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Alhomodi AF, Zavadil A, Berhow M, Gibbons WR, Karki B. Application of Cocultures of Fungal Mycelium during
Solid‐State
Fermentation of Canola Meal for Potential Feed Application. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad F. Alhomodi
- Department of Biology and Microbiology South Dakota State University Brookings SD 57007 USA
| | - Andrea Zavadil
- Department of Biology and Microbiology South Dakota State University Brookings SD 57007 USA
| | - Mark Berhow
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research Peoria IL 61604 USA
| | - William R. Gibbons
- Department of Biology and Microbiology South Dakota State University Brookings SD 57007 USA
| | - Bishnu Karki
- Department of Biology and Microbiology South Dakota State University Brookings SD 57007 USA
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2
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Ideal Feedstock and Fermentation Process Improvements for the Production of Lignocellulolytic Enzymes. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The usage of lignocellulosic biomass in energy production for biofuels and other value-added products can extensively decrease the carbon footprint of current and future energy sectors. However, the infrastructure in the processing of lignocellulosic biomass is not well-established as compared to the fossil fuel industry. One of the bottlenecks is the production of the lignocellulolytic enzymes. These enzymes are produced by different fungal and bacterial species for degradation of the lignocellulosic biomass into its reactive fibers, which can then be converted to biofuel. The selection of an ideal feedstock for the lignocellulolytic enzyme production is one of the most studied aspects of lignocellulolytic enzyme production. Similarly, the fermentation enhancement strategies for different fermentation variables and modes are also the focuses of researchers. The implementation of fermentation enhancement strategies such as optimization of culture parameters (pH, temperature, agitation, incubation time, etc.) and the media nutrient amendment can increase the lignocellulolytic enzyme production significantly. Therefore, this review paper summarized these strategies and feedstock characteristics required for hydrolytic enzyme production with a special focus on the characteristics of an ideal feedstock to be utilized for the production of such enzymes on industrial scales.
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Olorunnisola KS, Jamal P, Alam MZ. Protein improvement of banana peel through sequential solid state fermentation using mixed-culture of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Candida utilis. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:416. [PMID: 30237963 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Banana peel (BP) is a major waste produced by fruit processing industries. Pre-treatment of BP at different temperatures led to 40% reduction in saponin at 100 °C (from 9.5 to 5.7 mg/g). Sequential mixed culture of Phanerochaete chrysosporium (P. chrysosporium) and Candida utilis (C. utilis) gave highest protein enrichment (88.93 mg/g). There is 26% increase in protein synthesis (from 88.93 to 111.78 mg/g) after media screening. Inclusion of KH2PO4, FeSO4·7H2O, wheat flour and sucrose in the media contributed positively to protein synthesis, while elevated concentration of urea, peptone, K2HPO4, KCl, NH4H2PO4, and MgSO4.7H2O are required to reach optimum protein synthesis. Total soluble sugar (TSS), total reducing sugar (TRS) and total carbohydrate (CHO) consumption varied with respect to protein synthesis in all experimental runs. Optimum protein synthesis required 6 days and inclusion of 5% sucrose, 0.6% NH4H2PO4, 0.4% KCl, and 0.5% MgSO4·7H2O as concentration media constituents to reach 140.95 mg/g protein synthesis equivalent to 300% increase over the raw banana peel protein content (35.0 mg/g).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kola Saheed Olorunnisola
- 1Biotechnology Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Bioenvironmental Engineering Research Centre (BERC), International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Jalan Gombak, P.O.Box 10, 50728 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- 2Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Elizade University, Ilara-Mokin, Ondo State Nigeria
| | - Parveen Jamal
- 1Biotechnology Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Bioenvironmental Engineering Research Centre (BERC), International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Jalan Gombak, P.O.Box 10, 50728 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- 2Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Elizade University, Ilara-Mokin, Ondo State Nigeria
| | - Md Zahangir Alam
- 1Biotechnology Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Bioenvironmental Engineering Research Centre (BERC), International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Jalan Gombak, P.O.Box 10, 50728 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- 2Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Elizade University, Ilara-Mokin, Ondo State Nigeria
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Doi SA, Pinto AB, Canali MC, Polezel DR, Chinellato RAM, Oliveira AJFCD. Density and diversity of filamentous fungi in the water and sediment of Araçá bay in São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil. BIOTA NEOTROPICA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2017-0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Araçá Bay, located in the city of São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil, is a protected area of substantial complexity. It represents the last remaining mangrove swamp preserve between the cities of Bertioga and Ubatuba on the northern coast of São Paulo State. This mangrove swamp has specific physical and chemical properties, and it shelters a wide variety of life, including fungi. These microorganisms are present in a variety of species with different morphophysiological features, and they have the ability to produce enzymes of biotechnological importance. The goal of this study was to quantify, isolate, and identify filamentous fungi in water and sediment samples from the Araçá Bay mangrove swamp in São Sebastião. Two samplings were performed in the summer and two were performed in the winter. The samples were collected from intertidal zones, and dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, salinity, and pH were measured in situ. The spread plate technique was used to inoculate the samples collected on plates with a potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. A total of 208 colonies (68 from water samples and 140 from sediment samples) were isolated, and they were identified based on their morphological characteristics. Filamentous fungus density was higher in the sediment than in the water, and the samplings performed in the winter revealed a higher density than those performed in the summer. Though some of the environmental parameters were not ideal for fungal development, a high quantity of growth was nevertheless observed. When the isolated colonies were analyzed, the greatest diversity and species richness were found in the summer samples. The genera identified in all of the samples were Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, and Fusarium. The pathogenic species found from these genera were Aspergillus fumigatus, A. terreus, Penicillium citrinum, and P. chrysogenum. These species are also able to produce enzymes that offer a variety of applications. The fungal community described herein represents the diversity found in this mangrove swamp during the period studied. Many of the fungus species found are pathogenic and may be useful due to their ability to produce specific enzymes applicable in the biotechnological and pharmaceutical industries.
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Xiros C, Studer MH. A Multispecies Fungal Biofilm Approach to Enhance the Celluloyltic Efficiency of Membrane Reactors for Consolidated Bioprocessing of Plant Biomass. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1930. [PMID: 29067006 PMCID: PMC5641325 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The constraints and advantages in cellulolytic enzymes production by fungal biofilms for a consolidated bioconversion process were investigated during this study. The biofilm cultivations were carried out in reactors designed for consolidated bioprocessing Multispecies Biofilm Membrane reactors, (MBM) where an aerobic fungal biofilm produces the lignocellulolytic enzymes while a fermenting microorganism forms the fermentation product at anaerobic conditions. It was shown that although mycelial growth was limited in the MBM reactors compared to submerged cultivations, the secretion of cellulolytic enzymes per cell dry weight was higher. When Trichoderma reesei was used as the sole enzyme producer, cellobiose accumulated in the liquid medium as the result of the deficiency of β-glucosidase in the fungal secretome. To enhance β-glucosidase activity, T. reesei was co-cultivated with A. phoenicis which is a β-glucosidase overproducer. The two fungi formed a multispecies biofilm which produced a balanced cellulolytic cocktail for the saccharification of plant biomass. The mixed biofilm reached a 2.5 fold increase in β-glucosidase production, compared to the single T. reesei biofilm. The enzymatic systems of single and mixed biofilms were evaluated regarding their efficiency on cellulosic substrates degradation. Washed solids from steam pretreated beechwood, as well as microcrystalline cellulose were used as the substrates. The enzymatic system of the multispecies biofilm released four times more glucose than the enzymatic system of T. reesei alone from both substrates and hydrolyzed 78 and 60% of the cellulose content of washed solids from beechwood and microcrystalline cellulose, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charilaos Xiros
- Laboratory for Bioenergy and Biochemicals, School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael H Studer
- Laboratory for Bioenergy and Biochemicals, School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
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Gao M, Held C, Patra S, Arns L, Sadowski G, Winter R. Crowders and Cosolvents-Major Contributors to the Cellular Milieu and Efficient Means to Counteract Environmental Stresses. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:2951-2972. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Gao
- TU Dortmund University; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Physical Chemistry I-Biophysical Chemistry; Otto Hahn Str. 4a 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Christoph Held
- TU Dortmund University; Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering; Emil-Figge-Str. 70 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Satyajit Patra
- TU Dortmund University; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Physical Chemistry I-Biophysical Chemistry; Otto Hahn Str. 4a 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Loana Arns
- TU Dortmund University; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Physical Chemistry I-Biophysical Chemistry; Otto Hahn Str. 4a 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Gabriele Sadowski
- TU Dortmund University; Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering; Emil-Figge-Str. 70 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Roland Winter
- TU Dortmund University; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Physical Chemistry I-Biophysical Chemistry; Otto Hahn Str. 4a 44227 Dortmund Germany
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Neta NS, Teixeira JA, Rodrigues LR. Sugar ester surfactants: enzymatic synthesis and applications in food industry. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016; 55:595-610. [PMID: 24915370 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.667461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Sugar esters are non-ionic surfactants that can be synthesized in a single enzymatic reaction step using lipases. The stability and efficiency of lipases under unusual conditions and using non-conventional media can be significantly improved through immobilization and protein engineering. Also, the development of de novo enzymes has seen a significant increase lately under the scope of the new field of synthetic biology. Depending on the esterification degree and the nature of fatty acid and/or sugar, a range of sugar esters can be synthesized. Due to their surface activity and emulsifying capacity, sugar esters are promising for applications in food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nair S Neta
- a Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Centre of Biological Engineering , University of Minho , Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga , Portugal
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Kolasa M, Ahring BK, Lübeck PS, Lübeck M. Co-cultivation of Trichoderma reesei RutC30 with three black Aspergillus strains facilitates efficient hydrolysis of pretreated wheat straw and shows promises for on-site enzyme production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 169:143-148. [PMID: 25043347 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.06.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Co-cultivation of fungi may be an excellent system for on-site production of cellulolytic enzymes in a single bioreactor. Enzyme supernatants from mixed cultures of Trichoderma reesei RutC30, with either the novel Aspergillus saccharolyticus AP, Aspergillus carbonarius ITEM 5010 or Aspergillus niger CBS 554.65 cultivated in solid-state fermentation were tested for avicelase, FPase, endoglucanase and beta-glucosidase activity as well as in hydrolysis of pretreated wheat straw. Around 30% more avicelase activity was produced in co-cultivation of T. reesei and A. saccharolyticus than in T. reesei monoculture, suggesting synergistic interaction between those fungi. Fermentation broths of mixed cultures of T. reesei with different Aspergillus strains resulted in approx. 80% efficiency of hydrolysis which was comparable to results obtained using blended supernatants from parallel monocultures. This indicates that co-cultivation of T. reesei with A. saccharolyticus or A. carbonarius could be a competitive alternative for monoculture enzyme production and a cheaper alternative to commercial enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kolasa
- Section for Sustainable Biotechnology, Aalborg University Copenhagen, A. C. Meyers Vænge 15, DK-2450 Copenhagen SV, Denmark.
| | - Birgitte Kiær Ahring
- Section for Sustainable Biotechnology, Aalborg University Copenhagen, A. C. Meyers Vænge 15, DK-2450 Copenhagen SV, Denmark; Bioproducts, Sciences and Engineering Laboratory (BSEL), Washington State University Tri-Cities, 2710 Crimson Way, Richland 99354, WA, USA.
| | - Peter Stephensen Lübeck
- Section for Sustainable Biotechnology, Aalborg University Copenhagen, A. C. Meyers Vænge 15, DK-2450 Copenhagen SV, Denmark.
| | - Mette Lübeck
- Section for Sustainable Biotechnology, Aalborg University Copenhagen, A. C. Meyers Vænge 15, DK-2450 Copenhagen SV, Denmark.
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Rabello GC, Pirota RDPB, Barros GOF, Farinas CS. Addendum to Issue 1 - ENZITEC 2012Simultaneous biosynthesis of biomass-degrading enzymes using co-cultivation ofAspergillus nigerandTrichoderma reesei. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2014.934362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Stoilova I, Gargova S, Krastanov A. Production of Enzymes by Mixed Culture from Micelial Fungi in Solid-State Fermentation. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2005.10817162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Yang R, Meng D, Hu X, Ni Y, Li Q. Saccharification of pumpkin residues by coculturing of Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30 and Phanerochaete chrysosporium Burdsall with delayed inoculation timing. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:9192-9. [PMID: 24020787 DOI: 10.1021/jf402199j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma reesei and Phanerochaete chrysosporium with different lignocellulose-degrading enzyme systems have received much attention due to their ability to biodegrade lignocellulosic biomass. However, the synergistic effect of the two fungi on lignocellulose degradation is unknown. Herein, a cocultivation of T. reesei RUT-C30 and P. chrysosporium Burdsall for biodegradation of lignocellulosic pumpkin residues (PRS) was developed to produce soluble saccharide. Results indicated that a cocultivation of the two fungi with P. chrysosporium Burdsall inoculation delayed for 1.5 days produced the highest saccharide yield of 53.08% (w/w), and only 20.83% (w/w) of PRS were left after one batch of fermentation. In addition, this strategy increased the activities of secreted cellulases (endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase, and β-glucosidase) and ligninases (lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase), which correlated to the increased saccharide yield. Besides, the resulting monosaccharides including glucose (1.23 mg/mL), xylose (0.13 mg/mL), arabinose (0.46 mg/mL), and fructose (0.21 mg/mL) from cocultures exhibited much higher yields than those from monoculture, which provides basal information for further fermentation research. This bioconversion of PRS into soluble sugars by cocultured fungal species provides a low cost method based on lignocellulose for potential biofuels or other bioproduct production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University , China Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, China Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
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Fang H, Zhao C, Song XY, Chen M, Chang Z, Chu J. Enhanced cellulolytic enzyme production by the synergism between Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30 and Aspergillus niger NL02 and by the addition of surfactants. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-012-0562-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lio J, Wang T. Solid-state fermentation of soybean and corn processing coproducts for potential feed improvement. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:7702-9. [PMID: 22799754 DOI: 10.1021/jf301674u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Two agro-industrial coproducts, soybean cotyledon fiber and distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS), were used as substrates to evaluate the effect of coculturing three different fungi, Aspergillus oryzae, Trichoderma reesei, and Phanerochaete chrysosporium, on enzyme production by solid-state fermentation (SSF). When soybean fiber was used as the substrate, a maximum xylanase activity of 757.4 IU/g and a cellulase activity of 3.2 IU/g were achieved with the inoculation and incubation of T. reesei and P. chrysosporium for 36 h, followed by A. oryzae for an additional 108 h. This inoculation scheme also resulted in the highest xylanase activity of 399.2 IU/g compared to other fungi combinations in the SSF of DDGS. A large-scale SSF by this fungus combination produced fermented products that had xylanase and cellulase activities of 35.9-57.0 and 0.4-1.2 IU/g, respectively. These products also had 3.5-15.1% lower fiber and 1.3-4.2% higher protein contents, suggesting a potential feed quality improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- JunYi Lio
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Tahir A, Iram H. Development of a fungal consortium for the biosorption of cadmium from paddy rice field water in a bioreactor. ANN MICROBIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-011-0367-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Herculano PN, Lima DMM, Fernandes MJS, Neves RP, Souza-Motta CM, Porto ALF. Isolation of cellulolytic fungi from waste of castor (Ricinus communis L.). Curr Microbiol 2011; 62:1416-22. [PMID: 21279512 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-011-9879-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This is the first report of isolation of fungi present in fatty and defatted castor bean meal as well as the first of crop's selection to test the cellulolytic potential, in order to verify the diversity and potential of cellulolytic fungi in castor bean waste (Ricinus communis L.). For the screening on solid medium, it was used carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) as the sole carbon source. The microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel) was used as a substrate for submerged fermentation for production of cellobiohydrolase (FPase) and the CMC to produce endoglucanases (CMCase) and β-glycosidases (BG). 189 cultures of fungi were isolated, including 40 species of filamentous fungi and three yeasts. The Aspergillus was the most frequent found genus. Regarding the distribution of isolated species from defatted castor bean meal, the A. niger was the most frequent one; and within the fatty castor bean meal, the Emericela variecolor prevailed among other species. Among the 67 fungal cultures tested in the initial screening on solid media to assess the cellulolytic potential, 54 disclosed Cellulolytic Index (CI) ranging from 1.04 to 6.00 mm. The isolates were selected for enzyme production in liquid medium with values above 2.0 CI. They were obtained with A. japonicus URM5620 FPase activity (4.99 U/ml) and BG (0.05 U/ml), and Rhodotorula glutinis URM5724 activity of CMCase 3.58 U/ml. These cases occurred after 168 h of submersion for both species of fungi. In our study, we could conclude that the castor bean is a promising source of fungi capable of producing cellulolytic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polyanna N Herculano
- Mycology Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, CEP, Recife, PE 50670-420, Brazil
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Hunt AJ, Sin EHK, Marriott R, Clark JH. Generation, capture, and utilization of industrial carbon dioxide. CHEMSUSCHEM 2010; 3:306-322. [PMID: 20049768 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.200900169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
As a carbon-based life form living in a predominantly carbon-based environment, it is not surprising that we have created a carbon-based consumer society. Our principle sources of energy are carbon-based (coal, oil, and gas) and many of our consumer goods are derived from organic (i.e., carbon-based) chemicals (including plastics, fabrics and materials, personal care and cleaning products, dyes, and coatings). Even our large-volume inorganic-chemicals-based industries, including fertilizers and construction materials, rely on the consumption of carbon, notably in the form of large amounts of energy. The environmental problems which we now face and of which we are becoming increasingly aware result from a human-induced disturbance in the natural carbon cycle of the Earth caused by transferring large quantities of terrestrial carbon (coal, oil, and gas) to the atmosphere, mostly in the form of carbon dioxide. Carbon is by no means the only element whose natural cycle we have disturbed: we are transferring significant quantities of elements including phosphorus, sulfur, copper, and platinum from natural sinks or ores built up over millions of years to unnatural fates in the form of what we refer to as waste or pollution. However, our complete dependence on the carbon cycle means that its disturbance deserves special attention, as is now manifest in indicators such as climate change and escalating public concern over global warming. As with all disturbances in materials balances, we can seek to alleviate the problem by (1) dematerialization: a reduction in consumption; (2) rematerialization: a change in what we consume; or (3) transmaterialization: changing our attitude towards resources and waste. The "low-carbon" mantra that is popularly cited by organizations ranging from nongovernmental organizations to multinational companies and from local authorities to national governments is based on a combination of (1) and (2) (reducing carbon consumption though greater efficiency and lower per capita consumption, and replacing fossil energy sources with sources such as wind, wave, and solar, respectively). "Low carbon" is of inherently less value to the chemical and plastics industries at least in terms of raw materials although a version of (2), the use of biomass, does apply, especially if we use carbon sources that are renewable on a human timescale. There is however, another renewable, natural source of carbon that is widely available and for which greater utilization would help restore material balance and the natural cycle for carbon in terms of resource and waste. CO(2), perhaps the most widely discussed and feared chemical in modern society, is as fundamental to our survival as water, and like water we need to better understand the human as well as natural production and consumption of CO(2) so that we can attempt to get these into a sustainable balance. Current utilization of this valuable resource by the chemical industry is only 90 megatonne per year, compared to the 26.3 gigatonne CO(2) generated annually by combustion of fossil fuels for energy generation, as such significant opportunities exist for increased utilization of CO(2) generated from industrial processes. It is also essential that renewable energy is used if CO(2) is to be utilized as a C1 building block.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Hunt
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, The University of York, Heslington, York, UK
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Abu Bakar N, Abd-Aziz S, Hassan M, Ghazali F. Isolation and Selection of Appropriate Cellulolytic Mixed Microbial
Cultures for Cellulases Production from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3923/biotech.2010.73.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Lipase-catalyzed acylation of l-carnitine with conjugated linoleic acid in [Bmim]PF6 ionic liquid. Eur Food Res Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-009-1063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Potential of biofilm-based biofuel production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 83:1-18. [PMID: 19300995 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-1940-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2008] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm technology has been extensively applied to wastewater treatment, but its potential application in biofuel production has not been explored. Current technologies of converting lignocellulose materials to biofuel are hampered by costly processing steps in pretreatment, saccharification, and product recovery. Biofilms may have a potential to improve efficiency of these processes. Advantages of biofilms include concentration of cell-associated hydrolytic enzymes at the biofilm-substrate interface to increase reaction rates, a layered microbial structure in which multiple species may sequentially convert complex substrates and coferment hexose and pentose as hydrolysates diffuse outward, and the possibility of fungal-bacterial symbioses that allow simultaneous delignification and saccharification. More importantly, the confined microenvironment within a biofilm selectively rewards cells with better phenotypes conferred from intercellular gene or signal exchange, a process which is absent in suspended cultures. The immobilized property of biofilm, especially when affixed to a membrane, simplifies the separation of biofuel from its producer and promotes retention of biomass for continued reaction in the fermenter. Highly consolidated bioprocessing, including delignification, saccharification, fermentation, and separation in a single reactor, may be possible through the application of biofilm technology. To date, solid-state fermentation is the only biofuel process to which the advantages of biofilms have been applied, even though it has received limited attention and improvements. The transfer of biofilm technology from environmental engineering has the potential to spur great innovations in the optimization of biofuel production.
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Stoilova I, Krastanov A. Overproduction of Laccase and Pectinase by Microbial Associations in Solid Substrate Fermentation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2007; 149:45-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-007-8013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Corma A, Iborra S, Velty A. Chemical Routes for the Transformation of Biomass into Chemicals. Chem Rev 2007; 107:2411-502. [PMID: 17535020 DOI: 10.1021/cr050989d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3130] [Impact Index Per Article: 184.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Avelino Corma
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, UPV-CSIC, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Avenida de los Naranjos, s/n, Valencia, Spain
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Kim JW, Mazza G. Optimization of extraction of phenolic compounds from flax shives by pressurized low-polarity water. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:7575-84. [PMID: 17002424 DOI: 10.1021/jf0608221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Pressurized low-polarity water (PLPW) extraction of phenolic compounds from flax shive was investigated using statistically based optimization and the "one-factor-at-a-time" method. Extraction variables examined using central composite design (CCD) included temperature, flow rate, and NaOH concentration of the extracting water. Extraction of phenolic compounds including p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillic acid, syringic acid, vanillin, acetovanillone, and feruric acid was affected by temperature and NaOH concentration; and extraction of all phenolic compounds, except ferulic acid, increased with temperature and NaOH concentration of the extracting water. Flow rate had little effect on concentration of phenolic compounds at equilibrium, but the extraction rate at the early phase was higher for higher flow rates. The mechanism of PLPW extraction of flax shive phenolics was also investigated using a two-site kinetic model and a thermodynamic model. To determine the extraction mechanism, flow rate was varied from 0.3 to 4.0 mL/min while temperature and NaOH concentration were fixed at 180 degrees C and 0.47 M, respectively. The flow rate tests showed the extraction rates of total phenolic (TP) compounds increased with flow rate and can be described by a thermodynamic model. The results from the thermodynamic model demonstrated that a K(D) value of 30 agreed with the experimental data in the flow rate range of 0.3-4.0 mL/min. When the effect of the three independent variables was evaluated simultaneously using CCD, a maximum TP concentration of 5.8 g/kg of dry flax shive (DFS) was predicted from the combination of a high temperature (230.5 degrees C), a high initial concentration of NaOH (0.63 M), and a low flow rate (0.7 mL/min). Maximum TP concentration of 5.7 g/kg of DFS was obtained from extraction conditions of 180 degrees C, 0.3 or 0.5 mL/min, and 0.47 M NaOH at equilibrium. A second-order regression model generated by CCD predicted a maximum TP concentration of 5.8 g/kg of DFS under the same extraction conditions, which is well matched with the results from experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Woo Kim
- National Bioproducts and Bioprocesses Program, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 4200 Highway 97, Summerland, British Columbia, Canada V0H 1Z0
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Dillon AJP, Zorgi C, Camassola M, Henriques JAP. Use of 2-deoxyglucose in liquid media for the selection of mutant strains of Penicillium echinulatum producing increased cellulase and β-glucosidase activities. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 70:740-6. [PMID: 16151800 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2005] [Revised: 07/20/2005] [Accepted: 07/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mutagenesis and selection were applied to a strain of Penicillium echinulatum by treating conidia with hydrogen peroxide or 1,2,7,8-diepoxyoctane and then by incubating the conidia for 48 h in broth containing microcrystalline cellulose washed in 0.5% (w/v) aqueous 2-deoxyglucose before plating them onto cellulose agar containing 1.5% (w/v) glucose from which colonies showing the fastest production of halos of cellulose hydrolysis were selected. This process resulted in the isolation of two new cellulase-secreting P. echinulatum mutants: strain 9A02S1 showing increased cellulase secretion (2 IU ml-1, measured as filter paper activity) in submerged culture in agitated flasks containing a mineral salts medium and 1% of cellulose, and strain 9A02D1, which proved more suitable for the production of cellulases in semisolid bran culture where it produced 23 IU of beta-glucosidase per gram of wheat bran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo J P Dillon
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul, 1130 Francisco Getúlio Vargas Street, 95070-560, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil.
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Lozano P, de Diego T, Iborra JL. Immobilization of Enzymes for Use in Supercritical Fluids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-053-9_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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Mitchell DA, Berovic M, Krieger N. Overview of solid state bioprocessing. BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNUAL REVIEW 2003; 8:183-225. [PMID: 12436920 DOI: 10.1016/s1387-2656(02)08009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state fermentation has centuries of history, but it is only in the last two decades that there has been a concerted effort to understand the bioprocessing issues involved and to apply them to a wide range of new products. This article provides an overview of the knowledge of solid-state bioprocessing that has been gained over this time. It shows that, although significant advances have been achieved in understanding of what controls process performance, much research is still required.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Mitchell
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx. P. 19041, Curitiba 81531-990, Parana, Brazil.
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Lozano P, Daz M, de Diego T, Iborra JL. Ester synthesis from trimethylammonium alcohols in dry organic media catalyzed by immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B. Biotechnol Bioeng 2003; 82:352-8. [PMID: 12599262 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-one different organic solvents were assayed as possible reaction media for the synthesis of butyryl esters from trimethylammonium alcohols in dry conditions catalyzed by immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B. The reactions were carried out following a transesterification kinetic approach, using choline and L-carnitine as primary and secondary trimethylammonium alcohols, respectively, and vinyl butyrate as acyl donor. The synthetic activity of the enzyme was strictly dependent on the water content, the position of the hydroxyl group in the trimethylammonium molecule, and the Log P parameter of the assayed solvent. Anhydrous conditions and a high excess of vinyl butyrate over L-carnitine were necessary to synthesize butyryl-L-carnitine. The synthetic reaction rates of butyryl choline were practically 100-fold those of butyryl-L-carnitine with all the assayed solvents. In both cases, the synthetic activity of the enzyme was dependent on the hydrophobicity of the solvent, with the optimal reaction media showing a Log P parameter of between -0.5 and 0.5. In all cases, 2-methyl-2-propanol and 2-methyl-2-butanol were shown to be the best solvents for both their high synthetic activity and negligible loss of enzyme activity after 6 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Lozano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular B e Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, PO Box 4021, E-30100 Murcia, España
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Goodson BM. Nuclear magnetic resonance of laser-polarized noble gases in molecules, materials, and organisms. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2002; 155:157-216. [PMID: 12036331 DOI: 10.1006/jmre.2001.2341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity of conventional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques is fundamentally limited by the ordinarily low spin polarization achievable in even the strongest NMR magnets. However, by transferring angular momentum from laser light to electronic and nuclear spins, optical pumping methods can increase the nuclear spin polarization of noble gases by several orders of magnitude, thereby greatly enhancing their NMR sensitivity. This review describes the principles and magnetic resonance applications of laser-polarized noble gases. The enormous sensitivity enhancement afforded by optical pumping can be exploited to permit a variety of novel NMR experiments across numerous disciplines. Many such experiments are reviewed, including the void-space imaging of organisms and materials, NMR and MRI of living tissues, probing structure and dynamics of molecules in solution and on surfaces, NMR sensitivity enhancement via polarization transfer, and low-field NMR and MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyd M Goodson
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720-1460, USA
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DeSimone J, Selva M, Tundo P. Nucleophilic Displacements in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Using Silica-Supported Phase-Transfer Agents. J Org Chem 2001; 66:4047-9. [PMID: 11375034 DOI: 10.1021/jo001337m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J DeSimone
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
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Sereti V, Stamatis H, Pappas C, Polissiou M, Kolisis F. Enzymatic acylation of hydroxypropyl cellulose in organic media and determination of ester formation by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy. Biotechnol Bioeng 2001; 72:495-500. [PMID: 11180070 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0290(20010220)72:4<495::aid-bit1012>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Esters were prepared by acylation of hydroxypropyl cellulose with fatty acid catalyzed by immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica in tert-butanol. The nature of the substrates used, the initial water activity of the system, and the molecular weight of the hydroxypropyl cellulose were investigated. Moreover, Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used for determination of ester content on hydroxypropyl cellulose. Specifically, a linear relationship was established between the peak height assigned to the absorption of the esterified carboxyl groups of the cellulose and the ester content. At optimum reaction conditions, the ester content on the hydroxypropyl cellulose was about 11%.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sereti
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, Division IV, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou, Zografou Campus, 15700 Athens, Greece
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Tservistas M, Levy MS, Lo-Yim MY, O'Kennedy RD, York P, Humphrey GO, Hoare M. The formation of plasmid DNA loaded pharmaceutical powders using supercritical fluid technology. Biotechnol Bioeng 2001; 72:12-8. [PMID: 11084588 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0290(20010105)72:1<12::aid-bit2>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The invention of novel drugs based on biological macromolecules requires the development of specialized formulation methods. Supercritical fluid technology offers the possibility to produce dry powder formulations suitable for inhalation or needle-free injection. In this article we describe the first application of a process involving supercritical carbon dioxide for the production of plasmid DNA-loaded particles. The technique of solution enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids (SEDS) is used to coformulate the 6.9 kb plasmid pSV beta with mannitol as excipient. After initial experiments showed a high degradation of the plasmid during powder formation, a systematic investigation of the process revealed pH effects to be crucial for the recovery of intact DNA. The application of high-buffer concentration led to an increase of the recovered supercoiled proportion from 7% to 80%.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tservistas
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
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Haake M, Goodson BM, Laws DD, Brunner E, Cyrier MC, Havlin RH, Pines A. NMR of supercritical laser-polarized xenon. Chem Phys Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(98)00732-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Larroche C, Gros JB. Special transformation processes using fungal spores and immobilized cells. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 1997; 55:179-220. [PMID: 9017927 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0102066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Although many microbial processes have been described which are able to produce interesting aroma compounds, the number of industrial applications are limited. Reasons for this are in most cases low final product yield, low biotransformation rates, substrates and/or end-products inhibition, toxicity towards the microorganisms themselves and difficulties of recovery from the bioreaction mixture. This means that the development of specific catalysts and processes is an important challenge for researchers in this field. This review presents two special kinds of catalysts, fungal spores and immobilized cells, with emphasis on their production and on their use in the production of aroma compounds. The production of fungal spores by solid state fermentation is described in greater detail. In the second part, this review also offers examples of development of three production processes, the production of methyl ketones of spores of Penicillium roquefortii, the hydroxylation of beta-ionone by immobilized Aspergillus niger cells, and the production of alkyl pyrazines by bacteria in liquid and solid media. For each of these processes, the analysis of limiting steps-biological and/or physico-chemical-is presented and the significant role of process conditions to increase aroma yield is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Larroche
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique Biologique, Université Blaise Pascal, Aubière, France
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CASTILLO EDMUNDO, MARTY ALAIN, CONDORET JSTEPHANE, COMBES DIDIER. Enzymatic Catalysis in Nonconventional Media Using High Polar Molecules as Substrates. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb33202.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tengerdy RP, Szakacs G, Sipocz J. Bioprocessing of sweet sorghum with in situ-produced enzymes. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1996; 57-58:563-9. [PMID: 8669913 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-0223-3_52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-assisted ensiling (ENLAC), using in situ-produced enzymes from Gliocladium sp. TUB-F-498, preserved 80% of the sugar content of sweet sorghum, and facilitated its extraction by countercurrent diffusion. The in situ enzyme was produced on the extracted sweet sorghum pulp by an 8-d solid substrate fermentation (SSF) with a yield of 4.6 cellulase and 400 IU/g dry wt xylanase. Two percent of the fermented substrate had cellulase and xylanase levels equivalent or superior to levels found in the commercial enzymes Celluclast and Viscozyme Novo at the 0.025% application level in ENLAC. The in situ-production of enzymes on recyclable substrates may reduce bioprocessing costs significantly. In this ENLAC process, the cost of the in situ enzymes is estimated to be about $0.12/MT substrate, compared to $9.5/metric ton (MT) for the commercial enzymes, a cost reduction of nearly 80-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Tengerdy
- Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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