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Li C, Song R. The regulation of zein biosynthesis in maize endosperm. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2020; 133:1443-1453. [PMID: 31897513 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03520-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We review the current knowledge regarding the regulation of zein storage proteins biosynthesis and protein body formation, which are crucial processes for the successful accumulation of nutrients in maize kernels. Storage proteins in the seeds of crops in the grass family (Poaceae) are a major source of dietary protein for humans. In maize (Zea mays), proteins are the second largest nutrient component in the kernels, accounting for ~ 10% of the kernel weight. Over half of the storage proteins in maize kernels are zeins, which lack two essential amino acids, lysine and tryptophan. This deficiency limits the use of maize proteins in the food and feed industries. Zeins are encoded by a large super-gene family. During endosperm development, zeins accumulate in protein bodies, which are derived from the rough endoplasmic reticulum. In recent years, our knowledge of the pathways of zein biosynthesis and their deposition within the endosperm has been greatly expanded. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of zeins, including the genes encoding these proteins, their expression patterns and transcriptional regulation, the process of protein body formation, and other biological processes affecting zein accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaobin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Rentao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Feng L, Zhu J, Wang G, Tang Y, Chen H, Jin W, Wang F, Mei B, Xu Z, Song R. Expressional profiling study revealed unique expressional patterns and dramatic expressional divergence of maize alpha-zein super gene family. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 69:649-659. [PMID: 19112555 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-008-9444-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The alpha-zein super gene family encodes the most predominant storage protein in maize (Zea mays) endosperm. In maize inbred line B73, it consists of four gene families with 41 member genes. In this study, we combined quantitative real-time PCR and random clone sequencing to successfully profile the expression of alpha-zein super gene family during endosperm development. We found that only 18 of the 41 member genes were expressed, and their expression levels diverge greatly. At the gene family level, all families had characteristic "up-and-down" oscillating expressional patterns that diverged into two major groups. At the individual gene level, member genes showed dramatic divergence of expression patterns, indicating fast differentiation of their expression regulation. A comparison study among different inbred lines revealed significantly different expressed gene sets, indicating the existence of highly diverged haplotypes. Large gene families containing long gene clusters, e.g. z1A or z1C, mainly contributed the highly divergent haplotypes. In addition, allelic genes also showed significant divergence in their expressional levels. These results indicated a highly dynamic and fast evolving nature to the maize alpha-zein super gene family, which might be a common feature for other large gene families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingna Feng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy Crop, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
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Zakharov A, Giersberg M, Hosein F, Melzer M, Müntz K, Saalbach I. Seed-specific promoters direct gene expression in non-seed tissue. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2004; 55:1463-71. [PMID: 15181101 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erh158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The organ specificity of four promoters that are known to direct seed-specific gene expression was tested. Whereas the phaseolin (phas)- and legumin B4 (leB4)-promoters were from genes encoding 7S and 11S globulins from Phaseolus vulgaris and Vicia faba, respectively, the usp- and the sbp-promoters were from non-storage protein genes of V. faba. The expression of different promoter-reporter gene fusions was followed either by RT-PCR or by registering the reporter enzyme activity in organs of transgenic tobacco, pea, narbon bean, or linseed. In addition to seeds, the promoters directed reporter gene expression in pollen and in seed coats. USP-, vicilin- and legumin-mRNA were detected by RT-PCR in pollen of Pisum sativum and V. faba. Expression during microsporogenesis and embryogenesis seems to be a general character of various seed protein genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zakharov
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
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Abstract
Two genomic fragments from maize, each containing a 19-kDa zein gene with extensive flanking regions, have been sequenced and examined by computer-aided analysis and Southern blotting techniques. Sequence analysis of the distal flanking sequences has revealed interesting sequence motifs, some not seen before. In particular, four nearly identical, G + C-rich, 17 to 21-bp perfect palindromes were found clustered in a 133-bp stretch lying 2 kb upstream from the zein-coding region in the genomic clone pMS2. These palindromic sequences exhibit other interesting features, including a precise spatial organization with respect to each other, and their proximity to several other repeated motifs in the same region. Southern blot analysis indicates that these palindromes, or closely related sequences, are found frequently in the maize genome. Possible secondary structures for the palindrome units are presented, which resemble functionally important sequences found upstream from other eukaryotic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Quayle
- Institut für Biologie III, Universität Freiburg, F.R.G
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Maier UG, Brown JWS, Schmitz LM, Schwall M, Dietrich G, Feix G. Mapping of tissue-dependent and independent protein binding sites to the 5′ upstream region of a zein gene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00334691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Brown J, Mater U, Schwall M, Schmitz L, Wandelt C, Feix G. The Structure and Function of Zein Genes of Maize. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(88)80082-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Schocher RJ, Shillito RD, Saul MW, Paszkowski J, Potrykus I. Co–Transformation of Unlinked Foreign Genes into Plants by Direct Gene Transfer. Nat Biotechnol 1986. [DOI: 10.1038/nbt1286-1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Reif HJ, Niesbach U, Deumling B, Saedler H. Cloning and analysis of two genes for chalcone synthase from Petunia hybrida. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00330261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
Zein cDNA clones were used to study the organization of zein genes within the genome of the inbred maize W64A. When individual clones for the two larger molecular-weight classes of zein proteins (Mr = 22,000; Mr = 19,000) were used as probes for Southern blot hybridizations of genomic DNA, multiple restriction fragments were found to hybridize. Reconstruction analyses using moderately stringent criteria were used to estimate a total of 70-80 zein sequences within the genome of this inbred maize. The hybridization patterns suggest that zein sequences are clustered within the same restriction fragment. When criteria permitting less cross-hybridization of homologous sequences (Tm - 10 degrees C) were used, the banding pattern changed, with some of the bands being reduced in intensity or eliminated entirely. Therefore, by control of hybridization criteria, particular zein genes may be more readily distinguished in a Southern blot analysis. The Southern blot hybridization pattern for the Mr = 15,000 zein was less complex. Only a single major band was found, with sufficient hybridization intensity for two or three genes. Genomic Southern analyses of other inbred maizes and related grasses showed similarly complex hybridization patterns with cDNA probes for the 19,000- and 22,000-molecular-weight zeins, suggesting that these sequences have been conserved over evolutionary time. The zein multigene family may therefore have arisen by gene duplication before divergence of the maize, teosinte, and Tripsacum species from a common ancestor.
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Soave C, Salamini F. The role of structural and regulatory genes in the development of maize endosperm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.1020050102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Sorenson JC. The Structure And Expression Of Nuclear Genes In Higher Plants. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 1984; 22:109-44. [PMID: 15633287 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60039-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J C Sorenson
- Experimental Agricultural Sciences, The Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, USA
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Abstract
The zein proteins are the major storage proteins of maize endosperm. They are made from large amounts of zein RNAs of several distinct sizes, ranging from the small 900 base final size RNA to precursor forms of over 3800 bases. The 900 base mRNA and the smallest precursor mRNA of 1800 bases are transcribed from two distinct promoter regions, P1 and P2. In vitro transcription of a maize genomic clone containing a zein gene pML 1 allowed both promoters to be mapped. The sequence of pML 1, covering the two promoter regions, contained consensus transcription start sequences at both of the predicted promoters. S1 mapping with RNA prepared from maize endosperm showed that both P1 and P2 are active in vivo as double starts.
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Messing J. The manipulation of zein genes to improve the nutritional value of corn. Trends Biotechnol 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-7799(83)90070-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Cloning of a genomic fragment carrying the insertion element Cin 1 of Zea mays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00332686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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A general method to identify plant structural genes among genomic DNA clones using transposable element induced mutations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00331117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Langridge P, Pintor-Toro JA, Feix G. Zein precursor mRNAs from maize endosperm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00332624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Langridge P, Pintor-Toro JA, Feix G. Direction of zein gene transcription in maize genomic clones. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1982; 107:1236-42. [PMID: 6291525 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(82)80130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Burr B, Burr FA, St John TP, Thomas M, Davis RW. Zein storage protein gene family of maize. An assessment of heterogeneity with cloned messenger RNA sequences. J Mol Biol 1982; 154:33-49. [PMID: 6896217 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(82)90415-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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