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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The COVID-19 pandemic is associated with weight gain in certain individuals. This review highlights the risk factors for weight gain during COVID-19 self-quarantine in adults. RECENT FINDINGS Among those who have gained weight during COVID-19 self-quarantine, self-reported body weight has increased between .5 and 1.8 kg (± 2.8 kg) after just 2 months of quarantine. Identified risk factors for weight gain during COVID-19 self-quarantine are the following: increased sedentary behaviors, decreased physical activity, increased snacking frequency (particularly after dinner), increased alcohol intake, decreased water intake, emotional eating, decreased sleep quality, and being overweight/obese. Having identified risk factors for weight gain during the COVID-19 pandemic, practitioners and researchers should devise plans to assist those who have gained weight to re-learn weight management/weight loss strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Zeigler
- College of Science Engineering and Technology, Grand Canyon University, 19013 W Solano Dr. Litchfield Park, Phoenix, AZ, 85340, USA.
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Geng S, Weng J, Du X, Lai P, Huang X, Chen S, Yang L, Li Y. Comparison of the Distribution and Clonal Expansion Features of the T-Cell γδ Repertoire in Myelodysplastic Syndrome-RAEB and RAEB with Progression to AML. DNA Cell Biol 2012; 31:1563-70. [PMID: 22873198 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2012.1769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Suxia Geng
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jianyu Weng
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xin Du
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Peilong Lai
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- Medical College, Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lijian Yang
- Medical College, Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yangqiu Li
- Medical College, Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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Spagnolo DV, Ellis DW, Juneja S, Leong ASY, Miliauskas J, Norris DL, Turner J. The role of molecular studies in lymphoma diagnosis: a review. Pathology 2004; 36:19-44. [PMID: 14757555 DOI: 10.1080/00313020310001648404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lymphoma classification is based on a multiparametric approach to diagnosis, in which clinical features, morphology, immunophenotype, karyotype and molecular characteristics are important to varying degrees. While in most cases, a diagnosis can be confidently established on the basis of morphology and immunophenotype alone, a small proportion of diagnostically difficult cases will rely on molecular studies to enable a definitive diagnosis. This review discusses the various molecular techniques available including Southern blotting (SB), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH)--including multicolour-FISH/spectral karyotyping and comparative genomic hybridisation--and also gene expression profiling using cDNA microarray technology. Emphasis is given to the analysis of antigen receptor gene rearrangements and chromosomal translocations as they relate to lymphoma diagnosis and also in the setting of minimal residual disease (MRD) detection and monitoring. Laboratories performing these tests need to have expertise in these areas of testing, and there is a need for greater standardisation of molecular tests. It is important to know the sensitivity and specificity of each test as well as its limitations and the pitfalls in the interpretation of results. Above all, results of molecular testing should never be considered in isolation, and must always be interpreted in the context of clinical and other laboratory data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic V Spagnolo
- Division of Tissue Pathology, The Western Australian Centre for Pathology and Medical Research (PathCentre), Nedlands, WA, Australia.
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Bagg A. Clinical applications of molecular genetic testing in hematologic malignancies: advantages and limitations. Hum Pathol 2003; 34:352-8. [PMID: 12733115 DOI: 10.1053/hupa.2003.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Bagg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA
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Hodges E, Krishna MT, Pickard C, Smith JL. Diagnostic role of tests for T cell receptor (TCR) genes. J Clin Pathol 2003; 56:1-11. [PMID: 12499424 PMCID: PMC1769865 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.56.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rapid advances in molecular biological techniques have made it possible to study disease pathogenesis at a genomic level. T cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangement is an important event in T cell ontogeny that enables T cells to recognise antigens specifically, and any dysregulation in this complex yet highly regulated process may result in disease. Using techniques such as Southern blot hybridisation, polymerase chain reaction, and flow cytometry it has been possible to characterise T cell proliferations in malignancy and in diseases where T cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis. The main aim of this article is to discuss briefly the process of TCR gene rearrangement and highlight the disorders in which expansions or clonal proliferations of T cells have been recognised. It will also describe various methods that are currently used to study T cell populations in body fluids and tissue, their diagnostic role, and current limitations of the methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hodges
- Wessex Immunology, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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Plumbley JA, Fan H, Eagan PA, Ehsan A, Schnitzer B, Gulley ML. Lymphoid tissues from patients with infectious mononucleosis lack monoclonal B and T cells. J Mol Diagn 2002; 4:37-43. [PMID: 11826186 PMCID: PMC1906975 DOI: 10.1016/s1525-1578(10)60678-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In typical cases of infectious mononucleosis (IM), lymphoid tissue is rarely submitted for pathological examination. When lymphoid tissues from IM cases are examined, the histological appearance of IM may be difficult to distinguish from malignant lymphoma. The purpose of this study was to address the utility of clinical molecular assays for T and B cell clonality in distinguishing IM from lymphoid malignancy. DNA was recovered from paraffin-embedded archival lymphoid tissues of 18 cases of IM and 13 control cases representing other reactive lymphoid hyperplasias. T cell receptor gamma (TCR-gamma) and immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene rearrangements were assayed using our standard clinical polymerase chain reaction procedures targeting each of the four functional variable (V) families and the three joining (J) families of the TCR-gamma gene, and framework III of the IgH gene, respectively. In 17 of 18 cases of IM, no monoclonal T or B cell populations were detectable. One case, the only spleen specimen in the study, had an oligoclonal pattern of TCR-gamma rearrangements. The control cases representing other reactive hyperplasias also lacked monoclonality. The assays used were sensitive to clonal populations as small as 5% of cells. In this case series, no monoclonal lymphoid populations were identified in any case of IM. This finding suggests that molecular studies are useful in distinguishing IM from lymphoid neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Plumbley
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Dadej K, Gaboury L, Lamarre L, Pétorin C, Séguin C, Cadotte M, Gòrska-Flipot I. The value of clonality in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with cutaneous T-cell infiltrates. DIAGNOSTIC MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY : THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL PATHOLOGY, PART B 2001; 10:78-88. [PMID: 11385315 DOI: 10.1097/00019606-200106000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of early stages of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is often difficult, especially for lesions that are at the borderline between reactive and neoplastic skin T-cell infiltrates. T-cell monoclonality in these lesions is considered by some to be an important prognostic factor of neoplastic evolution, whereas others claim that clonality can also be found in benign skin infiltrates and is therefore of limited diagnostic value. To address this controversy, the authors analyzed retrospectively eight patients with lymphocytic skin lesions who progressed to CTCL, and three patients with recurrent T-cell lymphocytic infiltrates who had not developed CTCL. From a total of 65 biopsies of eight progressing patients, 32 were diagnosed as histologically malignant and 33 were diagnosed as benign or borderline. The authors found clonality by either polymerase chain reaction or Southern blot analysis in 88% of malignant and in 79% of nonmalignant lesions. None of the 37 biopsies of non-progressing patients was clonal. These results indicate strongly that the presence of monoclonality in T-cell skin infiltrates is related closely to the risk of developing CTCL. The value of clonality as a marker of malignancy is supported by the absence of T-cell clonal populations in all infiltrates from patients who had not progressed to lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dadej
- Laboratory of Oncopathology, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Gebhard S, Benhattar J, Bricod C, Meugé-Moraw C, Delacrétaz F. Polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of T-cell lymphoma in paraffin-embedded bone marrow biopsies: a comparative study. Histopathology 2001; 38:37-44. [PMID: 11135045 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2559.2001.01057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In routine histological analysis of bone marrow biopsies, the distinction between reactive T-cell infiltrates and T-cell lymphoma can be difficult, even with the use of extensive immunohistochemistry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic contribution of TCR-gamma gene rearrangement analysed by PCR. METHODS AND RESULTS The samples studied consisted of 46 paraffin-embedded bone marrow biopsies (diagnosis, staging and follow-up) from 26 patients with T-cell lymphoma. The bone marrow biopsies were categorized into three groups according to the morphological and immunohistochemical results. Group 1, positive for T-cell lymphoma (24 bone marrow biopsies), group 2, suspicion of T-cell lymphoma (15 bone marrow biopsies) and group 3, negative for T-cell lymphoma (seven bone marrow biopsies). DNA could be amplified in 45/46 bone marrow biopsies (98%). Clonal rearrangement was detected in 30/45 bone marrow biopsies tested (67%) including 15/24 bone marrow biopsies (62.5%) of group 1, 11/14 (78.5%) of group 2 and 4/7 (57%) of group 3. In total, PCR analysis supported a diagnosis of T-cell lymphoma in 15/45 bone marrow biopsies (33%), in which histological and/or immunohistochemical examination provided inconclusive evidence of malignancy. CONCLUSIONS TCR-gamma PCR is a complementary tool for the assessment of T-cell lymphoma in bone marrow biopsies. Optimal evaluation of bone marrow biopsies requires an integrative approach of all available results from morphology, immunohistochemistry, molecular biology and clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gebhard
- University Institute of Pathology, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Mikhael A. Practical Approach to Molecular Biology in Hematopathology. Diagn Pathol 2000. [DOI: 10.1201/b13994-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Kröber SM, Greschniok A, Kaiserling E, Horny HP. Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: correlation between morphological/immunohistochemical and molecular biological findings in bone marrow biopsy specimens. Mol Pathol 2000; 53:83-7. [PMID: 10889907 PMCID: PMC1186910 DOI: 10.1136/mp.53.2.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although numerous antibodies suitable for use on paraffin wax embedded sections are available for the subtyping of acute leukaemia (acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)) in bone marrow biopsy sections, unequivocal identification of the cell line involved is sometimes impossible. METHODS Forty eight formalin fixed, paraffin wax embedded bone marrow biopsy specimens that had been decalcified in EDTA were investigated, including 42 thought to exhibit ALL on the basis of bone marrow smears. Five specimens exhibited AML and one biphenotypic leukaemia, as diagnosed immunohistochemically in bone marrow biopsies. Immunostaining was performed with antibodies against relatively specific B and T cell antigens. The blasts were investigated for rearrangements of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) and the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) genes. RESULTS Amplifiable DNA was obtained from all 48 specimens. An IgH gene rearrangement was detected in 20 of 23 c-ALL specimens. Four of seven T cell ALL (T-ALL) specimens had a TCR-gamma gene rearrangement, and the one B cell ALL (B-ALL) specimen exhibited a clonal IgH gene. Three of four cases of unclassifiable ALL could be assigned to the B cell lineage on the basis of gene rearrangement analysis. Seven cases originally diagnosed in smears as ALL were rediagnosed as AML (n = 5) or biphenotypic leukaemia (n = 2) because of immunohistochemical reactivity for myeloperoxidase or lysozyme. Two of these AML cases and two of three cases of biphenotypic leukaemia exhibited a monoclonal IgH gene rearrangement. CONCLUSIONS Acute leukaemia can be subtyped in bone marrow sections with a limited panel of antibodies suitable for use on paraffin wax embedded sections (against CD3, CD10, CD20, CD79a, myeloperoxidase, and lysozyme). In patients with ALL and a diagnostically equivocal immunophenotype, gene rearrangement analysis might indicate whether the B or T cell lineage is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Kröber
- Institute of Pathology, University of Tübingen, Germany.
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Kröber SM, Horny HP, Greschniok A, Kaiserling E. Reactive and neoplastic lymphocytes in human bone marrow: morphological, immunohistological, and molecular biological investigations on biopsy specimens. J Clin Pathol 1999; 52:521-6. [PMID: 10605406 PMCID: PMC501495 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.52.7.521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Slight, diffuse or focal lymphocyte proliferation is relatively common in bone marrow biopsy specimens. It may be impossible to determine whether this represents a reactive lymphocytosis or low grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) on the basis of routine investigations alone. AIM To investigate the supplementary use of molecular biological techniques in this situation. METHODS 529 formalin fixed, paraffin embedded bone marrow biopsy specimens from the iliac crest were subjected to histological and immunohistochemical staining to determine the number and nature of the lymphocytes present. The cases were divided into three groups according to the lymphocyte count: normal (< 10% of nucleated bone marrow cells), slightly increased (10-30%), and markedly increased (> 30%). All of the last group could be diagnosed as NHL from the morphological findings alone. The clonality of rearrangements of the IgH and TCR gamma genes was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS Monoclonality was observed in 7.5% of the 372 cases with a normal lymphocyte count, in 50% of the cases with a modest increase in lymphocyte numbers (suggesting a diagnosis of low grade NHL not detected by immunostaining), and in 77% of the cases with markedly increased lymphocyte numbers. CONCLUSIONS If PCR is used in addition to the immunohistochemical investigation of bone marrow biopsies, considerably more cases of NHL can be identified, making this of particular use in staging and detection of recurrences.
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MESH Headings
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain
- Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lymphocyte Count
- Lymphocytosis/diagnosis
- Lymphocytosis/genetics
- Lymphocytosis/immunology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/genetics
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/immunology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/immunology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sensitivity and Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Kröber
- Institute of Pathology, Eberhard-Karls-Universität, Tübingen, Germany.
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