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Hu J, Ren B, Dong S, Liu P, Zhao B, Zhang J. 6-Benzyladenine increasing subsequent waterlogging-induced waterlogging tolerance of summer maize by increasing hormone signal transduction. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1509:89-112. [PMID: 34766352 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Summer maize is frequently subjected to waterlogging damage because of increased and variable rainfall during the growing season. The application of 6-benzyladenine (6-BA) can effectively mitigate the waterlogging effects on plant growth and increase the grain yield of waterlogged summer maize. However, the mechanisms underlying this process and the involvement of 6-BA in relevant signal transduction pathways remain unclear. In this study, we explored the effects of 6-BA on waterlogged summer maize using a phosphoproteomic technique to better understand the mechanism by which summer maize growth improves following waterlogging. Application of 6-BA inhibited the waterlogging-induced increase in abscisic acid (ABA) content and increased the phosphorylation levels of proteins involved in ABA signaling; accordingly, stomatal responsiveness to exogenous ABA increased. In addition, the application of 6-BA had a long-term effect on signal transduction pathways and contributed to rapid responses to subsequent stresses. Plants primed with 6-BA accumulated more ethylene and jasmonic acid in response to subsequent waterlogging; accordingly, leaf SPAD, antioxidase activity, and root traits improved by 6-BA priming. These results suggest that the effects of 6-BA on hormone signal transduction pathways are anamnestic, which enables plants to show faster or stronger defense responses to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology and College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, PR China
| | - Baizhao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology and College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, PR China
| | - Shuting Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology and College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, PR China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology and College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, PR China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology and College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, PR China
| | - Jiwang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology and College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, PR China
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Li X, Zhao J, Walk TC, Liao H. Characterization of soybean β-expansin genes and their expression responses to symbiosis, nutrient deficiency, and hormone treatment. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:2805-17. [PMID: 24113821 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5240-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Expansins are plant cell wall-loosening proteins encoded by a superfamily of genes including α-expansin, β-expansin, expansin-like A, and expansin-like B proteins. They play a variety of biological roles during plant growth and development. Expansin genes have been reported in many plant species, and results primarily from graminaceous members indicate that β-expansins are more abundant in monocots than in dicots. Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] is an important legume crop. This work identified nine β-expansin gene family members in soybean (GmEXPBs) that were divided into two distinct classes based on phylogeny and gene structure, with divergence between the two groups occurring more in introns than in exons. A total of 887 hormone-responsive and environmental stress-related putative cis-elements from 188 families were found in the 2-kb upstream region of GmEXPBs. Variations in number and type of cis-elements associated with each gene indicate that the function of these genes is differentially regulated by these signals. Expression analysis confirmed that the family members were ubiquitously, yet differentially expressed in soybean. Responsiveness to nutrient deficiency stresses and regulation by auxin (indole-3-acetic acid) and cytokinin (6-benzylaminopurine) varied among GmEXPBs. In addition, most β-expansin genes were associated with symbiosis of soybean inoculated with Rhizobium or abuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Taken together, these results systematically investigate the characteristics of the entire GmEXPB family in soybean and comprise the first report analyzing the relationship of GmEXPBs with rhizobial or AMF symbiosis. This information is a valuable step in the process of understanding the expansin protein functions in soybean and opens avenues for continued researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Root Biology Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Sampedro J, Carey RE, Cosgrove DJ. Genome histories clarify evolution of the expansin superfamily: new insights from the poplar genome and pine ESTs. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2006; 119:11-21. [PMID: 16411016 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-005-0253-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2005] [Accepted: 11/29/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Expansins comprise a superfamily of plant cell wall-loosening proteins that has been divided into four distinct families, EXPA, EXPB, EXLA and EXLB. In a recent analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa expansins, we proposed a further subdivision of the families into 17 clades, representing independent lineages in the last common ancestor of monocots and eudicots. This division was based on both traditional sequence-based phylogenetic trees and on position-based trees, in which genomic locations and dated segmental duplications were used to reconstruct gene phylogeny. In this article we review recent work concerning the patterns of expansin evolution in angiosperms and include additional insights gained from the genome of a second eudicot species, Populus trichocarpa, which includes at least 36 expansin genes. All of the previously proposed monocot-eudicot orthologous groups, but no additional ones, are represented in this species. The results also confirm that all of these clades are truly independent lineages. Furthermore, we have used position-based phylogeny to clarify the history of clades EXPA-II and EXPA-IV. Most of the growth of the expansin superfamily in the poplar lineage is likely due to a recent polyploidy event. Finally, some monocot-eudicot clades are shown to have diverged before the separation of the angiosperm and gymnosperm lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sampedro
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Lab, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Lee DK, Ahn JH, Song SK, Choi YD, Lee JS. Expression of an expansin gene is correlated with root elongation in soybean. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 131:985-97. [PMID: 12644651 PMCID: PMC166864 DOI: 10.1104/pp.009902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2002] [Revised: 07/14/2002] [Accepted: 11/21/2002] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Expansin is a family of proteins that catalyze long-term expansion of cell walls and has been considered a principal protein that affects cell expansion in plants. We have identified the first root-specific expansin gene in soybean (Glycine max), GmEXP1, which may be responsible for root elongation. Expression levels of GmEXP1 were very high in the roots of 1- to 5-d-old seedlings, in which rapid root elongation takes place. Furthermore, GmEXP1 mRNA was most abundant in the root tip region, where cell elongation occurs, but scarce in the region of maturation, where cell elongation ceases, implying that its expression is closely related to root development processes. In situ hybridization showed that GmEXP1 transcripts were preferentially present in the epidermal cells and underlying cell layers in the root tip of the primary and secondary roots. Ectopic expression of GmEXP1 accelerated the root growth of transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) seedlings, and the roots showed insensitivity to obstacle-touching stress. These results imply that the GmEXP1 gene plays an important role in root development in soybean, especially in the elongation and/or initiation of the primary and secondary roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Keun Lee
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology and Crop Functional Genomics Center, Seoul National University, Suwon 441-744, Korea
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Kieber
- University of North Carolina, Biology Department, CB# 3280 Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280; phone: (919) 962-2144; fax: (919) 962-1625;
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Romanov GA, Kieber JJ, Schmülling T. A rapid cytokinin response assay in Arabidopsis indicates a role for phospholipase D in cytokinin signalling. FEBS Lett 2002; 515:39-43. [PMID: 11943191 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)02415-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana harboring a fusion of the cytokinin-responsive ARR5 gene promoter and the GUS reporter gene were used for a pharmacological approach to study cytokinin signal transduction. The assay was shown to be rapid, sensitive, dose-dependent and highly specific for cytokinins, both adenine and phenylurea derivatives. Numerous inhibitors of known signalling pathways were tested and some were shown to suppress reporter gene induction. Particularly, primary alcohols that specifically inhibit phospholipase D (PLD) partially prevented cytokinin-induced GUS activity and reduced the accumulation of ARR5 gene transcripts. This indicates a role for PLD early during cytokinin signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgy A Romanov
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 35, 127276, Moscow, Russia.
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Cosgrove DJ. Enzymes and other agents that enhance cell wall extensibility. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2001; 50:391-417. [PMID: 11541953 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.50.1.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides and proteins are secreted to the inner surface of the growing cell wall, where they assemble into a network that is mechanically strong, yet remains extensible until the cells cease growth. This review focuses on the agents that directly or indirectly enhance the extensibility properties of growing walls. The properties of expansins, endoglucanases, and xyloglucan transglycosylases are reviewed and their postulated roles in modulating wall extensibility are evaluated. A summary model for wall extension is presented, in which expansin is a primary agent of wall extension, whereas endoglucanases, xyloglucan endotransglycosylase, and other enzymes that alter wall structure act secondarily to modulate expansin action.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA.
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Wu Y, Meeley RB, Cosgrove DJ. Analysis and expression of the alpha-expansin and beta-expansin gene families in maize. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 126:222-32. [PMID: 11351085 PMCID: PMC102296 DOI: 10.1104/pp.126.1.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2000] [Accepted: 01/21/2001] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Expansins comprise a multigene family of proteins in maize (Zea mays). We isolated and characterized 13 different maize expansin cDNAs, five of which are alpha-expansins and eight of which are beta-expansins. This paper presents an analysis of these 13 expansins, as well as an expression analysis by northern blotting with materials from young and mature maize plants. Some expansins were expressed in restricted regions, such as the beta-expansins ExpB1 (specifically expressed in maize pollen) and ExpB4 (expressed principally in young husks). Other expansins such as alpha-expansin Exp1 and beta-expansin ExpB2 were expressed in several organs. The expression of yet a third group was not detected in the selected organs and tissues. An analysis of expansin sequences from the maize expressed sequence tag collection is also presented. Our results indicate that expansin genes may have general, overlapping expression in some instances, whereas in other cases the expression may be highly specific and limited to a single organ or cell type. In contrast to the situation in Arabidopsis, beta-expansins in maize seem to be more numerous and more highly expressed than are alpha-expansins. The results support the concept that beta-expansins multiplied and evolved special functions in the grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wu
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Wrobel RL, Yoder JI. Differential RNA expression of alpha-expansin gene family members in the parasitic angiosperm Triphysaria versicolor (Scrophulariaceae). Gene 2001; 266:85-93. [PMID: 11290422 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(01)00376-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Haustoria are parasitic plant specific organs that locate, attach to, and invade host plant tissues. Parasitic species of the Scrophulariaceae develop haustoria on their roots in response to chemical signals released by host plant roots. Haustorium development was induced in vitro in roots of the parasitic Scrophulariaceae Triphysaria versicolor by treating them with exudates obtained from maize roots, the chemical 2,6-dimethoxybenzoquinone (DMBQ) or the cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Morphological responses of T. versicolor roots to these haustoria inducing factors (HIFs) included localized swelling and epidermal hair proliferation near the root tips. These responses were not observed when roots of the non-parasitic Scrophulariaceae Lindenbergia muraria were similarly treated. Because expansin proteins are closely associated with plant cell wall expansion and growth, we examined the expression of expansin genes in response to HIFs. We isolated cDNAs homologous to transcripts encoding three distinct alpha-expansin proteins in T. versicolor. Northern-blot analyses indicated that these transcripts were differentially abundant in different tissues. Steady-state levels of two expansin transcripts increased in T. versicolor roots exposed to BAP, but not DMBQ or maize root exudates. Expansin transcript abundance also increased in L. muraria in response to BAP treatment. These results suggest that the expansins examined fulfill functions distinct from haustorium development.
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MESH Headings
- Adenine/analogs & derivatives
- Adenine/pharmacology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Benzoquinones/pharmacology
- Benzyl Compounds
- Blotting, Southern
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects
- Kinetin
- Magnoliopsida/drug effects
- Magnoliopsida/genetics
- Magnoliopsida/growth & development
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Purines
- RNA, Plant/drug effects
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- RNA, Plant/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Wrobel
- Department of Vegetable Crops, 1 Shields Ave. University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Abstract
Plant cell walls are the starting materials for many commercial products, from lumber, paper and textiles to thickeners, films and explosives. The cell wall is secreted by each cell in the plant body, forming a thin fibreglass-like network with remarkable strength and flexibility. During growth, plant cells secrete a protein called expansin, which unlocks the network of wall polysaccharides, permitting turgor-driven cell enlargement. Germinating grass pollen also secretes an unusual expansin that loosens maternal cell walls to aid penetration of the stigma by the pollen tube. Expansin's action has puzzling implications for plant cell-wall structure. The recent explosion of gene sequences and expression data has given new hints of additional biological functions for expansins.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA.
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Abstract
Expansins are extracellular proteins that loosen plant cell walls in novel ways. They are thought to function in cell enlargement, pollen tube invasion of the stigma (in grasses), wall disassembly during fruit ripening, abscission and other cell separation events. Expansins are encoded by two multigene families and each gene is often expressed in highly specific locations and cell types. Structural analysis indicates that one expansin region resembles the catalytic domain of family-45 endoglucanases but glucanase activity has not been detected. The genome projects have revealed numerous expansin-related sequences but their putative wall-loosening functions remain to be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, 208 Mueller Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA.
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, 208 Mueller Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
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Cosgrove DJ, Bedinger P, Durachko DM. Group I allergens of grass pollen as cell wall-loosening agents. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:6559-64. [PMID: 9177257 PMCID: PMC21089 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.12.6559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/1997] [Accepted: 04/09/1997] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Group I allergens are the major allergens of grass pollen, but their biological function is unknown. These proteins are shown here to be structurally related to expansins, which are able to induce extension (creep) of plant cell walls. Extracts of maize pollen possess potent expansin-like activity, as measured in wall extension and wall stress-relaxation assays. This activity is selective for grass cell walls and is, at least partly, due to the action of maize group I allergens. We propose that group I allergens facilitate invasion of the pollen tube into the maternal tissues by loosening the cell walls of the grass stigma and style. Additionally, the presence of related mRNAs in vegetative tissues of rice, Arabidopsis, and soybean implies that allergen homologs may function to loosen walls in growing vegetative tissues as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, 208 Mueller Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Michael AJ. A cDNA from pea petals with sequence similarity to pollen allergen, cytokinin-induced and genetic tumour-specific genes: identification of a new family of related sequences. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1996; 30:219-24. [PMID: 8616241 DOI: 10.1007/bf00017818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA isolated from pea petals exhibits extensive similarity to pollen allergen genes, a cytokinin-regulated cDNA from soybean suspension cultures, a partial cDNA preferentially expressed in tobacco genetic tumours, four Arabidopsis expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and fifteen rice ESTs. This diverse family of pollen-allergen-likes genes may have a common ancestor or at least share common functional domains. Possession of a putative signal peptide and a presumed extracellular location is a common aspect of this family of sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Michael
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Food Research, Norwich, UK
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15
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Xu H, Theerakulpisut P, Goulding N, Suphioglu C, Singh MB, Bhalla PL. Cloning, expression and immunological characterization of Ory s 1, the major allergen of rice pollen. Gene 1995; 164:255-9. [PMID: 7590339 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(95)00527-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have isolated and characterized a cDNA clone, Ory s 1, encoding a group-1 allergen of rice pollen. The Ory s 1 protein shows significant sequence identity to the major allergen of rye-grass pollen, Lol p 1. RNA gel blot analysis shows that the Ory s 1 gene is expressed in mature anthers, but not in vegetative or other floral tissues tested. Southern blot analysis indicates that this clone represents a member of a small gene family in rice. Western blot analyses of total rice pollen proteins with the group-1 allergen-specific monoclonal 3A2 and IgE antibodies from grass pollen-allergic patients, revealed the presence of cross-reactive antigenic and allergenic epitopes in Ory s 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Xu
- School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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