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Rolón-Martínez S, Habib MR, Mansour TA, Díaz-Ríos M, Rosenthal JJC, Zhou XN, Croll RP, Miller MW. FMRF-NH 2 -related neuropeptides in Biomphalaria spp., intermediate hosts for schistosomiasis: Precursor organization and immunohistochemical localization. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:3336-3358. [PMID: 34041754 PMCID: PMC8273141 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Freshwater snails of the genus Biomphalaria serve as intermediate hosts for the digenetic trematode Schistosoma mansoni, the etiological agent for the most widespread form of intestinal schistosomiasis. As neuropeptide signaling in host snails can be altered by trematode infection, a neural transcriptomics approach was undertaken to identify peptide precursors in Biomphalaria glabrata, the major intermediate host for S. mansoni in the Western Hemisphere. Three transcripts that encode peptides belonging to the FMRF-NH2 -related peptide (FaRP) family were identified in B. glabrata. One transcript encoded a precursor polypeptide (Bgl-FaRP1; 292 amino acids) that included eight copies of the tetrapeptide FMRF-NH2 and single copies of FIRF-NH2 , FLRF-NH2 , and pQFYRI-NH2 . The second transcript encoded a precursor (Bgl-FaRP2; 347 amino acids) that comprised 14 copies of the heptapeptide GDPFLRF-NH2 and 1 copy of SKPYMRF-NH2 . The precursor encoded by the third transcript (Bgl-FaRP3; 287 amino acids) recapitulated Bgl-FaRP2 but lacked the full SKPYMRF-NH2 peptide. The three precursors shared a common signal peptide, suggesting a genomic organization described previously in gastropods. Immunohistochemical studies were performed on the nervous systems of B. glabrata and B. alexandrina, a major intermediate host for S. mansoni in Egypt. FMRF-NH2 -like immunoreactive (FMRF-NH2 -li) neurons were located in regions of the central nervous system associated with reproduction, feeding, and cardiorespiration. Antisera raised against non-FMRF-NH2 peptides present in the tetrapeptide and heptapeptide precursors labeled independent subsets of the FMRF-NH2 -li neurons. This study supports the participation of FMRF-NH2 -related neuropeptides in the regulation of vital physiological and behavioral systems that are altered by parasitism in Biomphalaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solymar Rolón-Martínez
- Institute of Neurobiology and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Mohamed R Habib
- Medical Malacology Laboratory, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Tamer A Mansour
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Mansoura, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | | | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Roger P Croll
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Mark W Miller
- Institute of Neurobiology and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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Watanabe S, Kirino Y, Gelperin A. Neural and molecular mechanisms of microcognition in Limax. Learn Mem 2008; 15:633-42. [DOI: 10.1101/lm920908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Goel P, Gelperin A. A neuronal network for the logic of Limax learning. J Comput Neurosci 2006; 21:259-70. [PMID: 16927210 DOI: 10.1007/s10827-006-8097-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2005] [Revised: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We construct a neuronal network to model the logic of associative conditioning as revealed in experimental results using the terrestrial mollusk Limax maximus. We show, in particular, how blocking to a previously conditioned stimulus in the presence of the unconditional stimulus, can emerge as a dynamical property of the network. We also propose experiments to test the new model.
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Hurwitz I, Susswein AJ, Weiss KR. Transforming tonic firing into a rhythmic output in the Aplysia feeding system: presynaptic inhibition of a command-like neuron by a CpG element. J Neurophysiol 2004; 93:829-42. [PMID: 15306627 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00559.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tonic stimuli can elicit rhythmic responses. The neural circuit underlying Aplysia californica consummatory feeding was used to examine how a maintained stimulus elicits repetitive, rhythmic movements. The command-like cerebral-buccal interneuron 2 (CBI-2) is excited by tonic food stimuli but initiates rhythmic consummatory responses by exciting only protraction-phase neurons, which then excite retraction-phase neurons after a delay. CBI-2 is inhibited during retraction, generally preventing it from exciting protraction-phase neurons during retraction. We have found that depolarizing CBI-2 during retraction overcomes the inhibition and causes CBI-2 to fire, potentially leading CBI-2 to excite protraction-phase neurons during retraction. However, CBI-2 synaptic outputs to protraction-phase neurons were blocked during retraction, thereby preventing excitation during retraction. The block was caused by presynaptic inhibition of CBI-2 by a key buccal ganglion retraction-phase interneuron, B64, which also causes postsynaptic inhibition of protraction-phase neurons. Pre- and postsynaptic inhibition could be separated. First, only presynaptic inhibition affected facilitation of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) from CBI-2 to its followers. Second, a newly identified neuron, B54, produced postsynaptic inhibition similar to that of B64 but did not cause presynaptic inhibition. Third, in some target neurons B64 produced only presynaptic but not postsynaptic inhibition. Blocking CBI-2 transmitter release in the buccal ganglia during retraction functions to prevent CBI-2 from driving protraction-phase neurons during retraction and regulates the facilitation of the CBI-2 induced EPSPs in protraction-phase neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Hurwitz
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel.
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Watanabe S, Shimozono S, Kirino Y. Optical recording of oscillatory neural activities in the molluscan brain. Neurosci Lett 2004; 359:147-50. [PMID: 15050685 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2003] [Revised: 01/15/2004] [Accepted: 01/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The procerebrum (PC) of the terrestrial slug shows a coherent oscillatory activity. Information is encoded in the PC by neurons with synchronized oscillatory activity, and the oscillatory activity will propagate to other brain regions as the PC transmits information. Using the optical recording of membrane potentials and the correlation analysis, we showed that the metacerebrum/mesocerebrum (MC) region also shows an oscillatory activity coherent with that of the PC. The MC oscillation was either inphase or antiphase with the PC oscillation, and its amplitude was larger when it was antiphase than it was inphase. These results indicate that the MC is capable of producing an oscillatory activity, possibly driven by synaptic input from the PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Watanabe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Morgan PT, Jing J, Vilim FS, Weiss KR. Interneuronal and peptidergic control of motor pattern switching in Aplysia. J Neurophysiol 2002; 87:49-61. [PMID: 11784729 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00438.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that a choice of specific behaviors can be mediated either by activation of behavior-specific higher order neurons or by distinct combinations of such neurons in different behaviors. We examined the role that two higher order neurons, CBI-2 and CBI-3, play in the selection of motor programs that correspond to ingestion and egestion, two stimulus-dependent behaviors that are generated by a single central pattern generator (CPG) of Aplysia. We found that CBI-2 could evoke either ingestive, egestive, or ambiguous motor programs depending on the regime of stimulation. When CBI-2 recruited CBI-3 firing via electrical coupling, the motor program tended to be ingestive. In the absence of CBI-3 activation, the program was usually egestive. When CBI-2 was stimulated to produce ingestive programs, hyperpolarization of CBI-3 converted the programs to egestive or ambiguous. When CBI-2 was stimulated to produce egestive or ambiguous programs, co-stimulation of CBI-3 converted them into ingestive. These findings are consistent with the idea that combinatorial commands are responsible for the choice of specific behaviors. Additional support for this view comes from the observations that appropriate stimulus conditions exist both for activation of CBI-2 together with CBI-3, and for activation of CBI-2 without a concomitant activation of CBI-3. The ability of CBI-3 to convert egestive and ambiguous programs into ingestive ones was mimicked by application of APGWamide, a neuropeptide that we have detected in CBI-3 by immunostaining. Thus combinatorial actions of higher order neurons that underlie pattern selection may involve the use of modulators released by specific higher order neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Morgan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Abstract
Evidence is reviewed to evaluate whether the term "brain is justified in referring to the snail's cerebral ganglion. The focus of the review is terrestrial species, with particular attention given to the genus Helix. In accordance with a standard definition of "brain, the cerebral ganglion is found to be differentiated both structurally and functionally. It receives convergent sensory inputs from a variety of anterior sensory organs plus the posterior body wall. Its outputs comprise motor commands directed towards anterior muscle systems, e.g., the tentacles and the penis, as well as premotor commands directed towards executory centers in other ganglia, e.g., the buccal, visceral, and pedal ganglia. Of the three major divisions in the ganglion, the procerebrum and the mesocerebrum are the most differentiated, whereas the metacerebrum is the least differentiated. The specializations of the procerebrum for olfactory functions, and the mesocerebrum for reproductive functions, reflect the importance of adaptations for feeding and mating in the evolution of the Gastropoda.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chase
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1 Canada.
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Bowdan E, Wyse GA. Temporally patterned activity recorded from mandibular nerves of the isolated subesophageal ganglion of Manduca. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2000; 46:709-719. [PMID: 10742519 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1910(99)00159-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We recorded bursts of motor neuron activity from closer and opener mandibular nerves of isolated subesophageal ganglia (SOG) and compared them with the feeding motor pattern of intact Manduca larvae. Closer bursts recorded from isolated SOG lasted from 1 to 4s, interburst interval durations lasted from 2 to 49s, and within- and between-animal variability was great. In contrast, motor activity bursts (EMGs) measured from mandibular closer muscles of intact, feeding animals lasted 0.08 to 0.24s with interburst intervals of 0.26 to 0.57s. Variability both within and between animals was small. Bath application of 10(-4)M octopamine to the isolated SOG tended to increase frequency and reduce the duration of bursts, so that they became more like those recorded during feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bowdan
- Biology Department and Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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Xin Y, Hurwitz I, Perrins R, Evans CG, Alexeeva V, Weiss KR, Kupfermann I. Actions of a pair of identified cerebral-buccal interneurons (CBI-8/9) in Aplysia that contain the peptide myomodulin. J Neurophysiol 1999; 81:507-20. [PMID: 10036255 DOI: 10.1152/jn.1999.81.2.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A combination of biocytin back-fills of the cerebral-buccal connectives and immunocytochemistry of the cerebral ganglion demonstrated that of the 13 bilateral pairs of cerebral-buccal interneurons in the cerebral ganglion, a subpopulation of 3 are immunopositive for the peptide myomodulin. The present paper describes the properties of two of these cells, which we have termed CBI-8 and CBI-9. CBI-8 and CBI-9 were found to be dye coupled and electrically coupled. The cells have virtually identical properties, and consequently we consider them to be "twin" pairs and refer to them as CBI-8/9. CBI-8/9 were identified by electrophysiological criteria and then labeled with dye. Labeled cells were found to be immunopositive for myomodulin, and, using high pressure liquid chromatography, the cells were shown to contain authentic myomodulin. CBI-8/9 were found to receive synaptic input after mechanical stimulation of the tentacles. They also received excitatory input from C-PR, a neuron involved in neck lengthening, and received a slow inhibitory input from CC5, a cell involved in neck shortening, suggesting that CBI-8/9 may be active during forward movements of the head or buccal mass. Firing of CBI-8 or CBI-9 resulted in the activation of a relatively small number of buccal neurons as evidenced by extracellular recordings from buccal nerves. Firing also produced local movements of the buccal mass, in particular a strong contraction of the I7 muscle, which mediates radula opening. CBI-8/9 were found to produce a slow depolarization and rhythmic activity of B48, the motor neuron for the I7 muscle. The data provide continuing evidence that the small population of cerebral buccal interneurons is composed of neurons that are highly diverse in their functional roles. CBI-8/9 may function as a type of premotor neuron, or perhaps as a peptidergic modulatory neuron, the functions of which are dependent on the coactivity of other neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Xin
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City 10032, USA
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Gelperin A, Flores J. Vital staining from dye-coated microprobes identifies new olfactory interneurons for optical and electrical recording. J Neurosci Methods 1997; 72:97-108. [PMID: 9128173 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0270(96)02169-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A versatile technique for dye application in living tissue is described, which results in labeling of viable cells from which electrophysiological or optical recordings can be obtained. The dye-coated surface of a glass microelectrode tip is used to apply anatomical tracers or calcium sensitive probes with spatial precision. A total of three types of dyes have been applied in this way to find and record from olfactory interneurons in the terrestrial mollusc Limax maximus. Crystals of 1,1'-didodecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) formed on the tips of glass microelectrodes were placed in the procerebral lobe, the major olfactory processing center of Limax. Somata in buccal and pedal ganglia with processes extending several 100 microm to the procerebral lobe were stained within 4-6 h. Intracellular recordings from DiI stained buccal (B(PC)) and pedal (P(PC)) cells were obtained. Cross correlograms of the oscillatory field potential in the procerebral lobe and spontaneous action potentials in P(PC) or B(PC) show that P(PC) activity is weakly coupled to the oscillation in the procerebral lobe, while B(PC) activity is clearly coupled to the oscillation. Stimulation of the procerebral lobe with nitric oxide activated P(PC) cells but suppressed activity in B(PC) cells. Calcium green-10Kdextran coated electrodes were used to place calcium green in the cell body layer of the procerebral lobe. Bursting and nonbursting procerebral neurons incorporated and transported the calcium green-dextran. Optical recordings of changes in fluorescence signals from several bursting cells recorded simultaneously were used to test alternative mechanisms of bursting cell coupling. Application of biotin 3Kdextran to the midline of the cerebral ganglion revealed a group of cells in each procerebral lobe with processes crossing the midline of the cerebral ganglion. These cells may couple right and left procerebral lobe activity during odor processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gelperin
- Biological Computation Research Department, Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies, Murray Hill, NJ 07974, USA.
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Hartman HB, Cooper RL. Regeneration and molting effects on a proprioceptor organ in the Dungeness crab, Cancer magister. JOURNAL OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1994; 25:461-71. [PMID: 8071655 DOI: 10.1002/neu.480250502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Decapoda Crustacea molt in order to grow; some species, such as the Dungeness crab Cancer magister, achieve a very large size. Does sensory neuron hyperplasia in internal proprioceptors accompany this growth? To determine this, neurons in propodite-dactylopodite (PD) chordotonal organs were counted in first walking legs of juvenile (5th through 9th instar) and adult (10th through 13th instar) C. magister. We found that the PD organs of J5 crabs have about 56 neurons; the number increases to about 61 neurons in J6 crabs. Significant hyperplasia now occurs because an average of 79 neurons are found in the PD organs of J7 crabs. Little to no hyperplasia accompanies the several succeeding juvenile and adult molts (ca. 82-86 neurons are present). Because autotomized limbs are regenerated upon molting, we also examined how the number of PD organ neurons in regenerated legs compares with those of pristine legs. Newly regenerated legs (termed 1st stage regenerates) have fewer sensory neurons than do their contralateral pristine partners (65 vs 81); larger regenerated legs which have attained nearly normal size as a result of additional molts (2nd stage regenerates) still have fewer neurons than their pristine partners (69 vs 81). Additionally, in contrast to those of pristine walking legs, the elastic strand of PD organs from 1st stage regenerates in a misshapen sheet containing a cluster of small neurons with no obvious functional organization. Nonetheless, neurophysiological recordings indicate that all the receptor types typical for pristine legs (movement and position cells) are represented. The PD organs of 2nd stage regenerates differentiate to the shape and neuronal organization of pristine legs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Hartman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282
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Kobatake E, Kawahara S, Yano M, Shimizu H. Control of feeding rhythm in the terrestrial slug Incilaria bilineata. Neurosci Res 1992; 13:257-65. [PMID: 1321389 DOI: 10.1016/0168-0102(92)90038-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A modulatory neuron of feeding rhythm was newly identified in the buccal ganglia of the isolated central nervous system (CNS) of the terrestrial slug Incilaria bilineata. This neuron was termed the "feeding rhythm modulator" (FRM). Its morphological and electrical properties were compared with those of the MGC (metacerebral giant cell, a cerebral modulatory neuron of feeding rhythm). There was no direct connection between FRM and MGC. In order to investigate the control mechanism of the buccal central pattern generator, feeding rhythm was observed by varying the activities of MGC and FRM simultaneously. At a lower level of activity of MGC, feeding rhythm was not only sensitive to the activity of MGC but also to that of FRM. As the level of activity of MGC increased, feeding rhythm was exclusively controlled by the activity of MGC, and became unaffected by the activity of FRM. This indicates that cerebral neurons such as MGC primarily control feeding rhythm and modulate the contribution of FRM in a hierarchical manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kobatake
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
In hot and dry weather, terrestrial snails withdraw into their shells and remain inactive for long periods of time. This phenomenon, known as aestivation, is the basis for our investigation of the effects of behavioral inactivity on neuronal structure. Several recent studies have shown that the level of afferent electrical activity is an important modifier of structure, even in adult animals. During aestivation, sensory stimulation (and therefore presumably afferent activity) is greatly reduced. We have tested the hypothesis that long-term behavioral inactivity causes a regression of dendrites. Two identified neurons of Achatina fulica were selected for study, the giant cerebral neuron (GCN) and RPall. The cells were viewed on 10-micron-thick sections after intracellular injection of hexamminecobalt chloride. They were reconstructed by using a video camera attached to a light microscope and a digitizing board resident in a microcomputer. Snails in the aestivated group were completely inactive for 8 weeks beginning at age 23 weeks. A quantitative analysis showed that there were no significant differences in either cell, in either the total mass of material or its distribution, comparing cells from the Aestivated snails and cells from the Younger snails (age 23 weeks) and the Older snails (age 33 weeks). These results suggest limits to the modifiability of neuronal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chase
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Delaney K, Gelperin A. Cerebral interneurons controlling fictive feeding in Limax maximus. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00204805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Cerebral interneurons controlling fictive feeding in Limax maximus. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00204806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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