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Diana RM, Monserrat MR, Alba RR, Beatriz RV, Romina RS, Sergio SE. Dissecting the role of the two Streptomyces peucetius var. caesius glucokinases in the sensitivity to carbon catabolite repression. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 48:6349106. [PMID: 34383077 PMCID: PMC8788730 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Streptomyces peucetius var. caesius, the doxorubicin-producing strain, has two glucokinases (Glk) for glucose phosphorylation. One of them (ATP-Glk) uses adenosine triphosphate as its phosphate source, and the other one uses polyphosphate (PP). Glk regulates the carbon catabolite repression (CCR) process, as well as glucose utilization. However, in the streptomycetes, the specific role of each one of the Glks in these processes is unknown. With the use of PP- and ATP-Glk null mutants, we aimed to establish their respective role in glucose metabolism and their possible implication in the CCR. Our results supported that in S. peucetius var. caesius, both Glks allowed this strain to grow in different glucose concentrations. PP-Glk seems to be the main enzyme for glucose metabolism, and ATP-Glk is the only one involved in the CCR process affecting the levels of α-amylase and anthracycline production. Besides, analysis of Glk activities in the parental strain and the mutants revealed ATP-Glk as an enzyme negatively affected by high glucose concentrations. Although ATP-Glk utilizes only ATP as the substrate for glucose phosphorylation, probably PP-Glk can use either ATP or polyphosphate. Finally, a possible connection between both Glks may exist from the regulatory point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocha-Mendoza Diana
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad de México, CDMX, 04510. México
| | - Manzo-Ruiz Monserrat
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad de México, CDMX, 04510. México
| | - Romero-Rodríguez Alba
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad de México, CDMX, 04510. México
| | - Ruiz-Villafán Beatriz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad de México, CDMX, 04510. México
| | - Rodríguez-Sanoja Romina
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad de México, CDMX, 04510. México
| | - Sánchez-Esquivel Sergio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad de México, CDMX, 04510. México
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Ruiz B, Chávez A, Forero A, García-Huante Y, Romero A, Sánchez M, Rocha D, Sánchez B, Rodríguez-Sanoja R, Sánchez S, Langley E. Production of microbial secondary metabolites: regulation by the carbon source. Crit Rev Microbiol 2010; 36:146-67. [PMID: 20210692 DOI: 10.3109/10408410903489576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Microbial secondary metabolites are low molecular mass products, not essential for growth of the producing cultures, but very important for human health. They include antibiotics, antitumor agents, cholesterol-lowering drugs, and others. They have unusual structures and are usually formed during the late growth phase of the producing microorganisms. Its synthesis can be influenced greatly by manipulating the type and concentration of the nutrients formulating the culture media. Among these nutrients, the effect of the carbon sources has been the subject of continuous studies for both, industry and research groups. Different mechanisms have been described in bacteria and fungi to explain the negative carbon catabolite effects on secondary metabolite production. Their knowledge and manipulation have been useful either for setting fermentation conditions or for strain improvement. During the last years, important advances have been reported on these mechanisms at the biochemical and molecular levels. The aim of the present review is to describe these advances, giving special emphasis to those reported for the genus Streptomyces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Ruiz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, México
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Guzmán S, Carmona A, Escalante L, Imriskova I, López R, Rodríguez-Sanoja R, Ruiz B, Servín-González L, Sánchez S, Langley E. Pleiotropic effect of the SCO2127 gene on the glucose uptake, glucose kinase activity and carbon catabolite repression in Streptomyces peucetius var. caesius. Microbiology (Reading) 2005; 151:1717-1723. [PMID: 15870479 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.27557-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SCO2127 and SCO2126 (glkA) are adjacent regions located in Streptomyces coelicolor DNA. glkA encodes glucose kinase (Glk), which has been implicated in carbon catabolite repression (CCR) in the genus Streptomyces. In this work, the glkA and SCO2127 genes from S. coelicolor were used, either individually or together, to transform three mutants of Streptomyces peucetius var. caesius resistant to CCR. These mutants present decreased levels of Glk, and deficiency in glucose transport. When the mutants were transformed with a plasmid containing the SCO2127 sequence, glucose uptake and Glk activity values were increased to levels similar to or higher than those of the original strain, and each strain regained sensitivity to CCR. This result was surprising considering that the putative SCO2127 amino acid sequence does not seem to encode a glucose permease or a Glk. In agreement with these results, an increase in glkA mRNA levels was observed in a CCR-resistant mutant transformed with SCO2127 compared with those of the original strain and the CCR-resistant mutant itself. As expected, recombinants containing the glkA sequence reverted Glk to normal activity values, but glucose uptake remained deficient. The data suggest that the SCO2127 gene product enhances transcription of both genes, and support the first specific role for this region in Streptomyces species. The physiological consequence of this effect is an increase in the glucose catabolites that may be involved in eliciting CCR in this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Guzmán
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Alonso Carmona
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Laura Escalante
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Iveta Imriskova
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Ruth López
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Romina Rodríguez-Sanoja
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Ruiz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Luis Servín-González
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Sergio Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Langley
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF CP 04510, Mexico
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Corvini PF, Delaunay S, Maujean F, Rondags E, Vivier H, Goergen JL, Germain P. Intracellular pH of Streptomyces pristinaespiralis is correlated to the sequential use of carbon sources during the pristinamycins-producing process. Enzyme Microb Technol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2003.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hodgson DA. Primary metabolism and its control in streptomycetes: a most unusual group of bacteria. Adv Microb Physiol 2001; 42:47-238. [PMID: 10907551 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2911(00)42003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Streptomycetes are Gram-positive bacteria with a unique capacity for the production of a multitude of varied and complex secondary metabolites. They also have a complex life cycle including differentiation into at least three distinct cell types. Whilst much attention has been paid to the pathways and regulation of secondary metabolism, less has been paid to the pathways and the regulation of primary metabolism, which supplies the precursors. With the imminent completion of the total genome sequence of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), we need to understand the pathways of primary metabolism if we are to understand the role of newly discovered genes. This review is written as a contribution to supplying these wants. Streptomycetes inhabit soil, which, because of the high numbers of microbial competitors, is an oligotrophic environment. Soil nutrient levels reflect the fact that plant-derived material is the main nutrient input; i.e. it is carbon-rich and nitrogen- and phosphate-poor. Control of streptomycete primary metabolism reflects the nutrient availability. The variety and multiplicity of carbohydrate catabolic pathways reflects the variety and multiplicity of carbohydrates in the soil. This multiplicity of pathways has led to investment by streptomycetes in pathway-specific and global regulatory networks such as glucose repression. The mechanism of glucose repression is clearly different from that in other bacteria. Streptomycetes feed by secreting complexes of extracellular enzymes that break down plant cell walls to release nutrients. The induction of these enzyme complexes is often coordinated by inducers that bear no structural relation to the substrate or product of any particular enzyme in the complex; e.g. a product of xylan breakdown may induce cellulase production. Control of amino acid catabolism reflects the relative absence of nitrogen catabolites in soil. The cognate amino acid induces about half of the catabolic pathways and half are constitutive. There are reduced instances of global carbon and nitrogen catabolite control of amino acid catabolism, which again presumably reflects the relative rarity of the catabolites. There are few examples of feedback repression of amino acid biosynthesis. Again this is taken as a reflection of the oligotrophic nature of the streptomycete ecological niche. As amino acids are not present in the environment, streptomycetes have rarely invested in feedback repression. Exceptions to this generalization are the arginine and branched-chain amino acid pathways and some parts of the aromatic amino acid pathways which have regulatory systems similar to Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis and other copiotrophic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Hodgson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Ni X, Westpheling J. Direct repeat sequences in the Streptomyces chitinase-63 promoter direct both glucose repression and chitin induction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:13116-21. [PMID: 9371809 PMCID: PMC24272 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.24.13116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The chi63 promoter directs glucose-sensitive, chitin-dependent transcription of a gene involved in the utilization of chitin as carbon source. Analysis of 5' and 3' deletions of the promoter region revealed that a 350-bp segment is sufficient for wild-type levels of expression and regulation. The analysis of single base changes throughout the promoter region, introduced by random and site-directed mutagenesis, identified several sequences to be important for activity and regulation. Single base changes at -10, -12, -32, -33, -35, and -37 upstream of the transcription start site resulted in loss of activity from the promoter, suggesting that bases in these positions are important for RNA polymerase interaction. The sequences centered around -10 (TATTCT) and -35 (TTGACC) in this promoter are, in fact, prototypical of eubacterial promoters. Overlapping the RNA polymerase binding site is a perfect 12-bp direct repeat sequence. Some base changes within this direct repeat resulted in constitutive expression, suggesting that this sequence is an operator for negative regulation. Other base changes resulted in loss of glucose repression while retaining the requirement for chitin induction, suggesting that this sequence is also involved in glucose repression. The fact that cis-acting mutations resulted in glucose resistance but not inducer independence rules out the possibility that glucose repression acts exclusively by inducer exclusion. The fact that mutations that affect glucose repression and chitin induction fall within the same direct repeat sequence module suggests that the direct repeat sequence facilitates both chitin induction and glucose repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Ni
- Genetics Department, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA
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Piepersberg W. Molecular Biology, Biochemistry and Fermentation of Aminoglycoside Antibiotics. DRUGS AND THE PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 1997. [DOI: 10.1201/b14856-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Physiological studies on induction and catabolite repression of β-xylosidase and endoxylanase in Streptomyces sp. CH-M-1035. J Biotechnol 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(96)01542-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Paulsen IT. Carbon metabolism and its regulation in Streptomyces and other high GC gram-positive bacteria. Res Microbiol 1996; 147:535-41. [PMID: 9084767 DOI: 10.1016/0923-2508(96)84009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I T Paulsen
- Department of Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0116, USA
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Angell S, Lewis CG, Buttner MJ, Bibb MJ. Glucose repression in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2): a likely regulatory role for glucose kinase. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1994; 244:135-43. [PMID: 8052232 DOI: 10.1007/bf00283514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The glucose kinase gene (glkA-ORF3) of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) plays an essential role in glucose utilisation and in glucose repression of a variety of genes involved in the utilisation of alternative carbon sources. These genes include dagA, which encodes an extracellular agarase that permits agar utilisation. Suppressor mutants of glkA-ORF3 deletion strains capable of utilising glucose (Glc+) arise at a frequency of about 10(-5) on prolonged incubation. The Glc+ phenotype of the mutants is reversible (at a frequency of about 10(-3) and reflects either the activation of a normally silent glucose kinase gene or the modification of an existing sugar kinase. Although the level of glucose kinase activity in the Glc+ supressor mutants is similar to that in the glkA+ parental strain, glucose repression of dagA remains defective. Expression of the glucose kinase gene of Zymomonas mobilis in glkA-ORF3 mutants restored glucose utilisation, but not glucose repression of dagA. Over-expression of glkA-ORF3 on a high-copy-number plasmid failed to restore glucose repression of dagA in glkA-ORF3 mutants and led to loss of glucose repression of dagA in a glkA+ strain. These results suggest that glucose phosphorylation itself is not sufficient for glucose repression and that glkA-ORF3 plays a specific regulatory role in triggering glucose repression in S. coelicolor A3(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Angell
- John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich, UK
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Tata M, Menawat AS. Cyclic AMP regulation of tylosin biosynthesis and secondary metabolism inStreptomyces fradiae. Biotechnol Bioeng 1994; 44:283-90. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260440305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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