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Rebolloso Hernández CA, Vallejo Pérez MR, Razo Soto I, Díaz-Barriga Martínez F, Yáñez LC. Mercury entomotoxicology. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:136965. [PMID: 36280115 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mercury is an industrial pollutant of global concern. Currently entomofauna is disappearing and chemical pollution is one cause, however, it is unknown whether mercury is an additional threat. Therefore, it is necessary to know the entomotoxicology of mercury. The aim of the present work was to perform a comprehensive literature review on the entomotoxicology of mercury. The toxicokinetics and toxicity of mercury in insects, the participation of insects in the mercury cycle and the fact that this element is a threat to entomofauna are characterized. Insects can be exposed to mercury through ingestion, tracheal respiration, and gill respiration. Organic forms of mercury are better absorbed, bioaccumulated and distributed than inorganic forms. In addition, insects can biotransform mercury, for example, by methylating it. Metal elimination occurs through feces, eggs and exuvia. Toxicity molecular mechanisms include oxidative stress, enzymatic disruptions, alterations in the metabolism of neurotransmitters and proteins, genotoxicity, cell death and unbalances in the energetic state. Moreover, mercury affects lipid, germ, and gut cells, causes deformations, disturbs development, reproduction, behavior, and locomotion, besides to alters insect populations and communities. In terrestrial ecosystems, entomofauna participate in the mercury cycle by bioaccumulating mercury from soil and air, predating, being predated and decomposing organic matter. In aquatic ecosystems insects participate by accumulating mercury from water and sediment, predating, being predated and transporting it to terrestrial ecosystems when they emerge as winged adults. There are still information gaps that need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alberto Rebolloso Hernández
- Programa Multidisciplinario de Posgrado en Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Avenida Manuel Nava No. 201, CP 78210, Zona Universitaria, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico.
| | - Moisés Roberto Vallejo Pérez
- CONACYT, Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Israel Razo Soto
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Avenida Manuel Nava No. 304, CP 78210, Zona Universitaria, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Fernando Díaz-Barriga Martínez
- Facultad de Medicina-Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Leticia Carrizales Yáñez
- Facultad de Medicina-Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
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Mercury Induced Tissue Damage, Redox Metabolism, Ion Transport, Apoptosis, and Intestinal Microbiota Change in Red Swamp Crayfish (Procambarus clarkii): Application of Multi-Omics Analysis in Risk Assessment of Hg. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11101944. [PMID: 36290667 PMCID: PMC9598479 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the most toxic elements, mercury (Hg) is a widespread toxicant in aquatic environments. Crayfish are considered suitable for indicating the impact of heavy metals on aquatic crustaceans. Nevertheless, Hg toxicity on Procambarus clarkii is largely unknown. In this research, the acute Hg-induced alterations of biochemical responses, histopathology, hepatopancreatic transcriptome, and intestinal microbiome of Procambarus clarkii were studied. Firstly, Hg induced significant changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malonaldehyde (MDA) content as well as antioxidant enzyme activity. Secondly, Hg exposure caused structural damage to the hepatopancreas (e.g., vacuolization of the epithelium and dilatation of the lumen) as well as to the intestines (e.g., dysregulation of lamina epithelialises and extension of lamina proprias). Thirdly, after treatment with three different concentrations of Hg, RNA-seq assays of the hepatopancreas revealed a large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) linked to a specific function. Among the DEGs, a lot of redox metabolism- (e.g., ACOX3, SMOX, GPX3, GLO1, and P4HA1), ion transport- (e.g., MICU3, MCTP, PYX, STEAP3, and SLC30A2), drug metabolism- (e.g., HSP70, HSP90A, CYP2L1, and CYP9E2), immune response- (e.g., SMAD4, HDAC1, and DUOX), and apoptosis-related genes (e.g., CTSL, CASP7, and BIRC2) were identified, which suggests that Hg exposure may perturb the redox equilibrium, disrupt the ion homeostasis, weaken immune response and ability, and cause apoptosis. Fourthly, bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that Hg exposure decreased bacterial diversity and dysregulated intestinal microbiome composition. At the phylum level, there was a marked decrease in Proteobacteria and an increase in Firmicutes after exposure to high levels of Hg. With regards to genus, abundances of Bacteroides, Dysgonomonas, and Arcobacter were markedly dysregulated after Hg exposures. Our findings elucidate the mechanisms involved in Hg-mediated toxicity in aquatic crustaceans at the tissue, cellular, molecular as well as microbial levels.
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Oliveira CS, Nogara PA, Lima LS, Galiciolli ME, Souza JV, Aschner M, Rocha JB. Toxic metals that interact with thiol groups and alteration in insect behavior. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 52:100923. [PMID: 35462063 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2022.100923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Toxic metals, such as mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and copper (Cu), are widespread in the biosphere, and human activities have contributed to their continuous release into the ecosystems. Metal-induced toxicity has been extensively studied in mammals; however, the effects of these metals on insects' behavior have been explored to far lesser degree. As the main mechanism of toxicity, the cationic metals, explored in this review, have high affinity for thiol-containing molecules, disrupting the function of several proteins and low-molecular-weight thiol-containing molecules. Existing literature has corroborated that Hg, Pb, Cd, and Cu can disrupt locomotor and mating behaviors, but their effects on insects' memory and learning have yet to be fully characterized. Though field studies on metal-induced toxicity in insects are limited, results from Drosophila melanogaster as an experimental model suggest that insects living in contaminated environments can have behavioral foraging and reproductive deficits, which may cause population decline. In this review, we address the interaction between metals and endogenous thiol groups, with emphasis on alterations in insect behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia S Oliveira
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Pablo A Nogara
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Luíza S Lima
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Maria Ea Galiciolli
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - João Bt Rocha
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Frías-Espericueta MG, Bautista-Covarrubias JC, Osuna-Martínez CC, Delgado-Alvarez C, Bojórquez C, Aguilar-Juárez M, Roos-Muñoz S, Osuna-López I, Páez-Osuna F. Metals and oxidative stress in aquatic decapod crustaceans: A review with special reference to shrimp and crabs. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 242:106024. [PMID: 34808539 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.106024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this review is to synthetize knowledge of the relationship between metals and oxidative stress in aquatic crustaceans (mainly shrimp and crabs) to analyze antioxidant responses when organisms are exposed to metals because the direct metal binding to the active site of enzymes inactivates most of the antioxidant systems. This study reviewed over 150 works, which evidenced that: (i) antioxidant defense strategies used by aquatic decapod crustaceans vary among species; (ii) antioxidant enzymes could be induced or inhibited by metals depending on species, concentration, and exposure time; and (iii) some antioxidant enzymes, as superoxide dismutase increase their activity in low metal levels and time exposures, but their activities are inhibited with higher metal concentrations and exposure time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Carlos Bautista-Covarrubias
- Unidad Académica Escuela Nacional de Ingeniería Pesquera, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Bahía de Matanchén, San Blas Nayarit C.P. 63740, Mexico
| | | | - Carolina Delgado-Alvarez
- Universidad Politécnica de Sinaloa, Carretera Municipal Libre Km. 3 Mazatlán-Higueras Colonia Genaro Estrada, Mazatlán, Sinaloa C.P. 82199, Mexico
| | - Carolina Bojórquez
- Universidad Politécnica de Sinaloa, Carretera Municipal Libre Km. 3 Mazatlán-Higueras Colonia Genaro Estrada, Mazatlán, Sinaloa C.P. 82199, Mexico
| | - Marisela Aguilar-Juárez
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Paseo Claussen s/n, Mazatlán Sinaloa C.P. 82000, Mexico
| | - Sarahí Roos-Muñoz
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Mazatlán. Corsario 1 No. 203, Col. Urías, Mazatlán, Sinaloa C.P. 82070, Mexico
| | - Isidro Osuna-López
- Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Blvd. Lola Beltrán s/n, Culiacán Sinaloa C.P. 80020, Mexico
| | - Federico Páez-Osuna
- Unidad Académica Mazatlán, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Joel Montes Camarena s/n, Mazatlán, Sinaloa C.P. 82040, Mexico; Miembro de El Colegio de Sinaloa, Antonio Rosales 435 Poniente, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
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Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Erythrocytes of Captive Pre-Juvenile Loggerhead Turtles Following Acute Exposure to Methylmercury. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10103602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the use of erythrocytes (RBCs) of loggerhead turtles as in vitro models for evaluating their toxicity to methylmercury. Blood samples of loggerhead turtles that were born in the Colombian Caribbean were used. The LC50 of RBCs to methylmercury was determined at 96 h using methylmercury concentrations of 0.5–100 mg L−1. Next, the viability of the RBCs and the activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and lipid peroxidation by malondialdehyde (MDA) at 6 and 12 h of exposure to acute concentrations of 0, 1, and 5 mg L−1 were evaluated. The LC50 for loggerhead turtle RBCs was 8.32 mg L−1. The cell viability bioassay of RBCs exposed for 12 h only showed 100% cell viability. Increasing in vitro MeHg concentrations caused a corresponding increase in MDA concentration as well as decreases in the activities of SOD and GST. The RBCs represent an excellent model for ecotoxicological studies and SOD, GST, and MDA are biomarkers of environmental pollution and oxidative stress in loggerhead turtles. This was the first study conducted on loggerhead turtle where the response of RBCs to MeHg-induced oxidative stress is evaluated.
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Morkunas I, Woźniak A, Mai VC, Rucińska-Sobkowiak R, Jeandet P. The Role of Heavy Metals in Plant Response to Biotic Stress. Molecules 2018; 23:E2320. [PMID: 30208652 PMCID: PMC6225295 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review discusses the impact of heavy metals on the growth of plants at different concentrations, paying particular attention to the hormesis effect. Within the past decade, study of the hormesis phenomenon has generated considerable interest because it was considered not only in the framework of plant growth stimulation but also as an adaptive response of plants to a low level of stress which in turn can play an important role in their responses to other stress factors. In this review, we focused on the defence mechanisms of plants as a response to different metal ion doses and during the crosstalk between metal ions and biotic stressors such as insects and pathogenic fungi. Issues relating to metal ion acquisition and ion homeostasis that may be essential for the survival of plants, pathogens and herbivores competing in the same environment were highlighted. Besides, the influence of heavy metals on insects, especially aphids and pathogenic fungi, was shown. Our intention was also to shed light on the relationship between heavy metals deposition in the environment and ecological communities formed under a strong selective pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Morkunas
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Woźniak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Van Chung Mai
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland.
- Department of Plant Physiology, Vinh University, Le Duan 182, Vinh City, Vietnam.
| | - Renata Rucińska-Sobkowiak
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Philippe Jeandet
- Research Unit "Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection", UPRES EA 4707, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Reims, P.O. Box 1039, 02 51687 Reims CEDEX, France.
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Yuan H, Qin F, Guo W, Gu H, Shao A. Oxidative stress and spermatogenesis suppression in the testis of cadmium-treated Bombyx mori larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:5763-5770. [PMID: 26585454 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5818-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bombyx mori L. (B. mori) were exposed to cadmium chloride (CdCl2) incorporated in an artificial diet (0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, and 50 mg kg(-1)) throughout the larval stage. Changes in malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) contents and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), as well as their corresponding messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in the testes of the fifth instar larvae were evaluated. Additionally, spermatozoon deformation in the testes was examined. Upon Cd treatment, the MDA content in the testes was significantly increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Cd-exposed larvae had increased levels of glutathione. Pearson's correlation analysis revealed that SOD and CAT activities were positively correlated (R (2) = 0.605, P = 0.017). The changing trends in the mRNA levels of these enzymes were not always consistent with those of enzymatic activities. Alterations in GSH-Px activities and mRNA levels were positively correlated (R (2) = 0.771, P < 0.01). Morphological analysis revealed that Cd deformed and affected the maturation of spermatozoa. Our results collectively support a relationship between Cd and alterations in the levels of antioxidant enzymes in B. mori testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Yuan
- School of Chemistry Biology and Material Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Environment Functional Materials, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215009, China.
- Suzhou National New & Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone, Kerui Road 1, Suzhou, 215009, China.
| | - Fenjv Qin
- School of Chemistry Biology and Material Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Environment Functional Materials, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215009, China
| | - Weiqiang Guo
- School of Chemistry Biology and Material Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Environment Functional Materials, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215009, China
| | - Huajie Gu
- School of Chemistry Biology and Material Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Environment Functional Materials, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215009, China
| | - Aihua Shao
- School of Chemistry Biology and Material Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Environment Functional Materials, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215009, China
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Nwaubani BI, Amaeze NH, Idowu ET. Heavy metal bioaccumulation and oxidative stress in Austroaeschna inermis (Dragon fly) of the Lagos Urban ecosystem. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/jece2014.0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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9
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Wu G, Gao X, Zhu J, Hu C, Ye G, Liu N. Copper resistance selection and activity changes of antioxidases in the flesh fly Boettcherisca peregrina. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2014; 14:116. [PMID: 25368060 PMCID: PMC4222311 DOI: 10.1093/jis/14.1.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Natural populations of Boettcherisca (Sarcophaga) peregrina Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) were maintained for 20 generations and reared either on unpolluted diet or on polluted diet containing copper at a median lethal concentration (LC50) determined every five generations. This resulted in two reliable strains: the relative susceptible strain (S) and the copperresistant strain (R). The metal accumulation, growth and development, reproduction, and antioxidant enzymes were analyzed in the two strains. The results showed that compared with the S strain, the R strain showed increased metal accumulation and fecundity of female adults. Regardless of whether larvae were fed on diet with or without Cu(2+), the R strain showed higher activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase than the S strain, although without statistical significance. Moreover, the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase increased when B. peregrina larvae were exposed to Cu(2+) at 100 µg/g but decreased when they were exposed to Cu(2+) at 800 µg/g. Larval catalase activity in the R strain was higher than in the S strain when larvae were fed on diet with or without Cu(2+), although these differences were significant only at the 100 µg/g concentration. Moreover, the activity of catalase decreased when larvae were exposed to experimental Cu(2+). Beyond all expectations, larval glutathione reductase activity was not significantly different between the two strains but changed slightly when larvae were exposed to experimental Cu(2+). These results indicate that copper resistance in B. peregrina larvae is mediated by superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione S-transferase. These results also help in establishing a physiological link between antioxidase activity and the resistance level of B. peregrina to copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xi Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jiaying Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province and Key Laboratory of Southwest Mountain Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Cui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Gongyin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Nannan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province and Key Laboratory of Southwest Mountain Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
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10
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Singaram G, Harikrishnan T, Chen FY, Bo J, Giesy JP. Modulation of immune-associated parameters and antioxidant responses in the crab (Scylla serrata) exposed to mercury. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 90:917-928. [PMID: 22840538 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Organic and inorganic contaminants can suppress immune function in molluscs and crustaceans. It was postulated that metals could modulate immune function in marine crabs. To test this hypothesis, sublethal effects of mercury (Hg) on cellular immune and biochemical responses of crabs were determined. When crabs were exposed for 14 d to environmentally-relevant concentrations of Hg, changes in immune-associated parameters including, total haemocyte count, lysosomal membrane stability, phenoloxidase, super oxide generation and phagocytosis were observed. Oxidative stress, as measured by lipid peroxidation, antioxidant responses, including superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and glutathione-mediated antioxidant enzymes in serum, haemocyte lysate, gills, hepatopancreas and muscle were assessed in crabs exposed to Hg. Exposure to Hg resulted in significantly lesser immune-associated parameters in haemolymph and antioxidants in all tissues studied. Conversely, GST and phenoloxidase activity, were greater in crabs exposed to Hg. Responses of antioxidant parameters (SOD, CAT and GP(x)) were positively correlated with immune responses, including THC, superoxide and phagocytosis. These results were postulated to be due to an immediate response of antioxidant defense to oxygen radicals generated. Overall, the results suggest that 14 d exposure to environmentally realistic concentrations of Hg causes immunomodulation and potentially harmful lessened antioxidant defenses of crabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopalakrishnan Singaram
- Department of Zoology, The Presidency College, University of Madras, Chennai 600 005, India.
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Zhang Y, Sun G, Yang M, Wu H, Zhang J, Song S, Ma E, Guo Y. Chronic accumulation of cadmium and its effects on antioxidant enzymes and malondialdehyde in Oxya chinensis (Orthoptera: Acridoidea). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2011; 74:1355-1362. [PMID: 21435721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of cadmium (Cd) and its effects on antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of Chinese rice grasshopper (Oxya chinensis) were evaluated under the laboratory conditions. Our results showed that Cd accumulation in O. chinensis exhibited a concentration-dependent increase in both males and females under Cd pollution. Environmental Cd can lead to the absorption of large quantities of Cd, which induces oxidative damage in insects by altering antioxidant defense enzyme systems. Our results demonstrated that Cd stress caused a significant decrease in glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels and a significant increase in superoxide (SOD) dismutase and catalase (CAT) activities. In the grasshoppers, the MDA content was also enhanced, with an increase in Cd concentrations and a positive correlation between them; for females from second instar nymphs to the adult stage, R(2) was 0.6467, 0.9136, 0.6516, 0.942 and 0.7182, whereas for males, it was 0.6467, 0.8239, 0.9302, 0.7861, 0.8632, respectively. We also observed differences in the effects of Cd between grasshoppers of different developmental stages and genders, which suggested that the insect's developmental stage and sex should be considered when studying enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Zhang
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
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12
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Wu GX, Gao X, Ye GY, Li K, Hu C, Cheng JA. Ultrastructural alterations in midgut and Malpighian tubules of Boettcherisca peregrina exposure to cadmium and copper. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2009; 72:1137-1147. [PMID: 18397806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Revised: 01/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The effects of Cu and Cd at their at their low concentrations (80microg/g diet) on the morphology and ultrastructure of the midgut and Malpighian tubules of Boettcherisca peregrina larvae were observed by light and transmission electron microscopy. After exposure to both metals, the midgut got darker, shorter, and thicker than in control, and many strumae occurred on the surface of the midgut. Similarly, Malpighian tubules got shorter and thinner. Ultrastructural alterations in the midgut included mitochondrial condensation, swelling, and lysis. The rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) showed dilation and vesiculation. The microvilli were shortened and disorganized. The stored glycogens increased and many mineral spherites appeared along with lipid droplets decreased. Ultrastructural alterations observed in the Malpighian tubules included rER vesiculation and mitochondria swelling with loss of cristae. Shortened and disordered microvilli, increased numbers of large hydropic vacuoles, and mineral spherites were also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Xing Wu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
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13
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Xie L, Flippin JL, Deighton N, Funk DH, Dickey DA, Buchwalter DB. Mercury(II) bioaccumulation and antioxidant physiology in four aquatic insects. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:934-940. [PMID: 19245039 DOI: 10.1021/es802323r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We examined Hg(II) bioaccumulation and compartmentalization patterns in conjunction with antioxidant responses in four aquatic insect species: two caddisflies (Chimarra sp. and Hydropsyche betteni) and two mayflies (Maccaffertium modestum and Isonychia sp). Total antioxidant capabilities differed among unexposed larvae, with both caddisfly species exhibiting elevated antioxidant activities relative to the mayflies. We were able to account for these differences by examining the constitutive activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), in the four species. We also examined levels of reduced and oxidized glutathione and cysteine in the insects. Glutathione peroxidase and SOD were the most responsive to Hg exposure, with GPx catalytic activity increasing between 50 and 310%. Superoxide dismutase activity decreased between 35 and 50%. This SOD suppression was shown to be dose-dependent in both caddisflies, butthe strength of this suppression did not appear to be related to rates of uptake. Surprisingly, little Hg (<10%) was found in the heat-stable cytosolic protein subcellular compartment in each of the four species, suggesting that Hg was not well detoxified. By combining bioaccumulation studies with other physiological measures, we can begin to better understand the consequences of trace metal pollutants in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingtian Xie
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
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Elumalai M, Antunes C, Guilhermino L. Enzymatic biomarkers in the crab Carcinus maenas from the Minho River estuary (NW Portugal) exposed to zinc and mercury. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 66:1249-55. [PMID: 16949639 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2006] [Revised: 06/15/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Zinc and mercury are common contaminants of estuaries and coastal ecosystems where they may induce adverse effects on the biota. Carcinus maenas is a key-species in several European estuaries, living in close association with the sediment where a considerable number of environmental contaminants, including zinc and mercury may accumulate. In the present study, the acute effects of zinc and mercury on C. maenas from the Minho River Estuary (NW Portugal) were investigated by using the activity of the enzymes cholinesterase (ChE), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and glutathione S-transferases (GST) as effects' criteria. Crabs were exposed for 96h to several concentrations of Zn(2+) (0, 1.84, 3.71, 7.39 and 14.79mg/l) or Hg(2+) (0, 0.09, 0.19, 0.37 and 0.74mg/l). The choice of Zn(2+) test concentrations was based on the LC50 value (14.86mg/l) determined in a first part of the study, while the choice of Hg(2+) concentrations was based on values from the literature. At the end of the bioassays, eye, muscle and hepatopancreas tissues were isolated and used for ChE, LDH and GST determinations, respectively. Zinc significantly inhibited ChE activity (p<0.05, EC50=14.68mg/l), caused significant alterations of GST activity (p<0.05) and induced LDH activity (p<0.05) at the exposure of 14.79mg/l. Mercury significantly inhibited ChE activity (p<0.001, LOEC=0.09mg/l, EC50=0.235mg/l) and increased both GST (p<0.05, LOEC=0.774mg/l) and LDH activities (p<0.05, LOEC=0.119mg/l). These results suggest that both metals interfere with cholinergic neurotransmission in C. maenas by inhibiting ChE activity. In addition, they also interfere with GST activity and this may reduce the capacity of detoxification of some chemicals and/or to increase the probability of oxidative stress to occur. Furthermore, both metals increase LDH activity, suggesting an interference with energy production pathways. Therefore, the presence of zinc and mercury in estuaries at concentrations in the mg/l or mug/l range, respectively, may have a negative impact on C. maenas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elumalai
- CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Rua dos Bragas, 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
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Kostaropoulos I, Kalmanti D, Theodoropoulou B, Loumbourdis NS. Effects of exposure to a mixture of cadmium and chromium on detoxification enzyme (GST, P450-MO) activities in the frog Rana ridibunda. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2005; 14:439-47. [PMID: 16385738 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-004-1349-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The effect of two heavy metals, namely chromium and cadmium, on GST and P450-MO activities in the liver, kidney and gut of the frog Rana ridibunda, and the use of these detoxification enzyme systems as possible markers of heavy metal contamination of rivers in Northern Greece was investigated. In control animals, the highest P450-MO activity was observed in the liver and the lowest activity in the gut. As regards GST, the liver and kidneys showed the highest activity. Exposure of Rana to either Cr or a mixture of Cr and Cd caused a decrease in liver GST and P450-MO and renal GST activities. An important finding was that both GST and P450-MO activities were negatively correlated with concentrations of both metals in the liver of mixture-exposed animals. The results suggest that the determination of GST and P450-MO activities, in combination, could serve to indicate heavy metal contamination in rivers of Northern Greece.
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Mahboob M, Shireen KF, Atkinson A, Khan AT. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activity in different organs of mice exposed to low level of mercury. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2001; 36:687-697. [PMID: 11599730 DOI: 10.1081/pfc-100106195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The effects of mercuric chloride (Hg) on lipid peroxidation (LPO), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) levels in different organs of mice (CD-1) were evaluated. Mice were exposed (2 days/week) to 0.0 (control), 0.8 (low) and 8.0 (mid) and 80.0 (high) gHg/kg/day for 2 weeks. The high dose group was excluded from the study due to high mortality. LPO levels in kidney, testis and epididymus at low and mid doses; GR and GPx levels in testis at mid dose; SOD levels in brain and testis at both doses, liver and epididymus at mid dose; GSH levels in testis at both doses were significantly increased compared to their controls. However, the GR levels in kidney at both doses and in epididymus at mid dose; GPx levels in kidney and epididymus and SOD levels in kidney at both the doses; GSH levels in epididymus at mid dose were significantly decreased compared to their control. Body weight gain and food efficiency were significantly reduced (p<0.05) in mid dose. These results indicated that Hg treatment enhanced LPO in all tissues, but showed significant enhancement only in kidney, testis and epididymus suggesting that these organs were more susceptible to Hg toxicity. The increase in antioxidant enzyme levels in testis could be a mechanism protecting the cells against reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mahboob
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nursing & Allied Health, Tuskegee University, AL 36088, USA.
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De Coen WM, Janssen CR, Segner H. The use of biomarkers in Daphnia magna toxicity testing V. In vivo alterations in the carbohydrate metabolism of Daphnia magna exposed to sublethal concentrations of mercury and lindane. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2001; 48:223-234. [PMID: 11222031 DOI: 10.1006/eesa.2000.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Aspects of the carbohydrate metabolism of Daphnia magna exposed for 48 and 96 h to sublethal concentrations of mercury and lindane were investigated. General as well as toxicant-specific perturbations in the intermediary metabolism were observed. Both model toxicants caused an increase in glycolytic and hexose-monophosphate shunt activity. Mercury exposure increased lactate dehydrogenase and isocitrate activity (only after 96 h), while lindane exposure, on the contrary, inhibited the cellular lactate formation and increased the Krebs' cycle activity (only after 48 h). Daphnids exposed to sublethal mercury concentrations clearly exhibited increased glycogenolytic activity, while in lindane-exposed organisms mainly glycogen phosphorylase inhibition was detected. The short-term enzyme-based effect levels (48--96 h LOEC and EC(10) values) were compared with the effects on the population dynamics. This evaluation for both model toxicants suggests that threshold levels (LOEC or EC(10) values) based on pyruvate kinase activity after 48 and 96 h of exposure could be potential early warning signals for long-term effects. A set of enzymatic endpoints, based on the intermediary metabolism, is suggested to characterize the metabolic state of the daphnids.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M De Coen
- Laboratory for Biological Research in Aquatic Pollution, University of Ghent, J. Plateaustraat 22, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Kehe K, Reichl FX, Durner J, Walther U, Hickel R, Forth W. Cytotoxicity of dental composite components and mercury compounds in pulmonary cells. Biomaterials 2001; 22:317-22. [PMID: 11205434 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(00)00184-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxic potentials of the dental composite components triethyleneglycoldimethacrylate (TEGDMA) and 2-hydroxy-ethylmethacrylate (HEMA) as well as mercuric chloride (HgCl2) and methyl mercury chloride (MeHgCl) were investigated. Proliferating A549 and L2 cell monolayers were cultured in the absence or presence of composite components or mercurials. Twenty-four hours later the tetrazolium salt XTT (sodium 3'-[1-phenyl-aminocarbonyl)-3,4-tetrazolium]bis(4-methoxy-6-nitro)benzenesulphonic acid) was added. Formazan formation was quantified using a microtiter plate reader. EC50 values were obtained as half-maximum-effect concentrations from fitted curves. EC50 values were in A549 cells (mean values +/- standard deviation; n = 12; micromol/l); HEMA 8854+/-1882; TEGDMA 1821+/-529; HgCl2 41+/-7 and MeHgCl 27+/-3. EC50 values in L2 cells were: HEMA 191+/-28; TEGDMA 112+/-16; HgCl2 25+/-6 and MeHgCl 8+/-6. All tested substances induced a dose-dependent loss of viability in A549 and L2 cells after 24 h. The EC50 values of both mercurials were significantly (p < 0.05) lower compared to the values of both composite components. TEGDMA was about 5-fold (A549 cells) and about 2-fold (L2 cells) more toxic compared to HEMA. It is to be assumed that the risk of lung cell damage by dental composite components is even more unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kehe
- Walther-Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Germany.
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Zhang Y, Lambiase S, Fasola M, Gandini C, Grigolo A, Laudani U. Mortality and tissue damage by heavy metal contamination in the German cockroach,Blattella germanica(Blattaria, Blattellidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1080/11250000109356398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lenártová V, Holovská K, Javorský P. The influence of mercury on the antioxidant enzyme activity of rumen bacteria Streptococcus bovis and Selenomonas ruminantium. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1998.tb00548.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Sívori JL, Casabé N, Zerba EN, Wood EJ. Induction of glutathione S-transferase activity in Triatoma infestans. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1997; 92:797-802. [PMID: 9566212 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761997000600013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several synthetic pesticides and allelochemicals used to treat Triatoma infestans adults by topic application showed some degree of cytosolic glutathione S-transferase (GST) induction. General inducers of detoxication systems such as phenobarbital and 3-methylcholantrene topically applied on T. infestans resulted in no GST induction. Meanwhile, general insecticide synergist such as piperonyl butoxide (160 micrograms/insect) increased the GST-activity in the range of 120-140%. Insects injected with reduced glutathione (300 mg/insect) presented at the forth day elevated GST activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Sívori
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas-CIPEIN-(CITEFA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Shinyashiki M, Kumagai Y, Homma-Takeda S, Nagafune J, Takasawa N, Suzuki J, Matsuzaki I, Satoh S, Sagai M, Shimojo N. Selective inhibition of the mouse brain Mn-SOD by methylmercury. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 1996; 2:359-366. [PMID: 21781743 DOI: 10.1016/s1382-6689(96)00070-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/1996] [Revised: 08/05/1996] [Accepted: 08/12/1996] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Changes in mRNA levels, protein contents and enzyme activities for brain Cu,Zn- and Mn-SOD by methylmercury chloride (MMC) administration, were examined, over a period of 12 days in ICR male mice. After subcutaneous administration of MMC (10 mg/kg) to mice, brain mercury content reached a maximum at 2 days and remained at that level for at least 5 days. MMC exposure resulted in a time-dependent decrease in the Mn-SOD activity: the enzyme activity at 5 days after exposure to MMC was about 60% of control level whereas this exposure was without effect on the Cu,Zn-SOD activity, indicating differential sensitivity of SOD isozymes to the metal. However, levels of mRNA and protein synthesis for Mn-SOD were unaffected by MMC administration. The direct effect of MMC on the both SOD activities were further examined with purified enzyme preparations. After each SOD isozyme (10 U) was incubated with 0.2 mM MMC for 24 h at pH 7.8, the enzyme activities for Cu,Zn- and Mn-SOD were 90% and 37% of control, respectively. Incubations at a ratio of SOD to MMC (1 : 600) for 24 h resulted in a substantial decrease in the enzyme activity of the Mn form; this isozyme-selective inactivation was noted at alkaline pH. A combination of isoelectric focusing-agarose gel electrophoresis (IEF-AGE) and synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (SR-XRF) analysis revealed that Mn-SOD rather than Cu,Zn-SOD underwent modification. Furthermore, a decrease in native form of Mn-SOD protein after MMC exposure was confirmed by gel filtration chromatography. These results indicate that Mn-SOD, but not Cu,Zn-SOD, is susceptible to modification by MMC and the resulting alteration in structure appears to cause a loss of enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shinyashiki
- Graduate School Dactoral Program in Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan
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Shimojo N, Kumagai Y, Homma-Takeda S, Shinyashiki M, Takasawa N, Kushida K. Isozyme selective induction of mouse pulmonary superoxide dismutase by the exposure to mercury vapor. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 1996; 2:35-37. [PMID: 21781699 DOI: 10.1016/1382-6689(96)00025-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/1996] [Revised: 04/22/1996] [Accepted: 04/29/1996] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in lung superoxide dismutase (SOD) isozymes after exposure of mice to mercury vapor were examined. Inhalation of mercury vapor (10 mg/m(3)) for 1 h by mice resulted in a higher accumulation of mercury in the kidney and lung compared to other organs, at 1 h after exposure. Under these conditions marked enhancement of protein content in bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF), attributed to lung injury, was observed. Exposure to mercury vapor caused a significant increase in the pulmonary Cu,Zn-SOD activity (1.32-fold at 48 h) whereas Mn-SOD activity was suppressed to 82% of the control level, suggesting different sensitivity to the metal inhalation. The selective induction of Cu,Zn-SOD protein (1.79-fold at 48 h) was confirmed by immunoblot analysis with polyclonal antibodies against these isozymes. These observations suggest that the selective induction of Cu,Zn-SOD at the translational level appears to occur as an initial defense against mercury-promoted oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shimojo
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan
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Ahmad S. Oxidative stress from environmental pollutants. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1995; 29:135-157. [PMID: 7606041 DOI: 10.1002/arch.940290205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Recently progress has been made on O2 toxicity and pathology related to numerous environmental contaminants in insects. The pro-oxidants studied included: dioxin, paraquat, and an assorted array of quinones, 8-methoxypsorlen, arsenic, and mercury. The responses to these oxidants are diverse, but they arise from the reactive oxygen species. These pro-oxidants in insects cause lipid peroxidation, protein and enzyme oxidation, and GSH depletion. Potentially, they may also cause DNA oxidation, and form DNA adducts. Oxidative challenge is alleviated by antioxidant compounds, but more importantly by the induction of antioxidant enzymes, which are crucial for the termination of O2 radical cascade and lipid peroxidation chain reaction. Insects exhibit a wasting syndrome under sub-acute stress. In acute toxicity vital physiological processes impaired are hemolymph melanization and diuresis. Thus, insects resemble vertebrates in both the response to oxidative stress and its pathological consequences. These results raise the prospect that insects may serve as non-mammalian model species for monitoring the oxidative-stress component of environmental toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Reno 89557-0014, USA
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Zaman K, MacGill RS, Johnson JE, Ahmad S, Pardini RS. An insect model for assessing oxidative stress related to arsenic toxicity. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1995; 29:199-209. [PMID: 7606044 DOI: 10.1002/arch.940290209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The potential usefulness of an insect model to evaluate oxidative stress induced by environmental pollutants was examined with trivalent arsenic (As3+, NaAsO2) and pentavalent arsenic (As5+, Na2HAsO4) in adult female house flies, Musca domestica, and fourth-instar cabbage loopers, Trichoplusia ni. M. domestica was highly susceptible to both forms of arsenic following 48 h exposure in the drinking water with LC50s of 0.008 and 0.011% w/v for As3+ and As5+, respectively. T. ni larvae were susceptible to dietary As3+ with an LC50 of 0.032% w/w but seem to tolerate As5+ well with an LC50 of 0.794% concentration after 48 h exposure. The minimally acute LC5 dose of both As3+ and As5+ varied considerably but averaged 0.005% for both insects. The potential of both valencies of arsenic for inducing oxidative stress in the insects exposed ad libitum to approximately LC5 levels was assessed. The parameters examined were the alterations of the antioxidant enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione transferase (GST), the peroxidase activity of glutathione transferase (GSTPX), and glutathione reductase (GR), and increases in lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation. SOD (1.3-fold), GST (1.6-fold), and GR (1.5-fold) were induced by As3+ in M. domestica but CAT and GSTPX were not affected. As5+ had no effect on M. domestica. In T. ni, the antioxidant enzyme activities were not affected by As3+ except for SOD which was suppressed by 29.4% and GST which was induced by 1.4-fold. As5+ had no effect except the suppression of SOD by 41.2%. Lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation, which represent stronger indices of oxidative stress, were elevated in both insects by up to 2.9-fold. However, based on the antioxidant enzyme response to the arsenic anions, the mode of action of arsenic induced oxidative stress may differ between the two insects. Until this aspect is further clarified, evidence at this time favors the prospect of As3+ as a pro-oxidant, especially for M. domestica.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Zaman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Reno 89557, USA
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