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Gorenz B, Oelschlager ML, Jespersen JC, Cao C, Smith AH, Mackie RI, Dilger RN. Organ growth and fermentation profiles of broilers differing in body growth rate. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103628. [PMID: 38518667 PMCID: PMC10973179 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This study sought to determine the relationship among broiler performance, organ development, and indicators of microbiota colonization. A total of 1,200 two-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks, divided among 3 cohorts of equal size, were housed in battery cages, and allotted based on body weight. On study d 11, birds were weighed, and birds with BW gain within the 10th and 90th percentiles were assigned to the Slow and Fast groups, respectively. Birds (n = 30 for each group) selected on d 11 were provided water and a corn-soybean meal-based diet ad libitum while maintained individually through study d 25 (i.e., a 14-d growth period). Parameters regarding growth performance, organ and intestine weights and lengths, and intestinal volatile fatty acid concentrations were measured. All data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA using the Mixed procedure of SAS. Fast birds exhibited greater (P < 0.001) BW gain and feed intake than slow birds, but feed conversion ratio (FCR) did not differ (P = 0.19). Additionally, Slow birds had higher (P < 0.05) relative weights (% of BW) for nearly all organs on d 11 and 25, most notably the gizzard, proventriculus, pancreas, and liver. Conversely, intestinal sections were longer (P < 0.05) in the Fast birds. Measurement of gut histomorphology did not show any notable differences between growth rate groups in terms of villi height, crypt depth, or their ratio for either time-point (P > 0.05). In terms of volatile fatty acid concentrations of luminal contents, acetate concentrations were 10.2% higher (P < 0.001) in the ileum of the Slow birds compared with Fast birds on d 25. Overall, the findings suggest that total BW gain is influenced by the development of metabolically active organs, as supported by lower weight gain in Slow birds with relatively larger organ weights and shorter intestinal lengths than their Fast counterparts. The general lack of differences in fermentation end-product concentrations in luminal contents does not rule out influence of the microbiota on growth rate of broilers, which warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Gorenz
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Maci L Oelschlager
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Chang Cao
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Alexandra H Smith
- Arm & Hammer Animal and Food Production, Church & Dwight Co., Inc., Waukesha, WI 53186, USA
| | - Roderick I Mackie
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ryan N Dilger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Mohammadigheisar M, Shouldice VL, Torrey S, Widowski TM, Ward NE, Kiarie EG. Growth performance, organ attributes, nutrient and caloric utilization in broiler chickens differing in growth rates when fed a corn-soybean meal diet with multienzyme supplement containing phytase, protease and fiber degrading enzymes. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101362. [PMID: 34358957 PMCID: PMC8350502 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth performance, organ weight, ceca digesta short chain fatty acids (SCFA), jejunal histomorphometry, tibia ash, apparent retention (AR) of components and caloric efficiency were investigated in broiler chicken strains differing in growth rate fed diets with multienzyme supplement (MES). The strains differed in estimated time to reach 2.1 kg BW: 37, 43, 47, and 50 d and were designated C, F, J, and N, respectively. A corn-soybean meal diet was formulated for 2-phase program (starter and grower) and fed without or with MES containing phytase, protease and fiber-degrading enzymes. A total of 640-day-old chicks (42.3 + 0.01 g/bird) were housed in cages (5 cockerels and 5 pullets/cage) and allocated to give 8 replicates/ strain and diet combination. Equal amount of feed was fed based on observed ad-libitum intake of C strain in the starter (d 0-14) and grower (d 15-28). Body weight was monitored, grab excreta samples taken and at completion of allocated feed one bird per cage necropsied for samples. With exception of P, apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn) and ceca digesta acetic acid, there was no (P > 0.05) interaction between strain and MES on examined responses. Strains differed (P < 0.01) on growth, FCR, gizzard weight, tibia ash, breast weight, ceca digesta concentration of lactic, propionic, and isobutyric acid and caloric efficiency. The final body weight (BW) was 1,344, 1,134, 959, and 916 g/bird for C, F, J, and N, respectively. Corresponding caloric efficiency was 4,930, 5,807, 6,680 and 7,199 kcal/kg BW gain, respectively. Birds fed MES had higher BW gain (P < 0.05) in grower phase, larger gizzard, higher AR of CP, crude fat, neutral detergent fiber, and Ca than non-MES birds. In conclusion, growth rate influenced organ attributes, nutrient, and caloric utilization. Enzyme supplementation improved growth in grower phase and nutrient utilization independent of strain, suggesting that effects of feed enzymes are not influenced by inherent growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victoria L Shouldice
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G2W1
| | - Stephanie Torrey
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G2W1
| | - Tina M Widowski
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G2W1
| | - Nelson E Ward
- DSM Nutritional Products Inc., Parsippany, NJ, 07054, USA
| | - Elijah G Kiarie
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G2W1.
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3
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Mohammadigheisar M, Shouldice VL, Torrey S, Widowski T, Kiarie EG. Research Note: Comparative gastrointestinal, tibia, and plasma attributes in 48-day-old fast- and slow-growing broiler chicken strains. Poult Sci 2020; 99:3086-3091. [PMID: 32475445 PMCID: PMC7597737 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging market differentiation for broiler meat from strains exhibiting a range of growth rates is necessitating comparative research on various physiological and production aspects of these strains. The objective of the present study was to compare select gastrointestinal, tibial, and plasma attributes in a sample of 48-day-old (50 male and 50 female) broilers obtained from fast-and slow-growing flocks maintained under similar feed and management regimens. Eight birds were randomly selected from a fast (B; representative of modern commercial strains) and each of the 4 slow-growing strains (SG; D, H, M, and E). The strains differed by estimated time to reach 2.2 kg bodyweight corresponding to 36, 50, 42, 44, and 50 D for B, D, H, M, and E, respectively. Blood samples were collected to determine plasma metabolites, and birds were subsequently euthanized, weighed, and necropsied for gizzard and small intestine weight, jejunal tissue for histomorphology, ceca digesta samples for concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and left tibia for ash content. Gizzard was heavier (P < 0.01) for D, H, and M than that for B and E, whereas the small intestine was lighter (P < 0.01) for B, D, and H than for M and E. There were no (P > 0.05) strain differences on SCFA, jejunal villus height and crypt depth, plasma proteins, and electrolytes. Strains D, H, and M exhibited higher (P = 0.01) tibia ash concentration than B; E was intermediate and not different (P > 0.05) from any strain. Specifically, the tibia ash for B, D, H, SG 3, and E were 1.24, 1.44, 1.43, 1.49, and 1.39 g/kg BW, respectively. The B birds showed higher (P < 0.01) plasma concentrations of aspartate transaminase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatinine than SG strains. In conclusion, although B and some SG strains had lighter gastrointestinal tract indicative of energy efficiency, higher circulating plasma enzymes in B birds suggested impaired hepatic function. Moreover, lower tibia ash in B suggested disproportionate body mass relative to skeletal support.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victoria L Shouldice
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G2W1, ON, Canada
| | - Stephanie Torrey
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G2W1, ON, Canada
| | - Tina Widowski
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G2W1, ON, Canada
| | - Elijah G Kiarie
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G2W1, ON, Canada.
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Nir I, Nitsan Z, Dunnington E, Siegel P. Aspects of food intake restriction in young domestic fowl: metabolic and genetic considerations. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1079/wps19960019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Nir
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Sciences, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Z. Nitsan
- Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - E.A. Dunnington
- Animal and Poultry Sciences Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0306, USA
| | - P.B. Siegel
- Animal and Poultry Sciences Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0306, USA
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Jawasreh K, Al Athamneh S, Al-Zghoul MB, Al Amareen A, AlSukhni I, Aad P. Evaluation of growth performance and muscle marker genes expression in four different broiler strains in Jordan. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2019.1573647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khaleel Jawasreh
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Safwan Al Athamneh
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Borhan Al-Zghoul
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | | | - Ibrahem AlSukhni
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Pauline Aad
- Department of Sciences, FNAS Notre Dame University-Louaize, Beirut-Lebanon
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Sutherland DAT, Honaker CF, Dorshorst B, Andersson L, Siegel PB. Asymmetries, heterosis, and phenotypic profiles of red junglefowl, White Plymouth Rocks, and F 1 and F 2 reciprocal crosses. J Appl Genet 2018; 59:193-201. [PMID: 29500604 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-018-0435-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
During the domestication of farm animals, humans have manipulated genetic variation for growth and reproduction through artificial selection. Here, data are presented for growth, reproductive, and behavior traits for the red junglefowl, a line of White Plymouth Rock chickens, and their F1 and F2 reciprocal crosses. Intra- and intergenerational comparisons for growth related traits reflected considerable additive genetic variation. In contrast, those traits associated with reproduction exhibited heterosis. The role of sexual selection was seen in the evolution of prominent secondary sexual ornaments that lend to female choice and male-male competition. The large differences between parental lines in fearfulness to humans were only mitigated slightly in the intercross generations. Whereas, overall F1 generation heterosis was not transferred to the F2, there was developmental stability in the F2, as measured by relative asymmetry of bilateral traits. Through multigenerational analyses between the red junglefowl and the domestic White Plymouth Rocks, we observed plasticity and considerable residual genetic variation. These factors likely facilitated the adaptability of the chicken to a broad range of husbandry practices throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A T Sutherland
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0306, USA
| | - C F Honaker
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0306, USA
| | - B Dorshorst
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0306, USA
| | - L Andersson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, Box 597, SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P B Siegel
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0306, USA.
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Mott CR, Siegel PB, Webb KE, Wong EA. Gene expression of nutrient transporters in the small intestine of chickens from lines divergently selected for high or low juvenile body weight. Poult Sci 2008; 87:2215-24. [PMID: 18931170 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrient transporters in the small intestine are responsible for dietary nutrient assimilation; therefore, the expression of these transporters can influence overall nutrient status as well as the growth and development of the animal. This study examined correlated responses to selection in the developmental gene expression of PepT1, EAAT3, SGLT1, and GLUT5 in the small intestine of chickens from lines divergently selected for 48 generations for high (HH) or low (LL) 56-d BW and their reciprocal crosses (HL and LH). Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were collected from male and female chicks on embryonic d 20, day of hatch with no access to feed, and d 3, 7, and 14 posthatch. Total RNA was extracted, and nutrient transporter expression was assayed by real-time PCR using the relative quantification method. In comparing male and female HH and LL chicks, there was a mating combination x age x sex interaction for PepT1 expression (P < 0.001), a main effect of sex for EAAT3 (P < 0.05) and SGLT1 (P < 0.001) expression, and an age x sex interaction for SGLT1 expression (P < 0.001). These results demonstrate a sexual dimorphism in the capacity to absorb nutrients from the intestine, which has implications for the poultry industry with regard to diet formulations for straight-run and sex-separate grow-out operations. Results from comparing male LL, LH, HL, and HH chicks indicate that selection for high or low juvenile BW may have influenced the gene expression profiles of these nutrient transporters in the small intestine, which may contribute to the overall differences in the growth and development of these lines of chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Mott
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061-0306, USA
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8
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MacLachlan DJ. Transfer of fat-soluble pesticides from contaminated feed to poultry tissues and eggs. Br Poult Sci 2008; 49:290-8. [PMID: 18568753 DOI: 10.1080/00071660802123344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
1. Implementation of Good Manufacturing Practice and HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points) in the production of poultry feed requires efficient tools for profiling risks associated with pesticide use in the production of crops for feed. 2. This paper describes a simple model that may be of use in the first tiers of risk profiling of feeds. 3. The model adequately reproduced the pattern of residues in fat and eggs of laying hens dosed with a selection of lipophilic pesticides that may be used in the production of crops for poultry feeds: deltamethrin, diflubenzuron, fipronil, lindane, piperonyl butoxide and spinosad. 4. Simulations suggest results derived from studies on laying chickens can be extrapolated to other laying birds. 5. Poultry meat production systems focus on maximising growth of birds giving rise to significant potential for dilution of residues that transfer to fat from feed. 6. Simulations of residues in fat of chickens, ducks, geese and turkeys exposed to a lipophilic pesticide with an elimination half-life of one day at 10 mg/kg body weight/d from hatching to typical market ages suggest residues in fat that are highest in turkeys > chickens > geese > ducks. 7. The model is of use in interpreting published dosing studies and predicting likely residues in birds at times after last exposure/dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J MacLachlan
- Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service, Barton, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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10
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Siegel P, Larsen C, Emmerson D, Gereart PA, Picard M. Feeding Regimen, Dietary Vitamin E, and Genotype Influences on Immunological and Production Traits of Broilers. J APPL POULTRY RES 2000. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/9.2.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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11
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Dunnington EA, Siegel PB. Long-term divergent selection for eight-week body weight in white Plymouth rock chickens. Poult Sci 1996; 75:1168-79. [PMID: 8893291 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0751168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of results from a long-term (38 generations) selection experiment. Lines were developed from individual phenotypic selection for high or low body weight at 8 wk of age. Included are data for the selected lines, sublines in which selection was relaxed, crosses of the selected lines, and sublines in which the sex-linked dw gene was introduced. Periodically (and in some cases every generation) data were obtained for unselected traits. These unselected traits included feed consumption and intake behavior, reproduction, allomorphic relationships, and metabolic, immunological, endocrine, and molecular factors. These responses have been integrated into a resource allocation paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Dunnington
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061-0306, USA
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12
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Liu G, Dunnington EA, Siegel PB. Growth related traits in body weight selected lines and their crosses reared under different nutritional regimens. Br Poult Sci 1995; 36:209-19. [PMID: 7655897 DOI: 10.1080/00071669508417770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
1. Four populations--two that had undergone 37 generations of selection for high (HH) and low (LL) body weight, and reciprocal crosses between them (HL and LH) were fed two diets differing in protein and energy. Diet A, under which selection had been made, contained 200 g protein and 11.23 MJ/kg. Diet E contained 240 g protein and 13.16 MJ/kg. 2. Body weight and feed efficiency were measured weekly from hatch to 56 d of age at which time oesophagus, abdominal fat pad, heart, liver and lungs were removed and weighed. At 35 d of age chicks were inoculated with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) and antibody titre was measured 6 d later. 3. Chicks fed diet E were heavier than those fed diet A. HH chicks were heavier than LL chicks with HL and LH chicks intermediate to the parental lines. LH chicks were heavier than HL ones reflecting large maternal effects. 4. Food efficiencies among stocks and diets were consistent with those for body weight, with HH > LH > HL > LL and E > A. Relative differences between diets were similar across ages and heterosis for food efficiency was about 15%. 5. Relative to body weight, oesophagus and liver weights were heavier in chickens fed diet A than fed diet E. The pattern reversed for abdominal fat pad. 6. Antibody to SRBC antigen was greater in the crosses than in line HH and in cross HL than line LL, with heterosis of 70%.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Liu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061, USA
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13
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Nestor KE, Saif YM, Emmerson DA, Anthony NB. The influence of genetic changes in body weight, egg production, and body conformation on organ growth of turkeys. Poult Sci 1995; 74:601-11. [PMID: 7792230 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0740601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Measurements were made on the breast with bone (BWB), a demand organ, and various supply organs in mature turkeys (approximately 40 wk of age) from various lines of turkeys to determine the influence of selection for increased egg production, BW, and body conformation on resource allocation. Comparisons made were: 1) a line (E) selected long-term for increased egg production and its randombred control (RBC1); 2) a line (F) selected long-term for increased 16-wk BW and its control (RBC2); 3) the F line with a commercial sire line (C); and 4) the RBC1 line and a randombred control (RBC3) that was formed from the F and C lines. Data were analyzed on an absolute basis and after adjustment to a common BW by covariance analysis. The only major change in organ sizes that occurred that could not be accounted for by differences in BW was in the E line. The actual and relative weights of total supply organs decreased and the relative weight of the BWB increased in the E line when compared with its randombred control. Selection for increased BW in the F line did not result in a relative change in BWB. The BWB weight was relatively heavier in the C line than in the F line. The relative amount of BWB was slightly but significantly different in the two randombreds (RBC1 and RBC3) formed 29 yr apart. Weight of the gizzard did not increase at the same rate as BW in two large-bodied lines (F and RBC3).
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Nestor
- Department of Poultry Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster 44691, USA
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Wall CW, Anthony NB. Inheritance of carcass variables when giant jungle fowl and broilers achieve a common physiological body weight. Poult Sci 1995; 74:231-6. [PMID: 7724446 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0740231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ten chicks each from Giant Jungle Fowl (JF), broiler breeders (BB), and the respective F1 cross between them, were reared under typical broiler management practices until they reached a market weight of approximately 1,818 g. When individual birds reached market weight they were killed by CO2 asphyxiation and variables (length and weight) associated with organ, muscle, and skeletal growth were measured. Age to market weight demonstrated parental and heterotic effects. The JF had more deboned leg muscle and less Pectoralis major muscle than BB. Abdominal fat was higher in BB and showed positive heterosis. Organ weights were consistently lower for JF than BB. Positive heterosis was observed for spleen and pancreas, and negative heterosis was indicated for heart, liver, and lung. The digestive tract generally weighed less and was shorter in length for JF than for BB. Positive heterosis was observed for proventriculus and gizzard weight, and negative heterosis was noted for duodenum and jejunum lengths. Parental line differences were observed for most bone variables, including weight and length. Parental lines differed for femur breaking strength, but not for tibiotarsus breaking strength. A large negative heterotic effect was observed for tibiotarsus bone breaking strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Wall
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701, USA
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15
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Nir I, Nitsan Z, Mahagna M. Comparative growth and development of the digestive organs and of some enzymes in broiler and egg type chicks after hatching. Br Poult Sci 1993; 34:523-32. [PMID: 8358639 DOI: 10.1080/00071669308417607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
1. Body weight, the weight of digestive organs and activities of some digestive enzymes were determined from hatching to 14 d of age in meat- and egg-type chickens. 2. Relative daily food intake and growth rate were much higher in meat- than in egg-type chickens. Relative daily food intake peaked at 30% of body weight at 3 d of age in meat-type, and at 20% of body weight at 6 d of age in egg-type chickens and then decreased gradually. The corresponding values for growth rate were 20 and 14%. 3. Allometric growth of the small intestine, intestinal contents and liver was greater in meat-type chickens, but the growth of the pancreas attained a higher value in the egg-type birds. Diminution of the vitelline residue was similar in the two breeds. 4. Pancreatic digestive enzyme activities were similar between stocks, but activities in the small intestinal contents were lower in meat-type chickens. 5. The secretion of digestive enzymes in the newly-hatched meat-type chicken could be a limiting factor in digestion and, consequently, in food intake and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nir
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Agriculture, Rehovot, Israel
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16
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CHRISTENSEN V, DONALDSON W, NESTOR K. Embryonic Viability and Metabolism in Turkey Lines Selected for Egg Production or Growth. Poult Sci 1993. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.0720829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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17
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Abstract
A cross-sectional diallel experiment was used to estimate the contribution of various types of genetic variation for the chemical components of the chicken carcass. Populations tested included a commercially developed sire line (CM), a fertility-selected broiler line (FS), and the pureline Jersey Giant (JG). Average line effects were significant for body weight and total carcass water, fat, and protein. Line effects were significant only for percentage fat and water. Maternal effects and additive sex linkage were not significant for any carcass component on an absolute or percentage basis. Significant average heterosis and sex by heterosis interactions were observed for abdominal fat pad weight and total carcass fat. Male hybrids exhibited a 29% decrease in abdominal fat pad size, but female hybrids exhibited a 7% increase. Significant heterosis was observed among females, but not males, for percentage carcass fat. Changes in carcass fat via hybridization produced the largest percentage change among males due to heterosis of the sex chromosomes. In the present experiment, negative heterosis for abdominal fat among male progeny accounted for approximately 65% of the overall reduction in fat content of the carcass.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Barbato
- Department of Poultry Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
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18
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O'Sullivan NP, Dunnington EA, Larsen AS, Siegel PB. Correlated responses in lines of chickens divergently selected for fifty-six-day body weight. 2. Organ growth, deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, and protein content. Poult Sci 1992; 71:598-609. [PMID: 1375743 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0710598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth of organs relative to body weight and cellular protein, RNA, DNA, and cell unit size of breast muscle, liver, and small intestinal tissue were measured in females from four lines of chickens. Two lines had undergone 32 generations of divergent selection for 56-day body weight, and the other two lines were derived by sampling the first two lines at Generation 28 and relaxing selection for the next five generations. The diet used in the present experiment was the same diet under which selection was practiced (20% crude protein and 2,685 kcal of ME/kg). Comparisons at common chronological ages and a common body weight revealed that supply organ weights, especially that of the small intestine, were associated with subsequent growth of demand organs. Although the upper gastrointestinal tract was also important in this respect, it was more susceptible to influences such as feed intake. Selection for juvenile body weight resulted in correlated changes in cell size of breast muscle but not liver and small intestine. Muscle increased posthatch as cells underwent hypertrophy but liver and small intestine grew chiefly by hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P O'Sullivan
- Poultry Science Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061-0332
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19
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O'Sullivan NP, Dunnington EA, Larsen AS, Siegel PB. Correlated responses in lines of chickens divergently selected for fifty-six-day body weight. 3. Digestive enzymes. Poult Sci 1992; 71:610-7. [PMID: 1375744 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0710610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Levels of amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and lipase in the pancreas and small intestinal chyme were measured in females from four lines of chickens. Two of the lines had undergone 32 generations of divergent selection for 56-day body weight, and in the other two lines selection for high or low weight had been relaxed for 5 generations. The diet used in the present experiment was that under which selection had been practiced (20% crude protein and 2,685 kcal of ME/kg). Comparisons between divergently selected lines at common ages revealed higher enzyme levels for high- than low-weight lines. When comparisons were made at a common body weight (80 +/- 5 g) there were no differences between lines. These results suggested that correlated responses in feed intake were mediating the regulation of digestive enzyme levels in the pancreas and in intestinal chyme of growth-selected lines of chickens. Chicks from high-weight lines had elevated enzyme levels after a mild feed restriction compared with those provided ad libitum access to feed. It was hypothesized that hyperphagia associated with the high-weight lines in combination with a mild feed restriction and the associated meal feeding stimulated synthesis and secretion of digestive enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P O'Sullivan
- Poultry Science Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blackburg 24061-0332
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20
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O'Sullivan NP, Dunnington EA, Siegel PB. Correlated responses in lines of chickens divergently selected for fifty-six-day body weight. 1. Growth, feed intake, and feed utilization. Poult Sci 1992; 71:590-7. [PMID: 1594511 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0710590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Correlated responses for growth, feed intake, and feed utilization were measured in female chickens from lines after 32 generations of divergent selection for 56-day body weight and in sublines in which selection had been relaxed for five generations. The diet used in the present experiment was that under which selection had been practiced (20% crude protein and 2,685 kcal of ME/kg). Feed intake between each selected line and its relaxed subline was equalized by paired-feeding. Ad libitum-fed controls were also maintained. At 21 days of age, differences between the selected lines for ad libitum-fed chickens were 404% for body weight, 279% for feed intake, and 138% for feed conversion ratio (FCR). Respective percentages for the high and low relaxed lines under ad libitum feeding were 267, 223, and 121%. When pair-fed, the growth of the line selected for high weight was unimpeded and FCR improved. When chicks of the low-weight relaxed line were pair-fed, FCR also improved, but growth was reduced and appetite development inhibited. Hyperphagic behavior was observed in the line selected for high weight. In the low-weight selected line, the chicks exhibited hypophagia. Although residual feed consumption was unchanged by selection for 56-day body weight, variation was present for this trait, with lower values under restricted than ad libitum feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P O'Sullivan
- Poultry Science Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061-0332
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21
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Barbato GF. Genetic architecture of growth curve parameters in chickens. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1991; 83:24-32. [PMID: 24202253 DOI: 10.1007/bf00229222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/1990] [Accepted: 05/16/1991] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Genetic improvement in growth of poultry has traditionally proceeded via selection for body weight at a fixed age. Due to increased maintenance costs and reproductive problems of adult broiler breeders, the potential for genetic manipulation of the growth curve has been receiving increased interest. Research of both male and female progeny of a three-way diallel cross was used to investigate the inheritance of growth curve parameters. The Laird form of the Gompertz equation was used to determine growth curve parameters, and was suited to the juvenile growth data frequently collected from meat-type chickens. Growth rate exhibited significant heterosis due to both autosomes and the sex chromosomes. Age at inflection point also exhibited significant average heterosis, though only among females. Growth rate was also influenced by average line effects, as was age at inflection point. Maternal effects had no influence on growth curve parameters, while additive sex linkage was observed for growth rate. Phenotypic and genetic correlations were calculated among the growth curve parameters and suggest that specific breeding programs could alter the growth trajectory of the contemporary broiler chicken. Moderate heritabilities were observed for the growth curve parameters and support the hypothesis that the growth curve could be altered via genetic manipulation of early postnatal growth, especially during the first 14 days post-hatch.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Barbato
- Department of Poultry Science, Intercollege Graduate Program in Genetics, The Pennsylvania State University, 16802, University Park, PA, USA
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22
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Nitsan Z, Dunnington EA, Siegel PB. Organ growth and digestive enzyme levels to fifteen days of age in lines of chickens differing in body weight. Poult Sci 1991; 70:2040-8. [PMID: 1720246 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0702040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Weights of internal organs and levels of digestive enzymes were obtained through the first 15 days posthatch for cockerels from three lines of chickens known to differ greatly in body weight. On Day 15 body weights from the fastest growing line were eight times greater than those from the slowest growing line. Differences among lines were found for weights at hatching and for growth patterns (both absolute and relative to body weight) of the vitelline residue, heart, lungs, liver, pancreas, crop, proventriculus, gizzard, and segments of the small intestine. Line differences were also evident for levels of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and amylase in the pancreas and contents of the small intestine. Ranking of lines for these traits varied with age. In all lines weights of the small intestine, liver, and pancreas increased relatively more than did total body weight during the 1st wk posthatch, after which the relationship reversed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Nitsan
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan, Israel
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23
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Nitsan Z, Ben-Avraham G, Zoref Z, Nir I. Growth and development of the digestive organs and some enzymes in broiler chicks after hatching. Br Poult Sci 1991; 32:515-23. [PMID: 1716507 DOI: 10.1080/00071669108417376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Body weight and the weight of the digestive organs and activities of some digestive enzymes were determined from hatching to 23 d of age. 2. Relative daily growth rate peaked at 11 d of age (22% gain/d) and then decreased gradually. 3. The vitelline residue was decreased rapidly from 4.6 g at hatching to negligible values from 4 d of age. 4. Maximal allometric growth of the pancreas and small intestine was 4-fold and that of liver 2-fold greater than that of the body. 5. Activities (units/kg body weight) of the digestive enzymes measured in the pancreas and intestinal contents increased with age. In the pancreas maximal values were attained on day 8 for amylase and lipase and 11 for trypsin and chymotrypsin. In the small intestine maxima were attained on day 4 for lipase, 11 for trypsin and chymotrypsin and 17 for amylase. 6. The development of secretion of digestive enzymes in the post-hatched chick could be a limiting factor in digestion and subsequently in food intake and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Nitsan
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
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24
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O'SULLIVAN N, DUNNINGTON E, SIEGEL P. Growth and Carcass Characteristics of Early- and Late-Feathering Broilers Reared Under Different Feeding Regimens. Poult Sci 1991. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.0701323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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25
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Prasetyo H, Eisen EJ. Effects of preweaning stress on heterosis and average genetic effects in mice1. J Anim Breed Genet 1989. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.1989.tb00262.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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