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Adu-Yeboah P, Malone JM, Gill G, Preston C. Stability of EPSPS gene copy number in Hordeum glaucum Steud (barley grass) in the presence and absence of glyphosate selection. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:3080-3087. [PMID: 33729658 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene amplification has been shown to provide resistance to glyphosate in several weed species, including Hordeum glaucum populations in South Australia. The stability of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene copies in resistant populations in the presence or absence of glyphosate selection has not been determined. RESULTS Applying glyphosate to a cloned plant resulted in an increase in resistance and EPSPS copy number in the progeny of that plant compared to the untreated clone. The LD50 (herbicide concentration required for 50% mortality) increased by 75% to 79% in the progeny of the treated clones compared to the untreated in both populations (YP-17 and YP-16). EPSPS copy number estimates were higher in treated individuals compared to untreated individuals with an average of seven copies compared to six in YP-16 and 11 compared to six in YP-17. There was a positive correlation (R2 = 0.78) between EPSPS copy number and LD50 of all populations. CONCLUSION EPSPS gene copy number and resistance to glyphosate increased in H. glaucum populations under glyphosate selection, suggesting the number of EPSPS gene copies present is dependent on glyphosate selection. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Adu-Yeboah
- School of Agriculture Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, Australia
| | - Jenna M Malone
- School of Agriculture Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, Australia
| | - Gurjeet Gill
- School of Agriculture Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, Australia
| | - Christopher Preston
- School of Agriculture Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, Australia
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Patterson EL, Pettinga DJ, Ravet K, Neve P, Gaines TA. Glyphosate Resistance and EPSPS Gene Duplication: Convergent Evolution in Multiple Plant Species. J Hered 2018; 109:117-125. [PMID: 29040588 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esx087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the increasingly widespread mechanisms of resistance to the herbicide glyphosate is copy number variation (CNV) of the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene. EPSPS gene duplication has been reported in 8 weed species, ranging from 3 to 5 extra copies to more than 150 extra copies. In the case of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri), a section of >300 kb containing EPSPS and many other genes has been replicated and inserted at new loci throughout the genome, resulting in significant increase in total genome size. The replicated sequence contains several classes of mobile genetic elements including helitrons, raising the intriguing possibility of extra-chromosomal replication of the EPSPS-containing sequence. In kochia (Kochia scoparia), from 3 to more than 10 extra EPSPS copies are arranged as a tandem gene duplication at one locus. In the remaining 6 weed species that exhibit EPSPS gene duplication, little is known about the underlying mechanisms of gene duplication or their entire sequence. There is mounting evidence that adaptive gene amplification is an important mode of evolution in the face of intense human-mediated selection pressure. The convergent evolution of CNVs for glyphosate resistance in weeds, through at least 2 different mechanisms, may be indicative of a more general importance for this mechanism of adaptation in plants. CNVs warrant further investigation across plant functional genomics for adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses, particularly for adaptive evolution on rapid time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Patterson
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins
| | - Dean J Pettinga
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins
| | - Karl Ravet
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins
| | - Paul Neve
- Rothamsted Research, Biointeractions and Crop Protection Department, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Todd A Gaines
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins
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Salas RA, Scott RC, Dayan FE, Burgos NR. EPSPS Gene Amplification in Glyphosate-Resistant Italian Ryegrass (Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum) Populations from Arkansas (United States). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:5885-93. [PMID: 25760654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate-resistant Italian ryegrass was detected in Arkansas (United States) in 2007. In 2014, 45 populations were confirmed resistant in eight counties across the state. The level of resistance and resistance mechanisms in six populations were studied to assess the severity of the problem and identify alternative management approaches. Dose-response bioassays, glyphosate absorption and translocation experiments, herbicide target (EPSPS) gene sequence analysis, and gene amplification assays were conducted. The dose causing 50% growth reduction (GR50) was 7-19 times higher for the resistant population than for the susceptible standard. Uptake and translocation of (14)C-glyphosate were similar in resistant and susceptible plants, and no mutation in the EPSPS gene known to be associated with resistance to glyphosate was detected. Resistant plants contained from 11- to >100-fold more copies of the EPSPS gene than the susceptible plants, whereas the susceptible plants had only one copy of EPSPS. Plants surviving the recommended dose of glyphosate contained at least 10 copies. The EPSPS copy number was positively related to glyphosate resistance level (r = 80). Therefore, resistance to glyphosate in these populations is due to multiplication of the target site. Resistance mechanisms could be location-specific. Suppressing the mechanism for gene amplification may overcome resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiofeli A Salas
- †Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72704, United States
| | - Robert C Scott
- §University of Arkansas Extension, P.O. Box 357, Lonoke, Arkansas 72086, United States
| | - Franck E Dayan
- #Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Thad Cochran Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 1848, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Nilda R Burgos
- †Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72704, United States
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Widholm JM, Chinnala AR, Ryu JH, Song HS, Eggett T, Brotherton JE. Glyphosate selection of gene amplification in suspension cultures of 3 plant species. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2001; 112:540-545. [PMID: 11473714 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2001.1120411.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Stepwise selection was carried out with increasing glyphosate concentrations to produce suspension cultures of Medicago sativa L. (alfalfa), Glycine max L. (Merr.) (soybean) and Nicotiana tabacum L. (tobacco) (two lines) that were at least 100-fold more resistant than the original culture as measured by the I50. The selection process required from 8 to 11 transfers to fresh medium over a total period from 161 to 312 days. The alfalfa and soybean lines contained 62- and 21-fold higher activity levels of the glyphosate target enzyme, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), respectively. The tobacco lines had EPSPS enzyme activity levels more than 800-times higher than the original cultures. The EPSPS gene copy number and mRNA were increased in all of the lines as measured by southern and northern hybridization, respectively. Thus, as has been found before with most glyphosate-resistant suspension cultures, the resistance is caused by high EPSPS enzyme activity due to EPSPS gene amplification. Alfalfa and soybean EPSPS gene amplification and the very high EPSPS enzyme activity increases found in the tobacco cultures have not been reported before. These studies show that EPSPS gene amplification can occur in many plant species to confer glyphosate tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack M. Widholm
- University of Illinois, Department of Crop Sciences, Edward R. Madigan Laboratory, 1201 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Present address: Regional Institute of Education, Pushkar Road, Ajmer 3005004, India; Present address: Chonbuk National University, Department of Agronomy, Chonju 560-756, Korea; Present address: BASF Plant Science, P.O. Box 13528, 26 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-3528, USA
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Abstract
The shikimate pathway links metabolism of carbohydrates to biosynthesis of aromatic compounds. In a sequence of seven metabolic steps, phosphoenolpyruvate and erythrose 4-phosphate are converted to chorismate, the precursor of the aromatic amino acids and many aromatic secondary metabolites. All pathway intermediates can also be considered branch point compounds that may serve as substrates for other metabolic pathways. The shikimate pathway is found only in microorganisms and plants, never in animals. All enzymes of this pathway have been obtained in pure form from prokaryotic and eukaryotic sources and their respective DNAs have been characterized from several organisms. The cDNAs of higher plants encode proteins with amino terminal signal sequences for plastid import, suggesting that plastids are the exclusive locale for chorismate biosynthesis. In microorganisms, the shikimate pathway is regulated by feedback inhibition and by repression of the first enzyme. In higher plants, no physiological feedback inhibitor has been identified, suggesting that pathway regulation may occur exclusively at the genetic level. This difference between microorganisms and plants is reflected in the unusually large variation in the primary structures of the respective first enzymes. Several of the pathway enzymes occur in isoenzymic forms whose expression varies with changing environmental conditions and, within the plant, from organ to organ. The penultimate enzyme of the pathway is the sole target for the herbicide glyphosate. Glyphosate-tolerant transgenic plants are at the core of novel weed control systems for several crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus M. Herrmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907; e-mail: , Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri 63198; e-mail:
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Holländer-Czytko H, Sommer I, Amrhein N. Glyphosate tolerance of cultured Corydalis sempervirens cells is acquired by an increased rate of transcription of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase as well as by a reduced turnover of the enzyme. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1992; 20:1029-36. [PMID: 1463838 DOI: 10.1007/bf00028890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Cell cultures of Corydalis sempervirens, tolerant to the herbicide glyphosate, have a 30-40-fold increased level of the herbicide's target enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase, a ten-fold enhanced level of the corresponding mRNA but no amplification of the gene (Holländer-Czytko et al., Plant Mol Biol 11 (1988) 215-220). The increase at the transcriptional level is due to a higher rate of transcription of the gene, which was observed in run-off transcription assays with isolated nuclei. The further amplification at the protein level is the result of stabilization of the enzyme by the herbicide. In the presence of glyphosate the half-life of EPSP synthase was doubled leading to higher levels of both protein and enzyme activity. Overproduction of the enzyme in adapted cultures is stable at the transcriptional level, as cells from adapted cultures grown in the absence of glyphosate for three years still display an about ten-fold higher enzyme activity and transcript level than non-adapted cultures.
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Shyr YY, Hepburn AG, Widholm JM. Glyphosate selected amplification of the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase gene in cultured carrot cells. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1992; 232:377-82. [PMID: 1375313 DOI: 10.1007/bf00266240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CAR and C1, two carrot (Daucus carota L.) suspension cultures of different genotypes, were subjected to stepwise selection for tolerance to the herbicide glyphosate [(N-phosphonomethyl)glycine]. The specific activity of the target enzyme, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), as well as the mRNA level and copy number of the structural gene increased with each glyphosate selection step. Therefore, the tolerance to glyphosate is due to stepwise amplification of the EPSPS genes. During the amplification process, DNA rearrangement did not occur within the EPSPS gene of the CAR cell line but did occur during the selection step from 28 to 35 mM glyphosate for the C1 cell line, as determined by Southern hybridization of selected cell DNA following EcoRI restriction endonuclease digestion. Two cell lines derived from a previously selected glyphosate-tolerant cell line (PR), which also had undergone EPSPS gene amplification but have been maintained in glyphosate-free medium for 2 and 5 years, have lost 36 and 100% of the increased EPSPS activity, respectively. Southern blot analysis of these lines confirms that the amplified DNA is relatively stable in the absence of selection. These studies demonstrate that stepwise selection for glyphosate resistance reproducibly produces stepwise amplification of the EPSPS genes. The relative stability of this amplification indicates that the amplified genes are not extrachromosomal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Shyr
- University of Illinois, Department of Agronomy, Urbana 61801
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Wang YX, Jones JD, Weller SC, Goldsbrough PB. Expression and stability of amplified genes encoding 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase in glyphosate-tolerant tobacco cells. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1991; 17:1127-38. [PMID: 1932690 DOI: 10.1007/bf00028730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Two distinct cDNAs for 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) were obtained from a glyphosate-tolerant tobacco cell line. The cDNAs were 89% identical and the predicted sequences of the mature proteins were greater than 83% identical with EPSPS proteins from other plants. Tobacco EPSPS proteins were more similar to those from tomato and petunia than Arabidopsis. One cDNA clone, EPSPS-1, represented a gene that was amplified in glyphosate-tolerant cells, while the gene for EPSPS-2 was unaltered in these cells. Consequently, EPSPS-1 mRNA was more abundant in tolerant than unselected cells, whereas EPSPS-2 mRNA was at relatively constant levels in these cell lines. Exposure of unselected cells and tobacco leaves to glyphosate produced a transient increase in EPSPS mRNA. However, glyphosate-tolerant cells containing amplified copies of EPSPS genes did not show a similar response following exposure to glyphosate. A significant proportion of the EPSPS gene amplification was maintained when tolerant cells were grown in the absence of glyphosate for eight months. Plants regenerated from these cells also contained amplified EPSPS genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y X Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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Glyphosate Resistance and Gene Amplification in Selected Daucus carota Suspension Cultures. PROGRESS IN PLANT CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2103-0_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Racchi ML. Glyphosate Tolerance in Plant Cell Cultures. THE IMPACT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY ON AGRICULTURE 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-0587-0_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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The Formation of Phenolic Compounds in Plant Cell and Tissue Cultures and the Possibility of its Regulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-007907-0.50014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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13
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Holländer-Czytko H, Johänning D, Meyer HE, Amrhein N. Molecular basis for the overproduction of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase in a glyphosate-tolerant cell suspension culture of Corydalis sempervirens. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1988; 11:215-220. [PMID: 24272263 DOI: 10.1007/bf00015673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/1987] [Accepted: 05/04/1988] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell cultures of Corydalis sempervirens adapted to growth in the presence of 5 mM glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] display a 30- to 40-fold increase in the cellular content of 5-enolpyruvylshikimic acid 3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase, the target enzyme of the herbicide. Translatable mRNA activity as well as transcript levels for EPSP synthase were increased 8-to 12-fold in the adapted (glyphosate-tolerant) as compared to the non-adapted (glyphosate-sensitive) cultures. Northern blot analysis revealed a single 1.8 kb transcript after hybridization with an oligonucleotide probe deduced from the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the enzyme. No significant differences in the relative abundance of EPSP synthase-specific DNA sequences could be detected, however, in Southern and dot blot analyses of restricted DNA isolated from the two cultures. We conclude that the overproduction of EPSP synthase in glyphosate-tolerant C. sempervirens cells is not based on the amplification of the corresponding gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Holländer-Czytko
- Lehrstuhl für Pflanzenphysiologie, Abteilung für Biochemie Supramolekularer Systeme, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-4630, Bochum, FRG
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Shah DM, Tumer NE, Fischhoff DA, Horsch RB, Rogers SG, Fraley RT, Jaworski EG. The Introduction and Expression of Foreign Genes in Plants. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 1987. [DOI: 10.1080/02648725.1987.10647835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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