1
|
Sisay S, Pryce G, Jackson SJ, Tanner C, Ross RA, Michael GJ, Selwood DL, Giovannoni G, Baker D. Genetic background can result in a marked or minimal effect of gene knockout (GPR55 and CB2 receptor) in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis models of multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76907. [PMID: 24130809 PMCID: PMC3793915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids and some phytocannabinoids bind to CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors, transient receptor potential vanilloid one (TRPV1) receptor and the orphan G protein receptor fifty-five (GPR55). Studies using C57BL/10 and C57BL/6 (Cnr2tm1Zim) CB2 cannabinoid receptor knockout mice have demonstrated an immune-augmenting effect in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) models of multiple sclerosis. However, other EAE studies in Biozzi ABH mice often failed to show any treatment effect of either CB2 receptor agonism or antagonism on inhibition of T cell autoimmunity. The influence of genetic background on the induction of EAE in endocannabinoid system-related gene knockout mice was examined. It was found that C57BL/6.GPR55 knockout mice developed less severe disease, notably in female mice, following active induction with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 peptide. In contrast C57BL/6.CB2 (Cnr2Dgen) receptor knockout mice developed augmented severity of disease consistent with the genetically and pharmacologically-distinct, Cnr2tm1Zim mice. However, when the knockout gene was bred into the ABH mouse background and EAE induced with spinal cord autoantigens the immune-enhancing effect of CB2 receptor deletion was lost. Likewise CB1 receptor and transient receptor potential vanilloid one knockout mice on the ABH background demonstrated no alteration in immune-susceptibility, in terms of disease incidence and severity of EAE, in contrast to that reported in some C57BL/6 mouse studies. Furthermore the immune-modulating influence of GPR55 was marginal on the ABH mouse background. Whilst sedative doses of tetrahydrocannabinol could induce immunosuppression, this was associated with a CB1 receptor rather than a CB2 receptor-mediated effect. These data support the fact that non-psychoactive doses of medicinal cannabis have a marginal influence on the immune response in MS. Importantly, it adds a note of caution for the translational value of some transgenic/gene knockout and other studies on low-EAE susceptibility backgrounds with inconsistent disease course and susceptibility.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Female
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Knockout Techniques
- Immunomodulation/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Multiple Sclerosis/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Phenotype
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/deficiency
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/genetics
- Receptors, Cannabinoid/deficiency
- Receptors, Cannabinoid/genetics
- Species Specificity
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Sisay
- Neuroimmunology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Pryce
- Neuroimmunology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel J. Jackson
- Neuroimmunology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn Tanner
- School of Medical Science, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth A. Ross
- School of Medical Science, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory J. Michael
- Neuroimmunology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David L. Selwood
- Biological and Medical Chemistry, the Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Giovannoni
- Neuroimmunology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Baker
- Neuroimmunology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Valatas V, He J, Rivollier A, Kolios G, Kitamura K, Kelsall BL. Host-dependent control of early regulatory and effector T-cell differentiation underlies the genetic susceptibility of RAG2-deficient mouse strains to transfer colitis. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:601-11. [PMID: 23149660 PMCID: PMC4557611 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
De novo differentiation of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (induced (i) Tregs) occurs preferentially in the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT). We addressed the contribution of background genetic factors in affecting the balance of iTreg, T helper type 1 (Th1), and Th17 cell differentiation in GALT in vivo following the transfer of naive CD4(+)CD45RB(high) T cells to strains of RAG2-deficient mice with differential susceptibility to inflammatory colitis. iTregs represented up to 5% of CD4(+) T cells in mesenteric lymph nodes of less-susceptible C57BL/6 RAG2(-/-) mice compared with <1% in highly susceptible C57BL/10 RAG2(-/-) mice 2 weeks following T-cell transfer before the onset of colitis. Early Treg induction was correlated inversely with effector cell expansion and the severity of colitis development, was controlled primarily by host and not T-cell-dependent factors, and was strongly associated with interleukin-12 (IL-12)/23 production by host CD11c(+)CD103(+) dendritic cells. These data highlight the importance of genetic factors regulating IL-12/23 production in controlling the balance between iTreg differentiation and effector-pathogenic CD4(+) T-cell expansion in lymphopenic mice and indicate a direct role for iTregs in the regulation of colonic inflammation in vivo.
Collapse
|
3
|
Beastrom N, Lu H, Macke A, Canan BD, Johnson EK, Penton CM, Kaspar BK, Rodino-Klapac LR, Zhou L, Janssen PML, Montanaro F. mdx(⁵cv) mice manifest more severe muscle dysfunction and diaphragm force deficits than do mdx Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:2464-74. [PMID: 21893021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is characterized by progressive skeletal muscle dysfunction leading to premature death by the third decade of life. The mdx mouse, the most widely used animal model of DMD, has been extremely useful to study disease mechanisms and to screen new therapeutics. However, unlike patients with DMD, mdx mice have a very mild motor function deficit, posing significant limitations for its use as a platform to assess the impact of treatments on motor function. It has been suggested that an mdx variant, the mdx(5cv) mouse, might be more severely affected. Here, we compared the motor activity, histopathology, and individual muscle force measurements of mdx and mdx(⁵cv) mice. Our study revealed that mdx(⁵cv) mice showed more severe exercise-induced fatigue, Rotarod performance deficits, and gait anomalies than mdx mice and that these deficits began at a younger age. Muscle force studies showed more severe strength deficits in the diaphragm of mdx(⁵cv) mice compared to mdx mice, but similar force generation in the extensor digitorum longus. Muscle histology was similar between the two strains. Differences in genetic background (genetic modifiers) probably account for these functional differences between mdx strains. Overall, our findings indicate that the mdx and mdx(⁵cv) mouse models of DMD are not interchangeable and identify the mdx(⁵cv) mouse as a valuable platform for preclinical studies that require assessment of muscle function in live animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Beastrom
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fan L, Benson HL, Vittal R, Mickler EA, Presson R, Jo Fisher A, Cummings OW, Heidler KM, Keller MR, Burlingham WJ, Wilkes DS. Neutralizing IL-17 prevents obliterative bronchiolitis in murine orthotopic lung transplantation. Am J Transplant 2011; 11:911-22. [PMID: 21521466 PMCID: PMC3083638 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) is the key impediment to the long-term survival of lung transplant recipients and the lack of a robust preclinical model precludes examining OB immunopathogenesis. In the current study, lungs from C57BL/10 H-2(b) mice that are MHC compatible, but minor histocompatability antigen incompatible, were transplanted into C57BL/6 mice. Histological features and cytokine profiles of OB were assessed. Moderate rejection (grade A3) developed by day 14, with evidence of OB at that time point. At 21 days, OB was present in 55% of grafts and moderate to severe rejection (grade A3-A4) was present in all mice. At 28 days, OB was present in 44% of mice and severe rejection (grade A4) was present in all. IL-17A, but not IL-17F, splenic mRNA transcripts and serum protein levels were increased only in mice that developed OB, whereas IL-10 transcripts and protein were increased only in non-OB mice. Neutralizing IL-17 prevented OB, down regulated acute rejection, and upregulated systemic IL-10. Collectively, these data show that transplantation of minor histoincompatible lungs from C57BL/10 mice into C57BL/6 mice results in a highly reproducible preclinical model of OB. In addition, these data indicate that neutralizing IL-17A or augmenting IL-10 could be therapeutic interventions to prevent OB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Fan
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, 710061, CHINA,Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202,USA,Center for Immunobiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Heather L. Benson
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202,USA,Center for Immunobiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Ragini Vittal
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202,USA,Center for Immunobiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Mickler
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202,USA,Center for Immunobiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Robin Presson
- Center for Immunobiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA,Department of Anesthesia, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Amanda Jo Fisher
- Center for Immunobiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA,Department of Anesthesia, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Oscar W. Cummings
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202,USA
| | - Kathleen M. Heidler
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202,USA,Center for Immunobiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Melissa R. Keller
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792
| | - William J. Burlingham
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792
| | - David S. Wilkes
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202,USA,Center for Immunobiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Phenovariance may be obscured when genetic mapping is performed using highly divergent strains, and closely similar strains are preferred if adequate marker density can be established. We sequenced the C57BL/10J mouse genome using the Applied Biosystems SOLiD platform and here describe a genome-wide panel of informative markers that permits the mapping of mutations induced on the closely related C57BL/6J background by outcrossing to C57BL/10J, and backcrossing or intercrossing. The panel consists of 127 single nucleotide polymorphisms validated by capillary sequencing: 124 spaced at ∼20-Mb intervals across the 19 autosomes, and three markers on the X chromosome. We determined the genetic relationship between four C57BL-derived substrains and used the panel to map two N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-induced mutations responsible for visible phenotypes in C57BL/6J mice through bulk segregation analysis. Capillary sequencing, with computation of relative chromatogram peak heights, was used to determine the proportion of alleles from each strain at each marker.
Collapse
|
6
|
O'Brien RL, Taylor MA, Hartley J, Nuhsbaum T, Dugan S, Lahmers K, Aydintug MK, Wands JM, Roark CL, Born WK. Protective role of gammadelta T cells in spontaneous ocular inflammation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; 50:3266-74. [PMID: 19151391 PMCID: PMC2701479 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-2982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A role for gammadelta T cells in immunoregulation has been shown in a number of studies, but in the absence of infection or induced disease, mice lacking gammadelta T cells generally appear to be healthy. That certain mice lacking gammadelta T cells often spontaneously develop keratitis, characterized by a progressive and destructive inflammation of the cornea is reported here. METHODS The keratitis developing in these mice was characterized in terms of prevalence in males versus females, age of onset, and histologic features. Attempts were made to understand the underlying causes of the disease by removing alphabeta T cells, altering sex hormones, and reconstituting gammadelta T cells. RESULTS The development of keratitis in these mice depended on the C57BL/10 genetic background, and was much more common among females than males. The incidence of the disease increased with age, exceeding 80% in females greater than 18 weeks old. Evidence that the keratitis in these mice is at least partly autoimmune in nature, and that despite its prevalence in females, male hormones do not protect against the disease is presented. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate an important role for gammadelta T cells in maintaining immune balance in the eye. The mice described in this study represent a potential new small animal model of keratitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L O'Brien
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang X, Zhu Z, Huang Z, Tan P, Ma RZ. Microsatellite genotyping for four expected inbred mouse strains from KM mice. J Genet Genomics 2009; 34:214-22. [PMID: 17498618 DOI: 10.1016/s1673-8527(07)60022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chinese Kun Ming (KM) mouse, an outbreed strain of laboratory animal, has been widely utilized in related pharmaceutical and genetic studies throughout China. However, the value of KM mice to the research community has been severely limited, partially due to the fact that well-characterized inbred strain of KM mice is not available. Several expected inbred strains from KM mice have been bred, but their genetic purity remains uncertain. In this study, four expected inbred strains of KM mice (A1, T2, N2, and N4) were chosen and their inbred degree were compared with two classical inbred mouse lines (BALB/c and C57BL/6) by analyzing the genotypes of about 30 microsatellite markers. In the four strains, A1 and N4 were homozygous at all genotyped loci, but N2 and T2 were only heterozygous at locus D15Mit16. These results indicate that the level of genetic purity/homozygousity of A1, N4, N2, and T2 inbred line is comparable to those of BALB/c and C57BL/6. This study provided the first and solid evidence for genetic purity of four expected inbred strains of KM mice. These 4 inbred mice strains should be well maintained for further characterization and utilization in genetic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Zhang
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Mao HZ, Roussos ET, Péterfy M. Genetic analysis of the diabetes-prone C57BLKS/J mouse strain reveals genetic contribution from multiple strains. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2006; 1762:440-6. [PMID: 16481151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2006.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2005] [Revised: 12/09/2005] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The C57BLKS/J (BKS) inbred mouse strain is a widely used animal model of type 2 diabetes. In the presence of the diabetes (db) mutation, obese BKS-db mice develop severe diabetes. Genetic studies of diabetes-susceptibility in this strain are facilitated by the fact that BKS is a genetic composite between the diabetes-resistant C57BL/6J (B6) and susceptible DBA/2J (DBA) strains. On this basis, it has been hypothesized that diabetes-susceptibility in BKS is conferred by DBA-derived alleles. However, recent studies revealed non-B6/non-DBA genetic material in BKS. To identify the origin of this genetic component, we generated a genomic map of BKS using 537 microsatellite markers. Our results demonstrate that, in addition to B6 and DBA, BKS contains alleles from at least three other strains, including 129, C57BL/10 and an unidentified mouse strain. We also analyzed two congenic strains, B6-db and BKS-db, which are widely used for the genetic mapping of diabetes-susceptibility loci. We identified several donor-derived genomic regions introduced during the generation of these congenic strains. In summary, our study reveals novel aspects of the genetic fine-structure of BKS and related strains and facilitates the identification of diabetes-susceptibility loci in this mouse model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Z Mao
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Davis RC, Schadt EE, Cervino ACL, Péterfy M, Lusis AJ. Ultrafine mapping of SNPs from mouse strains C57BL/6J, DBA/2J, and C57BLKS/J for loci contributing to diabetes and atherosclerosis susceptibility. Diabetes 2005; 54:1191-9. [PMID: 15793261 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.54.4.1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The inbred mouse strain C57BLKS/J (BKS) carrying a mutation of the leptin receptor lepr(-/-) (BKS-db) is a classic mouse model of type 2 diabetes. While BKS was originally presumed to be a substrain of C57BL/6J (B6), it has become apparent that its genome contains introgressed regions from a DBA/2 (DBA)-like strain and perhaps other unidentified sources. It has been hypothesized that the strikingly enhanced diabetes susceptibility of BKS-db compared with B6-db is conferred by this introgressed DNA. Using high-density single nucleotide polymorphisms, we have mapped the DBA and other contaminating DNA regions present in BKS. Thus, approximately 70% of its genome appears to derive from B6, with approximately 20% from DBA and another 9% from an unidentified donor. Comparison with 56 diverse inbred strains suggests that this donor may be a less common inbred strain or an outbred or wild strain. Using expression data from a B6 x DBA cross, we identified differentially regulated genes between these two strains. Those cis-regulated genes located on DBA-like blocks in BKS constitute primary candidates for genes contributing to diabetes susceptibility in the BKS-db strain. To further prioritize these candidates, we identified those cis-acting expression quantitative trait loci whose expression significantly correlates with diabetes-related phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Davis
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 47-123 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Inman D, Guth L, Steward O. Genetic influences on secondary degeneration and wound healing following spinal cord injury in various strains of mice. J Comp Neurol 2002; 451:225-35. [PMID: 12210135 DOI: 10.1002/cne.10340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Various inbred strains of mice exhibit dramatic differences in sensitivity to excitotoxic cell death induced by systemic injections of kainic acid (KA). The present study evaluates whether the same strains are also differentially sensitive to secondary degeneration after spinal cord injury, in which excitotoxic cell death is thought to play a pathogenic role. Spinal cord crush injuries were produced at T9 in two inbred strains that are resistant to KA-induced excitotoxic cell death (C57Bl/6 and Balb/c) and four strains that are sensitive (CD-1, FVB/N, 129T2 Sv/EMS, and C57Bl/10). The spinal cord was prepared for light microscopy at intervals from 1 to 56 days postinjury, and the area of damaged tissue (termed lesion size) and amount of cavitation were determined by quantitative image analysis. Lesion size increased between 1 and 7 days in all strains and then decreased steadily in a wound-healing process that occurs uniquely in mice. The extent of cavitation also gradually decreased from 7 to 56 days in all strains. Although lesion area and cavitation decreased in all strains, there were significant differences in lesion size and cavitation across strains. Specifically, lesion areas in the KA-sensitive strains FVB/N, 129T2 Sv/EMS, and CD-1 were significantly larger at 56 days postinjury than in the KA-resistant strains C57Bl/6 and Balb/c. We conclude that the genetic differences that confer resistance and sensitivity to KA-induced neurotoxicity also modify the secondary degenerative processes that occur after spinal cord injury, so that resistance to excitotoxic injury leads to smaller overall lesions and a more effective wound-healing response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denise Inman
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Individual differences in sensitivity to pain and analgesia are well appreciated, and increasing evidence has pointed towards a role of inherited genetic factors in explaining some proportion of such variability. It has long been known by practitioners of acupuncture, an ancient modality of analgesia, that some patients are 'responders' and others 'non-responders.' The present research was aimed at defining the inherited genetic influence on acupuncture analgesia in the mouse, using 10 common inbred strains. Two pairs of metallic needles were inserted into acupoints ST 36 and SP 6, fixed in situ and then connected to the output channel of an electric pulse generator. Electroacupuncture (EA) parameters were set as constant current output (intensity: 1.0-1.5-2.0 mA, 10 min each; frequency: 2 or 100 Hz) with alteration of a positive and negative square wave, 0.3 ms in pulse width. Tail-flick latencies evoked by radiant heat were measured before, during and after EA stimulation. Narrow-sense heritability estimates of 2 and 100 Hz EA were 0.37 and 0.16, respectively. We found that the C57BL/10 strain was the most sensitive, and the SM strain was the least sensitive to both 2 and 100 Hz EA. However, the relative sensitivities of other strains to these two EA frequencies suggested some genetic dissociation between them as well. These results demonstrate a role of inherited genetic factors in EA sensitivity in the mouse, although the low-to-moderate heritability estimates suggest that environmental factors may be of greater importance in predicting who will benefit from this analgesic modality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Wan
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University Health Science Center, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Appelberg R, Leal IS, Pais TF, Pedrosa J, Flórido M. Differences in resistance of C57BL/6 and C57BL/10 mice to infection by Mycobacterium avium are independent of gamma interferon. Infect Immun 2000; 68:19-23. [PMID: 10603363 PMCID: PMC97096 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.1.19-23.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
After infection with a low-virulence strain of Mycobacterium avium, C57BL/6 and C57BL/10 mice had clear differences in the control of the infection in their livers and spleens. This difference in susceptibility was not associated with differences in the H-2 complex. It was dependent on the activity of CD4(+) T cells but unrelated to the ability of these cells to secrete gamma interferon or to the development of delayed-type hypersensitivity responses at 3 weeks of infection. It was associated with lower total numbers of CD4(+) cells present in infected spleens and was related to an earlier induction of protective T cells, as measured by adoptive-transfer assays. These data further strengthen the notion of gamma-interferon-independent mechanisms of protection against mycobacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Appelberg
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology of Infection, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rozzo SJ, Vyse TJ, David CS, Palmer E, Izui S, Kotzin BL. Analysis of MHC Class II Genes in the Susceptibility to Lupus in New Zealand Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.5.2623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Hybrids of New Zealand Black (NZB) and New Zealand White (NZW) mice spontaneously develop a disease similar to human systemic lupus erythematosus. MHC and non-MHC genes contribute to disease susceptibility in this murine model. Multiple studies have shown that the NZW H2z locus is strongly associated with the development of lupus-like disease in these mice. The susceptibility gene(s) within H2z is not known, but different lines of evidence have pointed to class II MHC genes, either H2-E or H2-A (Ez or Az in NZW). Recent studies from our laboratory showed that Ez does not supplant H2z in the contribution to lupus-like disease. In the present work we generated C57BL/10 (B10) mice transgenic for Aaz and Abz genes (designated B10.Az mice) and used a (B10.Az × NZB)F1 × NZB backcross to assess the contributions of Az genes to disease. A subset of backcross mice produced high levels of IgG autoantibodies and developed severe nephritis. However, no autoimmune phenotype was linked to the Az transgenes. Surprisingly, in the same backcross mice, inheritance of H2b from the nonautoimmune B10 strain was strongly linked with both autoantibody production and nephritis. Taken together with our previous Ez studies, the present work calls into question the importance of class II MHC genes for lupus susceptibility in this model and provides new insight into the role of MHC in lupus-like autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Rozzo
- *Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206
- †Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262
| | - Timothy J. Vyse
- *Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Chella S. David
- ‡Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Graduate School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Ed Palmer
- §Basel Institute for Immunology, Basel, Switzerland; and
| | - Shozo Izui
- ¶Department of Pathology, Centre Medical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Brian L. Kotzin
- *Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206
- †Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Van de Keere F, Tonegawa S. CD4(+) T cells prevent spontaneous experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in anti-myelin basic protein T cell receptor transgenic mice. J Exp Med 1998; 188:1875-82. [PMID: 9815265 PMCID: PMC2212404 DOI: 10.1084/jem.188.10.1875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases result from a failure of tolerance. Although many self-reactive T cells are present in animals and humans, their activation appears to be prevented normally by regulatory T cells. In this study, we show that regulatory CD4(+) T cells do protect mice against the spontaneous occurrence of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model for multiple sclerosis. Anti-myelin basic protein (MBP) TCR transgenic mice (T/R+) do not spontaneously develop EAE although many self-reactive T cells are present in their thymi and peripheral lymphoid organs. However, the disease develops in all crosses of T/R+ mice with recombination-activating gene (RAG)-1 knockout mice in which transgenic TCR-expressing cells are the only lymphocytes present (T/R- mice). In this study, crosses of T/R+ mice with mice deficient for B cells, CD8(+) T cells, NK1.1 CD4(+) T (NKT) cells, gamma/delta T cells, or alpha/beta T cells indicated that alpha/beta CD4(+) T cells were the only cell population capable of controlling the self-reactive T cells. To confirm the protective role of CD4(+) T cells, we performed adoptive transfer experiments. CD4(+) T cells purified from thymi or lymph nodes of normal mice prevented the occurrence of spontaneous EAE in T/R- mice. To achieve full protection, the cells had to be transferred before the recipient mice manifested any symptoms of the disease. Transfer of CD4(+) T cells after the appearance of symptoms of EAE had no protective effect. These results indicate that at least some CD4(+) T cells have a regulatory function that prevent the activation of self-reactive T cells.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Flow Cytometry
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Myelin Basic Protein/immunology
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Van de Keere
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Center for Cancer Research, and the Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hogarth MB, Slingsby JH, Allen PJ, Thompson EM, Chandler P, Davies KA, Simpson E, Morley BJ, Walport MJ. Multiple Lupus Susceptibility Loci Map to Chromosome 1 in BXSB Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.6.2753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
BXSB mice spontaneously develop a lupus-like syndrome that is accelerated by the Yaa gene (Y-linked autoimmune accelerator). We studied the phenotype of disease in (B10 × BXSB)F1 and (BXSB × (B10 × BXSB)F1) backcross mice and genotyped 224 backcross animals to allow a microsatellite-based genome-wide linkage analysis to be conducted. In the backcross population, three intervals on chromosome 1 showed significant linkage to disease, suggesting that multiple loci contribute to the production of autoimmune disease. D1Mit5 at 32.8 cM was linked to development of nephritis (χ2 = 15.68, p = 7.5 × 10−5), as was D1Mit12 at 63.1 cM (χ2 = 20.17, p = 7.1 × 10−6). D1Mit403 at 100 cM was linked to anti-dsDNA Ab production (χ2 = 17.28, p = 3.2 × 10−5). Suggestive linkages to antinuclear Abs and nephritis were identified on chromosome 3, to splenomegaly on chromosome 4, and to anti-ssDNA Ab production on chromosome 10. Chromosome 4 and the telomeric region of chromosome 1 have previously been linked to disease in other mouse models of systemic lupus erythematosus; however, the centromeric regions of chromosome 1 and chromosomes 3 and 10 are unique to BXSB. This implies that, though some loci may be common to a number of mouse models of lupus, different clusters of disease genes confer disease susceptibility in different strains of mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Phillip Chandler
- ‡Transplantation Biology, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Elizabeth Simpson
- ‡Transplantation Biology, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mähler M, Bristol IJ, Leiter EH, Workman AE, Birkenmeier EH, Elson CO, Sundberg JP. Differential susceptibility of inbred mouse strains to dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 274:G544-51. [PMID: 9530156 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.1998.274.3.g544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced murine colitis represents an experimental model for human inflammatory bowel disease. The aim of this study was to screen various inbred strains of mice for genetically determined differences in susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis. Mice of strains C3H/HeJ, C3H/HeJBir, C57BL/6J, DBA/2J, NOD/LtJ, NOD/LtSz-Prkdc(scid)/Prkdc(scid), 129/SvPas, NON/LtJ, and NON.NOD-H2g7 were fed 3.5% DSS in drinking water for 5 days and necropsied 16 days later. Ceca and colons were scored for histological lesions based on severity, ulceration, hyperplasia, and area involved. Image analysis was used to quantitate the proportion of cecum ulcerated. Histological examination revealed significant differences among inbred strains for all parameters scored. In both cecum and colon, C3H/HeJ and a recently selected substrain, C3H/HeJBir, were highly DSS susceptible. NOD/LtJ, an autoimmune-prone strain, and NOD/LtSz-Prkdc(scid)/Prkdc(scid), a stock with multiple defects in innate and adoptive immunity, were also highly DSS susceptible. NON/LtJ, a strain closely related to NOD, was quite DSS resistant. The major histocompatibility (MHC) haplotype of NOD mice (H2g7), a major component of the NOD autoimmune susceptibility, was not crucial in determining DSS susceptibility, since NON mice congenic for this MHC haplotype retained resistance. C57BL/6J, 129/SvPas, and DBA/2J mice showed various degrees of susceptibility, depending upon the anatomical site. A greater male susceptibility to DSS-induced colonic but not cecal lesions was observed. In summary, this study demonstrates major differences in genetic susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis among inbred strains of mice. Knowledge of these strain differences in genetic responsiveness to acute inflammatory stress in the large intestine will permit design of genetic crosses to elucidate the genes involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Mähler
- Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|