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Čeksterytė V, Kaupinis A, Aleliūnas A, Navakauskienė R, Jaškūnė K. Composition of Proteins Associated with Red Clover ( Trifolium pratense) and the Microbiota Identified in Honey. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:862. [PMID: 39063616 PMCID: PMC11278118 DOI: 10.3390/life14070862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The nutritional composition of honey is determined by environmental conditions, and botanical and geographical origin. In addition to carbohydrates, honey also contain pollen grains, proteins, free amino acids, and minerals. Although the content of proteins in honey is low, they are an important component that confirms the authenticity and quality of honey; therefore, they became a popular study object. The aim of the study was to evaluate protein content and composition of monofloral red clover and rapeseed honey collected from five different districts of Lithuania. Forty-eight proteins were identified in five different origin honey samples by liquid chromatography. The number of red clover proteins identified in individual honey samples in monofloral red clover honey C3 was 39 in polyfloral honey S22-36, while in monofloral rapeseed honey S5, S15, and S23 there was 33, 32, and 40 respectively. Aphids' proteins and lactic acid bacteria were identified in all honey samples tested. The linear relationship and the strongest correlation coefficient (r = 0.97) were determined between the content of Apilactobacillus kunkeei and Apilactobacillus apinorum, as well as between the number of faba bean (Vicia faba) pollen and lactic acid bacteria (r = 0.943). The data show a strong correlation coefficient between the amount of lactic acid and aphid protein number (r = 0.693). More studies are needed to evaluate the relationship between the pollination efficiency of red clover by bees and the multiplicity of red clover proteins in honey protein, as well as microbiota diversity and the influence of nature or plant diversity on the occurrence of microbiota in honey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Čeksterytė
- LAMMC—Institute of Agriculture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Instituto Ave. 1, 58344 Akademija, Lithuania; (V.Č.); (A.A.)
| | - Algirdas Kaupinis
- VU GMC—Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 7, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.K.); (R.N.)
| | - Andrius Aleliūnas
- LAMMC—Institute of Agriculture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Instituto Ave. 1, 58344 Akademija, Lithuania; (V.Č.); (A.A.)
| | - Rūta Navakauskienė
- VU GMC—Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 7, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.K.); (R.N.)
| | - Kristina Jaškūnė
- LAMMC—Institute of Agriculture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Instituto Ave. 1, 58344 Akademija, Lithuania; (V.Č.); (A.A.)
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Wu X, Wang Y, Ni Q, Li H, Wu X, Yuan Z, Xiao R, Ren Z, Lu J, Yun J, Wang Z, Li X. GmYSL7 controls iron uptake, allocation, and cellular response of nodules in soybean. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:167-187. [PMID: 36107150 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is essential for DNA synthesis, photosynthesis and respiration of plants. The demand for Fe substantially increases during legumes-rhizobia symbiotic nitrogen fixation because of the synthesis of leghemoglobin in the host and Fe-containing proteins in bacteroids. However, the mechanism by which plant controls iron transport to nodules remains largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that GmYSL7 serves as a key regulator controlling Fe uptake from root to nodule and distribution in soybean nodules. GmYSL7 is Fe responsive and GmYSL7 transports iron across the membrane and into the infected cells of nodules. Alterations of GmYSL7 substantially affect iron distribution between root and nodule, resulting in defective growth of nodules and reduced nitrogenase activity. GmYSL7 knockout increases the expression of GmbHLH300, a transcription factor required for Fe response of nodules. Overexpression of GmbHLH300 decreases nodule number, nitrogenase activity and Fe content in nodules. Remarkably, GmbHLH300 directly binds to the promoters of ENOD93 and GmLbs, which regulate nodule number and nitrogenase activity, and represses their transcription. Our data reveal a new role of GmYSL7 in controlling Fe transport from host root to nodule and Fe distribution in nodule cells, and uncover a molecular mechanism by which Fe affects nodule number and nitrogenase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yongliang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qiaohan Ni
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Haizhen Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xuesong Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhanxin Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Renhao Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ziyin Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jingjing Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jinxia Yun
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhijuan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xia Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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Chikoti YF, Duangkhet M, Chungopast S, Tajima S, Ma JF, Nomura M. Effect of ferritin on nitrogen fixation in Lotus japonicus nodules under various iron concentrations. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 252:153247. [PMID: 32768683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the nitrogen fixation process, iron plays a vital role by being part of many symbiotic proteins, such as nitrogenase and leghemoglobin, in an active symbiosis. Excess or insufficient iron in active nitrogen fixation negatively affects the entire process. In Lotus japonicus nodules, ferritin is expressed at the initial stages of nodule development and increases at the nodule senescence stage to mobilize iron release during that stage. In this study, we investigated the effects of overexpressing and suppressing ferritin on nitrogen fixation. Acetylene reduction activity revealed that nitrogen fixation is affected by the overexpression of ferritin at high iron concentrations, but at low iron concentrations, higher nitrogen fixation was observed in ferritin-suppressed plants. qRT-PCR data indicated that suppression of ferritin in nodules induces antioxidant genes, such as superoxide dismutase, dehydroascorbate reductase and ascorbate peroxidase, to detoxify reactive oxygen species. Our data suggest that suppressing ferritin in the nodules is effective for higher nitrogen fixation under iron deficient conditions. Overaccumulated ferritin in nodule is effective under the higher iron conditions, such as senescence state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mallika Duangkhet
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Sirinapa Chungopast
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan; Faculty of Agriculture Kamphaeng-saen, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng-saen Campus, Nakorn Pathom, 73140, Thailand
| | - Shigeyuki Tajima
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Jian Feng Ma
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | - Mika Nomura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan.
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Kallala N, M'sehli W, Jelali K, Kais Z, Mhadhbi H. Inoculation with Efficient Nitrogen Fixing and Indoleacetic Acid Producing Bacterial Microsymbiont Enhance Tolerance of the Model Legume Medicago truncatula to Iron Deficiency. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:9134716. [PMID: 30406145 PMCID: PMC6201330 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9134716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of symbiotic bacteria inoculation on the response of Medicago truncatula genotypes to iron deficiency. The present work was conducted on three Medicago truncatula genotypes: A17, TN8.20, and TN1.11. Three treatments were performed: control (C), direct Fe deficiency (DD), and induced Fe deficiency by bicarbonate (ID). Plants were nitrogen-fertilized (T) or inoculated with two bacterial strains: Sinorhizobium meliloti TII7 and Sinorhizobium medicae SII4. Biometric, physiological, and biochemical parameters were analyzed. Iron deficiency had a significant lowering effect on plant biomass and chlorophyll content in all Medicago truncatula genotypes. TN1.11 showed the highest lipid peroxidation and leakage of electrolyte under iron deficiency conditions, which suggest that TN1.11 was more affected than A17 and TN8.20 by Fe starvation. Iron deficiency affected symbiotic performance indices of all Medicago truncatula genotypes inoculated with both Sinorhizobium strains, mainly nodules number and biomass as well as nitrogen-fixing capacity. Nevertheless, inoculation with Sinorhizobium strains mitigates the negative effect of Fe deficiency on plant growth and oxidative stress compared to nitrogen-fertilized plants. The highest auxin producing strain, TII7, preserves relatively high growth and root biomass and length when inoculated to TN8.20 and A17. On the other hand, both TII7 and SII4 strains improve the performance of sensitive genotype TN1.11 through reduction of the negative effect of iron deficiency on chlorophyll and plant Fe content. The bacterial inoculation improved Fe-deficient plant response to oxidative stress via the induction of the activities of antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Kallala
- Laboratory of Legumes, Center of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria (CBBC), Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
- Faculty of Science, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Wissal M'sehli
- Laboratory of Legumes, Center of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria (CBBC), Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Karima Jelali
- Laboratory of Legumes, Center of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria (CBBC), Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
- Faculty of Science, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Zribi Kais
- Laboratory of Legumes, Center of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria (CBBC), Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Haythem Mhadhbi
- Laboratory of Legumes, Center of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria (CBBC), Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
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Akram NA, Shafiq F, Ashraf M. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.): A Prospective Legume Crop to Offer Multiple Health Benefits Under Changing Climate. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:1325-1338. [PMID: 33350163 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Peanut is a multipurpose oil-seed legume, which offer benefits in many ways. Apart from the peanut plant's beneficial effects on soil quality, peanut seeds are nutritious and medicinally and economically important. In this review, insights into peanut origin and its domestication are provided. Peanut is rich in bioactive components, including phenolics, flavonoids, polyphenols, and resveratrol. In addition, the involvement of peanut in biological nitrogen fixation is highly significant. Recent reports regarding peanut responses and N2 fixation ability in response to abiotic stresses, including drought, salinity, heat stress, and iron deficiency on calcareous soils, have been incorporated. As a biotechnological note, recent advances in the development of transgenic peanut plants are also highlighted. In this context, regulation of transcriptional factors and gene transfer for the development of stress-tolerant peanut genotypes are of prime importance. Above all, this review signifies the importance of peanut cultivation and human consumption in view of the scenario of changing world climate in order to maintain food security.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fahad Shafiq
- Dept. of Botany, Government College Univ. Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Li L, Gao W, Peng Q, Zhou B, Kong Q, Ying Y, Shou H. Two soybean bHLH factors regulate response to iron deficiency. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 60:608-622. [PMID: 29575545 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an indispensable micronutrient for plant growth and development. Limited bioavailability of Fe in the soil leads to iron deficiency chlorosis in plants and yield loss. In this study, two soybean basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, GmbHLH57 and GmbHLH300, were identified in response to Fe-deficiency. Both transcription factors are expressed in roots and nodules, and are induced by Fe deficiency; these patterns were confirmed in transgenic hairy roots expressing constructs of the endogenous promoters fused to a GUS reporter gene. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation, yeast two-hybrid and coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP) assays indicated a physical interaction between GmbHLH57 and GmbHLH300. Studies on transgenic soybeans overexpressing GmbHLH57 and GmbHLH300 revealed that overexpression of each transcription factor, alone, results in no change of the responses to Fe deficiency, whereas overexpression of both transcription factors upregulated the downstream Fe uptake genes and increased the Fe content in these transgenic plants. Compared to wild type, these double overexpression transgenic plants were more tolerant to Fe deficiency. Taken together, our findings establish that GmbHLH57 and GmbHLH300 are important transcription factors involved in Fe homeostasis in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wenwen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Institute of Crop Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Qihui Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yinghui Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huixia Shou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Gemperline E, Keller C, Jayaraman D, Maeda J, Sussman MR, Ané JM, Li L. Examination of Endogenous Peptides in Medicago truncatula Using Mass Spectrometry Imaging. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:4403-4411. [PMID: 27726374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Plant science is an important, rapidly developing area of study. Within plant science, one area of study that has grown tremendously with recent technological advances, such as mass spectrometry, is the field of plant-omics; however, plant peptidomics is relatively underdeveloped in comparison with proteomics and metabolomics. Endogenous plant peptides can act as signaling molecules and have been shown to affect cell division, development, nodulation, reproduction, symbiotic associations, and defense reactions. There is a growing need to uncover the role of endogenous peptides on a molecular level. Mass spectrometric imaging (MSI) is a valuable tool for biological analyses as it allows for the detection of thousands of analytes in a single experiment and also displays spatial information for the detected analytes. Despite the prediction of a large number of plant peptides, their detection and imaging with spatial localization and chemical specificity is currently lacking. Here we analyzed the endogenous peptides and proteins in Medicago truncatula using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-MSI. Hundreds of endogenous peptides and protein fragments were imaged, with interesting peptide spatial distribution changes observed between plants in different developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Gemperline
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Caitlin Keller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Dhileepkumar Jayaraman
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Junko Maeda
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Michael R Sussman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jean-Michel Ané
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States.,Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Lingjun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States.,School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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Abstract
At the center of iron and oxidant metabolism is the ferritin superfamily: protein cages with Fe(2+) ion channels and two catalytic Fe/O redox centers that initiate the formation of caged Fe2O3·H2O. Ferritin nanominerals, initiated within the protein cage, grow inside the cage cavity (5 or 8 nm in diameter). Ferritins contribute to normal iron flow, maintenance of iron concentrates for iron cofactor syntheses, sequestration of iron from invading pathogens, oxidant protection, oxidative stress recovery, and, in diseases where iron accumulates excessively, iron chelation strategies. In eukaryotic ferritins, biomineral order/crystallinity is influenced by nucleation channels between active sites and the mineral growth cavity. Animal ferritin cages contain, uniquely, mixtures of catalytically active (H) and inactive (L) polypeptide subunits with varied rates of Fe(2+)/O2 catalysis and mineral crystallinity. The relatively low mineral order in liver ferritin, for example, coincides with a high percentage of L subunits and, thus, a low percentage of catalytic sites and nucleation channels. Low mineral order facilitates rapid iron turnover and the physiological role of liver ferritin as a general iron source for other tissues. Here, current concepts of ferritin structure/function/genetic regulation are discussed and related to possible therapeutic targets such as mini-ferritin/Dps protein active sites (selective pathogen inhibition in infection), nanocage pores (iron chelation in therapeutic hypertransfusion), mRNA noncoding, IRE riboregulator (normalizing the ferritin iron content after therapeutic hypertransfusion), and protein nanovessels to deliver medicinal or sensor cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Theil
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute (CHORI) , 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, California 94609, United States , and Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 2765-7622, United States
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Brear EM, Day DA, Smith PMC. Iron: an essential micronutrient for the legume-rhizobium symbiosis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:359. [PMID: 24062758 PMCID: PMC3772312 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Legumes, which develop a symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, have an increased demand for iron. Iron is required for the synthesis of iron-containing proteins in the host, including the highly abundant leghemoglobin, and in bacteroids for nitrogenase and cytochromes of the electron transport chain. Deficiencies in iron can affect initiation and development of the nodule. Within root cells, iron is chelated with organic acids such as citrate and nicotianamine and distributed to other parts of the plant. Transport to the nitrogen-fixing bacteroids in infected cells of nodules is more complicated. Formation of the symbiosis results in bacteroids internalized within root cortical cells of the legume where they are surrounded by a plant-derived membrane termed the symbiosome membrane (SM). This membrane forms an interface that regulates nutrient supply to the bacteroid. Consequently, iron must cross this membrane before being supplied to the bacteroid. Iron is transported across the SM as both ferric and ferrous iron. However, uptake of Fe(II) by both the symbiosome and bacteroid is faster than Fe(III) uptake. Members of more than one protein family may be responsible for Fe(II) transport across the SM. The only Fe(II) transporter in nodules characterized to date is GmDMT1 (Glycine max divalent metal transporter 1), which is located on the SM in soybean. Like the root plasma membrane, the SM has ferric iron reductase activity. The protein responsible has not been identified but is predicted to reduce ferric iron accumulated in the symbiosome space prior to uptake by the bacteroid. With the recent publication of a number of legume genomes including Medicago truncatula and G. max, a large number of additional candidate transport proteins have been identified. Members of the NRAMP (natural resistance-associated macrophage protein), YSL (yellow stripe-like), VIT (vacuolar iron transporter), and ZIP (Zrt-, Irt-like protein) transport families show enhanced expression in nodules and are expected to play a role in the transport of iron and other metals across symbiotic membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella M. Brear
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of SydneySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David A. Day
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders UniversityBedford Park, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Becana M, Matamoros MA, Udvardi M, Dalton DA. Recent insights into antioxidant defenses of legume root nodules. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 188:960-76. [PMID: 21039567 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Legume root nodules are sites of intense biochemical activity and consequently are at high risk of damage as a result of the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). These molecules can potentially give rise to oxidative and nitrosative damage but, when their concentrations are tightly controlled by antioxidant enzymes and metabolites, they also play positive roles as critical components of signal transduction cascades during nodule development and stress. Thus, recent advances in our understanding of ascorbate and (homo)glutathione biosynthesis in plants have opened up the possibility of enhancing N(2) fixation through an increase of their concentrations in nodules. It is now evident that antioxidant proteins other than the ascorbate-glutathione enzymes, such as some isoforms of glutathione peroxidases, thioredoxins, peroxiredoxins, and glutathione S-transferases, are also critical for nodule activity. To avoid cellular damage, nodules are endowed with several mechanisms for sequestration of Fenton-active metals (nicotianamine, phytochelatins, and metallothioneins) and for controlling ROS/RNS bioactivity (hemoglobins). The use of 'omic' technologies has expanded the list of known antioxidants in plants and nodules that participate in ROS/RNS/antioxidant signaling networks, although aspects of developmental variation and subcellular localization of these networks remain to be elucidated. To this end, a critical point will be to define the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of antioxidant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Becana
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
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Briat JF, Ravet K, Arnaud N, Duc C, Boucherez J, Touraine B, Cellier F, Gaymard F. New insights into ferritin synthesis and function highlight a link between iron homeostasis and oxidative stress in plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2010; 105:811-22. [PMID: 19482877 PMCID: PMC2859905 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron is an essential element for both plant productivity and nutritional quality. Improving plant iron content was attempted through genetic engineering of plants overexpressing ferritins. However, both the roles of these proteins in plant physiology, and the mechanisms involved in the regulation of their expression are largely unknown. Although the structure of ferritins is highly conserved between plants and animals, their cellular localization differs. Furthermore, regulation of ferritin gene expression in response to iron excess occurs at the transcriptional level in plants, in contrast to animals which regulate ferritin expression at the translational level. SCOPE In this review, an overview of our knowledge of bacterial and mammalian ferritin synthesis and functions is presented. Then the following will be reviewed: (a) the specific features of plant ferritins; (b) the regulation of their synthesis during development and in response to various environmental cues; and (c) their function in plant physiology, with special emphasis on the role that both bacterial and plant ferritins play during plant-bacteria interactions. Arabidopsis ferritins are encoded by a small nuclear gene family of four members which are differentially expressed. Recent results obtained by using this model plant enabled progress to be made in our understanding of the regulation of the synthesis and the in planta function of these various ferritins. CONCLUSIONS Studies on plant ferritin functions and regulation of their synthesis revealed strong links between these proteins and protection against oxidative stress. In contrast, their putative iron-storage function to furnish iron during various development processes is unlikely to be essential. Ferritins, by buffering iron, exert a fine tuning of the quantity of metal required for metabolic purposes, and help plants to cope with adverse situations, the deleterious effects of which would be amplified if no system had evolved to take care of free reactive iron.
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Strozycki PM, Szymanski M, Szczurek A, Barciszewski J, Figlerowicz M. A new family of ferritin genes from Lupinus luteus--comparative analysis of plant ferritins, their gene structure, and evolution. Mol Biol Evol 2010; 27:91-101. [PMID: 19726535 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msp196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferritins are one of the most important elements of cellular machinery involved in iron management. Despite extensive studies conducted during the last decade, many factors regulating the expression of ferritin genes in plants remain unknown. To broaden our knowledge about the mechanisms controlling ferritin production in plant cells, we have identified and characterized a new family of ferritin genes (from yellow lupine). We have also inventoried all available plant ferritins and their genes and subjected them to a complex bioinformatic analysis. It showed that the conservative structure of ferritin genes was established much earlier than it was thought before. The first introns in ferritin genes appeared already in green algae. The number and location of introns have been finally established in mosses, over 400 million years ago, and are strictly preserved in all plants from bryophytes to dicots. Comparison of ferritin gene promoters revealed that the 14-bp-long iron-dependent regulatory sequence (IDRS), identified earlier in Arabidopsis and maize, is characteristic for all higher plants. Moreover, we found that a highly conserved IDRS can be extended (extIDRS) up to 22 bp. Phylogenetic analysis of plant ferritins showed that polypeptides of the eudicot clade can be divided into two subclasses (eudicot-1 and eudicot-2). Interestingly, we found that genes encoding proteins classified as eudicot-1 and eudicot-2 are equipped with class-specific promoters. This suggests that eudicot ferritins are structurally and perhaps functionally diverse. Based on the above observations, we were able to identify conservative elements (ELEM1--6) other than extIDRS within plant ferritin gene promoters. We also found E-boxes and iron-responsive sequence elements FeRE1 and 2, characteristically distributed within ferritin promoters. Because most of the identified conserved sequences are located within or in close proximity of extIDRS, we named this fragment of the plant ferritin gene promoter the regulatory element rich region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel M Strozycki
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, Poznań, Poland
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Theil EC, Goss DJ. Living with iron (and oxygen): questions and answers about iron homeostasis. Chem Rev 2009; 109:4568-79. [PMID: 19824701 PMCID: PMC2919049 DOI: 10.1021/cr900052g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Theil
- CHORI (Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute), Oakland, California 94609, USA.
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14
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Hakoyama T, Watanabe H, Tomita J, Yamamoto A, Sato S, Mori Y, Kouchi H, Suganuma N. Nicotianamine synthase specifically expressed in root nodules of Lotus japonicus. PLANTA 2009; 230:309-17. [PMID: 19455352 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-0944-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In dicotyledonous plants, nicotianamine synthase (NAS) is thought to play a role in the intercellular transport of iron (Fe). Fe is an essential metal for nitrogen-fixing root nodules of legumes, prompting us to characterize the role of the NAS gene in detail. We previously compared gene-expression profiles in ineffective nodules formed on a Lotus japonicus Fix(-) mutant, sen1, with those in wild-type-effective nodules, and showed that expression of an expressed sequence tag (EST) clone encoding an NAS (EC 2.5.1.43) homologue was repressed in the ineffective nodules. In the present study, two EST clones encoding NAS homologues were found in the EST database. We named them LjNAS1 and LjNAS2. Both were detected as single-copy genes in the L. japonicus genome, and conferred NAS activities in transformed Saccharomyces cerevisiae. LjNAS2 was expressed only in nodules, but LjNAS1 was expressed mainly in leaves, stems, and cotyledons. The level of LjNAS2 transcripts was highest in the nodules 24 days after inoculation with Mesorhizobium loti, and was localized in vascular bundles within the nodules. Expression of LjNAS2 was suppressed in ineffective nodules formed on Fix(-) mutants other than sen1. By contrast, nitrogenase activities of nodules were not influenced in LjNAS2-suppressed plants. We discuss the role of LjNAS2 from the aspect of Fe translocation in nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hakoyama
- Department of Life Science, Aichi University of Education, Kariya, Aichi, 448-8542, Japan
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Lukac RJ, Aluru MR, Reddy MB. Quantification of ferritin from staple food crops. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:2155-2161. [PMID: 19292462 DOI: 10.1021/jf803381d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin-iron has been shown to be as bioavailable as ferrous sulfate in humans. Thus, biofortification to breed crops with high ferritin content is a promising strategy to alleviate the global iron deficiency problem. Although ferritin is present in all food crops, its concentration varies between species and varieties. Therefore, a successful ferritin biofortification strategy requires a method to rapidly measure ferritin concentrations in food crops. The objective of this study was to develop a simple and reliable ELISA using an anti-ferritin polyclonal antibody to detect ferritin in various crops. Crude seed extracts were found to have 10.2 +/- 1.0, 4.38 +/- 0.9, 1.2 +/- 0.3, 0.38 +/- 0.1, and 0.04 +/- 0.01 microg of ferritin/g of dry seed in red beans, white beans, wheat, maize, and brown rice, respectively. Although the measured absolute concentrations of ferritin values were low, the presented method is applicable for rapid screening for the relative ferritin concentrations of large numbers of seeds to identify and breed ferritin-rich crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Lukac
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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16
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Pan Z, Guan R, Zhu S, Deng X. Proteomic analysis of somatic embryogenesis in Valencia sweet orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2009; 28:281-9. [PMID: 18989674 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-008-0633-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2008] [Revised: 10/12/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Two dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) was employed to study the somatic embryogenesis (SE) in Valencia sweet orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck). Twenty-four differentially expressed proteins were identified at five time points of citrus SE (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 weeks after embryo initiation) covering globular, heart/torpedo and cotyledon-shaped embryo stages. The general expression patterns for these proteins were consistent with those appeared at 4 weeks of citrus SE. The most striking feature of our study was that five proteins were predicted to be involved in glutathione (GSH) metabolism and anti-oxidative stress, and they exhibited different expression patterns during SE. Based on that oxidative stress has been validated to enhance SE, the preferential representation for anti-oxidative proteins suggests that they could have a developmental role in citrus SE. Some proteins involved in cell division, photosynthesis and detoxification were also identified, and their possible roles in citrus SE were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Pan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
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17
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San Martin CD, Garri C, Pizarro F, Walter T, Theil EC, Núñez MT. Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells absorb soybean ferritin by mu2 (AP2)-dependent endocytosis. J Nutr 2008; 138:659-66. [PMID: 18356317 PMCID: PMC3065195 DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.4.659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency, a condition currently affecting approximately 3 billion people, persists in the 21st century despite half a millennium of medical treatment. Soybean ferritin (SBFn), a large, stable protein nanocage around a mineral with hundreds of iron and oxygen atoms, is a source of nutritional iron with an unknown mechanism for intestinal absorption. Iron absorption from SBFn is insensitive to phytate, suggesting an absorption mechanism different from for the ferrous transport. Here, we investigated the mechanism of iron absorption from mineralized SBFn using Caco-2 cells (polarized in bicameral inserts) as an intestinal cell mode and analyzed binding, internalization and degradation with labeled SBFn ((131)I or fluorescent labels), confocal microscopy, and immunoanalyses to show: 1) saturable binding to the apical cell surface; dissociation constant of 7.75 +/- 0.88 nmol/L; 2) internalization of SBFn that was dependent on temperature, concentration, and time; 3) entrance of SBFn iron into the labile iron pool (calcein quenching); 4) degradation of the SBFn protein cage; and 5) assembly peptide 2 (AP2)-/clathrin-dependent endocytosis (sensitivity of SBFn uptake to hyperosmolarity, acidity, and RNA interference to the mu(2) subunit of AP2), and resistance to filipin, a caveolar endocytosis inhibitor. The results support a model of SBFn endocytosis through the apical cell membrane, followed by protein cage degradation, mineral reduction/dissolution, and iron entry to the cytosolic iron pool. The large number of iron atoms in SBFn makes iron transport across the cell membrane a much more efficient event for SBFn than for single iron atoms as heme or ferrous ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol D. San Martin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and Cell Dynamics and Biotechnology Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Garri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and Cell Dynamics and Biotechnology Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Pizarro
- Nutrition and Food Technology Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tomas Walter
- Nutrition and Food Technology Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elizabeth C. Theil
- Council for BioIron at CHORI, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609 and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720
| | - Marco T. Núñez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and Cell Dynamics and Biotechnology Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Dong X, Sun Q, Wei D, Li J, Li J, Tang B, Jia Q, Hu W, Zhao Y, Hua ZC. A novel ferritin gene, SferH-5, reveals heterogeneity of the 26.5-kDa subunit of soybean (Glycine max) seed ferritin. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:5796-802. [PMID: 18037378 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Revised: 11/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel ferritin cDNA, SferH-5, has been cloned from 7-day-old soybean seedlings. Putative SferH-5 has 96% identity with SferH-1 reported previously. All the five amino acid variants distributed in the mature region are not involved in highly conserved residues associated with ferroxidase activity center. We speculate that SferH-5 encodes a novel 26.5-kDa subunit of soybean seed ferritin, which is designated H-5 in this study. Recombinant H-5 was able to assemble, together with co-expressed H-2, as a functional soybean seed ferritin-like complex, H-5/H-2. Our data reveal the potential heterogeneity of the 26.5-kDa subunit of soybean seed ferritin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbai Dong
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical, Biotechnology and Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
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19
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Theil EC. Coordinating responses to iron and oxygen stress with DNA and mRNA promoters: The ferritin story. Biometals 2007; 20:513-21. [PMID: 17211680 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-006-9063-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Combinations of DNA antioxidant response element and mRNA iron responsive element regulate ferritin expression in animals in response to oxidant and iron stress, or normal developmental signals. Ferritins are protein nanocages, found in animals, plants, bacteria, and archaea, that convert iron and oxygen to ferric oxy biominerals in the protein central cavity; the mineral traps potentially toxic reactants and concentrates iron for the future synthesis of other iron/heme proteins. Regulatory signals and the nanocage gene products are the same throughout biology, but the genetic mechanisms, DNA versus DNA + mRNA, vary. The number of genes, temporal regulation, tissue distribution in multi-cellular organisms, and gene product size (maxi-ferritins have 24 subunits and mini-ferritins, or Dps proteins, have 12 subunits and are restricted to bacteria and archaea) suggest an overwhelming diversity and variability. However, common themes of regulation and function are described which indicate not only that the three-dimensional protein structure and the functions of the ferritins are conserved, but also that broad features of genetic regulation are conserved relative to organismal and/or community needs. The analysis illustrates the centrality of the ferritins to life with iron and oxygen and models how Nature harnesses potentially dangerous chemistry for biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Theil
- CHORI (Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute), 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609, USA.
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Abstract
Ferritin, a major form of endogenous iron in food legumes such as soybeans, is a novel and natural alternative for iron supplementation strategies where effectiveness is limited by acceptability, cost, or undesirable side effects. A member of the nonheme iron group of dietary iron sources, ferritin is a complex with Fe3+ iron in a mineral (thousands of iron atoms inside a protein cage) protected from complexation. Ferritin illustrates the wide range of chemical and biological properties among nonheme iron sources. The wide range of nonheme iron receptors matched to the structure of the iron complexes that occurs in microorganisms may, by analogy, exist in humans. An understanding of the chemistry and biology of each type of dietary iron source (ferritin, heme, Fe2+ ion, etc.), and of the interactions dependent on food sources, genes, and gender, is required to design diets that will eradicate global iron deficiency in the twenty-first century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Theil
- CHORI (Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute), Oakland, California 94609, USA.
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Manthey K, Krajinski F, Hohnjec N, Firnhaber C, Pühler A, Perlick AM, Küster H. Transcriptome profiling in root nodules and arbuscular mycorrhiza identifies a collection of novel genes induced during Medicago truncatula root endosymbioses. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2004; 17:1063-77. [PMID: 15497399 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2004.17.10.1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptome profiling based on cDNA array hybridizations and in silico screening was used to identify Medicago truncatula genes induced in both root nodules and arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM). By array hybridizations, we detected several hundred genes that were upregulated in the root nodule and the AM symbiosis, respectively, with a total of 75 genes being induced during both interactions. The second approach based on in silico data mining yielded several hundred additional candidate genes with a predicted symbiosis-enhanced expression. A subset of the genes identified by either expression profiling tool was subjected to quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction for a verification of their symbiosis-induced expression. That way, induction in root nodules and AM was confirmed for 26 genes, most of them being reported as symbiosis-induced for the first time. In addition to delivering a number of novel symbiosis-induced genes, our approach identified several genes that were induced in only one of the two root endosymbioses. The spatial expression patterns of two symbiosis-induced genes encoding an annexin and a beta-tubulin were characterized in transgenic roots using promoter-reporter gene fusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Manthey
- Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Fakultät für Biologie, Universität Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany
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Davila-Hicks P, Theil EC, Lönnerdal B. Iron in ferritin or in salts (ferrous sulfate) is equally bioavailable in nonanemic women. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80:936-40. [PMID: 15447902 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/80.4.936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies in humans suggest that ferritin iron in soybeans has high bioavailability. However, direct evidence for this is lacking because the soybeans were intrinsically labeled; thus, iron bound to other ligands, such as phytate, was also labeled. OBJECTIVE The objectives of the study were to evaluate the absorption of iron from extrinsically labeled, purified ferritin (horse spleen) reconstituted with either high-phosphate iron mineral (plant-type) or low-phosphate iron mineral (animal-type) and to compare it with iron absorption from ferrous sulfate. DESIGN Nonanemic, healthy young women were fed a standard breakfast meal supplemented with (59)Fe-labeled ferritin or ferrous sulfate, in randomized order. Fifteen subjects received ferritin with the low-phosphate iron mineral, and 15 subjects received ferritin with the high-phosphate iron mineral. Iron absorption was measured in a whole-body counter after 14 and 28 d and by red blood cell incorporation after 28 d. RESULTS There was no significant difference in iron absorption between ferritin and ferrous sulfate: low-phosphate iron mineral ferritin (x +/- SD: 21.4 +/- 14.7%) compared with ferrous sulfate (21.9 +/- 14.6%), or high-phosphate iron mineral ferritin (22.2 +/- 19.2%) compared with ferrous sulfate (16.7 +/- 7.1%). Results obtained by using whole-body retention of iron and red blood cell incorporation differed with the type of iron, which suggests that pathways for iron uptake and utilization differed for the 2 forms. CONCLUSIONS Iron is equally well absorbed from ferritin and ferrous sulfate independent of the phosphate content of the ferritin iron mineral. Thus, dietary ferritin iron is likely to be a good source of iron.
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Matamoros MA, Dalton DA, Ramos J, Clemente MR, Rubio MC, Becana M. Biochemistry and molecular biology of antioxidants in the rhizobia-legume symbiosis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 133:499-509. [PMID: 14555779 PMCID: PMC523877 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.025619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2003] [Revised: 06/09/2003] [Accepted: 07/15/2003] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Matamoros
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 202, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
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25
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Delledonne M, Polverari A, Murgia I. The functions of nitric oxide-mediated signaling and changes in gene expression during the hypersensitive response. Antioxid Redox Signal 2003; 5:33-41. [PMID: 12626115 DOI: 10.1089/152308603321223522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a highly reactive molecule that rapidly diffuses and permeates cell membranes. In animals, NO is implicated in a number of diverse physiological processes, such as neurotransmission, vascular smooth muscle relaxation, and platelet inhibition. It may have beneficial effects, e.g., as a messenger in immune responses, but it is also potentially toxic when the antioxidant system is overwhelmed and reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) accumulate. During the last few years, NO has been detected in several plant species, and an increasing number of reports on its function have implicated NO as an important effector in plant growth, development, and defense. The broad chemistry of NO involves an array of interrelated redox forms with different chemical reactivities and numerous potential biological targets in plants. NO signaling functions depend on its reactivity. ROI are key modulators of NO in triggering cell death, but the nature of the mechanisms by which this occurs in plants is different from those commonly observed in animals. This review focuses on the signaling functions of NO, when channeled through the cell death pathway by ROI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Delledonne
- Dipartimento Scientifico e Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Verona, Strada le Grazie, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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Loh J, Carlson RW, York WS, Stacey G. Bradyoxetin, a unique chemical signal involved in symbiotic gene regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:14446-51. [PMID: 12393811 PMCID: PMC137903 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.222336799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2002] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bradyrhizobium japonicum is a symbiotic bacterium that nodulates soybean. Critical for the infection and establishment of this symbiosis are the bacterial nodulation genes (nod, nol, noe), which are induced in the presence of plant produced isoflavones. Transcription of the nodulation genes is also controlled in a population density-dependent fashion. Expression of the nod genes is maximal at low population densities, and decreases significantly at higher culture densities. Population density control of the nodulation genes involves NolA and NodD2, both of which function in tandem to repress nod gene expression. An extracellular secreted factor (CDF) is known to mediate this repression. Here, we report that CDF is a novel signaling molecule, designated bradyoxetin, different from other Gram-negative quorum signals. The proposed structure of bradyoxetin is 2-[4-[[4-(3-aminooxetan-2-yl)phenyl](imino)methyl]phenyl]oxetan-3-ylamine. Interestingly, expression of bradyoxetin is iron-regulated, and is maximally produced under iron-starved conditions. Consistent with this, expression of the nodulation genes occurred in an iron-dependent fashion. Addition of iron to B. japonicum cultures at high optical densities resulted in decreased bradyoxetin production, and a concomitant reduction in nolA expression. A corresponding increase in nodY-lacZ expression was observed with iron treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Loh
- Department of Plant Microbiology and Pathology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Murgia I, Delledonne M, Soave C. Nitric oxide mediates iron-induced ferritin accumulation in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 30:521-528. [PMID: 12047627 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2002.01312.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule that plays a critical role in the activation of innate immune and inflammatory responses in animals. During the last few years, NO has also been detected in several plant species and the increasing number of reports on its function in plants have implicated NO as an important effector of growth, development and defense. Analogously to animals, NO has been recently shown to inhibit tobacco aconitase. This suggests that NO may elevate free iron levels in the cells by converting tobacco cytoplasmic aconitase into a mRNA binding protein that negatively regulates accumulation of ferritin. We investigated the possible role of NO as a regulator of ferritin levels in Arabidopsis and found that the NO-donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) induces accumulation of ferritin both at mRNA and protein level. Iron is not necessary for this NO-mediated ferritin transcript accumulation, since SNP is still able to induce the accumulation of ferritin transcript in Arabidopsis suspension cultures pre-treated with the iron chelants DFO or ferrozine. However, NO is required for iron-induced ferritin accumulation, as the NO scavenger CPTIO prevents ferritin transcript accumulation in Arabidopsis suspension cultures treated with iron. The pathway is ser/thr phosphatase-dependent and necessitates protein synthesis; furthermore, NO mediates ferritin regulation through the IDRS sequence of the Atfer1 promoter responsible for transcriptional repression under low iron supply. NO, by acting downstream of iron in the induction of ferritin transcript accumulation is therefore a key signaling molecule for regulation of iron homeostasis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Murgia
- Sezione di Fisiologia e Biochimica delle Piante, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Masuda T, Goto F, Yoshihara T. A novel plant ferritin subunit from soybean that is related to a mechanism in iron release. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:19575-9. [PMID: 11278898 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m011399200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferritin is a multimeric iron storage protein composed of 24 subunits. Ferritin purified from dried soybean seed resolves into two peptides of 26.5 and 28 kDa. To date, the 26.5-kDa subunit has been supposed to be generated from the 28-kDa subunit by cleavage of the N-terminal region. We performed amino acid sequence analysis of the 28-kDa subunit and found that it had a different sequence from the 26.5-kDa subunit, thus rendering it novel among known soybean ferritins. We cloned a cDNA encoding this novel subunit from 10-day-old seedlings, each of which contained developed bifoliates, an epicotyl and a terminal bud. The 26.5-kDa subunit was found to be identical to that identified previously lacking the C-terminal 16 residues that correspond to the E helix of mammalian ferritin. However, the corresponding region in the 28-kDa soybean ferritin subunit identified in this study was not susceptible to cleavage. We present evidence that the two different ferritin subunits in soybean dry seeds show differential sensitivity to protease digestions and that the novel, uncleaved 28-kDa ferritin subunit appears to stabilize the ferritin shell by co-existing with the cleaved 26.5-kDa subunit. These data demonstrate that soybean ferritin is composed of at least two different subunits, which have cooperative functional roles in soybean seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Masuda
- Department of Bio-Science, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646 Abiko, Abiko-shi, Chiba 270-1194, Japan
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Drakakaki G, Christou P, Stöger E. Constitutive expression of soybean ferritin cDNA in transgenic wheat and rice results in increased iron levels in vegetative tissues but not in seeds. Transgenic Res 2000; 9:445-52. [PMID: 11206973 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026534009483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We used particle bombardment to produce transgenic wheat and rice plants expressing recombinant soybean ferritin, a protein that can store large amounts of iron. The cDNA sequence was isolated from soybean by RT-PCR and expressed using the constitutive maize ubiquitin-1 promoter. The presence of ferritin mRNA and protein was confirmed in the vegetative tissues and seeds of transgenic wheat and rice plants by northern and western blot analysis, respectively. The levels of ferritin mRNA were similar in the vegetative tissues of both species, but ferritin protein levels were higher in rice. Both ferritin mRNA and protein levels were lower in wheat and rice seeds. ICAP spectrometry showed that iron levels increased only in vegetative tissues of transgenic plants, and not in the seeds. These data indicate that recombinant ferritin expression under the control of the maize ubiquitin promoter significantly increases iron levels in vegetative tissues, but that the levels of recombinant ferritin in seeds are not sufficient to increase iron levels significantly over those in the seeds of non-transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Drakakaki
- Molecular Biotechnology Unit, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
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Wei J, Theil EC. Identification and characterization of the iron regulatory element in the ferritin gene of a plant (soybean). J Biol Chem 2000; 275:17488-93. [PMID: 10748212 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m910334199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron increases ferritin synthesis, targeting plant DNA and animal mRNA. The ferritin promoter in plants has not been identified, in contrast to the ferritin promoter and mRNA iron-responsive element (IRE) in animals. The soybean leaf, a natural tissue for ferritin expression, and DNA, with promoter deletions and luciferase or glucuronidase reporters, delivered with particle bombardment, were used to show that an 86-base pair fragment (iron regulatory element (FRE)) controlled iron-mediated derepression of the ferritin gene. Mutagenesis with linkers of random sequence detected two subdomains separated by 21 base pairs. FRE has no detectable homology to the animal IRE or to known promoters in DNA and bound a trans-acting factor in leaf cell extracts. FRE/factor binding was abrogated by increased tissue iron, in analogy to mRNA (IRE)/iron regulatory protein in animals. Maximum ferritin derepression was obtained with 50 microm iron citrate (1:10) or 500 microm iron citrate (1:1) but Fe-EDTA was ineffective, although the leaf iron concentration was increased; manganese, zinc, and copper had no effect. The basis for different responses in ferritin expression to different iron complexes, as well as the significance of using DNA but not mRNA as an iron regulatory target in plants, remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wei
- Department of Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7622, USA
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Matamoros MA, Baird LM, Escuredo PR, Dalton DA, Minchin FR, Iturbe-Ormaetxe I, Rubio MC, Moran JF, Gordon AJ, Becana M. Stress-induced legume root nodule senescence. Physiological, biochemical, and structural alterations. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 121:97-112. [PMID: 10482665 PMCID: PMC59394 DOI: 10.1104/pp.121.1.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/1999] [Accepted: 06/02/1999] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate-fed and dark-stressed bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and pea (Pisum sativum) plants were used to study nodule senescence. In bean, 1 d of nitrate treatment caused a partially reversible decline in nitrogenase activity and an increase in O(2) diffusion resistance, but minimal changes in carbon metabolites, antioxidants, and other biochemical parameters, indicating that the initial decrease in nitrogenase activity was due to O(2) limitation. In pea, 1 d of dark treatment led to a 96% decline in nitrogenase activity and sucrose, indicating sugar deprivation as the primary cause of activity loss. In later stages of senescence (4 d of nitrate or 2-4 d of dark treatment), nodules showed accumulation of oxidized proteins and general ultrastructural deterioration. The major thiol tripeptides of untreated nodules were homoglutathione (72%) in bean and glutathione (89%) in pea. These predominant thiols declined by approximately 93% after 4 d of nitrate or dark treatment, but the loss of thiol content can be only ascribed in part to limited synthesis by gamma-glutamylcysteinyl, homoglutathione, and glutathione synthetases. Ascorbate peroxidase was immunolocalized primarily in the infected and parenchyma (inner cortex) nodule cells, with large decreases in senescent tissue. Ferritin was almost undetectable in untreated bean nodules, but accumulated in the plastids and amyloplasts of uninfected interstitial and parenchyma cells following 2 or 4 d of nitrate treatment, probably as a response to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Matamoros
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apdo 202, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
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Goto F, Yoshihara T, Shigemoto N, Toki S, Takaiwa F. Iron fortification of rice seed by the soybean ferritin gene. Nat Biotechnol 1999; 17:282-6. [PMID: 10096297 DOI: 10.1038/7029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To improve the iron content of rice, we have transferred the entire coding sequence of the soybean ferritin gene into Oryza sativa (L. cv. Kita-ake) by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The rice seed-storage protein glutelin promoter, GluB-1, was used to drive expression of the soybean gene specifically in developing, self-pollinated seeds (T1 seeds) of transgenic plants, as confirmed by reverse transcription PCR analysis. Stable accumulation of the ferritin subunit in the rice seed was demonstrated by western blot analysis, and its specific accumulation in the endosperm by immunologic tissue printing. The iron content of T1 seeds was as much as threefold greater than that of their untransformed counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Goto
- Department of Bio-Science, Central Research Institute Electric Power Industry, Chiba, Japan
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Abd-Alla MH. Growth and siderophore production in vitro of Bradyrhizobium (Lupin) strains under iron limitation. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOIL BIOLOGY 1998; 34:99-104. [DOI: 10.1016/s1164-5563(99)80007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Accumulation and Storage of Phosphate and Minerals. ADVANCES IN CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-8909-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Proudhon D, Wei J, Briat J, Theil EC. Ferritin gene organization: differences between plants and animals suggest possible kingdom-specific selective constraints. J Mol Evol 1996; 42:325-36. [PMID: 8661994 DOI: 10.1007/bf02337543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin, a protein widespread in nature, concentrates iron approximately 10(11)-10(12)-fold above the solubility within a spherical shell of 24 subunits; it derives in plants and animals from a common ancestor (based on sequence) but displays a cytoplasmic location in animals compared to the plastid in contemporary plants. Ferritin gene regulation in plants and animals is altered by development, hormones, and excess iron; iron signals target DNA in plants but mRNA in animals. Evolution has thus conserved the two end points of ferritin gene expression, the physiological signals and the protein structure, while allowing some divergence of the genetic mechanisms. Comparison of ferritin gene organization in plants and animals, made possible by the cloning of a dicot (soybean) ferritin gene presented here and the recent cloning of two monocot (maize) ferritin genes, shows evolutionary divergence in ferritin gene organization between plants and animals but conservation among plants or among animals; divergence in the genetic mechanism for iron regulation is reflected by the absence in all three plant genes of the IRE, a highly conserved, noncoding sequence in vertebrate animal ferritin mRNA. In plant ferritin genes, the number of introns (n = 7) is higher than in animals (n = 3). Second, no intron positions are conserved when ferritin genes of plants and animals are compared, although all ferritin gene introns are in the coding region; within kingdoms, the intron positions in ferritin genes are conserved. Finally, secondary protein structure has no apparent relationship to intron/exon boundaries in plant ferritin genes, whereas in animal ferritin genes the correspondence is high. The structural differences in introns/exons among phylogenetically related ferritin coding sequences and the high conservation of the gene structure within plant or animal kingdoms of the gene structure within plant or animal kingdoms suggest that kingdom-specific functional constraints may exist to maintain a particular intron/exon pattern within ferritin genes. In the case of plants, where ferritin gene intron placement is unrelated to triplet codons or protein structure, and where ferritin is targeted to the plastid, the selection pressure on gene organization may relate to RNA function and plastid/nuclear signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Proudhon
- Department of Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, NCSU Box 7622, Raleigh, NC 27695-7622, USA
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