochimie 1999; 81:607-18. [PMID: 10433115 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(99)80118-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Protein transport along the secretory pathway is supported by a noria of vesicles that bud and fuse, load and unload their cargo from one compartment into the other. However, despite this constant flow-through of proteins and lipids the various compartments of the secretory pathway are able to maintain their own specific composition. Here, we discuss recent insights into mechanisms of protein retention and localization that are necessary for the maintenance of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)- and Golgi-associated typical functions such as protein folding and glycosylation in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gomord
- Laboratoire des Transports Intracellulaires, CNRS-ESA 6037, IFRMP 23, Université de Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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33
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Boston RS, Viitanen PV, Vierling E. Molecular chaperones and protein folding in plants. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1996; 32:191-222. [PMID: 8980480 DOI: 10.1007/bf00039383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Protein folding in vivo is mediated by an array of proteins that act either as 'foldases' or 'molecular chaperones'. Foldases include protein disulfide isomerase and peptidyl prolyl isomerase, which catalyze the rearrangement of disulfide bonds or isomerization of peptide bonds around Pro residues, respectively. Molecular chaperones are a diverse group of proteins, but they share the property that they bind substrate proteins that are in unstable, non-native structural states. The best understood chaperone systems are HSP70/DnaK and HSP60/GroE, but considerable data support a chaperone role for other proteins, including HSP100, HSP90, small HSPs and calnexin. Recent research indicates that many, if not all, cellular proteins interact with chaperones and/or foldases during their lifetime in the cell. Different chaperone and foldase systems are required for synthesis, targeting, maturation and degradation of proteins in all cellular compartments. Thus, these diverse proteins affect an exceptionally broad array of cellular processes required for both normal cell function and survival of stress conditions. This review summarizes our current understanding of how these proteins function in plants, with a major focus on those systems where the most detailed mechanistic data are available, or where features of the chaperone/foldase system or substrate proteins are unique to plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Boston
- Department of Botany, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, USA
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Boston RS, Viitanen PV, Vierling E. Molecular chaperones and protein folding in plants. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1996. [PMID: 8980480 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-0353-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Protein folding in vivo is mediated by an array of proteins that act either as 'foldases' or 'molecular chaperones'. Foldases include protein disulfide isomerase and peptidyl prolyl isomerase, which catalyze the rearrangement of disulfide bonds or isomerization of peptide bonds around Pro residues, respectively. Molecular chaperones are a diverse group of proteins, but they share the property that they bind substrate proteins that are in unstable, non-native structural states. The best understood chaperone systems are HSP70/DnaK and HSP60/GroE, but considerable data support a chaperone role for other proteins, including HSP100, HSP90, small HSPs and calnexin. Recent research indicates that many, if not all, cellular proteins interact with chaperones and/or foldases during their lifetime in the cell. Different chaperone and foldase systems are required for synthesis, targeting, maturation and degradation of proteins in all cellular compartments. Thus, these diverse proteins affect an exceptionally broad array of cellular processes required for both normal cell function and survival of stress conditions. This review summarizes our current understanding of how these proteins function in plants, with a major focus on those systems where the most detailed mechanistic data are available, or where features of the chaperone/foldase system or substrate proteins are unique to plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Boston
- Department of Botany, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, USA
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Abstract
Plants have always been important in the pharmaceutical industry, and plant biotechnology now offers new applications. The use of heterologous expression systems for production of recombinant proteins including antibodies is no longer novel. Attention has now turned towards the end-user, and specifically to engineering the antibody to precise requirements. In expanding the choice of production systems, plants offer unique alternatives for antibody users not only in the bulk production of antibody molecules but also in the ability to assemble full-length and complex, multimeric antibodies. Although the initial investment of time and effort is substantial compared to that of other expression systems, antibody production on an agricultural scale can be envisioned, and the economy of this approach opens many new areas for potential antibody applications in addition to their traditional research and pharmaceutical uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Ma
- Department of Immunology, UMDS Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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Schmitz G, Schmidt M, Feierabend J. Characterization of a plastid-specific HSP90 homologue: identification of a cDNA sequence, phylogenetic descendence and analysis of its mRNA and protein expression. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1996; 30:479-492. [PMID: 8605300 DOI: 10.1007/bf00049326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The isolation of cDNAs is described which encode the complete sequence of a precursor protein for a HSP90 homologue consisting of an N-terminal transit peptide of 5850 Da and a mature protein (cpHSP82) of 82 260 Da, located in the plastids of rye leaves (Secale cereale). Hybridization analysis indicated the presence of a single gene in the DNA of rye and a transcript size of 2.8 kb. A phylogenetic tree constructed on the basis of sequence comparisons for HSP90 homologues from different species and compartments indicated that the plastidic HSP82 from rye was more closely related to an eubacterial protein than to HSP90 homologues of the cytosol or ER from both plants and animals. The results suggest that during chloroplast evolution the gene for cpHSP82 was transferred to the nucleus from a prokaryotic endosymbiont. Immunoblots with specific antibodies and Percoll gradient-purified organelles confirmed the location of cpHSP82 in chloroplasts or non-green plastids. In green rye leaves cpHSP82 was constitutively expressed and equally distributed among tissues of different age. The expression of cpHSP82 was enhanced within 2 h by exposure to 42 degrees C. The cpHSP82 transcript and protein were much more strongly expressed in non-green tissues, such as etiolated, 70S ribosome-deficient 32 degrees C-grown, or herbicide-bleached, than in normal green leaves. Also chromoplasts from the pericarp of tomato fruits contained high levels of a HSP90 polypeptide while a photosynthetic protein, the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase was largely degraded during ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Schmitz
- Botanisches Institut, J.W. Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Abstract
Plants are capable of synthesizing and assembling virtually every kind of antibody molecule, ranging from the smallest antigen-binding domains and fragments, to full-length, and even multimeric, antibodies. A number of plant hosts can be used, and because this is a versatile expression system that can be scaled-up to agricultural proportions, a cheap and plentiful supply of antibodies could be made available. Immunotherapy is one of the many potential uses for bulk quantities of antibody. In particular, passive immunotherapy of mucosal surfaces may be possible, because functional secretory antibodies can be engineered in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Ma
- Division of Immunology, UMDS Guy's, London, UK
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Pareek A, Singla SL, Grover A. Immunological evidence for accumulation of two high-molecular-weight (104 and 90 kDa) HSPs in response to different stresses in rice and in response to high temperature stress in diverse plant genera. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1995; 29:293-301. [PMID: 7579180 DOI: 10.1007/bf00043653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Rice seedlings accumulate stainable amounts of the 104 and 90 kDa polypeptides in response to high temperature stress. We have purified and raised highly specific polyclonal antisera against both of these polypeptides. In western blotting experiments, we find that these proteins are accumulated to different extents in rice seedlings subjected to salinity (NaCl), water stress, low-temperature stress and exogenous abscisic acid application. These proteins also accumulated when rice seedlings grown in pots under natural conditions were subjected to water stress by withholding watering. Seedlings of Triticum aestivum, Sorghum bicolor, Pisum sativum, Zea mays, Brassica juncea and mycelium of Neurospora crassa showed accumulation of the immunological homologues of both the 104 and the 90 kDa polypeptides, in response to high-temperature stress. We have earlier shown that shoots of rice seedlings exposed to heat shock accumulate a 110 kDa polypeptide which is an immunological homologue of the yeast HSP 104 (Singla and Grover, Plant Mol Biol 22: 1177-1180, 1993). Employing anti-rice HSP 104 antibodies and anti-yeast HSP 104 antibodies together, we provide evidence that rice HSP 104 is different from the earlier characterized rice HSP 110.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pareek
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, India
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Schröder G, Beck M, Eichel J, Vetter HP, Schröder J. HSP90 homologue from Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus): cDNA sequence, regulation of protein expression and location in the endoplasmic reticulum. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1993; 23:583-594. [PMID: 8106014 DOI: 10.1007/bf00019305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We describe cDNAs for a HSP90 homologue from Catharanthus roseus and studies on the regulation of expression. The largest cDNA (2670 bp) coded for a protein of 817 amino acids with a calculated size of 93,491 Da and a pI of 4.61. It contained a eucaryotic secretory signal, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) targeting and retention signal (Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu), and the HSP90 protein family signature with one conservative exchange (Asn-Lys-Asp-Ile-Phe-Leu instead of Asn-Lys-Glu-Ile-Phe-Leu). RNA blots revealed a transcript of 2.8-2.9 kb, and genomic DNA blots suggested a single gene. The expression was analysed with antiserum against a fusion protein expressed in Escherichia coli. Immunoblots revealed a protein of 93 +/- 1.5 kDa (often a doublet) only in the membrane fraction, and sucrose density gradients suggested association with the ER. The protein was constitutively expressed in C. roseus cell cultures grown at 25 degrees C, and expression was apparently unaffected by various stress conditions, such as heat, high sucrose, elicitor from Phytophthora megasperma or yeast extract. It was not detectable in young C. roseus plants at room temperature, and heat shock for several hours at 37 degrees C was necessary to obtain detectable expression. In maize (Zea mays), a cross-reacting protein was detectable in cell cultures, but not in young plants. The results suggested that the cloned protein is not a major component in the heat shock response. We propose a chaperone role in the assembly and processing of cell wall components and other secreted proteins, i.e. functions that are very active in cells with a high rate of growth and division.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Schröder
- Institut für Biologie II, Universität Freiburg, Germany
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