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Camargo A, Ramírez JD, Kiu R, Hall LJ, Muñoz M. Unveiling the pathogenic mechanisms of Clostridium perfringens toxins and virulence factors. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2341968. [PMID: 38590276 PMCID: PMC11057404 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2341968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens causes multiple diseases in humans and animals. Its pathogenic effect is supported by a broad and heterogeneous arsenal of toxins and other virulence factors associated with a specific host tropism. Molecular approaches have indicated that most C. perfringens toxins produce membrane pores, leading to osmotic cell disruption and apoptosis. However, identifying mechanisms involved in cell tropism and selective toxicity effects should be studied more. The differential presence and polymorphisms of toxin-encoding genes and genes encoding other virulence factors suggest that molecular mechanisms might exist associated with host preference, receptor binding, and impact on the host; however, this information has not been reviewed in detail. Therefore, this review aims to clarify the current state of knowledge on the structural features and mechanisms of action of the major toxins and virulence factors of C. perfringens and discuss the impact of genetic diversity of toxinotypes in tropism for several hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anny Camargo
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Boyacá, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Raymond Kiu
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Gut Microbes and Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Lindsay J. Hall
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Gut Microbes and Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Marina Muñoz
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Instituto de Biotecnología-UN (IBUN), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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Alexander M, Jachno K, Phillips KA, Seymour JF, Slavin MA, Cheung A, Shen V, Maarouf D, Wolfe R, Lingaratnam S. Infective complications in cancer patients treated with subcutaneous versus intravenous trastuzumab and rituximab: An individual patient data meta-analysis. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2024; 30:642-660. [PMID: 37322897 DOI: 10.1177/10781552231180875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigation of infection risk with subcutaneous versus intravenous trastuzumab and rituximab administration in an individual patient data (IPD) and published data meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs). METHODS Databases were searched to September 2021. Primary outcomes were serious and high-grade infection. Relative-risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated using random-effects models. RESULTS IPD meta-analysis (6 RCTs, 2971 participants, 2320 infections) demonstrated higher infection incidence with subcutaneous versus intravenous administration, without reaching statistical significance (serious: 12.2% versus 9.3%, RR 1.28, 95%CI 0.93to1.77, P = 0.13; high-grade: 12.2% versus 9.9%, RR 1.32, 95%CI 0.98to1.77, P = 0.07). With exclusion of an outlying study in post-hoc analysis, increased risks were statistically significant (serious: 13.1% versus 8.4%, RR 1.53, 95%CI 1.14to2.06, P = 0.01; high-grade: 13.2% versus 9.3%, RR 1.56, 95%CI 1.16to2.11, P < 0.01). Published data meta-analysis (8 RCTs, 3745 participants, 648 infections) demonstrated higher incidence of serious (HR 1.31, 95%CI 1.02to1.68, P = 0.04) and high-grade (HR 1.52, 95%CI 1.17to1.98, P < 0.01) infection with subcutaneous versus intravenous administration. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest increased infection risk with subcutaneous versus intravenous administration, although IPD findings are sensitive to exclusion of one trial with inconsistent results and identified risk-of-bias. Ongoing trials may confirm findings. Clinical surveillance should be considered when switching to subcutaneous administration. PROSPERO registration CRD42020221866/CRD42020125376.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marliese Alexander
- Pharmacy Department, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kim Jachno
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kelly-Anne Phillips
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John F Seymour
- Department of Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Monica A Slavin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ada Cheung
- Pharmacy Department, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vivian Shen
- Pharmacy Department, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Dana Maarouf
- Pharmacy Department, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rory Wolfe
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Senthil Lingaratnam
- Pharmacy Department, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Characterization of a Hyaluronidase-Producing Bacillus sp. CQMU-D Isolated from Soil. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:328. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-03035-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Luo M, Chen X, Gao H, Yang F, Chen J, Qiao Y. Bacteria-mediated cancer therapy: A versatile bio-sapper with translational potential. Front Oncol 2022; 12:980111. [PMID: 36276157 PMCID: PMC9585267 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.980111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria are important symbionts for humans, which sustain substantial influences on our health. Interestingly, some bastrains have been identified to have therapeutic applications, notably for antitumor activity. Thereby, oncologists have developed various therapeutic models and investigated the potential antitumor mechanisms for bacteria-mediated cancer therapy (BCT). Even though BCT has a long history and exhibits remarkable therapeutic efficacy in pre-clinical animal models, its clinical translation still lags and requires further breakthroughs. This review aims to focus on the established strains of therapeutic bacteria and their antitumor mechanisms, including the stimulation of host immune responses, direct cytotoxicity, the interference on cellular signal transduction, extracellular matrix remodeling, neoangiogenesis, and metabolism, as well as vehicles for drug delivery and gene therapy. Moreover, a brief discussion is proposed regarding the important future directions for this fantastic research field of BCT at the end of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Hepatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Hepatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haojin Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Hepatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Hepatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianxiang Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Hepatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yiting Qiao, ; Jianxiang Chen,
| | - Yiting Qiao
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Hepatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yiting Qiao, ; Jianxiang Chen,
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Soto LF, Romaní AC, Jiménez-Avalos G, Silva Y, Ordinola-Ramirez CM, Lopez Lapa RM, Requena D. Immunoinformatic analysis of the whole proteome for vaccine design: An application to Clostridium perfringens. Front Immunol 2022; 13:942907. [PMID: 36110855 PMCID: PMC9469472 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.942907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a dangerous bacterium and known biological warfare weapon associated with several diseases, whose lethal toxins can produce necrosis in humans. However, there is no safe and fully effective vaccine against C. perfringens for humans yet. To address this problem, we computationally screened its whole proteome, identifying highly immunogenic proteins, domains, and epitopes. First, we identified that the proteins with the highest epitope density are Collagenase A, Exo-alpha-sialidase, alpha n-acetylglucosaminidase and hyaluronoglucosaminidase, representing potential recombinant vaccine candidates. Second, we further explored the toxins, finding that the non-toxic domain of Perfringolysin O is enriched in CTL and HTL epitopes. This domain could be used as a potential sub-unit vaccine to combat gas gangrene. And third, we designed a multi-epitope protein containing 24 HTL-epitopes and 34 CTL-epitopes from extracellular regions of transmembrane proteins. Also, we analyzed the structural properties of this novel protein using molecular dynamics. Altogether, we are presenting a thorough immunoinformatic exploration of the whole proteome of C. perfringens, as well as promising whole-protein, domain-based and multi-epitope vaccine candidates. These can be evaluated in preclinical trials to assess their immunogenicity and protection against C. perfringens infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F. Soto
- Escuela Profesional de Genética y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Ana C. Romaní
- Escuela Profesional de Genética y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Gabriel Jiménez-Avalos
- Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Laboratorio de Bioinformática, Biología Molecular y Desarrollos Tecnológicos, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Lima, Peru
| | - Yshoner Silva
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru
| | - Carla M. Ordinola-Ramirez
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru
| | - Rainer M. Lopez Lapa
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru
- Instituto de Ganadería y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru
| | - David Requena
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: David Requena,
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Camargo A, Guerrero-Araya E, Castañeda S, Vega L, Cardenas-Alvarez MX, Rodríguez C, Paredes-Sabja D, Ramírez JD, Muñoz M. Intra-species diversity of Clostridium perfringens: A diverse genetic repertoire reveals its pathogenic potential. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:952081. [PMID: 35935202 PMCID: PMC9354469 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.952081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is the causative agent of many enterotoxic diseases in humans and animals, and it is present in diverse environments (soil, food, sewage, and water). Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) and Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) have provided a general approach about genetic diversity of C. perfringens; however, those studies are limited to specific locations and often include a reduced number of genomes. In this study, 372 C. perfringens genomes from multiple locations and sources were used to assess the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relatedness of this pathogen. In silico MLST was used for typing the isolates, and the resulting sequence types (ST) were assigned to clonal complexes (CC) based on allelic profiles that differ from its founder by up to double-locus variants. A pangenome analysis was conducted, and a core genome-based phylogenetic tree was created to define phylogenetic groups. Additionally, key virulence factors, toxinotypes, and antibiotic resistance genes were identified using ABRicate against Virulence Factor Database (VFDB), TOXiper, and Resfinder, respectively. The majority of the C. perfringens genomes found in publicly available databases were derived from food (n = 85) and bird (n = 85) isolates. A total of 195 STs, some of them shared between sources such as food and human, horses and dogs, and environment and birds, were grouped in 25 CC and distributed along five phylogenetic groups. Fifty-three percent of the genomes were allocated to toxinotype A, followed by F (32%) and G (7%). The most frequently found virulence factors based on > 70% coverage and 99.95% identity were plc (100%), nanH (99%), ccp (99%), and colA (98%), which encode an alpha-toxin, a sialidase, an alpha-clostripain, and a collagenase, respectively, while tetA (39.5%) and tetB (36.2%), which mediate tetracycline resistance determinants, were the most common antibiotic resistance genes detected. The analyses conducted here showed a better view of the presence of this pathogen across several host species. They also confirm that the genetic diversity of C. perfringens is based on a large number of virulence factors that vary among phylogroups, and antibiotic resistance markers, especially to tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, and macrolides. Those characteristics highlight the importance of C. perfringens as a one of the most common causes of foodborne illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anny Camargo
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Boyacá, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Enzo Guerrero-Araya
- ANID, Millennium Science Initiative Program, Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Castañeda
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Laura Vega
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - María X. Cardenas-Alvarez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - César Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Anaerobia, Facultad de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Daniel Paredes-Sabja
- ANID, Millennium Science Initiative Program, Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marina Muñoz
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- ANID, Millennium Science Initiative Program, Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Marina Muñoz,
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Abd El-Hack ME, El-Saadony MT, Elbestawy AR, El-Shall NA, Saad AM, Salem HM, El-Tahan AM, Khafaga AF, Taha AE, AbuQamar SF, El-Tarabily KA. Necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens: disease characteristics and prevention using organic antibiotic alternatives – a comprehensive review. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101590. [PMID: 34953377 PMCID: PMC8715378 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In line with the substantial increase in the broiler industry worldwide, Clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis (NE) became a continuous challenge leading to high economic losses, especially after banning antimicrobial growth promoters in feeds by many countries. The disease is distributed worldwide in either clinical or subclinical form, causing a reduction in body weight or body weight gain and the feed conversion ratio, impairing the European Broiler Index or European Production Efficiency Factor. There are several predisposing factors in the development of NE. Clinical signs varied from inapparent signs in case of subclinical infection (clostridiosis) to obvious enteric signs (morbidity), followed by an increase in mortality level (clostridiosis or clinical infection). Clinical and laboratory diagnoses are based on case history, clinical signs, gross and histopathological lesions, pathogenic agent identification, serological testing, and molecular identification. Drinking water treatment is the most common route for the administration of several antibiotics, such as penicillin, bacitracin, and lincomycin. Strict hygienic management practices in the farm, careful selection of feed ingredients for ration formulation, and use of alternative antibiotic feed additives are all important in maintaining broiler efficiency and help increase the profitability of broiler production. The current review highlights NE caused by C. perfringens and explains the advances in the understanding of C. perfringens virulence factors involved in the pathogenesis of NE with special emphasis on the use of available antibiotic alternatives such as herbal extracts and essential oils as well as vaccines for the control and prevention of NE in broiler chickens.
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Sindelar M, Jilkova J, Kubala L, Velebny V, Turkova K. Hyaluronidases and hyaluronate lyases: From humans to bacteriophages. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 208:112095. [PMID: 34507069 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.112095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan is a non-sulfated negatively-charged linear polymer distributed in most parts of the human body, where it is located around cells in the extracellular matrix of connective tissues and plays an essential role in the organization of tissue architecture. Moreover, hyaluronan is involved in many biological processes and used in many clinical, cosmetic, pharmaceutic, and biotechnological applications worldwide. As interest in hyaluronan applications increases, so does interest in hyaluronidases and hyaluronate lyases, as these enzymes play a major part in hyaluronan degradation. Many hyaluronidases and hyaluronate lyases produced by eukaryotic cells, bacteria, and bacteriophages have so far been described and annotated, and their ability to cleave hyaluronan has been experimentally proven. These enzymes belong to several carbohydrate-active enzyme families, share very low sequence identity, and differ in their cleaving mechanisms and in their structural and functional properties. This review presents a summary of annotated and characterized hyaluronidases and hyaluronate lyases isolated from different sources belonging to distinct protein families, with a main focus on the binding and catalytic residues of the discussed enzymes in the context of their biochemical properties. In addition, the application potential of individual groups of hyaluronidases and hyaluronate lyases is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sindelar
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Jilkova
- Contipro a.s., Dolní Dobrouč 401, 56102, Dolní Dobrouč, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Kubala
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 65691, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Velebny
- Contipro a.s., Dolní Dobrouč 401, 56102, Dolní Dobrouč, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Turkova
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 65691, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Li H, Wu G, Zhao L, Zhang M. Suppressed inflammation in obese children induced by a high-fiber diet is associated with the attenuation of gut microbial virulence factor genes. Virulence 2021; 12:1754-1770. [PMID: 34233588 PMCID: PMC8274444 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1948252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous study, a gut microbiota-targeted dietary intervention with a high-fiber diet improved the immune status of both genetically obese (Prader-Willi Syndrome, PWS) and simple obese (SO) children. However, PWS children had higher inflammation levels than SO children throughout the trial, the gut microbiota of the two cohorts was similar. As some virulence factors (VFs) produced by the gut microbiota play a role in triggering host inflammation, this study compared the characteristics and changes of gut microbial VF genes of the two cohorts before and after the intervention using a fecal metagenomic dataset. We found that in both cohorts, the high-fiber diet reduced the abundance of VF, and particularly pathogen-specific, genes. The composition of VF genes was also modulated, especially for offensive and defensive VF genes. Furthermore, genes belonging to invasion, T3SS (type III secretion system), and adherence classes were suppressed. Co-occurrence network analysis detected VF gene clusters closely related to host inflammation in each cohort. Though these cohort-specific clusters varied in VF gene combinations and cascade reactions affecting inflammation, they mainly contained VFs belonging to iron uptake, T3SS, and invasion classes. The PWS group had a lower abundance of VF genes before the trial, which suggested that other factors could also be responsible for the increased inflammation in this cohort. This study provides insight into the modulation of VF gene structure in the gut microbiota by a high-fiber diet, with respect to reduced inflammation in obese children, and differences in VF genes between these two cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Guojun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Liping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Centre for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology and New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
| | - Menghui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
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Patil SP, Shirsath LP, Chaudhari BL. A halotolerant hyaluronidase from newly isolated Brevibacterium halotolerans DC1: Purification and characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:839-850. [PMID: 33152358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An enzyme hyaluronidase (hyase) producing halotolerant bacterium was isolated from dental caries and identified as Brevibacterium halotolerans DC1. Higher growth and hyase production were observed in nutrient broth fortified with hyaluronic acid at pH 7.0, temperature 37 °C, 120 rpm upon 48 h of incubation. Hyase was purified using salt precipitation, DEAE cellulose ion exchange, and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration chromatography. The enzyme was purified to 13-fold with 67.19% recovery of activity and 26.37 U/mg of specific activity. SDS-PAGE and zymography revealed it to be near to homogeneity showing a relative molecular weight of about 43 kDa that was confirmed by MALDI-TOF MS. This hyase was very active and stable at pH 7.0 and temperature 40 °C. The presence of metal ions Ca2+ and Mg2+ increased its activity while Zn2+ and Cu2+ severely inhibited it. Being stable at 2 M NaCl, hyase exhibited its halotolerant nature. This enzyme showed wide substrate specificity where hyaluronic acid (HA) was the best substrate. The kinetic studies revealed that Km and Vmax were 91.3 μg/mL and 306.2 μg/mL/min respectively. This is the first report of hyaluronidase from a halotolerant Brevibacterium spp. which can find applications under high salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip P Patil
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, R. C. Patel Arts, Commerce and Science College, Shirpur 425 405, India
| | - Leena P Shirsath
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, R. C. Patel Arts, Commerce and Science College, Shirpur 425 405, India
| | - Bhushan L Chaudhari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon 425 001, India.
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Computational analysis of phylogenetic, functional and structural features of Bacillus hyaluronate lyases. Biologia (Bratisl) 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-020-00580-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pluvinage B, Massel PM, Burak K, Boraston AB. Structural and functional analysis of four family 84 glycoside hydrolases from the opportunistic pathogen Clostridium perfringens. Glycobiology 2020; 30:49-57. [PMID: 31701135 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen Clostridium perfringens possesses the ability to colonize the protective mucin layer in the gastrointestinal tract. To assist this, the C. perfringens genome contains a battery of genes encoding glycoside hydrolases (GHs) that are likely active on mucin glycans, including four genes encoding family 84 GHs: CpGH84A (NagH), CpGH84B (NagI), CpGH84C (NagJ) and CpGH84D (NagK). To probe the potential advantage gained by the expansion of GH84 enzymes in C. perfringens, we undertook the structural and functional characterization of the CpGH84 catalytic modules. Here, we show that these four CpGH84 catalytic modules act as β-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidases able to hydrolyze N- and O-glycan motifs. CpGH84A and CpGH84D displayed a substrate specificity restricted to terminal β-1,2- and β-1,6-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc). CpGH84B and CpGH84C appear more promiscuous with activity on terminal β-1,2-, β-1,3- and β-1,6-linked GlcNAc; both possess some activity toward β-1,4-linked GlcNAc, but this is dependent upon which monosaccharide it is linked to. Furthermore, all the CpGH84s have different optimum pHs ranging from 5.2 to 7.0. Consistent with their β-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase activities, the structures of the four catalytic modules revealed similar folds with a catalytic site including a conserved -1 subsite that binds GlcNAc. However, nonconserved residues in the vicinity of the +1 subsite suggest different accommodation of the sugar preceding the terminal GlcNAc, resulting in subtly different substrate specificities. This structure-function comparison of the four GH84 catalytic modules from C. perfringens reveals their different biochemical properties, which may relate to how they are deployed in the bacterium's niche in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Pluvinage
- Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, PO Box 3055 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada
| | - Patricia M Massel
- Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, PO Box 3055 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada
| | - Kristyn Burak
- Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, PO Box 3055 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada
| | - Alisdair B Boraston
- Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, PO Box 3055 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada
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Patil S, Bhadane B, Shirsath L, Patil R, Chaudhari B. Steroidal fraction ofCarissa carandasL. inhibits microbial hyaluronidase activity by mixed inhibition mechanism. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 49:298-306. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2018.1541811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Patil
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, R. C. Patel Arts, Commerce and Science College, Shirpur, India
| | - Bhushan Bhadane
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, R. C. Patel Arts, Commerce and Science College, Shirpur, India
| | - Leena Shirsath
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, R. C. Patel Arts, Commerce and Science College, Shirpur, India
| | - Ravindra Patil
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, R. C. Patel Arts, Commerce and Science College, Shirpur, India
| | - Bhushan Chaudhari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon, India
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14
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Goossens E, Valgaeren BR, Pardon B, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R, Deprez PR, Van Immerseel F. Rethinking the role of alpha toxin in Clostridium perfringens-associated enteric diseases: a review on bovine necro-haemorrhagic enteritis. Vet Res 2017; 48:9. [PMID: 28209206 PMCID: PMC5314468 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0413-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine necro-haemorrhagic enteritis is an economically important disease caused by Clostridium perfringens type A strains. The disease mainly affects calves under intensive rearing conditions and is characterized by sudden death associated with small intestinal haemorrhage, necrosis and mucosal neutrophil infiltration. The common assumption that, when causing intestinal disease, C. perfringens relies upon specific, plasmid-encoded toxins, was recently challenged by the finding that alpha toxin, which is produced by all C. perfringens strains, is essential for necro-haemorrhagic enteritis. In addition to alpha toxin, other C. perfringens toxins and/or enzymes might contribute to the pathogenesis of necro-haemorrhagic enteritis. These additional virulence factors might contribute to breakdown of the protective mucus layer during initial stage of pathogenesis, after which alpha toxin, either or not in synergy with other toxins such as perfringolysin O, can act on the mucosal tissue. Furthermore, alpha toxin alone does not cause intestinal necrosis, indicating that other virulence factors might be needed to cause the extensive tissue necrosis observed in necro-haemorrhagic enteritis. This review summarizes recent research that has increased our understanding of the pathogenesis of bovine necro-haemorrhagic enteritis and provides information that is indispensable for the development of novel control strategies, including vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evy Goossens
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bonnie R Valgaeren
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Richard Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Piet R Deprez
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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15
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Czjzek M, Ficko-Blean E. Probing the Complex Architecture of Multimodular Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes Using a Combination of Small Angle X-Ray Scattering and X-Ray Crystallography. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1588:239-253. [PMID: 28417374 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6899-2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The various modules in multimodular carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) may function in catalysis, carbohydrate binding, protein-protein interactions or as linkers. Here, we describe how combining the biophysical techniques of Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) and macromolecular X-ray crystallography (XRC) provides a powerful tool for examination into questions related to overall structural organization of ultra multimodular CAZymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Czjzek
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Sorbonne Universite, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29688, Roscoff, Bretagne, France.
| | - Elizabeth Ficko-Blean
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Sorbonne Universite, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29688, Roscoff, Bretagne, France.
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Kolar SL, Kyme P, Tseng CW, Soliman A, Kaplan A, Liang J, Nizet V, Jiang D, Murali R, Arditi M, Underhill DM, Liu GY. Group B Streptococcus Evades Host Immunity by Degrading Hyaluronan. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 18:694-704. [PMID: 26651945 PMCID: PMC4683412 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In response to tissue injury, hyaluronan (HA) polymers are cleaved by host hyaluronidases, generating small fragments that ligate Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to elicit inflammatory responses. Pathogenic bacteria such as group B Streptococcus (GBS) express and secrete hyaluronidases as a mechanism for tissue invasion, but it is not known how this activity relates to immune detection of HA. We found that bacterial hyaluronidases secreted by GBS and other Gram-positive pathogens degrade pro-inflammatory HA fragments to their component disaccharides. In addition, HA disaccharides block TLR2/4 signaling elicited by both host-derived HA fragments and other TLR2/4 ligands, including lipopolysaccharide. Application of GBS hyaluronidase or HA disaccharides reduced pulmonary pathology and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in an acute lung injury model. We conclude that breakdown of host-generated pro-inflammatory HA fragments to disaccharides allows bacterial pathogens to evade immune detection and could be exploited as a strategy to treat inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L Kolar
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Pierre Kyme
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Ching Wen Tseng
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Antoine Soliman
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Amber Kaplan
- Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jiurong Liang
- Division of Pulmonary, Department of Medicine, and Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dianhua Jiang
- Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Division of Pulmonary, Department of Medicine, and Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Ramachandran Murali
- Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Moshe Arditi
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - David M Underhill
- Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - George Y Liu
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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Sun X, Wang Z, Bi Y, Wang Y, Liu H. Genetic and Functional Characterization of the Hyaluronate Lyase HylB and the Beta-N-Acetylglucosaminidase HylZ in Streptococcus zooepidemicus. Curr Microbiol 2014; 70:35-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0679-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Grondin JM, Chitayat S, Ficko-Blean E, Houliston S, Arrowsmith CH, Boraston AB, Smith SP. An Unusual Mode of Galactose Recognition by a Family 32 Carbohydrate-Binding Module. J Mol Biol 2014; 426:869-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hiscox TJ, Harrison PF, Chakravorty A, Choo JM, Ohtani K, Shimizu T, Cheung JK, Rood JI. Regulation of sialidase production in Clostridium perfringens by the orphan sensor histidine kinase ReeS. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73525. [PMID: 24023881 PMCID: PMC3762733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is ubiquitous in nature and is often found as a commensal of the human and animal gastrointestinal tract. It is the primary etiological agent of clostridial myonecrosis, or gas gangrene, a serious infection that results in extensive tissue necrosis due to the action of one or more potent extracellular toxins. α-toxin and perfringolysin O are the major extracellular toxins involved in the pathogenesis of gas gangrene, but histotoxic strains of C. perfringens, such as strain 13, also produce many degradative enzymes such as collagenases, hyaluronidases, sialidases and the cysteine protease, α-clostripain. The production of many of these toxins is regulated either directly or indirectly by the global VirSR two-component signal transduction system. By isolating a chromosomal mutant and carrying out microarray analysis we have identified an orphan sensor histidine kinase, which we have named ReeS (regulator of extracellular enzymes sensor). Expression of the sialidase genes nanI and nanJ was down-regulated in a reeS mutant. Since complementation with the wild-type reeS gene restored nanI and nanJ expression to wild-type levels, as shown by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and sialidase assays we concluded that ReeS positively regulates the expression of these sialidase genes. However, mutation of the reeS gene had no significant effect on virulence in the mouse myonecrosis model. Sialidase production in C. perfringens has been previously shown to be regulated by both the VirSR system and RevR. In this report, we have analyzed a previously unknown sensor histidine kinase, ReeS, and have shown that it also is involved in controlling the expression of sialidase genes, adding further complexity to the regulatory network that controls sialidase production in C. perfringens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Hiscox
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul F. Harrison
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anjana Chakravorty
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jocelyn M. Choo
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kaori Ohtani
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tohru Shimizu
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Jackie K. Cheung
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julian I. Rood
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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20
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Frederiksen RF, Paspaliari DK, Larsen T, Storgaard BG, Larsen MH, Ingmer H, Palcic MM, Leisner JJ. Bacterial chitinases and chitin-binding proteins as virulence factors. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2013; 159:833-847. [PMID: 23519157 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.051839-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial chitinases (EC 3.2.1.14) and chitin-binding proteins (CBPs) play a fundamental role in the degradation of the ubiquitous biopolymer chitin, and the degradation products serve as an important nutrient source for marine- and soil-dwelling bacteria. However, it has recently become clear that representatives of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial pathogens encode chitinases and CBPs that support infection of non-chitinous mammalian hosts. This review addresses this biological role of bacterial chitinases and CBPs in terms of substrate specificities, regulation, secretion and involvement in cellular and animal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikki F Frederiksen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegaardsvej 15, 1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Dafni K Paspaliari
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegaardsvej 15, 1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Tanja Larsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegaardsvej 15, 1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Birgit G Storgaard
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsbergvej 10, 1799 Copenhagen V., Denmark
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegaardsvej 15, 1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Marianne H Larsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegaardsvej 15, 1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Hanne Ingmer
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegaardsvej 15, 1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Monica M Palcic
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsbergvej 10, 1799 Copenhagen V., Denmark
| | - Jørgen J Leisner
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegaardsvej 15, 1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark
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Hart ME, Tsang LH, Deck J, Daily ST, Jones RC, Liu H, Hu H, Hart MJ, Smeltzer MS. Hyaluronidase expression and biofilm involvement in Staphylococcus aureus UAMS-1 and its sarA, agr and sarA agr regulatory mutants. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2013; 159:782-791. [PMID: 23393148 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.065367-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, two proteins identified as hyaluronidases were detected in spent media by MS and found to be in greater quantity in the sarA and sarA agr mutant strains when compared with the parent and agr mutant strains of Staphylococcus aureus UAMS-1. In the present study, spent media and total RNA were isolated from UAMS-1 and its regulatory mutants and analysed for hyaluronidase activity and steady-state hyaluronidase (hysA) RNA message levels. Hyaluronidase activity was observed throughout all time points examined regardless of the regulatory effects of sarA and agr but activity was always substantially higher in the sarA and sarA agr mutant strains than in the UAMS-1 parent and agr mutant strains. Northern analysis did not detect hysA message for either the UAMS-1 parent or the agr mutant strains at any time point examined, while steady-state hysA message levels were detected throughout growth for the sarA mutant strain, but only at exponential and early post-exponential growth for the sarA agr mutant strain. An in vitro biofilm plate assay, pre-coated with human plasma as a source of hyaluronic acid, demonstrated no significant increase in biofilm for a sarA mutant strain of S. aureus UAMS-1 defective in hyaluronidase activity when compared with the sarA mutant strain. These data indicate that, while hysA message levels and hyaluronidase activity are elevated in the sarA mutant strains of S. aureus UAMS-1, the increase in activity did not contribute to the biofilm-negative phenotype observed in the sarA mutant strain of S. aureus UAMS-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Hart
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.,Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Laura H Tsang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Joanna Deck
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Sonja T Daily
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Richard C Jones
- Systems Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Huanli Liu
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Haijing Hu
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Morgan J Hart
- Department of Biology, Ouachita Baptist University, Arkadelphia, AR 71998, USA
| | - Mark S Smeltzer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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22
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Grondin JM, Chitayat S, Ficko-Blean E, Boraston AB, Smith SP. 1H, 15N and 13C backbone and side-chain resonance assignments of a family 32 carbohydrate-binding module from the Clostridium perfringens NagH. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2012; 6:139-142. [PMID: 21912839 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-011-9342-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The Gram-positive anaerobe Clostridium perfringens is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that secretes a battery of enzymes involved in glycan degradation. These glycoside hydrolases are thought to be involved in turnover of mucosal layer glycans, and in the spread of major toxins commonly associated with the development of gastrointestinal diseases and gas gangrene in humans. These enzymes employ multi-modularity and carbohydrate-binding function to degrade extracellular eukaryotic host sugars. Here, we report the full (1)H, (15)N and (13)C chemical shift resonance assignments of the first family 32 carbohydrate-binding module from NagH, a secreted family 84 glycoside hydrolase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Grondin
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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23
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Ficko-Blean E, Boraston AB. Insights into the recognition of the human glycome by microbial carbohydrate-binding modules. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2012; 22:570-7. [PMID: 22858095 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian glycans are often very complex and consequently both commensal bacteria and bacterial pathogens have developed specialized and often elaborate carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZyme) systems to interact with these sugars. These enzymes are frequently multimodular, with modular functions most often conferring catalysis (glycoside hydrolase catalytic modules) or carbohydrate-binding (carbohydrate-binding modules or CBMs). Structure-function studies of five CBM families are revealing specificities for complex mammalian carbohydrates. Three of these CBM families (32, 47, and 51) show significant structural identity between their β-sandwich folds, suggesting a shared evolutionary precursor, but have divergent binding specificities. The family 40 and 41 CBMs recognize sialic acid and glycogen, respectively, through different modes of sugar binding, though they also adopt all β-structure folds. A structural view of new models generated for complete CAZymes suggests three distinct modes of CBM deployment: (i) formation of the catalytic site, (ii) coordinated catalysis and binding, and (iii) general substrate adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Ficko-Blean
- Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 3P6, Canada
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Regulation of virulence by the RevR response regulator in Clostridium perfringens. Infect Immun 2011; 79:2145-53. [PMID: 21402758 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00060-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens causes clostridial myonecrosis or gas gangrene and produces several extracellular hydrolytic enzymes and toxins, many of which are regulated by the VirSR signal transduction system. The revR gene encodes a putative orphan response regulator that has similarity to the YycF (WalR), VicR, PhoB, and PhoP proteins from other Gram-positive bacteria. RevR appears to be a classical response regulator, with an N-terminal receiver domain and a C-terminal domain with a putative winged helix-turn-helix DNA binding region. To determine its functional role, a revR mutant was constructed by allelic exchange and compared to the wild type by microarray analysis. The results showed that more than 100 genes were differentially expressed in the mutant, including several genes involved in cell wall metabolism. The revR mutant had an altered cellular morphology; unlike the short rods observed with the wild type, the mutant cells formed long filaments. These changes were reversed upon complementation with a plasmid that carried the wild-type revR gene. Several genes encoding extracellular hydrolytic enzymes (sialidase, hyaluronidase, and α-clostripain) were differentially expressed in the revR mutant. Quantitative enzyme assays confirmed that these changes led to altered enzyme activity and that complementation restored the wild-type phenotype. Most importantly, the revR mutant was attenuated for virulence in the mouse myonecrosis model compared to the wild type and the complemented strains. These results provide evidence that RevR regulates virulence in C. perfringens; it is the first response regulator other than VirR to be shown to regulate virulence in this important pathogen.
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25
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Cheng YM, Hsieh FC, Meng M. Functional analysis of conserved aromatic amino acids in the discoidin domain of Paenibacillus beta-1,3-glucanase. Microb Cell Fact 2009; 8:62. [PMID: 19930717 PMCID: PMC2789033 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-8-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The 190-kDa Paenibacillus beta-1,3-glucanase (LamA) contains a catalytic module of the glycoside hydrolase family 16 (GH16) and several auxiliary domains. Of these, a discoidin domain (DS domain), present in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic proteins with a wide variety of functions, exists at the carboxyl-terminus. To better understand the bacterial DS domain in terms of its structure and function, this domain alone was expressed in Escherichia coli and characterized. The results indicate that the DS domain binds various polysaccharides and enhances the biological activity of the GH16 module on composite substrates. We also investigated the importance of several conserved aromatic residues in the domain's stability and substrate-binding affinity. Both were affected by mutations of these residues; however, the effect on protein stability was more notable. In particular, the forces contributed by a sandwiched triad (W1688, R1756, and W1729) were critical for the presumable beta-sandwich fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Mei Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Rd, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.
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Ficko-Blean E, Boraston AB. N-acetylglucosamine recognition by a family 32 carbohydrate-binding module from Clostridium perfringens NagH. J Mol Biol 2009; 390:208-20. [PMID: 19422833 PMCID: PMC2937040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Many carbohydrate-active enzymes have complex architectures comprising multiple modules that may be involved in catalysis, carbohydrate binding, or protein-protein interactions. Carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) are a common ancillary module whose function is to promote the adherence of the complete enzyme to carbohydrate substrates. CBM family 32 has been proposed to be one of the most diverse CBM families classified to date, yet all of the structurally characterized CBM32s thus far recognize galactose-based ligands. Here, we report a unique binding specificity and mode of ligand binding for a family 32 CBM. NagHCBM32-2 is one of four CBM32 modules in NagH, a family 84 glycoside hydrolase secreted by Clostridium perfringens. NagHCBM32-2 has the beta-sandwich scaffold common to members of the family; however, its specificity for N-acetylglucosamine is unusual among CBMs. X-ray crystallographic analysis of the module at resolutions from 1.45 to 2.0 A and in complex with disaccharides reveals that its mode of sugar recognition is quite different from that observed for galactose-specific CBM32s. This study continues to unravel the diversity of CBMs found in family 32 and how these CBMs might impart the carbohydrate-binding specificity to the extracellular glycoside hydrolases in C. perfringens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Ficko-Blean
- Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Victoria, PO Box 3055 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 3P6, Canada
| | - Alisdair B. Boraston
- Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Victoria, PO Box 3055 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 3P6, Canada
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Abdelhak D. Alternative method for genetic transformation of Pasteurella multocida X73 using a hyaluronidase-producing Staphylococcus aureus strain. J Microbiol Methods 2009; 78:25-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2009.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Revised: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ficko-Blean E, Gregg KJ, Adams JJ, Hehemann JH, Czjzek M, Smith SP, Boraston AB. Portrait of an enzyme, a complete structural analysis of a multimodular {beta}-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Clostridium perfringens. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:9876-84. [PMID: 19193644 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808954200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Common features of the extracellular carbohydrate-active virulence factors involved in host-pathogen interactions are their large sizes and modular complexities. This has made them recalcitrant to structural analysis, and therefore our understanding of the significance of modularity in these important proteins is lagging. Clostridium perfringens is a prevalent human pathogen that harbors a wide array of large, extracellular carbohydrate-active enzymes and is an excellent and relevant model system to approach this problem. Here we describe the complete structure of C. perfringens GH84C (NagJ), a 1001-amino acid multimodular homolog of the C. perfringens micro-toxin, which was determined using a combination of small angle x-ray scattering and x-ray crystallography. The resulting structure reveals unprecedented insight into how catalysis, carbohydrate-specific adherence, and the formation of molecular complexes with other enzymes via an ultra-tight protein-protein interaction are spatially coordinated in an enzyme involved in a host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Ficko-Blean
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3P6, Canada
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29
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Peer A, Smith SP, Bayer EA, Lamed R, Borovok I. Noncellulosomal cohesin- and dockerin-like modules in the three domains of life. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008; 291:1-16. [PMID: 19025568 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01420.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The high-affinity cohesin-dockerin interaction was originally discovered as modular components, which mediate the assembly of the various subunits of the multienzyme cellulosome complex that characterizes some cellulolytic bacteria. Until recently, the presence of cohesins and dockerins within a bacterial proteome was considered a definitive signature of a cellulosome-producing bacterium. Widespread genome sequencing has since revealed a wealth of putative cohesin- and dockerin-containing proteins in Bacteria, Archaea, and in primitive eukaryotes. The newly identified modules appear to serve diverse functions that are clearly distinct from the classical cellulosome archetype, and the vast majority of parent proteins are not predicted glycoside hydrolases. In most cases, only a few such genes have been identified in a given microorganism, which encode proteins containing but a single cohesin and/or dockerin. In some cases, one or the other module appears to be missing from a given species, and in other cases both modules occur within the same protein. This review provides a bioinformatics-based survey of the current status of cohesin- and dockerin-like sequences in species from the Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Surprisingly, many identified modules and their parent proteins are clearly unrelated to cellulosomes. The cellulosome paradigm may thus be the exception rather than the rule for bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic employment of cohesin and dockerin modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Peer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
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Chitayat S, Adams JJ, Furness HS, Bayer EA, Smith SP. The Solution Structure of the C-terminal Modular Pair from Clostridium perfringens μ-Toxin Reveals a Noncellulosomal Dockerin Module. J Mol Biol 2008; 381:1202-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Structural basis of Clostridium perfringens toxin complex formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:12194-9. [PMID: 18716000 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0803154105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The virulent properties of the common human and livestock pathogen Clostridium perfringens are attributable to a formidable battery of toxins. Among these are a number of large and highly modular carbohydrate-active enzymes, including the mu-toxin and sialidases, whose catalytic properties are consistent with degradation of the mucosal layer of the human gut, glycosaminoglycans, and other cellular glycans found throughout the body. The conservation of noncatalytic ancillary modules among these enzymes suggests they make significant contributions to the overall functionality of the toxins. Here, we describe the structural basis of an ultra-tight interaction (K(a) = 1.44 x 10(11) M(-1)) between the X82 and dockerin modules, which are found throughout numerous C. perfringens carbohydrate-active enzymes. Extensive hydrogen-bonding and van der Waals contacts between the X82 and dockerin modules give rise to the observed high affinity. The mu-toxin dockerin module in this complex is positioned approximately 180 degrees relative to the orientation of the dockerin modules on the cohesin module surface within cellulolytic complexes. These observations represent a unique property of these clostridial toxins whereby they can associate into large, noncovalent multitoxin complexes that allow potentiation of the activities of the individual toxins by combining complementary toxin specificities.
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32
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Identification of galacto-N-biose phosphorylase from Clostridium perfringens ATCC13124. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 78:465-71. [PMID: 18183385 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1319-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Revised: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Lacto-N-biose phosphorylase (LNBP) from bifidobacteria is involved in the metabolism of lacto-N-biose I (Galbeta1-->3GlcNAc, LNB) and galacto-N-biose (Galbeta1-->3GalNAc, GNB). A homologous gene of LNBP (CPF0553 protein) was identified in the genome of Clostridium perfringens ATCC13124, which is a gram-positive anaerobic intestinal bacterium. In the present study, we cloned the gene and compared the substrate specificity of the CPF0553 protein with LNBP from Bifidobacterium longum JCM1217 (LNBPBl). In the presence of alpha-galactose 1-phosphate (Gal 1-P) as a donor, the CPF0553 protein acted only on GlcNAc and GalNAc, and GalNAc was a more effective acceptor than GlcNAc. The reaction product from GlcNAc/GalNAc and Gal 1-P was identified as LNB or GNB. The CPF0553 protein also phosphorolyzed GNB much faster than LNB, which suggests that the protein should be named galacto-N-biose phosphorylase (GNBP). GNBP showed a kcat/Km value for GNB that was approximately 50 times higher than that for LNB, whereas LNBPBl showed similar kcat/Km values for both GNB and LNB. Because C. perfringens possesses a gene coding endo-alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, GNBP may play a role in the intestinal residence by metabolizing GNB that is available as a mucin core sugar.
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Chitayat S, Adams JJ, Smith SP. NMR assignment of backbone and side chain resonances for a dockerin-containing C-terminal fragment of the putative mu-toxin from Clostridium perfringens. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2007; 1:13-15. [PMID: 19636814 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-007-9002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2006] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The mu-toxin of Clostridium perfringens, termed CpGH84A, is modular hydrolytic enzyme that contributes to the pathogenicity of this organism. Backbone and side chain 1H, 13C, and 15N resonance assignments have been determined for the C-terminal 15.5 kDa FIVAR-Doc modular pair of CpGH84A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Chitayat
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Sheldon W, Macauley M, Taylor E, Robinson C, Charnock S, Davies G, Vocadlo D, Black G. Functional analysis of a group A streptococcal glycoside hydrolase Spy1600 from family 84 reveals it is a beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase and not a hyaluronidase. Biochem J 2006; 399:241-7. [PMID: 16822234 PMCID: PMC1609908 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2006] [Revised: 06/26/2006] [Accepted: 07/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Group A streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes) is the causative agent of severe invasive infections such as necrotizing fasciitis (the so-called 'flesh eating disease') and toxic-shock syndrome. Spy1600, a glycoside hydrolase from family 84 of the large superfamily of glycoside hydrolases, has been proposed to be a virulence factor. In the present study we show that Spy1600 has no activity toward galactosaminides or hyaluronan, but does remove beta-O-linked N-acetylglucosamine from mammalian glycoproteins--an observation consistent with the inclusion of eukaryotic O-glycoprotein 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosidases within glycoside hydrolase family 84. Proton NMR studies, structure-reactivity studies for a series of fluorinated analogues and analysis of 1,2-dideoxy-2'-methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoso-[2,1-d]-Delta2'-thiazoline as a competitive inhibitor reveals that Spy1600 uses a double-displacement mechanism involving substrate-assisted catalysis. Family 84 glycoside hydrolases are therefore comprised of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic beta-N-acetylglucosaminidases using a conserved catalytic mechanism involving substrate-assisted catalysis. Since these enzymes do not have detectable hyaluronidase activity, many family 84 glycoside hydrolases are most likely incorrectly annotated as hyaluronidases.
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Key Words
- β-n-acetylglucosaminidase (glcnacase)
- mammalian glycoproteins
- 1,2-dideoxy-2′-methyl-α-d-glucopyranoso-[2,1-d]-δ2′-thiazoline (nag-thiazoline)
- o-glycoprotein 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranosidase (o-glcnacase)
- o-glycoprotein 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranoside (o-glcnac)
- spyl600
- substrate-assisted catalysis
- glcnac, n-acetylglucosamine (2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranose)
- glcnacase, β-n-acetylglucosaminidase
- mgea5, meningioma expressed antigen 5
- mu, 4-methylumbelliferyl
- mu-glcnac, mu-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranoside
- mu-glcnacf1, mu-2-deoxy-2-fluoroacetamido-β-d-glucopyranoside
- mu-glcnacf2, mu-2-deoxy-2-difluoroacetamido-β-d-glucopyranoside
- mu-glcnacf3, mu-2-deoxy-2-trifluoroacetamido-β-d-glucopyranoside
- nag-thiazoline, 1,2-dideoxy-2′-methyl-α-d-glucopyranoso-[2,1-d]-δ2′-thiazoline
- o-glcnac, o-glycoprotein 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranoside
- o-glcnacase, o-glycoprotein 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranosidase
- orf, open reading frame
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Affiliation(s)
- William L. Sheldon
- *Biomolecular and Biomedical Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
- †School of Health, Natural and Social Sciences, University of Sunderland, Sunderland SR1 3SD, U.K
| | - Matthew S. Macauley
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Edward J. Taylor
- §York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO31 5YW, U.K
| | - Charlotte E. Robinson
- *Biomolecular and Biomedical Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | - Simon J. Charnock
- *Biomolecular and Biomedical Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | - Gideon J. Davies
- §York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO31 5YW, U.K
| | - David J. Vocadlo
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Gary W. Black
- *Biomolecular and Biomedical Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
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Starr CR, Engleberg NC. Role of hyaluronidase in subcutaneous spread and growth of group A streptococcus. Infect Immun 2006; 74:40-8. [PMID: 16368955 PMCID: PMC1346594 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.1.40-48.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A streptococcus (GAS) depends on a hyaluronic acid (HA) capsule to evade phagocytosis and to interact with epithelial cells. Paradoxically, GAS also produces hyaluronidase (Hyl), an enzyme that cleaves HA. A common assumption is that Hyl digests structurally identical HA in human tissue to promote bacterial spread. We inactivated the gene encoding extracellular hyaluronidase, hylA, in a clinical Hyl(+) isolate. Hyl(+) and an isogenic Hyl(-) mutant were injected subcutaneously into mice with or without high-molecular-weight dextran blue. The Hyl(-) strain produced small lesions with dye concentrated in close proximity. The Hyl(+) strain produced identical lesions, but the dye diffused subcutaneously. However, Hyl(+) bacteria were not isolated from unaffected skin stained by dye diffusion. Thus, Hyl digests tissue HA and facilitates spread of large molecules but is not sufficient to cause subcutaneous diffusion of bacteria or to affect lesion size. GAS capsule expression was assayed periodically during broth culture and was reduced in Hyl(+) strains relative to Hyl(-) strains at the onset and the end of active capsule synthesis but not during peak synthesis in mid-exponential phase. Thus, Hyl is not sufficiently active to remove capsule during peak synthesis. To demonstrate a possible nutritional role for Hyl, GAS was shown to grow with N-acetylglucosamine but not d-glucuronic acid (both components of HA) as a sole carbon source. However, only Hyl(+) strains could grow utilizing HA as a sole carbon source, suggesting that Hyl may permit the organism to utilize host HA or its own capsule as an energy source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarise Rivera Starr
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine, 3116 TC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0378, USA
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36
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Ficko-Blean E, Boraston AB. Cloning, recombinant production, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of a family 84 glycoside hydrolase from Clostridium perfringens. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2005; 61:834-6. [PMID: 16511172 PMCID: PMC1978112 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309105024012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2005] [Accepted: 07/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a ubiquitous environmental organism that is capable of causing a variety of diseases in mammals, including gas gangrene and necrotic enteritis in humans. The activity of a secreted hyaluronidase, attributed to the NagH protein, contributes to the pathogenicity of this organism. The family 84 catalytic module of one of the three homologues of NagH found in C. perfringens (ATCC 13124) has been cloned. The 69 kDa catalytic module of NagJ, here called GH84C, was overproduced in Escherichia coli and purified by immobilized metal-affinity chromatography (IMAC). Crystals belonging to space group I222 or I2(1)2(1)2(1) with unit-cell parameters a = 130.39, b = 150.05, c = 155.43 A were obtained that diffracted to 2.1 A. Selenomethionyl crystals have also been produced, leading to the possibility of solving the phase problem by MAD using synchrotron radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Ficko-Blean
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, PO Box 3055 STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3P6, Canada
| | - Alisdair B. Boraston
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, PO Box 3055 STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3P6, Canada
- Correspondence e-mail:
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Brown DR, Zacher LA, Farmerie WG. Spreading factors of Mycoplasma alligatoris, a flesh-eating mycoplasma. J Bacteriol 2004; 186:3922-7. [PMID: 15175306 PMCID: PMC419932 DOI: 10.1128/jb.186.12.3922-3927.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma alligatoris causes lethal invasive disease of alligators and caimans. A homolog of the nagH gene, encoding a hyaluronidase secreted by Clostridium perfringens, and a C. perfringens hyaluronidase nagI or nagK pseudogene were discovered in the M. alligatoris genome. The nagH gene was detected by PCR in the closest relative of M. alligatoris, Mycoplasma crocodyli, but not in 40 other species representing the Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Spiroplasma phylogenetic clusters. The hyaluronidase activity in the cellular fraction of M. alligatoris and M. crocodyli SP4 broth cultures was equivalent to 10(-16) U of Streptomyces hyalurolyticus hyaluronidase CFU(-1). Negligible activity was present in the cell-free supernatant fraction. No chondroitinase activity was detected. There is also a novel homolog of the nanI gene, which encodes a sialidase secreted by C. perfringens, in the M. alligatoris genome. The signature YRIP and SXDXGXTW motifs and catalytic residues of the clostridial sialidase are conserved in the mycoplasmal gene, but the leader sequence necessary for its secretion by C. perfringens is absent. The gene was not detected by PCR in any other mycoplasma. Potent cell-associated sialidase activity was present in M. alligatoris colonies on agar but not in the cell-free supernatants of broth cultures or in M. crocodyli. The presence of hyaluronidase and sialidase in M. alligatoris is consistent with the rapid invasiveness and necrotizing effects of this organism, and the lack of sialidase in M. crocodyli is consistent with its comparatively attenuated virulence. This genetic and biochemical evidence suggests that the spreading factors hyaluronidase and sialidase, a combination unprecedented in mycoplasmas, are the basis of the virulence of M. alligatoris.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Brown
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0880, USA.
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Rigden DJ, Jedrzejas MJ, de Mello LV. Identification and analysis of catalytic TIM barrel domains in seven further glycoside hydrolase families. FEBS Lett 2003; 544:103-11. [PMID: 12782298 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)00481-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fold recognition results allocate catalytic triose phosphate isomerase (TIM) barrels to seven previously unassigned glycoside hydrolase (GH) families, numbers 29, 44, 50, 71, 84, 85 and 89, enabling prediction of catalytic residues. Modelling of GH family 50 suggests that it may be the common evolutionary ancestor of families 42 and 14. TIM barrels now comprise the catalytic domains of more than half of the assigned GH families, and catalyse a much larger variety of GH reactions than any other catalytic domain architecture. Only 327 GH sequences still have no structurally identified catalytic domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Rigden
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Cenargen/Embrapa, Estação Parque Biológico, Final W5, Asa Norte, 70770-900, Brasília-DF, Brazil.
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39
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Huang W, Lunin VV, Li Y, Suzuki S, Sugiura N, Miyazono H, Cygler M. Crystal structure of Proteus vulgaris chondroitin sulfate ABC lyase I at 1.9A resolution. J Mol Biol 2003; 328:623-34. [PMID: 12706721 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(03)00345-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin Sulfate ABC lyase I from Proteus vulgaris is an endolytic, broad-specificity glycosaminoglycan lyase, which degrades chondroitin, chondroitin-4-sulfate, dermatan sulfate, chondroitin-6-sulfate, and hyaluronan by beta-elimination of 1,4-hexosaminidic bond to unsaturated disaccharides and tetrasaccharides. Its structure revealed three domains. The N-terminal domain has a fold similar to that of carbohydrate-binding domains of xylanases and some lectins, the middle and C-terminal domains are similar to the structures of the two-domain chondroitin lyase AC and bacterial hyaluronidases. Although the middle domain shows a very low level of sequence identity with the catalytic domains of chondroitinase AC and hyaluronidase, the residues implicated in catalysis of the latter enzymes are present in chondroitinase ABC I. The substrate-binding site in chondroitinase ABC I is in a wide-open cleft, consistent with the endolytic action pattern of this enzyme. The tryptophan residues crucial for substrate binding in chondroitinase AC and hyaluronidases are lacking in chondroitinase ABC I. The structure of chondroitinase ABC I provides a framework for probing specific functions of active-site residues for understanding the remarkably broad specificity of this enzyme and perhaps engineering a desired specificity. The electron density map showed clearly that the deposited DNA sequence for residues 495-530 of chondroitin ABC lyase I, the segment containing two putative active-site residues, contains a frame-shift error resulting in an incorrectly translated amino acid sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Huang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4P 2R2
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LI HUAZHONG, MORIMOTO KENJI, KIMURA TETSUYA, SAKKA KAZUO, OHMIYA KUNIO. A New Type of .BETA.-N-Acetylglucosaminidase from Hydrogen-Producing Clostridium paraputrficum M-21. J Biosci Bioeng 2003. [DOI: 10.1263/jbb.96.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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41
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Li H, Morimoto K, Kimura T, Sakka K, Ohmiya K. A new type of β-N-Acetylglucosaminidase from hydrogen-producing Clostridium paraputrificum M-21. J Biosci Bioeng 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(03)80192-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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42
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Abstract
Bacteria belonging to the genus Clostridium, both glycolytic and proteolytic, and both pathogenic and non-pathogenic, produce a battery of hydrolytic enzymes to obtain nutrients from various biopolymers. The clostridial hydrolytic enzymes are diverse, and are used or are potentially useful for fundamental and applied research purposes. Among them, enzymes degrading the major components in the extracellular matrix or on the cell surface in vertebrates are herein reviewed with special emphasis on recent knowledge gained through molecular biology of clostridial collagenases, sialidases and hyaluronidases. This paper also reviews some literature on the biotechnological approach to the designing of new molecular tools and drug delivery systems involving clostridial hydrolytic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Matsushita
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa Medical University, 1750-1 Miki-cho, Kita-gun, 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan.
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Ohtani K, Takamura H, Yaguchi H, Hayashi H, Shimizu T. Genetic analysis of the ycgJ-metB-cysK-ygaG operon negatively regulated by the VirR/VirS system in Clostridium perfringens. Microbiol Immunol 2001; 44:525-8. [PMID: 10941936 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2000.tb02528.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The 5'-flanking region of the metB-cysK-ygaG operon, whose expression is negatively regulated by the VirR/VirS system in C. perfringens, was analyzed. The region contained the ycgJ, mscL, and colA genes encoding a hypothetical protein, a large conductance mechanosensitive channel protein, and kappa-toxin (collagenase), respectively. Northern analysis revealed that the ycgJ gene was transcribed as a 4.9-kb operon together with the metB-cysK-ygaG genes and that this operon was negatively regulated by the VirR/VirS system. It is indicated that the pfoA (theta-toxin or perfringolysin O), colA, and ycgJ-metB-cysK-ygaG genes that belong to the VirR/VirS regulon are situated very close together in a 26.5-kb region of the chromosome, but do not form a pathogenic island.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ohtani
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Zukaite V, Biziulevicius GA. Acceleration of hyaluronidase production in the course of batch cultivation of Clostridium perfringens can be achieved with bacteriolytic enzymes. Lett Appl Microbiol 2000; 30:203-6. [PMID: 10747251 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2000.00693.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
As Clostridium perfringens hyaluronidase has cell-bound enzyme features, an enzymatic approach has been designed to facilitate the release of hyaluronidase into culture through increasing the clostridial cell wall permeability. As a result of the application of lytic peptidase from Actinomyces rutgersensis, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase and beta-N-acetylmuramidase (both from Bacillus subtilis) commercially available preparations at the end of the producer's exponential growth phase, a 5.3-, 4.8- and 4.0-fold acceleration, respectively (but no enhancement), of hyaluronidase production in the course of batch cultivation of Cl. perfringens has been achieved. This also resulted in an approximately 10-fold reduction in undesirable side lecithinase activity irrespective of the bacteriolytic enzyme preparation used.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Zukaite
- Immunobiotechnology Sector, Institute of Immunology, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Hynes WL, Dixon AR, Walton SL, Aridgides LJ. The extracellular hyaluronidase gene (hylA) of Streptococcus pyogenes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2000; 184:109-12. [PMID: 10689175 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb08999.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A streptococci produce an extracellular hyaluronidase (hyaluronate lyase) which may be associated with the spread of the organism during infection. The gene for this hyaluronidase (hylA) encodes an 868 amino acid protein with a molecular size of 99636 Da. Cleavage of the proposed signal peptide results in an extracellular protein of 95941 Da. Comparison with other bacterial hyaluronidases indicates strong similarities to the genes from Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus. A region internal to the hylA gene was amplified from all 175 strains of Streptococcus pyogenes tested suggesting a widespread distribution of the gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Hynes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529-0266, USA.
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Abstract
Bacterial hyaluronidases, enzymes capable of breaking down hyaluronate, are produced by a number of pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria that initiate infections at the skin or mucosal surfaces. Since reports of the hyaluronidases first appeared, there have been numerous suggestions as to the role of the enzyme in the disease process. Unlike some of the other more well studied virulence factors, much of the information on the role of hyaluronidase is speculative, with little or no data to substantiate proposed roles. Over the last 5 years, a number of these enzymes from Gram-positive organisms have been cloned, and the nucleotide sequence determined. Phylogenetic analysis, using the deduced amino acid sequences of the Gram-positive hyaluronidases, suggests a relatedness among some of the enzymes. Molecular advances may lead to a more thorough understanding of the role of hyaluronidases in bacterial physiology and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Hynes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA.
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Féthière J, Eggimann B, Cygler M. Crystal structure of chondroitin AC lyase, a representative of a family of glycosaminoglycan degrading enzymes. J Mol Biol 1999; 288:635-47. [PMID: 10329169 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1999.2698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), highly sulfated polymers built of hexosamine-uronic acid disaccharide units, are major components of the extracellular matrix, mostly in the form of proteoglycans. They interact with a large array of proteins, in particular of the blood coagulation cascade. Degradation of GAGs in mammalian systems occurs by the action of GAG hydrolases. Bacteria express a large number of GAG-degrading lyases that break the hexosamine-uronic acid bond to create an unsaturated sugar ring. Flavobacterium heparinum produces at least five GAG lyases of different specificity. Chondroitin AC lyase (chondroitinase AC, 75 kDa) is highly active toward chondroitin 4-sulfate and chondroitin-6 sulfate. Its crystal structure has been determined to 1.9 A resolution. The enzyme is composed of two domains. The N-terminal domain of approximately 300 residues contains mostly alpha-helices which form a doubly-layered horseshoe (a subset of the (alpha/alpha)6 toroidal topology). The approximately 370 residues long C-terminal domain is made of beta-strands arranged in a four layered beta-sheet sandwich, with the first two sheets having nine strands each. This fold is novel and has no counterpart in full among known structures. The sequence of chondroitinase AC shows low level of homology to several hyaluronate lyases, which likely share its fold. The shape of the molecule, distribution of electrostatic potential, the pattern of conservation of the amino acids and the results of mutagenesis of hyaluronate lyases, indicate that the enzymatic activity resides primarily within the N-terminal domain. The most likely candidate for the catalytic base is His225. Other residues involved in catalysis and/or substrate binding are Arg288, Arg292, Lys298 and Lys299.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Féthière
- NRC, Biotechnology Research Institute, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montréal, Québec, H4P 2R2, Canada
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Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a ubiquitous pathogen that produces many toxins and hydrolytic enzymes. Because the toxin-encoding genes can be located on extrachromosomal elements or in variable regions of the chromosome, several pathovars have arisen, each of which is involved in a specific disease. Pathovar identification is required for a precise diagnosis of associated pathologies and to define vaccine requirements. For these purposes, toxin genotyping is more reliable than the classical toxinotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Petit
- Centre National de Reference des Anaérobies, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Abstract
Clostridium perfringens causes human gas gangrene and food poisoning as well as several enterotoxemic diseases of animals. The organism is characterized by its ability to produce numerous extracellular toxins including alpha-toxin or phospholipase C, theta-toxin or perfringolysin O, kappa-toxin or collagenase, as well as a sporulation-associated enterotoxin. Although the genes encoding the alpha-toxin and theta-toxin are located on the chromosome, the genes encoding many of the other extracellular toxins are located on large plasmids. The enterotoxin gene can be either chromosomal or plasmid determined. Several of these toxin genes are associated with insertion sequences. The production of many of the extracellular toxins is regulated at the transcriptional level by the products of the virR and virS genes, which together comprise a two-component signal transduction system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Rood
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
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Heckel D, Comtesse N, Brass N, Blin N, Zang KD, Meese E. Novel immunogenic antigen homologous to hyaluronidase in meningioma. Hum Mol Genet 1998; 7:1859-72. [PMID: 9811929 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/7.12.1859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
By screening a meningioma expression library with autologous serum we identified four cDNA clones representing a novel gene with striking homology to Caenorhabditis elegans hyaluronidase as indicated by BLASTP analysis. In humans hyaluronidase has been implicated in cancer development and three human genes are known to encode proteins with hyaluronidase activity. None of the human genes, however, showed any homology at the nucleotide or amino acid sequence level to the newly isolated antigen we termed meningioma expressed antigen 5 (MGEA5). Somatic cell hybrid mapping and fluorescence in situ hybridization mapped the gene for MGEA5 to chromosomal band 10q24.1-q24.3. Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and northern blot hybridization revealed expression of the gene encoding MGEA5 in several meningioma and additional human tissues. Expression analysis also indicated an alternative splicing event giving rise to a shorter and altered transcript termed MGEA5s. The expression of MGEA5 and MGEA5s as fusion proteins revealed an approximate molecular weight of 92 and 54 kDa, respectively. Using heterologous sera we found antibodies against MGEA5s in five out of 23 meningioma patients, whereas no immune reaction was detected in 12 control sera from healthy individuals. Confirmation of hyaluronidase activity was independently achieved by turbidometric analysis and a gel matrix assay. A model for involvement of the novel hyaluronidase gene in meningioma development is proposed.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylglucosaminidase
- Alternative Splicing
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigens, Neoplasm
- Base Sequence
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Evolution, Molecular
- Genetic Variation
- Histone Acetyltransferases
- Humans
- Hyaluronoglucosaminidase/genetics
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Meningioma/enzymology
- Meningioma/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Open Reading Frames
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidases
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Affiliation(s)
- D Heckel
- Institut für Humangenetik, Theoretische Medizin, Universität des Saarlandes, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
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