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Benitez JA, Silva AJ. Vibrio cholerae hemagglutinin(HA)/protease: An extracellular metalloprotease with multiple pathogenic activities. Toxicon 2016; 115:55-62. [PMID: 26952544 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae of serogroup O1 and O139, the etiological agent of the diarrheal disease cholera, expresses the extracellular Zn-dependent metalloprotease hemagglutinin (HA)/protease also reported as vibriolysin. This enzyme is also produced by non-O1/O139 (non-cholera) strains that cause mild, sporadic illness (i.e. gastroenteritis, wound or ear infections). Orthologs of HA/protease are present in other members of the Vibrionaceae family pathogenic to humans and fish. HA/protease belongs to the M4 neutral peptidase family and displays significant amino acid sequence homology to Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase (LasB) and Bacillus thermoproteolyticus thermolysin. It exhibits a broad range of potentially pathogenic activities in cell culture and animal models. These activities range from the covalent modification of other toxins, the degradation of the protective mucus barrier and disruption of intestinal tight junctions. Here we review (i) the structure and regulation of HA/protease expression, (ii) its interaction with other toxins and the intestinal mucosa and (iii) discuss the possible role(s) of HA/protease in the pathogenesis of cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Benitez
- Morehouse School of Medicine Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, 720 Westview Dr., SW Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA.
| | - Anisia J Silva
- Morehouse School of Medicine Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, 720 Westview Dr., SW Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA.
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Naka A, Iida T, Ohara T, Yamamoto K, Miwatani T, Honda T. Nicking sites in a subunit of cholera toxin and Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin for Vibrio cholerae hemagglutinin/protease. Toxicon 1998; 36:1001-5. [PMID: 9690793 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(97)00135-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the nicking site of the A subunit of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin for hemagglutinin/protease produced by Vibrio cholerae non-O1 (NAG-HA/P). The determined nicking site was the Thr193-Ile194 junction, which was distinct from that for a protease of V. cholerae (Ichinose et al., European Journal of Epidemiology 8, 743-747, 1992). We further analyzed proteolytic cleavage by NAG-HA/P of a synthetic peptide corresponding to the nicking region of cholera toxin A subunit and determined the cleavage site to be preferentially between Ser194 and Met195, and in addition between Ser193 and Ser194.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Naka
- Department of Bacterial Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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Tsuji T, Kato M, Kawase H, Imamura S, Kamiya H, Ichinose Y, Miyama A. Escherichia coli LT enterotoxin subunit A demonstrates partial toxicity independent of the nicking around Arg192. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1997; 143 ( Pt 6):1797-1804. [PMID: 9202454 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-143-6-1797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A study was conducted into whether or not nicking of the A subunit of Escherichia coli LT enterotoxin at position Arg192 or its neighbouring amino acids Arg192 to The195 is required for its toxicity. The toxic activity of mutants created by substitution or deletion at this position, which lacked ADP-ribosyltransferase activity in vitro, was not completely obliterated and cyclic AMP was partially induced in the target cells, showing that they still displayed enzymic activity in vivo. Moreover, although the A subunit possesses three potential sites for cleavage by furin, furin was not involved in the partial toxicity and cyclic AMP induction observed. These data suggest that target cells have a nick mechanism that operates at sites other than those around Arg192 or those recognized by furin, which generates an active fragment by processing the A subunit after toxin binding to the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Tsuji
- Department of Microbiology, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-11, Japan
| | - Michio Kato
- Department of Microbiology, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-11, Japan
| | - Hidetsugu Kawase
- Department of Microbiology, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-11, Japan
| | - Seiji Imamura
- Department of Microbiology, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-11, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kamiya
- Department of Microbiology, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-11, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ichinose
- Department of Bacteriology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852, Japan
| | - Akio Miyama
- Department of Microbiology, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-11, Japan
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Okamoto T, Akaike T, Suga M, Tanase S, Horie H, Miyajima S, Ando M, Ichinose Y, Maeda H. Activation of human matrix metalloproteinases by various bacterial proteinases. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:6059-66. [PMID: 9038230 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.9.6059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc-containing proteinases that participate in tissue remodeling under physiological and pathological conditions. To test the involvement of bacterial proteinases in tissue injury during bacterial infections, we investigated the activation potential of various bacterial proteinases against precursors of MMPs (proMMPs) purified from human neutrophils (proMMP-8 and -9) and from human fibrosarcoma cells (proMMP-1). Each proMMP was subjected to treatment with a series of bacterial proteinases at molar ratios of 0.01-0.1 (bacterial proteinase to proMMP), and activities of MMPs generated were determined. Among six different bacterial proteinases, thermolysin family enzymes (family M4) such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase, Vibrio cholerae proteinase, and thermolysin strongly activated all three proMMPs via limited proteolysis to generate active forms of the MMPs. N-terminal sequence analysis of the active MMPs revealed that cleavage occurred at the Val82-Leu83 and Thr90-Phe91 bonds of proMMP-1 and proMMP-9, respectively, which are located near the N terminus of the catalytic domain of MMPs. In contrast, Serratia 56-kDa proteinase and Pseudomonas alkaline proteinase, both of which are classified as members of the serralysin subfamily of zinc metalloproteinases (family M10), and Serratia 73-kDa thiol proteinase did not evidence proteolytic processing or activation of proMMP-1, -8, and -9 under these experimental conditions. These results indicate that bacterial proteinases may play an important role in tissue destruction and disintegration of extracellular matrix at the site of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Okamoto
- Department of Microbiology, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto 860, Japan
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Abstract
The structural gene for the Vibrio cholerae leucine aminopeptidase (lap) was cloned and sequenced. The cloned DNA fragment contained a 1,503-bp open reading frame potentially encoding a 501-amino-acid polypeptide with a calculated molecular mass of 54,442 Da. The deduced amino acid sequence of the entire protein showed high homology with the sequence of Vibrio proteolyticus leucine aminopeptidase. The residues potentially involved in binding the zinc ions were completely conserved in the V. cholerae aminopeptidase as well as in the V. proteolyticus aminopeptidase. The recombinant protein was partially purified and characterized. The molecular mass was estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be 34 kDa, suggesting a processing of the protein to acquire the mature form. The protease showed maximum activity at pH 9.0 and was thermostable at 70 degrees C. The substrate leucyl-p-nitroanilide was cleaved by the protease, and its activity was inhibited by EDTA and bestatin. These results suggested that the protein was a leucine aminopeptidase. The PCR analysis of lap gene distribution showed that it was widely distributed among the V. cholerae strains. It was not present in the other species examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Toma
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan.
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Sakata Y, Akaike T, Khan MM, Ichinose Y, Hirayama H, Suga M, Ando M, Maeda H. Activation of bradykinin generating cascade by Vibrio cholerae protease. IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1996; 33:377-9. [PMID: 8856191 DOI: 10.1016/0162-3109(96)00090-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Sakata
- Department of Microbiology, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Japan
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Ichinose Y, Tsuji T, Kato M, Neves BC, Morita K, Ehara M, Hirayama T. A classical strain of Vibrio cholerae with diminished ability to process the proteolytically sensitive site in the A subunit of cholera toxin. Infect Immun 1996; 64:1081-3. [PMID: 8641766 PMCID: PMC173887 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.3.1081-1083.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae O1, No. 31, a strain isolated from a patient with mild diarrhea, produced mainly the unnicked cholera toxin. The amount of toxin that had accumulated in the cells was approximately 200 times lower than that secreted into the culture medium. When the unnicked toxin was purified by three successive column chromatographies and then extracted from the polyacrylamide gel, the unnicked toxin showed two bands corresponding to the A and B subunits by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the A1 fragment was detected by trypsinization. Biological and enzymatic activities of the purified toxin with trypsinization were identical to those of cholera toxin from V. cholerae 569B as seen in the rabbit skin permeability test and the NAD:agmatine ADP-ribosyltransferase assay. DNA sequences of the A and B subunits were identical to those of the A- and B-subunit genes from the El Tor 2125 and classical 0395 strains, respectively. These data suggest that the wild V. cholerae strain, No. 31, produces a toxin identical to toxins previously reported in the literature and secretes it without accumulation in the cell, as is the case with other strains. However, strain No. 31's ability to nick the toxin is diminished compared with such abilities of other strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ichinose
- Department of Bacteriology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Japan
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Ichinose Y, Ehara M, Honda T, Miwatani T. The effect on enterotoxicity of protease purified from Vibrio cholerae O1. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1994; 115:265-71. [PMID: 8138138 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1994.tb06649.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect on enterotoxicity of protease purified from Vibrio cholerae O1 was investigated by the inoculation of live vibrio cells into protease-treated loops of the ileal loop model. Fluid accumulation ratios in the protease-treated loops were elevated in a dose-dependent manner by challenge with live vibrio cells but not by that with toxin. An enhancement effect of protease on enterotoxicity was observed in both serotypes of V. cholerae O1 and V. cholerae non-O1. It is suggested, therefore, that the enterotoxicity was enhanced by treatment with protease when live vibrio cells were inoculated into the ileal loops of rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ichinose
- Department of Bacteriology, Nagasaki University, Japan
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