1
|
Makhija E, Zheng Y, Wang J, Leong HR, Othman RB, Ng EX, Lee EH, Kellogg LT, Lee YH, Yu H, Poon Z, Van Vliet KJ. Topological defects in self-assembled patterns of mesenchymal stromal cells in vitro are predictive attributes of condensation and chondrogenesis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297769. [PMID: 38547243 PMCID: PMC10977694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are promising therapeutic agents for cartilage regeneration, including the potential of cells to promote chondrogenesis in vivo. However, process development and regulatory approval of MSCs as cell therapy products benefit from facile in vitro approaches that can predict potency for a given production run. Current standard in vitro approaches include a 21 day 3D differentiation assay followed by quantification of cartilage matrix proteins. We propose a novel biophysical marker that is cell population-based and can be measured from in vitro monolayer culture of MSCs. We hypothesized that the self-assembly pattern that emerges from collective-cell behavior would predict chondrogenesis motivated by our observation that certain features in this pattern, namely, topological defects, corresponded to mesenchymal condensations. Indeed, we observed a strong predictive correlation between the degree-of-order of the pattern at day 9 of the monolayer culture and chondrogenic potential later estimated from in vitro 3D chondrogenic differentiation at day 21. These findings provide the rationale and the proof-of-concept for using self-assembly patterns to monitor chondrogenic commitment of cell populations. Such correlations across multiple MSC donors and production batches suggest that self-assembly patterns can be used as a candidate biophysical attribute to predict quality and efficacy for MSCs employed therapeutically for cartilage regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Makhija
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-medicine (CAMP) Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yang Zheng
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-medicine (CAMP) Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Tissue Engineering Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiahao Wang
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Han Ren Leong
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-medicine (CAMP) Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, Singapore
- Engineering Science Programme, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rashidah Binte Othman
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-medicine (CAMP) Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ee Xien Ng
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-medicine (CAMP) Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng Hin Lee
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-medicine (CAMP) Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Tissue Engineering Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lisa Tucker Kellogg
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-medicine (CAMP) Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yie Hou Lee
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-medicine (CAMP) Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, Singapore
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Academic Clinical Programme, SingHealth Duke-NUS, Singapore, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Cell Therapy Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hanry Yu
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-medicine (CAMP) Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiyong Poon
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-medicine (CAMP) Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Cell Therapy Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Krystyn J. Van Vliet
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-medicine (CAMP) Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Baddam P, Bayona-Rodriguez F, Campbell SM, El-Hakim H, Graf D. Properties of the Nasal Cartilage, from Development to Adulthood: A Scoping Review. Cartilage 2022; 13:19476035221087696. [PMID: 35345900 PMCID: PMC9137313 DOI: 10.1177/19476035221087696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nasal septum cartilage is a hyaline cartilage that provides structural support to the nasal cavity and midface. Currently, information on its cellular and mechanical properties is widely dispersed and has often been inferred from studies conducted on other cartilage types such as the knee. A detailed understanding of nasal cartilage properties is important for several biological, clinical, and engineering disciplines. The objectives of this scoping review are to (1) consolidate actual existing knowledge on nasal cartilage properties and (2) identify gaps of knowledge and research questions requiring future investigations. DESIGN This scoping review incorporated articles identified using PROSPERO, Cochrane Library (CDSR and Central), WOS BIOSIS, WOS Core Collection, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global databases. Following the screening process, 86 articles were considered. Articles were categorized into three groups: growth, extracellular matrix, and mechanical properties. RESULTS Most articles investigated growth properties followed by extracellular matrix and mechanical properties. NSC cartilage is not uniform. Nasal cartilage growth varies with age and location. Similarly, extracellular matrix composition and mechanical properties are location-specific within the NSC. Moreover, most articles included in the review investigate these properties in isolation and only very few articles demonstrate the interrelationship between multiple cartilage properties. CONCLUSIONS This scoping review presents a first comprehensive description of research on NSC properties with a focus on NSC growth, extracellular matrix and mechanical properties. It additionally identifies the needs (1) to understand how these various cartilage properties intersect and (2) for more granular, standardized assessment protocols to describe NSC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pranidhi Baddam
- School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Sandra M. Campbell
- John W. Scott Health Sciences Library, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Hamdy El-Hakim
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel Graf
- School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada,Daniel Graf, School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, 7020N Katz Group Centre For Research, 11315 - 87 Ave NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fowler DA, Larsson HCE. The tissues and regulatory pattern of limb chondrogenesis. Dev Biol 2020; 463:124-134. [PMID: 32417169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Initial limb chondrogenesis offers the first differentiated tissues that resemble the mature skeletal anatomy. It is a developmental progression of three tissues. The limb begins with undifferentiated mesenchyme-1, some of which differentiates into condensations-2, and this tissue then transforms into cartilage-3. Each tissue is identified by physical characteristics of cell density, shape, and extracellular matrix composition. Tissue specific regimes of gene regulation underlie the diagnostic physical and chemical properties of these three tissues. These three tissue based regimes co-exist amid a background of other gene regulatory regimes within the same tissues and time-frame of limb development. The bio-molecular indicators of gene regulation reveal six identifiable patterns. Three of these patterns describe the unique bio-molecular indicators of each of the three tissues. A fourth pattern shares bio-molecular indicators between condensation and cartilage. Finally, a fifth pattern is composed of bio-molecular indicators that are found in undifferentiated mesenchyme prior to any condensation differentiation, then these bio-molecular indicators are upregulated in condensations and downregulated in undifferentiated mesenchyme. The undifferentiated mesenchyme that remains in between the condensations and cartilage, the interdigit, contains a unique set of bio-molecular indicators that exhibit dynamic behaviour during chondrogenesis and therefore argue for its own inclusion as a tissue in its own right and for more study into this process of differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald A Fowler
- Redpath Museum, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke St W, Montréal, QC, H3A 0C4, Canada; Department of Biology, McGill University, Stewart Biology Building, 1205 Docteur Penfield, Montréal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada.
| | - Hans C E Larsson
- Redpath Museum, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke St W, Montréal, QC, H3A 0C4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ray P, Hughes AJ, Sharif M, Chapman SC. Lectins selectively label cartilage condensations and the otic neuroepithelium within the embryonic chicken head. J Anat 2016; 230:424-434. [PMID: 27861854 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage morphogenesis during endochondral ossification follows a progression of conserved developmental events. Cells are specified towards a prechondrogenic fate and subsequently undergo condensation followed by overt differentiation. Currently available molecular markers of prechondrogenic and condensing mesenchyme rely on common regulators of the chondrogenic program that are not specific to the tissue type or location. Therefore tissue-specific condensations cannot be distinguished based on known molecular markers. Here, using the chick embryo model, we utilized lectin labeling on serial sections, demonstrating that differential labeling by peanut agglutinin (PNA) and Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA) successfully separates adjacently located condensations in the proximal second pharyngeal arch. PNA selectively labels chick middle ear columella and basal plate condensation, whereas SNA specifically marks extracolumella and the ventro-lateral part of the otic capsule. We further extended our study to examine lectin-binding properties of the different parts of the inner ear epithelium, neural tube and notochord. Our results show that SNA labels the auditory and vestibular hair cells of the inner ear, whereas PNA specifically recognizes the statoacoustic ganglion. PNA is also highly specific for the floor plate of the neural tube. Additionally, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) labels the basement membrane of the notochord and is a marker of the apical-basal polarity of the cochlear duct. Overall, this study indicates that selective lectin labeling is a promising approach to differentiate between contiguously located mesenchymal condensations and subregions of epithelia globally during development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Poulomi Ray
- Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Ami J Hughes
- Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Misha Sharif
- Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hoemann CD, Tran-Khanh N, Chevrier A, Chen G, Lascau-Coman V, Mathieu C, Changoor A, Yaroshinsky A, McCormack RG, Stanish WD, Buschmann MD. Chondroinduction Is the Main Cartilage Repair Response to Microfracture and Microfracture With BST-CarGel: Results as Shown by ICRS-II Histological Scoring and a Novel Zonal Collagen Type Scoring Method of Human Clinical Biopsy Specimens. Am J Sports Med 2015; 43:2469-80. [PMID: 26260465 DOI: 10.1177/0363546515593943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current cartilage repair histological scoring systems are unable to explain the relationship between collagen type II deposition and overall repair quality. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS The purpose of this study was to develop a novel zonal collagen type (ZCT) 5-point scoring system to measure chondroinduction in human clinical biopsy specimens collected after marrow stimulation. The hypothesis was that the ZCT scores would correlate with the International Cartilage Repair Society-II (ICRS-II) overall histological repair assessment score and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive laboratory study. METHODS After optimizing safranin O staining for GAG and immunostaining for human collagen type II and type I (Col2 and Col1, respectively), serial sections from clinical osteochondral repair biopsy specimens (13 months after microfracture or microfracture with BST-CarGel; n = 39 patients) were stained and 3 blinded readers performed histomorphometry for percentage of staining, ICRS-II histological scoring, polarized light microscopy (PLM) scoring, and 5-point ZCT scoring based on tidemark morphology, zonal distribution of Col2 and Col1, and Col1 percentage stain. Because 1 biopsy specimen was missing bone, 38 biopsy specimens were evaluated for ICRS-II, PLM, and ZCT scores. RESULTS Chondroinduction was identified in 21 biopsy specimens as a Col2 matrix fused to bone that spanned the deep-middle-superficial zones ("full-thickness hyaline repair"), deep-middle zones, or deep zone ("stalled hyaline") that was covered with a variable-thickness Col1-positive matrix, and was scored, respectively, as ZCT = 1 (n = 4 biopsy specimens), ZCT = 2 (n = 6) and ZCT = 3 (n = 11). Other biopsy specimens (n = 17) were fibrocartilage (n = 9; ZCT = 4), fibrous tissue (n = 4, ZCT = 5), or non-marrow derived (n = 4; ZCT = 0). Non-marrow derived tissue had a mean mature tidemark score of 84 out of 100 versus a regenerating tidemark score of 24 for all other biopsy specimens (P = .005). Both "stalled hyaline" repair and fibrocartilage had the same mean Col2 percentage stain; however, fibrocartilage was distinguished by heavy Col1 deposits in the deep zone, a 2-fold higher mean Col1 percentage stain (P = .001), and lower surface integrity (P = .03). ZCT scores correlated with GAG content and the ICRS-II overall assessment score, especially when combined with the PLM score for collagen organization (R = 0.82). Histological scores of the deep zone strongly predicted the ICRS-II overall assessment score (R = 0.99). CONCLUSION The ICRS-II overall repair assessment score and GAG content correlated with the extent of Col2 deposition free of fibrosis in the deep/middle zone rather than bulk accumulation of Col2. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Biopsy tissue from the BST-CarGel randomized clinical trial (microfracture without and with BST-CarGel, as treatment groups were not unblinded) showed regenerated tissue consistent with a chondroinduction mechanism in at least half of the treated lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline D Hoemann
- Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec, Canada Institute of Biomedical Engineering, École Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Tran-Khanh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anik Chevrier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gaoping Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Viorica Lascau-Coman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Colleen Mathieu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Adele Changoor
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, École Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Robert G McCormack
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - William D Stanish
- Orthopaedic and Sport Medicine Clinic of Nova Scotia, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Michael D Buschmann
- Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec, Canada Institute of Biomedical Engineering, École Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Iwasaki SI, Aoyagi H, Yoshizawa H. Localization of type II collagen in the lingual mucosa of rats during the morphogenesis of circumvallate papillae. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.2010.00450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
7
|
Analysis of chick (Gallus gallus) middle ear columella formation. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2010; 10:16. [PMID: 20158901 PMCID: PMC2834582 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-10-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background The chick middle ear bone, the columella, provides an accessible model in which to study the tissue and molecular interactions necessary for induction and patterning of the columella, as well as associated multiple aspects of endochondral ossification. These include mesenchymal condensation, chondrogenesis, ossification of the medial footplate and shaft, and joint formation between the persistent cartilage of the extracolumella and ossified columella. Middle and external ear defects are responsible for approximately 10% of congenital hearing defects. Thus, understanding the morphogenesis and the molecular mechanisms of the formation of the middle ear is important to understanding normal and abnormal development of this essential component of the hearing apparatus. Results The columella, which arises from proximal ectomesenchyme of the second pharyngeal arch, is induced and patterned in a dynamic multi-step process. From the footplate, which inserts into the inner ear oval window, the shaft spans the pneumatic middle ear cavity, and the extracolumella inserts into the tympanic membrane. Through marker gene and immunolabeling analysis, we have determined the onset of each stage in the columella's development, from condensation to ossification. Significantly, a single condensation with the putative shaft and extracolumella arms already distinguishable is observed shortly before initiation of five separate chondrogenic centers within these structures. Ossification begins later, with periosteum formation in the shaft and, unexpectedly, a separate periosteum in the footplate. Conclusions The data presented in this study document the spatiotemporal events leading to morphogenesis of the columella and middle ear structures and provide the first gene expression data for this region. These data identify candidate genes and facilitate future functional studies and elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of columella formation.
Collapse
|
8
|
Immunohistochemical expression of type II collagen in the lingual mucosa of rats during organogenesis of the tongue. Arch Oral Biol 2008; 53:622-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Revised: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
9
|
Delatte M, Von den Hoff JW, van Rheden REM, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM. Primary and secondary cartilages of the neonatal rat: the femoral head and the mandibular condyle. Eur J Oral Sci 2004; 112:156-62. [PMID: 15056113 DOI: 10.1111/j.0909-8836.2004.00108.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Primary and secondary cartilages differ in embryonic origin and in histological organization, and are generally considered to have a different mode of growth. However, few studies have directly compared the two types of cartilage of the same animal at the same age. Therefore, we analysed several histological and biochemical differences between secondary cartilage of the mandibular condyle and primary cartilage of the femoral head of 4-d-old rats. We evaluated the tissue organization, the level of DNA and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis, and the GAG and collagen content. The expression of collagen types I, II and III and of receptors for insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta were investigated by immunohistochemistry. The ex vivo DNA and GAG synthesis as well as the GAG content of femoral heads were much higher than that of mandibular condyles. Mandibular condyles expressed both collagen types I and II, while femoral heads expressed only type II collagen. In the mandibular condyles, receptors for IGF-I, FGF, and TGF-beta were observed mainly in the superficial layers, whereas they were found throughout the entire femoral head. In conclusion, major differences were found between both types of cartilage, which might be related to their specific functional demands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Delatte
- Department of Orthodontics, Université Catholique de Louvain, Cliniques Universitaires St Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kim SG, Park JC, Kang DW, Kim BO, Yoon JH, Cho SI, Choe HC, Bae CS. Correlation of immunohistochemical characteristics of the craniomandibular joint with the degree of mandibular lengthening in rabbits. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2003; 61:1189-97. [PMID: 14586856 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-2391(03)00681-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined immunohistochemical changes in the craniomandibular joints of rabbits after distraction osteogenesis following mandibular corticotomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experimental animals (n = 8) were divided into 3 groups that underwent 2, 3.5, and 5 mm of unilateral distraction osteogenesis (groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively). After corticotomy of the left mandibular body and a 7-day healing period, a second operation was performed to expose the device. Distraction was then performed at the rate of 0.5 mm/d. A 14-day consolidation period was allowed after the distraction was complete. Changes in cartilage, osteoblast activity, and osteoclast activity were then examined. RESULTS The differentiation and proliferation of cartilage increased in groups 1 and 2, were highest in group 2, and decreased in group 3. Group 2 also showed the greatest increase in the width of the hypertrophic chondrocyte layer. Relative to the control group, osteoclast activity was only somewhat higher in groups 1 and 2 but was significantly higher in group 3. Osteoblast activity was significantly higher in groups 1 and 2 than in the control group. However, the osteoblast activity in group 3 was slightly lower than that in group 2. At the time of unilateral mandibular distraction, no degenerative changes of the temporomandibular joint were observed in groups 1 or 2, but bone resorption was observed in group 3. CONCLUSIONS The unilateral mandibular distraction of 2 or 3.5 mm was acceptable in that no degenerative changes of the temporomandibular joint were observed on either the distraction or the nondistraction sides. Five millimeters of distraction might be beyond physiologic limits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su-Gwan Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Biology Research Institute, College of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sasano Y, Zhu JX, Tsubota M, Takahashi I, Onodera K, Mizoguchi I, Kagayama M. Gene expression of MMP8 and MMP13 during embryonic development of bone and cartilage in the rat mandible and hind limb. J Histochem Cytochem 2002; 50:325-32. [PMID: 11850435 DOI: 10.1177/002215540205000304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 8 and 13 comprise the collagenase subfamily in rats and mice, and only MMP13 has been implicated in degradation of the collagenous matrices during development of bone and cartilage. On the hypothesis that MMP8 is also involved in bone and cartilage development, the present study was designed to investigate gene expression of MMP8 in rat embryonic mandibles and hind limbs. Expression of MMP8 was examined with in situ hybridization and RT-PCR and was compared with that of MMP13. Osteoblastic and chondrocytic cells expressing collagenous matrix molecules were identified using in situ hybridization for collagen Types I and II. The results demonstrated that MMP8 is expressed by osteoblastic progenitors, differentiated osteoblasts, osteocytes, and chondrocytes in the growth plate for the first time. Furthermore, the expression of MMP8 is much broader than that of MMP13, for which expression is confined to differentiated phenotypes of osteoblastic and chondrocytic lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Sasano
- Division of Oral Molecular Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sasano Y, Li HC, Zhu JX, Imanaka-Yoshida K, Mizoguchi I, Kagayama M. Immunohistochemical localization of type I collagen, fibronectin and tenascin C during embryonic osteogenesis in the dentary of mandibles and tibias in rats. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2000; 32:591-8. [PMID: 11202155 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026720003564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Type I collagen, fibronectin and tenascin C play an important role in regulating early osteoblast differentiation, but the temporal and spatial relationship of their localization during embryonic osteogenesis in vivo is notknown. The present study was designed to localize these three molecules in the dentary of mandibles and tibias in rat embryos using immunohistochemistry. Serial paraffin sections were cut and adjacent sections were processed for von Kossa staining or immunohistochemistry for type I collagen, fibronectin and tenascin C. In the dentary, tenascin C was localized within and around the mesenchymal cell condensation in embryos at 14 days in utero. The bone matrix at 15 days showed immunoreactivity for both type I collagen and fibronectin. The immunoreactivity of type I collagen was persistent, whereas that of fibronectin decreased with age of embryos. In tibias, tenascin C was localized in the perichondral mesenchymal tissue at 17 days. Immunoreactivity for type I collagen was persistent in the bone matrix, whereas the tibial bone showed little immunoreactivity for fibronectin at any embryonic age examined. The present study demonstrated characteristic localization of type I collagen, fibronectin and tenascin C during embryonic osteogenesis in the dentary of mandibles and tibias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Sasano
- Second Department of Oral Anatomy, Tohoku University School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fuenzalida M, Illanes J, Lemus R, Guerrero A, Oyarzún A, Acuña O, Lemus D. Microscopic and histochemical study of odontoclasts in physiologic resorption of teeth of the polyphyodont lizard, Liolaemus gravenhorsti. J Morphol 1999; 242:295-309. [PMID: 10580267 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4687(199912)242:3<295::aid-jmor8>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), we examined the cytodifferentiation of odontoclast cells in resorbing areas of dental tissues during the replacement of teeth in a polyphyodont lizard, Liolaemus gravenhorsti. We also report, by means of Lectin-HRP histochemistry, the distribution pattern of some specific sugar residues of TRAPase-positive cells. For detection of TRAPase activity, the azo dye-coupling technique was used. Lectin binding sites were demonstrated by means of specific HRP-lectins. The process of tooth resorption was divided into four stages: 1) preresorption-the wall of the dental pulp is covered with an odontoblast layer, and no TRAP-positive cells are in the dental pulp; 2) early resorption-TRAP-positive multinucleate odontoclasts are present on the dental wall, but the rest of the pulp surface is still covered with an odontoblast layer; 3) later resorption-the entire surface of the pulp chamber is lined with multinucleate odontoclasts; and 4) final resorption-the tooth has been totally resorbed. Odontoclasts are usually detached from the resorbed surface, and show signs of degeneration. Of the six lectins used, PNA, ECA, and UEA-1 bind to multinucleated but not mononuclear cells. All the remaining lectins, BS-1, RCA(120), and LTA showed no binding to any cells of the teeth. The significance of saccharidic moieties such as acetyl-galactosamine, acetyl-glucosamine, and fucose sugar residues is difficult to ascertain. Perhaps these oligosaccharides might be borne on molecules associated with odontoclastic resorption or associated with multinucleation of odontoclasts after attachment to the dentine surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Fuenzalida
- Laboratorio de Embriología Experimental, Programa de Morfología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fukada K, Shibata S, Suzuki S, Ohya K, Kuroda T. In situ hybridisation study of type I, II, X collagens and aggrecan mRNas in the developing condylar cartilage of fetal mouse mandible. J Anat 1999; 195 ( Pt 3):321-9. [PMID: 10580848 PMCID: PMC1468002 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-7580.1999.19530321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the developmental characteristics of the mandibular condyle in sequential phases at the gene level using in situ hybridisation. At d 14.5 of gestation, although no expression of type II collagen mRNA was observed, aggrecan mRNA was detected with type I collagen mRNA in the posterior region of the mesenchymal cell aggregation continuous with the ossifying mandibular bone anlage prior to chondrogenesis. At d 15.0 of gestation, the first cartilaginous tissue appeared at the posterior edge of the ossifying mandibular bone anlage. The primarily formed chondrocytes in the cartilage matrix had already shown the appearance of hypertrophy and expressed types I, II and X collagens and aggrecan mRNAs simultaneously. At d 16.0 of gestation, the condylar cartilage increased in size due to accumulation of hypertrophic chondrocytes characterised by the expression of type X collagen mRNA, whereas the expression of type I collagen mRNA had been reduced in the hypertrophic chondrocytes and was confined to the periosteal osteogenic cells surrounding the cartilaginous tissue. At d 18.0 of gestation before birth, cartilage-characteristic gene expression had been reduced in the chondrocytes of the lower half of the hypertrophic cell layer. The present findings demonstrate that the initial chondrogenesis for the mandibular condyle starts continuous with the posterior edge of the mandibular periosteum and that chondroprogenitor cells for the condylar cartilage rapidly differentiate into hypertrophic chondrocytes. Further, it is indicated that sequential rapid changes and reductions of each mRNA might be closely related to the construction of the temporal mandibular ramus in the fetal stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Fukada
- 2nd Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zschäbitz A, Krahn V, Schmidt W, Gabius HJ, Weiser H, Biesalski HK, Kunt T, Koepp H, Stofft E. Expression patterns of complex glycoconjugates and endogenous lectins during fetal development of the viscerocranium. Ann Anat 1999; 181:117-21. [PMID: 10081574 DOI: 10.1016/s0940-9602(99)80115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidence suggests that carbohydrates and their corresponding receptors (endogenous lectins) decode biological information. Therefore, the expression of complex oligosaccharides--the potential ligand part of this recognition system--during chondrogenesis and osteogenesis was determined in the viscerocranium of fetal rats by mapping the staining patterns of exogenous lectins. Results were compared with the expression of bone- and/or cartilage-specific core proteins and the binding profiles of neoglycoconjugates. These synthetic tools make possible the localization of sugar-ligand-binding sites. The spatial and temporal distribution patterns of glycoconjugates were highly dynamic and demonstrated a clear correlation with characteristic morphological modifications. The glycobiological characterization of precartilage mesenchymal cells revealed distinct differences compared to prospective bone anlagen. Especially the binding of the exogenous lectin from Griffonia simplicifolia II, that selectively visualized prechondral aggregations, reveals that regulation of early chondral growth is at least phenomenologically correlated with a relatively atypical oligosaccharide composition terminating with N-acetylglucosamine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Zschäbitz
- Department of Anatomy, Johannes-Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ishii M, Suda N, Tengan T, Suzuki S, Kuroda T. Immunohistochemical findings type I and type II collagen in prenatal mouse mandibular condylar cartilage compared with the tibial anlage. Arch Oral Biol 1998; 43:545-50. [PMID: 9730272 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9969(98)00028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In growing animals the mandibular condylar cartilage serves not only as an articular but also as a growth cartilage, yet, condylar cartilage has some characteristic features that are not found in growth cartilage. For example, some reports suggest that type I collagen, which is not seen in the growth plate cartilage of long bones, is present in the extracellular matrix of condylar cartilage postnatally. Here, the condylar and limb bud cartilage of fetal mice was examined. The distribution of type I and type II collagen in condylar cartilage was already different from that in the limb bud at the first appearance of the cartilage. Type I collagen was demonstrated in the extracellular matrix of the condylar cartilage that first appeared on day 15 of gestation. However, the reaction for type II collagen was much weaker than that for type I collagen. On day 18 of gestation, type I collagen was still found throughout the cell layers but became gradually weaker with depth. Type II collagen was limited exclusively to the deeper layers at this stage. These findings are different from those in the limb bud cartilage, indicating a characteristic feature of the cells in the condylar cartilage present from the prenatal period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ishii
- 2nd Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
The pathogenesis of vitamin A-induced premature growth-plate closure was investigated in calves. A progressive increase in the severity of growth-plate lesions with time and a progressive increase in the extent of growth-plate involvement was observed. There was initial loss of metachromasia from the growth plate in a region that formed a narrow horizontal band of cartilage composed of the epiphyseal growth zone and a strip of reserve-zone cartilage. Immunostaining revealed there was loss of aggrecan, decorin, and biglycan from this region; however, it was doubtful that the regional loss of proteoglycan was a major contributing factor in the pathogenesis of premature growth-plate closure. This is because this region was the vestige of cartilage that remained when growth-plate closure was almost complete. The major alteration was premature mineralization of columnar cartilage and subsequent endochondral ossification. This caused the depth of the columnar zone to be reduced. Columnar-zone cartilage cells appeared immature where the matrix became mineralized and lacked the morphology of hypertrophic chondrocytes. The depth of the reserve-cartilage zone also was reduced as matrix mineralization of the columnar zone progressed, and further reduction in columnar cartilage depth occurred. Eventually, there was matrix mineralization within the adjacent reserve cartilage. The distribution of reaction product after immunostaining with antibodies to the following proteins was described during normal endochondral ossification: aggrecan, decorin, biglycan, versican, type I collagen propeptide, type I collagen, type II collagen, osteopontin, osteocalcin, osteonectin, bone sialoprotein, and alkaline phosphatase. Biglycan, type I collagen propeptide, type I collagen, osteopontin, osteocalcin, osteonectin, bone sialoprotein, and alkaline phosphatase were localized within the cytoplasm or surrounding matrix of hypertrophic chondrocytes. In vitamin-treated calves, these same proteins were found in regions undergoing premature matrix mineralization even though the chondrocytes did not have a hypertrophic morphology. Therefore, vitamin treatment did not cause just a selective expression, but it caused expression of a large number of matrix proteins normally associated with the hypertrophic chondrocyte phenotype. Finally, completely mineralized columnar and reserve cartilage were removed by a modeling/remodeling process similar to that seen in the metaphysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Woodard
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610-0145, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Takaishi H, Yamada H, Yabe Y. Preferential expression of alternatively spliced transcript of type II procollagen in the rabbit notochordal remnant and developing fibrocartilages. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1350:253-8. [PMID: 9061018 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(96)00233-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Expression patterns for the two isoforms of alpha 1(II) mRNA in various cartilaginous tissues were examined using newly isolated cDNA clones encoding rabbit type II procollagen amino- and carboxy-terminal propeptide regions. In nonchondrogenic nucleus pulposus, the switching of the mRNA from the long form to the short form was accompanied by disc maturation after birth. Interestingly, the short transcript was also expressed preferentially in human chordoma tissues as aberrant chordal vestiges. These results suggest an abundance of the differentiated chondrocyte-like phenotype in the heterogeneous notochordal remnants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Takaishi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
The general organization, cellular and extracellular components, and structural variation of perichondrium have been studied in different mammalian cartilages by polarized light and transmission electron microscopy. The overall structure is that of a dense connective tissue composed of variable numbers of thin, stratified, closely-packed lamellae, themselves composed of closely-matted collagen fibres running in the plane of the cartilage surface, but oriented at various angles to each other. Variations mainly concern the arrangement of the fibre bundles in the transition zones between perichondrial and cartilage matrices, and between perichondrium and surrounding tissues. Perichondrial cells have the characteristics of fibrocytes. A cambial layer of undifferentiated stem cells was never observed. A layer of 'perichondrial lining cells' with distinctive ultrastructural characteristics was observed in some cartilage units, which separates the perichondrium from the surrounding loose connective tissue. The ultrastructural results demonstrate that the cartilage and perichondrial extracellular matrices are distinct, and what have been designated perichondrial 'transition' and 'proliferative' zones are in fact parts of the most superficial cartilage layer. Variations in perichondrial structure appear to correlate with diversity of cartilage function and we conclude that each cartilage unit plus perichondrium forms a tightly-integrated entity, best regarded as a unitary organ within the skeletal system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Bairati
- Department of General Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Milan, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mizoguchi I, Takahashi I, Nakamura M, Sasano Y, Sato S, Kagayama M, Mitani H. An immunohistochemical study of regional differences in the distribution of type I and type II collagens in rat mandibular condylar cartilage. Arch Oral Biol 1996; 41:863-9. [PMID: 9022924 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9969(96)00021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian temporomandibular joint is a highly specialized diarthrodial joint under multidirectional compressive and tensile forces. In such a complicated biomechanical environment, the phenotypic expression of extracellular matrix may vary in different regions of the mandibular condylar cartilage. To test this hypothesis, immunohistochemical techniques were used to examine the localization of type I and type II collagens in various anterioposterior regions of the condylar cartilage of 4-week-old rats. In the posterosuperior region, which is mainly subjected to compressive forces, a strong reaction for type II collagen was observed in the cartilaginous layer (maturative and hypertrophic cell layers), and a rather weak reaction was observed for type I collagen in the precartilaginous and cartilaginous layers, compared with the reactions in other peripheral regions. Proceeding anteriorly, staining for type I collagen increased, while that for type II collagen decreased. In posteroinferior cartilage, which is subjected mainly to tensile forces because of its direct attachment to the retrodiscal pad, staining for type I collagen was strong, and that for type II collagen was faint in the cartilaginous layer. These results demonstrate that marked regional differences exist in the phenotypic expression of two major collagen components in mandibular condylar cartilage, which may reflect the local functional environment and cellular response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Mizoguchi
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fundele R, Herzfeld A, Li LL, Barton SC, Surani MA. Proliferation and differentiation of androgenetic cells in fetal mouse chimeras. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995; 204:494-501. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00360857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/1995] [Accepted: 05/11/1995] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
22
|
Tissue specific loss of proliferative capacity of parthenogenetic cells in fetal mouse chimeras. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995; 204:436-443. [PMID: 28305863 DOI: 10.1007/bf00360851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/1994] [Accepted: 01/05/1995] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Parthenogenetic cells are lost from fetal chimeras. This may be due to decreased proliferative potential. To address this question, we have made use of combined cell lineage and cell proliferation analysis. Thus, the incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine in S-phase was determined for both parthenogenetic and normal cells in several tissues of fetal day 13 and 17 chimeras. A pronounced reduction of bromodesoxyuridine incorporation by parthenogenetic cells at both developmental stages was only observed in cartilage. In brain, skeletal muscle, heart and intestinal epithelium, this reduction was either less pronounced or observed only at one of the developmental stages analysed. No difference between parthenogenetic and normal cells was observed in epidermis and ganglia. Our results show that a loss of proliferative potential of parthenogenetic cells during fetal development contributes to their rapid elimination in some tissues. The analysis of the fate of parthenogenetic cells in skeletal muscle and cartilage development demonstrated different selection mechanisms in these tissues. In skeletal muscle, parthenogenetic cells were largely excluded from the myogenic lineage proper by early post-midgestation. In primary hyaline cartilage, parthenogenetic cells persisted into adulthood but were lost from cartilages that undergo ossification during late fetal development.
Collapse
|
23
|
Sasano Y, Kamakura S, Nakamura M, Suzuki O, Mizoguchi I, Akita H, Kagayama M. Subperiosteal implantation of octacalcium phosphate (OCP) stimulates both chondrogenesis and osteogenesis in the tibia, but only osteogenesis in the parietal bone of a rat. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1995; 242:40-6. [PMID: 7604980 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1092420106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is not known whether long bones and calvaria have distinct biological characteristics. Octacalcium phosphate (OCP), which is a precursor phase of the hydroxyapatite, has been reported to stimulate bone formation if implanted in the subperiosteal region of mouse calvaria. The present study was designed to investigate how the long bone and the calvarium respond to OCP implantation and to compare their biological characteristics. METHODS The synthetic OCP was implanted into the subperiosteal region of rat tibiae and parietal bones being mixed with bovine type I collagen treated by pepsin (Atelocollagen). The biological response was examined histologically and immunohistochemically for collagen matrix phenotypes of types I and II to identify bone and cartilage formation. RESULTS Both chondrogenesis and osteogenesis were initiated in the tibia 1 week after implantation of OCP and most of the cartilage was replaced by bone at week 2. However, the parietal bone did not show osteogenesis responding to OCP implantation until week 3, and no cartilage formation was associated with the osteogenesis. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated the distinct characteristics of biological response to OCP implantation between the long bone and the calvarium in terms of whether or not cartilage formation is involved in the stimulated osteogenesis by OCP, and in terms of timing of the stimulated chondrogenesis and/or osteogenesis, i.e., the parietal bone takes more time to respond to OCP implantation than the tibia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Sasano
- Second Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lemus D, Cabello R, Lemus R, Soto M, Fuenzalida M. Detection of sugar residues in lizard tooth germs (Liolaemus gravenhorsti) using lectin histochemistry. J Morphol 1994; 222:327-335. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1052220309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
25
|
Götz W, Frisch D, Osmers R, Herken R. Lectin-binding patterns in the embryonic human paraxial mesenchyme. ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY 1993; 188:579-85. [PMID: 8129180 DOI: 10.1007/bf00187013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The paraxial mesenchyme in seven human embryos aged between Carnegie stages 12 and 17 was studied by lectin histochemistry with the lectins AIA, Con A, GSA II, LFA, LTA, PNA, RCA I, SBA, SNA, WGA. The paraxial mesenchyme was found to be segmented into sclerotomes by intersegmental vessels and from late stage 12 by intrasclerotomal clefts dividing each sclerotome into a cranial and caudal half. The lectins Con A, GSA II, LFA, LTA, SBA and SNA did not react at all in the paraxial mesenchyme. Staining for AIA, PNA, RCA I and WGA was found in the developing sclerotomes. However, no differences in the staining pattern between the two sclerotomal halves could be seen. It was striking that in contrast to the chick embryo no differences in binding for PNA between the cranial and caudal sclerotomal parts was observed. These findings reveal that PNA-binding sites do not play the same functional role in segmented axonal outgrowth and neural crest immigration into cranial sclerotomal halves in the human embryo, as found in chick embryonic development. Beginning with the stage 16-embryo, the already condensed caudal sclerotomal halves express Con A-, RCA- and PNA-binding sites. The staining for PNA in particular marked the differentiation of chondrogenous structures developing in this half. From the late stage 12 or stage 13, the walls of intersegmental and other vessels showed binding sites for AIA, PNA, RCA I, SNA and WGA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Götz
- Zentrum Anatomie, Abteilung Histologie, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sasano Y, Mizoguchi I, Furusawa M, Aiba N, Ohtani E, Iwamatsu Y, Kagayama M. The process of calcification during development of the rat tracheal cartilage characterized by distribution of alkaline phosphatase activity and immunolocalization of types I and II collagens and glycosaminoglycans of proteoglycans. ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY 1993; 188:31-9. [PMID: 8214623 DOI: 10.1007/bf00191449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The rat tracheal cartilage was shown to calcify during development. The process of calcification was characterized in terms of distribution of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and alterations to immunolocalization of types I and II collagens and glycosaminoglycans of proteoglycans during the development of the tracheal cartilage, in comparison with calcification of the epiphyseal growth plate cartilage. ALP activity was not identified in the tracheal cartilage in the course of calcification, which therefore differed from that in the growth plate. The tracheal cartilage matrix was not resorbed or invaded by type I collagen during calcification. This suggests that no osteogenesis is involved in calcification of the cartilage. Immunoreactivity for type II collagen became weaker in the central region of the tracheal cartilage during development. No net loss of proteoglycans was identified with Alcian blue staining after calcification of the tracheal cartilage. Immunoreactivity for chondroitin 4-sulphate increased in the calcified tracheal cartilage, while reactivity for chondroitin 6-sulphate was weaker in the calcified area than in the surrounding uncalcified region of the tracheal cartilage. The alteration of the extracellular matrices during development may be involved in the calcification of the rat tracheal cartilage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Sasano
- 2nd Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|