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Liang X, Miao Y, Tong X, Chen J, Liu H, He Z, Liu A, Hu Z. Dental pulp mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes inhibit neuroinflammation and microglial pyroptosis in subarachnoid hemorrhage via the miRNA-197-3p/FOXO3 axis. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:426. [PMID: 39030593 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02708-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a severe stroke subtype that lacks effective treatment. Exosomes derived from human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are a promising acellular therapeutic strategy for neurological diseases. However, the therapeutic effects of DPSC-derived exosomes (DPSC-Exos) on SAH remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of action of DPSC-Exos in SAH. MATERIALS AND METHODS SAH was established using 120 male Sprague-Dawley rats. One hour after SAH induction, DPSC-Exos were administered via tail vein injection. To investigate the effect of DPSC-Exos, SAH grading, short-term and long-term neurobehavioral assessments, brain water content, western blot (WB), immunofluorescence staining, Nissl staining, and HE staining were performed. The role of miR-197-3p/FOXO3 in regulating pyroptosis was demonstrated through miRNA sequencing, bioinformatics analysis, and rescue experiments. The SAH model in vitro was established by stimulating BV2 cells with hemoglobin (Hb) and the underlying mechanism of DPSC-Exos was investigated through WB and Hoechst/PI staining. RESULTS The expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) were increased after SAH. DPSC-Exos alleviated brain edema and neuroinflammation by inhibiting the expression of FOXO3 and reducing NLRP3 inflammasome activation, leading to improved neurobehavioral functions at 24 h after SAH. In vitro, the expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome components (NLRP3 and caspase1-p20), GSDMD-N, and IL-18 was inhibited in BV2 cells pretreated with DPSC-Exos. Importantly, DPSC-Exos overexpressing miR-197-3p had a more obvious protective effect than those from NC-transfected DPSCs, while those from DPSCs transfected with the miR-197-3p inhibitor had a weaker protective effect. Functional studies indicated that miR-197-3p bound to the 3'-untranslated region of FOXO3, inhibiting its transcription. Furthermore, the overexpression of FOXO3 reversed the protective effects of miR-197-3p. CONCLUSIONS DPSC-Exos inhibited activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and related cytokine release via the miR-197-3p/FOXO3 pathway, alleviated neuroinflammation, and inhibited microglial pyroptosis. These findings suggest that using DPSC-Exos is a promising therapeutic strategy for SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Miao
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Xin Tong
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- Cerebrovascular Disease Department, Neurological Disease Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jigang Chen
- Department of burn and plastic surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Hongyi Liu
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zilong He
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Aihua Liu
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
- China National Clinical Research Centre for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100070, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China.
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Mino T, Nakao S, Kitaura A, Iwamoto T, Kimura S, Nakajima Y, Itoh T, Satou T. Dexmedetomidine Inhibits Hippocampal Neuronal Damage Caused by Persistent Isoflurane-Induced Hypotension in Rat Model of Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion. Cureus 2024; 16:e61522. [PMID: 38957242 PMCID: PMC11218714 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.61522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dexmedetomidine (DEX) on hypotension-induced neuronal damage in a chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) model of rats, an established model of cerebral white matter lesions (WML) in humans, which is prevalent in the elderly and closely related to cognitive decline. Methods The CCH model rats were randomly assigned to one of four groups: normotension + no DEX (NN) group (n = 6), normotension + DEX (ND) group (n = 6), hypotension + no DEX (HN) group (n = 6), or hypotension + DEX (HD) group (n = 6). Under isoflurane anesthesia, mean arterial blood pressure was maintained at or above 80 mmHg (normotension) or below 60 mmHg (hypotension) for a duration of two hours. The DEX groups received 50 μg of DEX intraperitoneally. Two weeks later, the Y-maze test and, after preparing brain slices, immunohistochemical staining were performed using antibodies against neuronal nuclei (NeuN), microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and Ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1). Results Behavioral observations showed no significant differences among the groups. Significant reductions of both NeuN-positive cells and the MAP2-positive area were found in the hippocampal CA1 in the HN group compared with NN and ND groups, but not in the HD group. GFAP and Iba-1-positive areas were significantly increased in the HN group, but not in the HD group. Conclusion DEX significantly ameliorated hypotension-induced neuronal damage and both astroglial and microglial activation in the CA1 region of CCH rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Mino
- Anesthesiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, JPN
| | - Shinichi Nakao
- Anesthesiology, Perioperative Management Center, Okanami General Hospital, Mie, JPN
| | - Atsuhiro Kitaura
- Anesthesiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, JPN
| | | | - Seishi Kimura
- Anesthesiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, JPN
| | | | - Tatsuki Itoh
- Food Science and Nutrition, Kindai University Faculty of Agriculture, Osaka, JPN
| | - Takao Satou
- Diagnostic Pathology, Kindai University Hospital, Osaka, JPN
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Li D, Zhang Q, Yang X, Zhang G, Wang J, Zhang R, Liu Y. Microglial AT1R Conditional Knockout Ameliorates Hypoperfusive Cognitive Impairment by Reducing Microglial Inflammatory Responses. Neuroscience 2024; 545:125-140. [PMID: 38484837 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) can cause vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. AT1R, angiotensin II type I receptor, plays a vital role in central nervous system pathologies, but its concrete function in vascular dementia is still unclear. Herein, we investigated the effects of AT1R during CCH by conditional knockout of the microglial AT1R and candesartan treatment. Using the bilateral carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) model, we found that the AT1R is crucial in exacerbating CCH-induced cognitive impairment via regulating microglial activation. The levels of AT1R were increased in the hippocampus and the hippocampal microglia after CCH induction. Microglial AT1R conditional knockout ameliorated cognitive impairment by reducing inflammatory responses and microglial activation, and so did candesartan treatment. However, we observed restoration of cerebral blood flow (CBF) but no significant neuronal loss in the hippocampus at 28 days after BCAS. Finally, we screened three hub genes (Ctss, Fcer1g, Tyrobp) associated with CCH. Our findings indicated that microglial expression of AT1R is critical for regulating neuroinflammation in CCH, and AT1R antagonism may be a feasible and promising method for ameliorating CCH-caused cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyue Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated (Xinqiao) Hospital, The Army (Third Military) Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Department of Pain and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated (Xinqiao) Hospital, The Army (Third Military) Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Wound Infection and Drug, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, The Third Affiliated (Daping) Hospital, The Army (Third Military) Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated (Xinqiao) Hospital, The Army (Third Military) Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinping Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated (Xinqiao) Hospital, The Army (Third Military) Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Pain and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated (Xinqiao) Hospital, The Army (Third Military) Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Lim YA, Tan LS, Lee WT, Sim WL, Lv Y, Takakuni M, Saito S, Ihara M, Arumugam TV, Chen C, Wong FWS, Dawe GS. Hope for vascular cognitive impairment: Ac-YVAD-cmk as a novel treatment against white matter rarefaction. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299703. [PMID: 38630707 PMCID: PMC11023579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is the second leading cause of dementia with limited treatment options, characterised by cerebral hypoperfusion-induced white matter rarefaction (WMR). Subcortical VCI is the most common form of VCI, but the underlying reasons for region susceptibility remain elusive. Recent studies employing the bilateral cortical artery stenosis (BCAS) method demonstrate that various inflammasomes regulate white matter injury and blood-brain barrier dysfunction but whether caspase-1 inhibition will be beneficial remains unclear. To address this, we performed BCAS on C57/BL6 mice to study the effects of Ac-YVAD-cmk, a caspase-1 inhibitor, on the subcortical and cortical regions. Cerebral blood flow (CBF), WMR, neuroinflammation and the expression of tight junction-related proteins associated with blood-brain barrier integrity were assessed 15 days post BCAS. We observed that Ac-YVAD-cmk restored CBF, attenuated BCAS-induced WMR and restored subcortical myelin expression. Within the subcortical region, BCAS activated the NLRP3/caspase-1/interleukin-1beta axis only within the subcortical region, which was attenuated by Ac-YVAD-cmk. Although we observed that BCAS induced significant increases in VCAM-1 expression in both brain regions that were attenuated with Ac-YVAD-cmk, only ZO-1 and occludin were observed to be significantly altered in the subcortical region. Here we show that caspase-1 may contribute to subcortical regional susceptibility in a mouse model of VCI. In addition, our results support further investigations into the potential of Ac-YVAD-cmk as a novel treatment strategy against subcortical VCI and other conditions exhibiting cerebral hypoperfusion-induced WMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-An Lim
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Si Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Thye Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Liang Sim
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yang Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Maki Takakuni
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Saito
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Christopher Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fred Wai-Shiu Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gavin Stewart Dawe
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Jearjaroen P, Thangwong P, Tocharus C, Chaichompoo W, Suksamrarn A, Tocharus J. Hexahydrocurcumin attenuated demyelination and improved cognitive impairment in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion rats. Inflammopharmacology 2024; 32:1531-1544. [PMID: 38153537 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01406-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Age-related white matter lesions (WML) frequently present vascular problems by decreasing cerebral blood supply, resulting in the condition known as chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH). This study aimed to investigate the effect of hexahydrocurcumin (HHC) on the processes of demyelination and remyelination induced by the model of the Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion (BCCAO) for 29 days to mimic the CCH condition. The pathological appearance of myelin integrity was significantly altered by CCH, as evidenced by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Luxol Fast Blue (LFB) staining. In addition, CCH activated A1-astrocytes and reactive-microglia by increasing the expression of Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), complement 3 (C3d) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, S100a10 expression, a marker of neuroprotective astrocytes, was suppressed, as were regenerative factors including (IGF-1) and Transglutaminase 2 (TGM2). Therefore, the maturation step was obstructed as shown by decreases in the levels of myelin basic protein (MBP) and the proteins related with lipid synthesis. Cognitive function was therefore impaired in the CCH model, as evidenced by the Morris water maze test. By contrast, HHC treatment significantly improved myelin integrity, and inhibited A1-astrocytes and reactive-microglial activity. Consequently, pro-inflammatory cytokines and A1-astrocytes were attenuated, and regenerative factors increased assisting myelin maturation and hence improving cognitive performance. In conclusion, HHC improves cognitive function and also the integrity of white matter in CCH rats by reducing demyelination, and pro-inflammatory cytokine production and promoting the process of remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranglada Jearjaroen
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Phakkawat Thangwong
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Chainarong Tocharus
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chianqg Mai, Thailand
| | - Waraluck Chaichompoo
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Apichart Suksamrarn
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Tocharus
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
- Functional Food Research Center for Well-Being, Multidisciplinary Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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Kim KH, Lim SH, Hwang JH, Lee J. Inhibition of Glial Activation and Subsequent Reduction in White Matter Damage through Supplementation with a Combined Extract of Wheat Bran, Citrus Peel, and Jujube in a Rat Model of Vascular Dementia. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:1485-1502. [PMID: 38392214 PMCID: PMC10888096 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second most common type of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. In our previous studies, we showed that wheat bran extract (WBE) reduced white matter damage in a rat VaD model and improved memory in a human clinical trial. However, starch gelatinization made the large-scale preparation of WBE difficult. To simplify the manufacturing process and increase efficacy, we attempted to find a decoction containing an optimum ratio of wheat bran, sliced citrus peel, and sliced jujube (WCJ). To find an optimal ratio, the cell survival of C6 (rat glioma) cultured under hypoxic conditions (1% O2) was measured, and apoptosis was assessed. To confirm the efficacies of the optimized WCJ for VaD, pupillary light reflex, white matter damage, and the activation of astrocytes and microglia were assessed in a rat model of bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) causing chronic hypoperfusion. Using a combination of both searching the literature and cell survival experiments, we chose 6:2:1 as the optimal ratio of wheat bran to sliced citrus peel to sliced jujube to prepare WCJ. We showed that phytic acid contained only in wheat bran can be used as an indicator component for the quality control of WCJ. We observed in vitro that the WCJ treatment improved cell survival by reducing apoptosis through an increase in the Bcl-2/Bax ratio. In the BCCAO experiments, the WCJ-supplemented diet prevented astrocytic and microglial activation, mitigated myelin damage in the corpus callosum and optic tract, and, consequently, improved pupillary light reflex at dosages over 100 mg/kg/day. The results suggest that the consumption of WCJ can prevent VaD by reducing white matter damage, and WCJ can be developed as a safe, herbal medicine to prevent VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hong Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu 42105, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Ha Lim
- DigmBio, Inc., Seongnam 13486, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Hwang
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongwon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu 42105, Republic of Korea
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Yang R, Hu N, Liu TY, Qu Y, Liu J, Wang JH, Yang BF, Li CL. Salvianolic acid A provides neuroprotective effects on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats via PKA/CREB/c-Fos signaling pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 124:155326. [PMID: 38185068 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) is a phenomenon that pathological injury of ischemic brain tissue is further aggravated after the restoration of blood supply. The complex pathological mechanism of CIRI has led to the failure of multiple neuroprotective agents in clinical studies. Salvianolic acid A (SAA) is a neuroprotective extract from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge., with significant pharmacological activities in the treatment of brain injury. However, the neuroprotective mechanisms of SAA remain unclear. PURPOSE To explore the potential protective effect of SAA on CIRI and its mechanism, and to provide experimental basis for the research of new drugs for CIRI. STUDY DESIGN A model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) in rats was used to simulate clinical CIRI, and the neuroprotective effect of SAA on tMCAO rats was investigated within 14 days after reperfusion. The improvement effects of SAA on cognitive impairment of tMCAO rats were investigated by behavioral tests from days 7-14. Finally, the neuroprotective mechanism of SAA was investigated on day 14. METHODS The neuroprotective effects and mechanism of SAA were investigated by behavioral tests, HE and TUNEL staining, RNA sequence (RNA-seq) analysis and Western blot in tMCAO rats. RESULTS The brain protective effects of SAA were achieved by alleviating cerebral infarction, cerebral edema, cerebral atrophy and nerve injury in tMCAO rats. Meanwhile, SAA could effectively improve the cognitive impairment and pathological damage of hippocampal tissue, and inhibit cell apoptosis in tMCAO rats. Besides, SAA could provide neuroprotective effects by up-regulating the expression of Bcl-2, inhibiting the activation of Caspase 3, and regulating PKA/CREB/c-Fos signaling pathway. CONCLUSION SAA can significantly improve brain injury and cognitive impairment in CIRI rats, and this neuroprotective effect may be achieved through the anti-apoptotic effect and the regulation of PKA/CREB/c-Fos signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Nan Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Ting-Yu Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Yue Qu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Jin-Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, PR China
| | - Bao-Feng Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, PR China.
| | - Chun-Li Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China.
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Ishikawa H, Shindo A, Mizutani A, Tomimoto H, Lo EH, Arai K. A brief overview of a mouse model of cerebral hypoperfusion by bilateral carotid artery stenosis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:18-36. [PMID: 36883344 PMCID: PMC10638994 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231154597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) refers to all forms of cognitive disorder related to cerebrovascular diseases, including vascular mild cognitive impairment, post-stroke dementia, multi-infarct dementia, subcortical ischemic vascular dementia (SIVD), and mixed dementia. Among the causes of VCI, more attention has been paid to SIVD because the causative cerebral small vessel pathologies are frequently observed in elderly people and because the gradual progression of cognitive decline often mimics Alzheimer's disease. In most cases, small vessel diseases are accompanied by cerebral hypoperfusion. In mice, prolonged cerebral hypoperfusion is induced by bilateral carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) with surgically implanted metal micro-coils. This cerebral hypoperfusion BCAS model was proposed as a SIVD mouse model in 2004, and the spreading use of this mouse SIVD model has provided novel data regarding cognitive dysfunction and histological/genetic changes by cerebral hypoperfusion. Oxidative stress, microvascular injury, excitotoxicity, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, and secondary inflammation may be the main mechanisms of brain damage due to prolonged cerebral hypoperfusion, and some potential therapeutic targets for SIVD have been proposed by using transgenic mice or clinically used drugs in BCAS studies. This review article overviews findings from the studies that used this hypoperfused-SIVD mouse model, which were published between 2004 and 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiro Ishikawa
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Akihiro Shindo
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Akane Mizutani
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Tomimoto
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Ken Arai
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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Gao H, Findeis EL, Culmone L, Powell B, Landschoot-Ward J, Zacharek A, Wu T, Lu M, Chopp M, Venkat P. Early therapeutic effects of an Angiopoietin-1 mimetic peptide in middle-aged rats with vascular dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1180913. [PMID: 37304071 PMCID: PMC10248134 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1180913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular Dementia (VaD) refers to dementia caused by cerebrovascular disease and/or reduced blood flow to the brain and is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. We previously found that in middle-aged rats subjected to a multiple microinfarction (MMI) model of VaD, treatment with AV-001, a Tie2 receptor agonist, significantly improves short-term memory, long-term memory, as well as improves preference for social novelty compared to control MMI rats. In this study, we tested the early therapeutic effects of AV-001 on inflammation and glymphatic function in rats subjected to VaD. Methods Male, middle-aged Wistar rats (10-12 m), subjected to MMI, were randomly assigned to MMI and MMI + AV-001 treatment groups. A sham group was included as reference group. MMI was induced by injecting 800 ± 200, 70-100 μm sized, cholesterol crystals into the internal carotid artery. Animals were treated with AV-001 (1 μg/Kg, i.p.) once daily starting at 24 h after MMI. At 14 days after MMI, inflammatory factor expression was evaluated in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain. Immunostaining was used to evaluate white matter integrity, perivascular space (PVS) and perivascular Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) expression in the brain. An additional set of rats were prepared to test glymphatic function. At 14 days after MMI, 50 μL of 1% Tetramethylrhodamine (3 kD) and FITC conjugated dextran (500 kD) at 1:1 ratio were injected into the CSF. Rats (4-6/group/time point) were sacrificed at 30 min, 3 h, and 6 h from the start of tracer infusion, and brain coronal sections were imaged using a Laser scanning confocal microscope to evaluate tracer intensities in the brain. Result Treatment of MMI with AV-001 significantly improves white matter integrity in the corpus callosum at 14 days after MMI. MMI induces significant dilation of the PVS, reduces AQP4 expression and impairs glymphatic function compared to Sham rats. AV-001 treatment significantly reduces PVS, increases perivascular AQP4 expression and improves glymphatic function compared to MMI rats. MMI significantly increases, while AV-001 significantly decreases the expression of inflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), chemokine ligand 9) and anti-angiogenic factors (endostatin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, P-selectin) in CSF. MMI significantly increases, while AV-001 significantly reduces brain tissue expression of endostatin, thrombin, TNF-α, PAI-1, CXCL9, and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Conclusion AV-001 treatment of MMI significantly reduces PVS dilation and increases perivascular AQP4 expression which may contribute to improved glymphatic function compared to MMI rats. AV-001 treatment significantly reduces inflammatory factor expression in the CSF and brain which may contribute to AV-001 treatment induced improvement in white matter integrity and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanjia Gao
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI, United States
| | | | - Lauren Culmone
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Brianna Powell
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI, United States
| | | | - Alex Zacharek
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Trueman Wu
- Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Mei Lu
- Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, United States
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Poornima Venkat
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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10
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Chai YL, Rajeev V, Poh L, Selvaraji S, Hilal S, Chen CP, Jo DG, Koo EH, Arumugam TV, Lai MKP. Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion alters the CypA-EMMPRIN-gelatinase pathway: Implications for vascular dementia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:722-735. [PMID: 36537035 PMCID: PMC10108186 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221146401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) is postulated to underlie multiple pathophysiological processes in vascular dementia (VaD), including extracellular matrix dysfunction. While several extracellular matrix proteins, namely cyclophilin A (CypA), extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) and gelatinases (matrix metalloproteinases, MMP-2 and -9) have been investigated in acute stroke, their involvement in CCH and VaD remains unclear. In this study, CypA-EMMPRIN-gelatinase proteins were analysed in a clinical cohort of 36 aged, cognitively unimpaired subjects and 48 VaD patients, as well as in a bilateral carotid artery stenosis mouse model of CCH. Lower CypA and higher EMMPRIN levels were found in both VaD serum and CCH mouse brain. Furthermore, gelatinases were differentially altered in CCH mice and VaD patients, with significant MMP-2 increase in CCH brain and serum, whilst serum MMP-9 was elevated in VaD but reduced in CCH, suggesting complex CypA-EMMPRIN-gelatinase regulatory mechanisms. Interestingly, subjects with cortical infarcts had higher serum MMP-2, while white matter hyperintensities, cortical infarcts and lacunes were associated with higher serum MMP-9. Taken together, our data indicate that perturbations of CypA-EMMPRIN signalling may be associated with gelatinase-mediated vascular sequelae, highlighting the potential utility of the CypA-EMMPRIN-gelatinase pathway as clinical biomarkers and therapeutic targets in VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuek Ling Chai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong
Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge,
Singapore
- Memory, Aging and Cognition Centre,
National University Health System, Kent Ridge, Singapore
| | - Vismitha Rajeev
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong
Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge,
Singapore
| | - Luting Poh
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong
Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge,
Singapore
| | - Sharmelee Selvaraji
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong
Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge,
Singapore
| | - Saima Hilal
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong
Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge,
Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public
Health, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore
| | - Christopher P Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong
Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge,
Singapore
- Memory, Aging and Cognition Centre,
National University Health System, Kent Ridge, Singapore
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan
University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Edward H Koo
- Department of Medicine, National
University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore
- Graduate School for Integrative
Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge,
Singapore
- Department of Neurosciences,
University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan
University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology
and Disease Research, Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and
Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe
University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Mitchell KP Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong
Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge,
Singapore
- Memory, Aging and Cognition Centre,
National University Health System, Kent Ridge, Singapore
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11
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Chen J, Hong J, Li C, Zeng Y, Xie M, Zhang X, Wen H. Changes in gene expression and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus of rats with poststroke cognitive impairment. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:883-896. [PMID: 37012665 PMCID: PMC10484197 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231157922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Poststroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) often occurs during the stroke recovery period and greatly increases the difficulty of rehabilitation. Activation of neuroinflammation and long-term changes in gene expression patterns in the hippocampus could be essential in the development of PSCI. Therefore, this study aimed to identify neuroinflammation and changes in gene expression patterns in the hippocampus in rats with PSCI. Rats underwent transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) or sham surgery. The infarct volume was measured on day 3 after surgery. The Morris water maze (MWM) test was used to assess cognitive function. Microglial activation and white matter (WM) lesions in the hippocampus were evaluated on day 28 after surgery. In addition, we compared differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the hippocampus between tMCAO group rats and sham group rats by RNA sequencing. Then, Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analyses were conducted to investigate these DEGs. The results showed that the tMCAO group rats showed extensive infarction and cognitive dysfunction compared with the sham group rats. Microglial activation and WM damage were obvious in the hippocampus of tMCAO group rats. We found 43 DEGs by RNA sequencing: 29 genes with upregulated expression and 14 genes with downregulated expression. The GO analysis indicated that DEGs were mainly involved in cell proliferation and differentiation, cholesterol synthesis, and metabolism. The KEGG pathway analysis suggested that the DEGs were significantly enriched in intestinal immune network for IgA production and steroid biosynthesis. Acta2, Calb2, and Cxcl12 were notable in the PPI analysis. Our results suggest that microglial activation and WM damage are maintained in rats with PSCI. The mechanism may be related to the regulation of steroid biosynthesis, intestinal immunity, and potential key genes such as Acta2, Calb2, and Cxcl12 in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chao Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mengshu Xie
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hongmei Wen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
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12
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Roberts JM, Fraser JF. Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis: A Surgical Mouse Model to Study Moyamoya Syndrome. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2616:47-54. [PMID: 36715927 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2926-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Moyamoya is a cerebrovascular condition that predisposes affected patients to stroke and is characterized as the progressive stenosis of the internal carotid artery (ICA) and compensatory development of collaterals at the base of the brain. Patients with moyamoya syndrome also present with comorbidities such as various autoimmune diseases and coagulopathies. We developed a surgical method using micro-coils to induce ICA-specific stenosis in mice, which induces moyamoya-like vasculopathies. An advantage of this surgical model of hypoperfusion is that it can be combined with other comorbid models to investigate pathologies associated with moyamoya syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Roberts
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Justin F Fraser
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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13
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Qiuping L, Pan P, Zhenzhen L, Zhen Z, Xuezhu Z, Shuting L. Acupuncture regulates the Th17/Treg balance and improves cognitive deficits in a rat model of vascular dementia. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13346. [PMID: 36816326 PMCID: PMC9929319 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The present study was developed to explore the impact of acupuncture on the Th17/Treg balance in the brain and the periphery and associated changes in cognitive deficits in a rat model of vascular dementia (VD). Methods Male Wistar rats (8 weeks old) were randomly assigned to sham-operated (Gs, n = 10), and operation (n = 30) groups. A VD model was established for all rats in the operation group via the permanent bilateral occlusion of the common carotid artery. Behavioral screening of these rats was conducted via a hidden platform trial at 2 months post-operation. These operation group rats were then further subdivided into impaired (Gi) and acupuncture (Ga) groups (n = 10/group). Acupuncture was performed over a 21-day period for rats in the Ga group. A Morris water maze (MWM) test was used to assess cognitive function for rats in all groups. Flow cytometry and fluorescent staining were used to detect Th17 and Treg cells in samples from these animals based on IL-17/FoxP3 or CD4+FoxP3+/CD4+RORγt+ staining profiles. Results Relative to the Gs group, escape latency values for rats in the Gi group were significantly increased. Following treatment, rats in the Ga group exhibited significant reductions in escape latency values as compared to rats in the Gi group (P < 0.05). The relative Treg proportion in the peripheral blood and spleen additionally trended upwards in these Ga rats as compared to those in the Gi group (P > 0.05), whereas the frequency of Th17 cells in the peripheral blood and spleen of Ga group rats trended downward relative to the Gi group (P > 0.05). Significantly fewer CD4+RORγt+ and RORγt+ cells were detected in the Ga group relative to the Gi group, whereas CD4+FoxP3+ and FoxP3+ cell counts were increased (P < 0.01). Conclusion In summary, VD model rats exhibited dysregulated Th17/Treg homeostasis. Acupuncture treatment was sufficient to reduce the frequency and numbers of Th17 cells in these animals while increasing Treg cell levels, thereby alleviating cognitive deficits with respect to both spatial learning and memory impairment. Consequently, the therapeutic benefits of such acupuncture treatment may be attributable to the regulation of the Th17/Treg balance and associated improvements in cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Qiuping
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300380, China,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300380, China,Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Pan Pan
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300380, China,Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650500, China
| | - Ling Zhenzhen
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300380, China,Department of Immune Regulation, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Zhang Zhen
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300380, China,Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Shandong Province, 261031, China
| | - Zhang Xuezhu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300380, China,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300380, China,Corresponding author. First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300380, China.
| | - Li Shuting
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300380, China,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300380, China,Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
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14
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Zhao Y, Zhu W, Wan T, Zhang X, Li Y, Huang Z, Xu P, Huang K, Ye R, Xie Y, Liu X. Vascular endothelium deploys caveolin-1 to regulate oligodendrogenesis after chronic cerebral ischemia in mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6813. [PMID: 36357389 PMCID: PMC9649811 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34293-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligovascular coupling contributes to white matter vascular homeostasis. However, little is known about the effects of oligovascular interaction on oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) changes in chronic cerebral ischemia. Here, using a mouse of bilateral carotid artery stenosis, we show a gradual accumulation of OPCs on vasculature with impaired oligodendrogenesis. Mechanistically, chronic ischemia induces a substantial loss of endothelial caveolin-1 (Cav-1), leading to vascular secretion of heat shock protein 90α (HSP90α). Endothelial-specific over-expression of Cav-1 or genetic knockdown of vascular HSP90α restores normal vascular-OPC interaction, promotes oligodendrogenesis and attenuates ischemic myelin damage. miR-3074(-1)-3p is identified as a direct inducer of Cav-1 reduction in mice and humans. Endothelial uptake of nanoparticle-antagomir improves myelin damage and cognitive deficits dependent on Cav-1. In summary, our findings demonstrate that vascular abnormality may compromise oligodendrogenesis and myelin regeneration through endothelial Cav-1, which may provide an intercellular mechanism in ischemic demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XDepartment of Neurology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000 China
| | - Wusheng Zhu
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XDepartment of Neurology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000 China
| | - Ting Wan
- grid.233520.50000 0004 1761 4404Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shanxi 710032 China
| | - Xiaohao Zhang
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000 China
| | - Yunzi Li
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XDepartment of Neurology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000 China
| | - Zhenqian Huang
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XDepartment of Neurology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000 China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Stroke Center & Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China
| | - Kangmo Huang
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XDepartment of Neurology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000 China
| | - Ruidong Ye
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XDepartment of Neurology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000 China
| | - Yi Xie
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XDepartment of Neurology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000 China
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XDepartment of Neurology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000 China ,grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Stroke Center & Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China
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15
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Yang Y, Zhao X, Zhu Z, Zhang L. Vascular dementia: A microglia's perspective. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 81:101734. [PMID: 36113763 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is a second most common form of age-related dementia. It is characterized by cognitive impairment associated with vascular pathology, symptoms mainly caused by cerebral damage due to inadequate blood flow to the brain. The pathogenesis of VaD is complex, and a growing body of literature emphasizes on the involvement of microglia in disease development and progression. Here, we review the current knowledge on the role of microglia in regulating neuroinflammation under the pathogenesis of VaD. The commonly used animal and cell models for understanding the disease pathogenesis were summarized. The mechanisms by which microglia contribute to VaD are multifactorial, and we specifically focus on some of the predominant functions of microglia, including chemotaxis, secretory property, phagocytosis, and its crosstalk with other neurovascular unit cells. Finally, potential therapeutic strategies targeting microglia-modulated neuroinflammation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Xinyuan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Zirui Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Lihui Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
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16
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Adak BM, Laçin N, Şimşek F, Uysal E, Soylu FE, Özkan İ. Evaluation of the effects of different hemostatic agent applications on mental nerve. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2022; 279:5355-5362. [PMID: 35767059 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-022-07434-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evaluating the effect of ABS (Ankaferd Blood Stopper®), Tranexamic Acid (Transamin®) and Thrombin-Containing Hemostatic Matrix (Floseal®) on the mental nerve of rats by using histopathologic and immunohistochemical analyses. MATERIALS AND METHODS 40 Wistar Albino rats were used. Rats were randomly selected into 4 groups as Control (G1), ABS (G2), Tranexamic Acid (G3) and Thrombin-Containing Hemostatic Matrix (G4). In the control group G1, the left mental nerve was exposed and 0.3 ml of sterile saline was applied for 5 min, then closed with suture. In the other three groups, the left mental nerve was exposed and 0.3 ml ABS, Tranexamic Acid and Floseal was applied to groups, respectively. After 5 min, wounds were closed with suture. Immunohistochemical and histopathologic examinations were performed on mental nerves after 28 days. RESULTS The total histopathologic and immunohistochemical semiquantitative scores were significantly higher in ABS (G2) compared to Control (G1), Tranexamic Acid (G3) and Thrombin-Containing Hemostatic Matrix (G4) (P < 0.05). Myelin thickness were significantly lower in G2 compared to G1, G2 and G3 (P < 0.05). G3 has the most reliable results compared to G2 and G4 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The study results suggest that ABS has neurotoxic effects and should not be used close to the nerve, and thrombin-containing hemostatic matrix should be used carefully. Tranexamic acid, on the other hand, was found to be the most reliable hemostatic agent for use in close proximity to neural tissues. Further studies are required to determine the efficacy of the hemostatic agents on peripheral nerve degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berat Metin Adak
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Izmir Katip Çelebi University, 6780.sokak no: 48 Cigli, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Nihat Laçin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Izmir Katip Çelebi University, 6780.sokak no: 48 Cigli, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Fatma Şimşek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ersin Uysal
- Deparment of Computer Technologies, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Fahri Emrah Soylu
- Laboratory Animals Application and Research Center, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - İrem Özkan
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Izmir Katip Çelebi University, Izmir, Turkey
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17
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Yu M, Zheng X, Cheng F, Shao B, Zhuge Q, Jin K. Metformin, Rapamycin, or Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Pretreatment Attenuate Cognitive Impairment After Cerebral Hypoperfusion by Inhibiting Microglial Phagocytosis. Front Neurol 2022; 13:903565. [PMID: 35769369 PMCID: PMC9234123 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.903565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is the second leading form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease (AD) plaguing the elder population. Despite the enormous prevalence of VCI, the biological basis of this disease has been much less well-studied than that of AD, with no specific therapy currently existing to prevent or treat VCI. As VCI mainly occurs in the elderly, the role of anti-aging drugs including metformin, rapamycin, and nicotinamide mono nucleotide (NMN), and the underlying mechanism remain uncertain. Here, we examined the role of metformin, rapamycin, and NMN in cognitive function, white matter integrity, microglial response, and phagocytosis in a rat model of VCI by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO). BCCAO-induced chronic cerebral hypoperfusion could cause spatial working memory deficits and white matter lesions (WMLs), along with increasing microglial activation and phagocytosis compared to sham-operated rats. We found the cognitive impairment was significantly improved in BCCAO rats pretreated with these three drugs for 14 days before BCCAO compared with the vehicle group by the analysis of the Morris water maze and new object recognition tests. Pretreatment of metformin, rapamycin, or NMN also increased myelin basic protein (MBP, a marker for myelin) expression and reduced SMI32 (a marker for demyelinated axons) intensity and SMI32/MBP ratio compared with the vehicle group, suggesting that these drugs could ameliorate BCCAO-induced WMLs. The findings were confirmed by Luxol fast blue (LFB) stain, which is designed for staining myelin/myelinated axons. We further found that pretreatment of metformin, rapamycin, or NMN reduced microglial activation and the number of M1 microglia, but increased the number of M2 microglia compared to the vehicle group. Importantly, the number of MBP+/Iba1+/CD68+ microglia was significantly reduced in the BCCAO rats pretreated with these three drugs compared with the vehicle group, suggesting that these drugs suppress microglial phagocytosis. No significant difference was found between the groups pretreated with metformin, rapamycin, or NMN. Our data suggest that metformin, rapamycin, or NMN could protect or attenuate cognitive impairment and WMLs by modifying microglial polarization and inhibiting phagocytosis. The findings may open a new avenue for VCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoying Zheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fangyu Cheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bei Shao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qichuan Zhuge
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Qichuan Zhuge
| | - Kunlin Jin
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
- Kunlin Jin
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18
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Poh L, Sim WL, Jo DG, Dinh QN, Drummond GR, Sobey CG, Chen CLH, Lai MKP, Fann DY, Arumugam TV. The role of inflammasomes in vascular cognitive impairment. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:4. [PMID: 35000611 PMCID: PMC8744307 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00506-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing prevalence of Vascular Cognitive Impairment (VCI) worldwide, and several studies have suggested that Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion (CCH) plays a critical role in disease onset and progression. However, there is a limited understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of VCI, especially in relation to CCH. Neuroinflammation is a significant contributor in the progression of VCI as increased systemic levels of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) has been extensively reported in VCI patients. Recently it has been established that CCH can activate the inflammasome signaling pathways, involving NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes that critically regulate IL-1β production. Given that neuroinflammation is an early event in VCI, it is important that we understand its molecular and cellular mechanisms to enable development of disease-modifying treatments to reduce the structural brain damage and cognitive deficits that are observed clinically in the elderly. Hence, this review aims to provide a comprehensive insight into the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of CCH-induced inflammasome signaling in VCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luting Poh
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Liang Sim
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Quynh Nhu Dinh
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC Australia
| | - Grant R. Drummond
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC Australia
| | - Christopher G. Sobey
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC Australia
| | - Christopher Li-Hsian Chen
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mitchell K. P. Lai
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Y. Fann
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Healthy Longevity, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thiruma V. Arumugam
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC Australia
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19
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Gliovascular Mechanisms and White Matter Injury in Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia. Stroke 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-69424-7.00013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Wan YS, You Y, Ding QY, Xu YX, Chen H, Wang RR, Huang YW, Chen Z, Hu WW, Jiang L. Triptolide protects against white matter injury induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:15-25. [PMID: 33824460 PMCID: PMC8724323 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00637-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
White matter injury is the major pathological alteration of subcortical ischemic vascular dementia (SIVD) caused by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. It is characterized by progressive demyelination, apoptosis of oligodendrocytes and microglial activation, which leads to impairment of cognitive function. Triptolide exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities including anti-inflammation, immunosuppression and antitumor, etc. In this study, we investigated the effects of triptolide on white matter injury and cognitive impairments in mice with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion induced by the right unilateral common carotid artery occlusion (rUCCAO). We showed that triptolide administration alleviated the demyelination, axonal injury, and oligodendrocyte loss in the mice. Triptolide also improved cognitive function in novel object recognition test and Morris water maze test. In primary oligodendrocytes following oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), application of triptolide (0.001-0.1 nM) exerted concentration-dependent protection. We revealed that the protective effect of triptolide resulted from its inhibition of oligodendrocyte apoptosis via increasing the phosphorylation of the Src/Akt/GSK3β pathway. Moreover, triptolide suppressed microglial activation and proinflammatory cytokines expression after chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in mice and in BV2 microglial cells following OGD, which also contributing to its alleviation of white matter injury. Importantly, mice received triptolide at the dose of 20 μg·kg-1·d-1 did not show hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity even after chronic treatment. Thus, our results highlight that triptolide alleviates whiter matter injury induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion through direct protection against oligodendrocyte apoptosis and indirect protection by inhibition of microglial inflammation. Triptolide may have novel indication in clinic such as the treatment of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion-induced SIVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-shan Wan
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Yi You
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Qian-yun Ding
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058 China ,grid.268505.c0000 0000 8744 8924College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053 China
| | - Yi-xin Xu
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Han Chen
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Rong-rong Wang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003 China
| | - Yu-wen Huang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Zhong Chen
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058 China ,grid.268505.c0000 0000 8744 8924College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053 China
| | - Wei-wei Hu
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Lei Jiang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058 China
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21
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Yang Y, Song J, Liu N, Wei G, Liu S, Zhang S, Jiang N, Yang H, Du G. Salvianolic acid A relieves cognitive disorder after chronic cerebral ischemia: Involvement of Drd2/Cryab/NF-κB pathway. Pharmacol Res 2022; 175:105989. [PMID: 34800628 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cerebral ischemia (CCI) refers to long-term hypoperfusion of cerebral blood flow with the main clinical manifestations of progressive cognitive impairment. The pathological mechanism of CCI is complex, and there is a lack of effective treatments. Salvianolic acid A (SalA) is a neuroprotective extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza with the effects of anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis. In this study, the effect of SalA on cognitive function and Drd2/Cryab/NF-κB signaling pathway in rats with CCI was investigated. Morris water maze and open field test were used to observe the effects of SalA on the cognitive function of CCI rats. The pathological changes in the brain were observed by HE, Nissl, and LFB staining. TUNEL staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and western blot analysis were used to detect the inflammatory and apoptosis in the cortex and hippocampus. The expression of Drd2/Cryab/NF-κB pathway-related molecules and Drd2 localization were detected by western blotting and dual immunofluorescence, respectively. SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to chronic hypoglycemic and hypoxic injury in vitro, and Drd2 inhibitor haloperidol was used to verify the involved pathway. The results showed that SalA could improve the cognitive function of CCI rats, reduce pathological damage of cortex and hippocampus, inhibit neuroinflammation and apoptosis, and suppress the activation of NF-κB by regulating Drd2/Cryab pathway. And SalA inhibited NF-κB activation and nuclear translocation in SH-SY5Y cells by upregulating Drd2/Cryab pathway, which was reversed by haloperidol interference. In conclusion, SalA could relieve CCI-induced cognitive impairment in rats, at least partly through the Drd2/Cryab/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Yang
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Junke Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China.
| | - NanNan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China; College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 280 Waihuan East Road, Panyu District, Guangdong 510006, PR China
| | - Guangyi Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China; College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 280 Waihuan East Road, Panyu District, Guangdong 510006, PR China
| | - Shan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China; College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 280 Waihuan East Road, Panyu District, Guangdong 510006, PR China
| | - Sen Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Henan University, North Section of Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, PR China
| | - Haiguang Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Guanhua Du
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China.
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22
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McGrath ER, Himali JJ, Levy D, Yang Q, DeCarli CS, Courchesne P, Satizabal CL, Finney R, Vasan RS, Beiser AS, Seshadri S. Plasma EFEMP1 Is Associated with Brain Aging and Dementia: The Framingham Heart Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 85:1657-1666. [PMID: 34958018 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermal growth factor containing fibulin extracellular matrix protein-1 (EFEMP1) has been associated with increased white matter hyperintensities (WMH) burden and disorders of premature aging and may have a shared pathophysiological role in the development of WMH and dementia. OBJECTIVE To determine the association between plasma EFEMP1 levels and MRI markers of vascular brain injury and incident all-cause and Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia. METHODS We measured plasma EFEMP1 levels in 1597 [53% women, mean age 68.7 (SD 5.7) years] dementia-free Framingham Offspring cohort participants between 1998-2001 and subsequently followed them for incident dementia. Secondary outcomes included stroke, structural MRI brain measures and neurocognitive test performance. RESULTS During a median 11.8 [Q1, Q3 : 7.1, 13.3] year follow-up, 131 participants developed dementia. The highest quintile of plasma EFEMP1, compared to the bottom four quintiles, was associated with an increased risk of time to incident all-cause dementia (HR 1.77, 95% CI 1.18-2.64) and AD dementia (HR 1.76, 95% CI 1.11-2.81) but not with markers of vascular brain injury (WMH, covert brain infarcts or stroke). Higher circulating EFEMP1 concentrations were also cross-sectionally associated with lower total brain (β±SE, -0.28±0.11, p = 0.01) and hippocampal volumes (-0.006±0.003, p = 0.04) and impaired abstract reasoning (Similarities test, -0.18±0.08, p = 0.018 per standard deviation increment in EFEMP1). CONCLUSION Elevated circulating EFEMP1 is associated with an increased risk of all-cause and AD dementia, smaller hippocampal and total brain volumes, and poorer cognitive performance. EFEMP1 may play an important biological role in the development of AD dementia. Further studies to validate these findings are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emer R McGrath
- HRB Clinical Research Facility, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Jayandra J Himali
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA.,Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Levy
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA.,Population Sciences Branch of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Qiong Yang
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA.,Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Claudia L Satizabal
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA.,Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Rebecca Finney
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA.,Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA.,Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexa S Beiser
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA.,Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA.,Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
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23
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Bown CW, Khan OA, Moore EE, Liu D, Pechman KR, Cambronero FE, Terry JG, Nair S, Davis LT, Gifford KA, Landman BA, Hohman TJ, Carr JJ, Jefferson AL. Elevated Aortic Pulse Wave Velocity Relates to Longitudinal Gray and White Matter Changes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:3015-3024. [PMID: 34706559 PMCID: PMC8627676 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.316477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether baseline aortic stiffness, measured by aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV), relates to longitudinal cerebral gray or white matter changes among older adults. Baseline cardiac magnetic resonance imaging will be used to assess aortic PWV while brain magnetic resonance imaging will be used to assess gray matter and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volumes at baseline, 18 months, 3 years, 5 years, and 7 years. Approach and Results: Aortic PWV (m/s) was quantified from cardiac magnetic resonance. Multimodal 3T brain magnetic resonance imaging included T1-weighted imaging for quantifying gray matter volumes and T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery imaging for quantifying WMHs. Mixed-effects regression models related baseline aortic PWV to longitudinal gray matter volumes (total, frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, hippocampal, and inferior lateral ventricle) and WMH volumes (total, frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital) adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, cognitive diagnosis, Framingham stroke risk profile, APOE (apolipoprotein E)-ε4 carrier status, and intracranial volume. Two hundred seventy-eight participants (73±7 years, 58% male, 87% self-identified as non-Hispanic White, 159 with normal cognition, and 119 with mild cognitive impairment) from the Vanderbilt Memory & Aging Project (n=335) were followed on average for 4.9±1.6 years with PWV measurements occurring from September 2012 to November 2014 and longitudinal brain magnetic resonance imaging measurements occurring from September 2012 to June 2021. Higher baseline aortic PWV was related to greater decrease in hippocampal (β=-3.6 [mm3/y]/[m/s]; [95% CI, -7.2 to -0.02] P=0.049) and occipital lobe (β=-34.2 [mm3/y]/[m/s]; [95% CI, -67.8 to -0.55] P=0.046) gray matter volume over time. Higher baseline aortic PWV was related to greater increase in WMH volume over time in the temporal lobe (β=17.0 [mm3/y]/[m/s]; [95% CI, 7.2-26.9] P<0.001). All associations may be driven by outliers. CONCLUSIONS In older adults, higher baseline aortic PWV related to greater decrease in gray matter volume and greater increase in WMHs over time. Because of unmet cerebral metabolic demands and microvascular remodeling, arterial stiffening may preferentially affect certain highly active brain regions like the temporal lobes. These same regions are affected early in the course of Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey W. Bown
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer’s Center,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Omair A. Khan
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer’s Center,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Elizabeth E. Moore
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer’s Center,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dandan Liu
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer’s Center,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kimberly R. Pechman
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer’s Center,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Francis E. Cambronero
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer’s Center,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James G. Terry
- Department of Radiology & Radiological Sciences,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sangeeta Nair
- Department of Radiology & Radiological Sciences,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - L. Taylor Davis
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer’s Center,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Radiology & Radiological Sciences,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Katherine A. Gifford
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer’s Center,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bennett A. Landman
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer’s Center,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Radiology & Radiological Sciences,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt
University, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,
Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Timothy J. Hohman
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer’s Center,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, TN, USA,Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University
Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - John Jeffrey Carr
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of
Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Angela L. Jefferson
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer’s Center,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt
University, Nashville, TN, USA
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24
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Liu Q, Shkirkova K, Lamorie-Foote K, Connor M, Patel A, Babadjouni R, Huuskonen M, Montagne A, Baertsch H, Zhang H, Chen JC, Mack WJ, Walcott BP, Zlokovic BV, Sioutas C, Morgan TE, Finch CE, Mack WJ. Air Pollution Particulate Matter Exposure and Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion and Measures of White Matter Injury in a Murine Model. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:87006. [PMID: 34424052 PMCID: PMC8382048 DOI: 10.1289/ehp8792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to ambient air pollution particulate matter (PM) is associated with increased risk of dementia and accelerated cognitive loss. Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment are well recognized. Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) promotes neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier weakening, which may augment neurotoxic effects of PM. OBJECTIVES This study examined interactions of nanoscale particulate matter (nPM; fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 200 nm ) and CCH secondary to bilateral carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) in a murine model to produce white matter injury. Based on other air pollution interactions, we predicted synergies of nPM with BCAS. METHODS nPM was collected using a particle sampler near a Los Angeles, California, freeway. Mice were exposed to 10 wk of reaerosolized nPM or filtered air (FA) for 150 h. CCH was induced by BCAS surgery. Mice (C57BL/6J males) were randomized to four exposure paradigms: a) FA, b) nPM, c) FA + BCAS , and d) nPM + BCAS . Behavioral outcomes, white matter injury, glial cell activation, inflammation, and oxidative stress were assessed. RESULTS The joint nPM + BCAS group exhibited synergistic effects on white matter injury (2.3× the additive nPM and FA + BCAS scores) with greater loss of corpus callosum volume on T2 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (30% smaller than FA group). Histochemical analyses suggested potential microglial-specific inflammatory responses with synergistic effects on corpus callosum C5 immunofluorescent density and whole brain nitrate concentrations (2.1× and 3.9× the additive nPM and FA + BCAS effects, respectively) in the joint exposure group. Transcriptomic responses (RNA-Seq) showed greater impact of nPM + BCAS than individual additive effects, consistent with changes in proinflammatory pathways. Although nPM exposure alone did not alter working memory, the nPM + BCAS cohort demonstrated impaired working memory when compared to the FA + BCAS group. DISCUSSION Our data suggest that nPM and CCH contribute to white matter injury in a synergistic manner in a mouse model. Adverse neurological effects may be aggravated in a susceptible population exposed to air pollution. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP8792.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghai Liu
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kristina Shkirkova
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Krista Lamorie-Foote
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michelle Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Arati Patel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robin Babadjouni
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mikko Huuskonen
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Axel Montagne
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hans Baertsch
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hongqiao Zhang
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jiu-Chiuan Chen
- Department of Preventative Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Wendy J. Mack
- Department of Preventative Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Brian P. Walcott
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northshore Neurological Institute, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Berislav V. Zlokovic
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Todd E. Morgan
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Caleb E. Finch
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - William J. Mack
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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25
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Youssef MI, Ma J, Chen Z, Hu WW. Potential therapeutic agents for ischemic white matter damage. Neurochem Int 2021; 149:105116. [PMID: 34229025 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic white matter damage (WMD) is increasingly being considered as one of the major causes of neurological disorders in older adults and preterm infants. The functional consequences of WMD triggers a progressive cognitive decline and dementia particularly in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular diseases. Despite the major stride made in the pathogenesis mechanisms of ischemic WMD in the last century, effective medications are still not available. So, there is an urgent need to explore a promising approach to slow the progression or modify its pathological course. In this review, we discussed the animal models, the pathological mechanisms and the potential therapeutic agents for ischemic WMD. The development in the studies of anti-oxidants, free radical scavengers, anti-inflammatory or anti-apoptotic agents and neurotrophic factors in ischemic WMD were summarized. The agents which either alleviate oligodendrocyte damage or promote its proliferation or differentiation may have potential value for the treatment of ischemic WMD. Moreover, drugs with multifaceted protective activities or a wide therapeutic window may be optimal for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud I Youssef
- Department of Pharmacology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, PR China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, PR China; Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, PR China.
| | - Wei-Wei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, PR China.
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26
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HIRANO T, MIKAMI T, YAMADA S, NAGAHAMA H, ENATSU R, OOKAWA S, AKIYAMA Y, MIKUNI N. Pitfalls of Commonly Used Ischemic and Dementia Models Due to Early Seizure by Carotid Ligation. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2021; 61:312-320. [PMID: 33790129 PMCID: PMC8120100 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.oa.2020-0365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While the bilateral common carotid artery (CCA) ligation model is widely used in cerebrovascular disease and dementia studies, it can frequently cause seizures. We examined the validity of seizure as an experimental model of ischemia. Eight-week-old male Wistar and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were implanted with electrocorticography (ECoG) electrodes and bilateral CCA ligation was performed and compared to the sham groups. ECoG monitoring was used to confirm the seizure discharge and count the number of spikes in the interictal phase 2 h after ligation, followed by power spectral analysis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed 6 h after bilateral CCA ligation to assess fractional anisotropy (FA), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and cerebral blood flow (CBF) values. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was also performed and the ischemic parameters and electrophysiological changes were compared. The Wistar rat group had significantly higher mortality, frequency of seizures, incidence of non-convulsive seizures, and number of spikes in the interictal period compared to those in the SD rat group. Power spectral analysis showed increased power in the delta band in both Wistar and SD rat groups. MRI, after CCA ligation, showed significantly lower ADC values, lower glutamine and glutamate levels, and higher lactate values in Wistar rats, although there was no difference in FA values. Metabolic and electrophysiological changes after CCA ligation differed according to the rat strain. Wistar rats were prone to increased lactate and decreased glutamine and glutamate levels and the development of status epilepticus. Seizures can affect the results of ischemic experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa HIRANO
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takeshi MIKAMI
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shoto YAMADA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroshi NAGAHAMA
- Division of Radioisotope Research, Biomedical Research, Education and Instrumentation Center, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Rei ENATSU
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Satoshi OOKAWA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yukinori AKIYAMA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro MIKUNI
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Jiang T, Luo J, Pan X, Zheng H, Yang H, Zhang L, Hu X. Physical exercise modulates the astrocytes polarization, promotes myelin debris clearance and remyelination in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion rats. Life Sci 2021; 278:119526. [PMID: 33894268 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS White matter damage is the main pathological feature of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) and glial activation is crucial in this process. Physical exercise has protective effects on CCH, but the mechanism is unclear. Therefore, this study focuses on investigating the influence of physical exercise on activated astrocytes polarization and its role in CCH. MAIN METHODS Rats were given wheel running 48 h after 2VO (2 vessel occlusion) surgery. The cognitive function was evaluated by Morris water maze and novel object recognition test. Inflammatory cytokines expressions were detected by ELISA. Astrocytes polarization was analyzed by immunofluorescence. Myelin debris clearance and remyelination were detected by immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. KEY FINDINGS Astrocytes were activated and mainly switched to A1 phenotype in rats 2 and 3 months after 2VO. Myelin debris deposition and limited remyelination can be observed at the corresponding time. Whereas physical exercise can improve the cognitive function of 2VO rats, downregulate the expression of inflammatory factors IL-1α, C1q and TNF, upregulate the release of TGFβ, and promote activated astrocytes transformation from A1 to A2 phenotype. In addition, it can also enhance myelin debris removal and remyelination. SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggest that the benefits of physical exercise on white matter repair and cognition improvement may be related to its regulation of astrocytes polarization, which contributes to myelin debris clearance and effective remyelination in CCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Department of Neurorehabilitation, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Xiaona Pan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Haiqing Zheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Huaichun Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Liying Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| | - Xiquan Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
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Suzuki K, Shinohara M, Uno Y, Tashiro Y, Gheni G, Yamamoto M, Fukumori A, Shindo A, Mashimo T, Tomimoto H, Sato N. Deletion of B-cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2) alters the responses of glial cells in white matter to chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:86. [PMID: 33812385 PMCID: PMC8019185 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02135-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subcortical ischemic vascular dementia, one of the major subtypes of vascular dementia, is characterized by lacunar infarcts and white matter lesions caused by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. In this study, we used a mouse model of bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) to investigate the role of B-cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2), an antiproliferation gene, in the white matter glial response to chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. METHODS Btg2-/- mice and littermate wild-type control mice underwent BCAS or sham operation. Behavior phenotypes were assessed by open-field test and Morris water maze test. Brain tissues were analyzed for the degree of white matter lesions and glial changes. To further confirm the effects of Btg2 deletion on proliferation of glial cells in vitro, BrdU incorporation was investigated in mixed glial cells derived from wild-type and Btg2-/- mice. RESULTS Relative to wild-type mice with or without BCAS, BCAS-treated Btg2-/- mice exhibited elevated spontaneous locomotor activity and poorer spatial learning ability. Although the severities of white matter lesions did not significantly differ between wild-type and Btg2-/- mice after BCAS, the immunoreactivities of GFAP, a marker of astrocytes, and Mac2, a marker of activated microglia and macrophages, in the white matter of the optic tract were higher in BCAS-treated Btg2-/- mice than in BCAS-treated wild-type mice. The expression level of Gfap was also significantly elevated in BCAS-treated Btg2-/- mice. In vitro analysis showed that BrdU incorporation in mixed glial cells in response to inflammatory stimulation associated with cerebral hypoperfusion was higher in Btg2-/- mice than in wild-type mice. CONCLUSION BTG2 negatively regulates glial cell proliferation in response to cerebral hypoperfusion, resulting in behavioral changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Suzuki
- Department of Aging Neurobiology, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Shinohara
- Department of Aging Neurobiology, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
- Department of Aging Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Uno
- Institute of Experimental Animal Sciences, Osaka University Medical School, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Tashiro
- Department of Aging Neurobiology, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
| | - Ghupurjan Gheni
- Department of Aging Neurobiology, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
| | - Miho Yamamoto
- Department of Aging Neurobiology, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
| | - Akio Fukumori
- Department of Aging Neurobiology, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
- Department of Aging Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akihiko Shindo
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 174, Edobashi 2-chome, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Tomoji Mashimo
- Institute of Experimental Animal Sciences, Osaka University Medical School, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Tomimoto
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 174, Edobashi 2-chome, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Sato
- Department of Aging Neurobiology, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan.
- Department of Aging Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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Moretti R, Giuffré M, Caruso P, Gazzin S, Tiribelli C. Homocysteine in Neurology: A Possible Contributing Factor to Small Vessel Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042051. [PMID: 33669577 PMCID: PMC7922986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) is a sulfur-containing amino acid generated during methionine metabolism, accumulation of which may be caused by genetic defects or the deficit of vitamin B12 and folate. A serum level greater than 15 micro-mols/L is defined as hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy). Hcy has many roles, the most important being the active participation in the transmethylation reactions, fundamental for the brain. Many studies focused on the role of homocysteine accumulation in vascular or degenerative neurological diseases, but the results are still undefined. More is known in cardiovascular disease. HHcy is a determinant for the development and progression of inflammation, atherosclerotic plaque formation, endothelium, arteriolar damage, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and altered-oxidative stress response. Conversely, few studies focused on the relationship between HHcy and small vessel disease (SVD), despite the evidence that mice with HHcy showed a significant end-feet disruption of astrocytes with a diffuse SVD. A severe reduction of vascular aquaporin-4-water channels, lower levels of high-functioning potassium channels, and higher metalloproteinases are also observed. HHcy modulates the N-homocysteinylation process, promoting a pro-coagulative state and damage of the cellular protein integrity. This altered process could be directly involved in the altered endothelium activation, typical of SVD and protein quality, inhibiting the ubiquitin-proteasome system control. HHcy also promotes a constant enhancement of microglia activation, inducing the sustained pro-inflammatory status observed in SVD. This review article addresses the possible role of HHcy in small-vessel disease and understands its pathogenic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Moretti
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (M.G.); (P.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mauro Giuffré
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (M.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Paola Caruso
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (M.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Silvia Gazzin
- Italian Liver Foundation, AREA SCIENCE PARK, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (S.G.); (C.T.)
| | - Claudio Tiribelli
- Italian Liver Foundation, AREA SCIENCE PARK, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (S.G.); (C.T.)
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Pluta R, Januszewski S, Czuczwar SJ. Brain Ischemia as a Prelude to Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:636653. [PMID: 33679381 PMCID: PMC7931451 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.636653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient ischemic brain injury causes massive neuronal death in the hippocampus of both humans and animals. This was accompanied by progressive atrophy of the hippocampus, brain cortex, and white matter lesions. Furthermore, it has been noted that neurodegenerative processes after an episode of ischemia-reperfusion in the brain can continue well-beyond the acute stage. Rarefaction of white matter was significantly increased in animals at 2 years following ischemia. Some rats that survived 2 years after ischemia developed severe brain atrophy with dementia. The profile of post-ischemic brain neurodegeneration shares a commonality with neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, post-ischemic brain injury is associated with the deposition of folding proteins, such as amyloid and tau protein, in the intracellular and extracellular space. Recent studies on post-ischemic brain neurodegeneration have revealed the dysregulation of Alzheimer's disease-associated genes such as amyloid protein precursor, α-secretase, β-secretase, presenilin 1, presenilin 2, and tau protein. The latest data demonstrate that Alzheimer's disease-related proteins and their genes play a key role in the development of post-ischemic brain neurodegeneration with full-blown dementia in disease types such as Alzheimer's. Ongoing interest in the study of brain ischemia has provided evidence showing that ischemia may be involved in the development of the genotype and phenotype of Alzheimer's disease, suggesting that brain ischemia can be considered as a useful model for understanding the mechanisms responsible for the initiation of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Pluta
- Laboratory of Ischemic and Neurodegenerative Brain Research, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland,*Correspondence: Ryszard Pluta
| | - Sławomir Januszewski
- Laboratory of Ischemic and Neurodegenerative Brain Research, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Selective accumulation of adiponectin in the cerebral cortex under chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in the rat. Neuroreport 2021; 31:148-155. [PMID: 31855901 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin is a plasma protein predominantly derived from adipocytes. Adiponectin has beneficial properties against diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. In experimental acute cerebral ischemia, adiponectin accumulates on vessels in ischemic lesions and has anti-inflammatory protective effects. Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion is associated with white matter lesions and risk of dementia. Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion induced by permanent occlusion of the bilateral common carotid artery can experimentally produce cerebrovascular white matter lesions in the rat brain. Microglia are activated shortly after ischemia and correlate with the severity of white matter and hippocampal tissue damage. These data suggest that the inflammatory response selectively increases white matter and hippocampal damage during chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. However, factors protecting the cerebral cortex have not been elucidated. To clarify the role of adiponectin, we investigated possible changes in adiponectin and adiponectin receptor 1 (ADR1) in the brains of rats under chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Adiponectin accumulated on the vessels predominantly in the cerebral cortex under chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Adiponectin accumulation was not detected in the white matter or hippocampus. In the cerebral cortex, the number of ADR1-immunopositive vessels was increased, and adiponectin was colocalized with ADR1. It is plausible that accumulation of adiponectin may be mediated by the binding of adiponectin to ADR1, and its accumulation in the cerebral cortex may protect tissue injury by inhibiting inflammation under chronic cerebral hypoperfusion.
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Shabir O, Moll TA, Matuszyk MM, Eyre B, Dake MD, Berwick J, Francis SE. Preclinical models of disease and multimorbidity with focus upon cardiovascular disease and dementia. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 192:111361. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Tuo QZ, Zou JJ, Lei P. Rodent Models of Vascular Cognitive Impairment. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:1-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01733-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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An Iatrogenic Model of Brain Small-Vessel Disease: Post-Radiation Encephalopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186506. [PMID: 32899565 PMCID: PMC7555594 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied 114 primitive cerebral neoplasia, that were surgically treated, and underwent radiotherapy (RT), and compared their results to those obtained by 190 patients diagnosed with subcortical vascular dementia (sVAD). Patients with any form of primitive cerebral neoplasia underwent whole-brain radiotherapy. All the tumor patients had regional field partial brain RT, which encompassed each tumor, with an average margin of 2.6 cm from the initial target tumor volume. We observed in our patients who have been exposed to a higher dose of RT (30–65 Gy) a cognitive and behavior decline similar to that observed in sVAD, with the frontal dysexecutive syndrome, apathy, and gait alterations, but with a more rapid onset and with an overwhelming effect. Multiple mechanisms are likely to be involved in radiation-induced cognitive impairment. The active site of RT brain damage is the white matter areas, particularly the internal capsule, basal ganglia, caudate, hippocampus, and subventricular zone. In all cases, radiation damage inside the brain mainly focuses on the cortical–subcortical frontal loops, which integrate and process the flow of information from the cortical areas, where executive functions are “elaborated” and prepared, towards the thalamus, subthalamus, and cerebellum, where they are continuously refined and executed. The active mechanisms that RT drives are similar to those observed in cerebral small vessel disease (SVD), leading to sVAD. The RT’s primary targets, outside the tumor mass, are the blood–brain barrier (BBB), the small vessels, and putative mechanisms that can be taken into account are oxidative stress and neuro-inflammation, strongly associated with the alteration of NMDA receptor subunit composition.
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Rosuvastatin Improves Cognitive Function of Chronic Hypertensive Rats by Attenuating White Matter Lesions and Beta-Amyloid Deposits. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:4864017. [PMID: 32851076 PMCID: PMC7441415 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4864017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypertensive white matter lesion (WML) is one of common causes of vascular cognitive impairment. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of rosuvastatin on cognitive impairment and its underlying mechanisms in chronic hypertensive rats. From the 8th week after establishment of stroke-prone renovascular hypertensive rats (RHRSPs), rosuvastatin (10 mg/kg) or saline as a control was administrated once daily for consecutive 12 weeks by gastric gavage. Cognitive function was assessed with the Morris water maze test and novel object recognition test. WML was observed by Luxol fast blue staining. Aβ deposits, Claudin-5, Occludin, and ZO-1 were determined by immunofluorescence. After rosuvastatin treatment, the escape latencies were decreased and the time of crossing the hidden platform was increased in the Morris water maze, compared with the vehicle-treated RHRSP group. In a novel object recognition test, the recognition index in the rosuvastatin-treated RHRSP group was significantly larger than that in the vehicle-treated RHRSP group. Rosuvastatin treatment presented with the effects of lower WML grades, higher expression of tight junction proteins Claudin-5, Occludin, and ZO-1 in the corpus callosum, and less Aβ deposits in the cortex and hippocampus. The data suggested that rosuvastatin improved the cognitive function of chronic hypertensive rats partly by attenuating WML and reducing Aβ burden.
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Acupuncture Attenuates Inflammation in Microglia of Vascular Dementia Rats by Inhibiting miR-93-Mediated TLR4/MyD88/NF- κB Signaling Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8253904. [PMID: 32850002 PMCID: PMC7441436 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8253904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background It is widely accepted that inflammation may contribute to cognitive impairment in patients with vascular dementia (VD). Our prior clinical researches have reported that acupuncture can alleviate cognitive function in VD, but the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. The purpose of this research was to explore whether acupuncture alleviates cognitive impairment by suppressing the microRNA-93- (miR-93-) mediated Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway, which triggers inflammatory responses in the central nervous system. Methods VD was established by permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion in male Wistar rats. Three days after operation, the rats began daily treatment with acupuncture for two weeks. The levels of miR-93, Toll-like receptors (TLR2 and TLR4), intracellular signaling molecules (myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)), and inflammatory cytokines were subsequently detected. TLR4 colocalized with neurons, microglia, and astrocytes in the hippocampus was evaluated. Neuroinflammation and cognitive function were determined after intracerebroventricular injection of TLR4 antagonist TAK-242 or agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with or without acupuncture. Results We found that acupuncture notably repressed the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus and plasma of VD rats. The expression of TLR4, but not TLR2, was markedly downregulated by acupuncture, accompanied by a decrease in miR-93 and MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway activation. The overexpression of TLR4 in microglia, but not in astrocytes and neurons, was reversed by acupuncture. Furthermore, intracerebroventricular injection of TAK-242 had similar effects to acupuncture on inflammation and cognitive function, while LPS injection abolished the beneficial effects of acupuncture. Conclusions Taken together, these findings provide evidence that acupuncture attenuates cognitive impairment associated with inflammation through inhibition of the miR-93-mediated TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway in experimental VD. Acupuncture serves as a promising alternative therapy and may be an underlying TLR4 inhibitor for the treatment of VD.
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Suissa L, Flachon V, Guigonis JM, Olivieri CV, Burel-Vandenbos F, Guglielmi J, Ambrosetti D, Gérard M, Franken P, Darcourt J, Pellerin L, Pourcher T, Lindenthal S. Urinary ketone body loss leads to degeneration of brain white matter in elderly SLC5A8-deficient mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:1709-1723. [PMID: 31506013 PMCID: PMC7370371 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19873662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
SLC5A8 is a sodium-coupled monocarboxylate and ketone transporter expressed in various epithelial cells. A putative role of SLC5A8 in neuroenergetics has been also hypothesized. To clarify this issue, we studied the cerebral phenotype of SLC5A8-deficient mice during aging. Elderly SLC5A8-deficient mice presented diffuse leukoencephalopathy characterized by intramyelinic oedema without demyelination suggesting chronic energetic crisis. Hypo-metabolism in the white matter of elderly SLC5A8-deficient mice was found using 99mTc-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (HMPAO) single-photon emission CT (SPECT). Since the SLC5A8 protein could not be detected in the mouse brain, it was hypothesized that the leukoencephalopathy of aging SLC5A8-deficient mice was caused by the absence of slc5a8 expression in a peripheral organ, i.e. the kidney, where SLC5A8 is strongly expressed. A hyper-excretion of the ketone β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in the urine of SLC5A8-deficient mice was observed and showed that SLC5A8-deficient mice suffered a cerebral BHB insufficiency. Elderly SLC5A8-deficient mice also presented altered glucose metabolism. We propose that the continuous renal loss of BHB leads to a chronic energetic deficiency in the brain of elderly SLC5A8-deficient mice who are unable to counterbalance their glucose deficit. This study highlights the importance of alternative energetic substrates in neuroenergetics especially under conditions of restricted glucose availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Suissa
- Laboratory Transporter in Imaging and Radiotherapy in Oncology (TIRO), University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de biosciences et biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Intensive Care Stroke Unit, University Hospital, Nice, France
| | - Virginie Flachon
- Laboratory Transporter in Imaging and Radiotherapy in Oncology (TIRO), University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de biosciences et biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Jean-Marie Guigonis
- Laboratory Transporter in Imaging and Radiotherapy in Oncology (TIRO), University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de biosciences et biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Charles-Vivien Olivieri
- Laboratory Transporter in Imaging and Radiotherapy in Oncology (TIRO), University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de biosciences et biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | | | - Julien Guglielmi
- Laboratory Transporter in Imaging and Radiotherapy in Oncology (TIRO), University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de biosciences et biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | | | - Matthieu Gérard
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, University of Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Philippe Franken
- Laboratory Transporter in Imaging and Radiotherapy in Oncology (TIRO), University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de biosciences et biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Nuclear Medicine Department, Center Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
| | - Jacques Darcourt
- Laboratory Transporter in Imaging and Radiotherapy in Oncology (TIRO), University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de biosciences et biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Nuclear Medicine Department, Center Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
| | - Luc Pellerin
- Département de Physiologie, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR5536 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Thierry Pourcher
- Laboratory Transporter in Imaging and Radiotherapy in Oncology (TIRO), University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de biosciences et biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Sabine Lindenthal
- Laboratory Transporter in Imaging and Radiotherapy in Oncology (TIRO), University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de biosciences et biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
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Ahad MA, Kumaran KR, Ning T, Mansor NI, Effendy MA, Damodaran T, Lingam K, Wahab HA, Nordin N, Liao P, Müller CP, Hassan Z. Insights into the neuropathology of cerebral ischemia and its mechanisms. Rev Neurosci 2020; 31:521-538. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2019-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCerebral ischemia is a result of insufficient blood flow to the brain. It leads to limited supply of oxygen and other nutrients to meet metabolic demands. These phenomena lead to brain damage. There are two types of cerebral ischemia: focal and global ischemia. This condition has significant impact on patient’s health and health care system requirements. Animal models such as transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery and permanent occlusion of extracranial vessels have been established to mimic the conditions of the respective type of cerebral ischemia and to further understand pathophysiological mechanisms of these ischemic conditions. It is important to understand the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia in order to identify therapeutic strategies for prevention and treatment. Here, we review the neuropathologies that are caused by cerebral ischemia and discuss the mechanisms that occur in cerebral ischemia such as reduction of cerebral blood flow, hippocampal damage, white matter lesions, neuronal cell death, cholinergic dysfunction, excitotoxicity, calcium overload, cytotoxic oedema, a decline in adenosine triphosphate (ATP), malfunctioning of Na+/K+-ATPase, and the blood-brain barrier breakdown. Altogether, the information provided can be used to guide therapeutic strategies for cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Anuar Ahad
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Kesevan Rajah Kumaran
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Tiang Ning
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nur Izzati Mansor
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Thenmoly Damodaran
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Kamilla Lingam
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Habibah Abdul Wahab
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
- USM-RIKEN Centre for Aging Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Norshariza Nordin
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ping Liao
- Calcium Signaling Laboratory, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Christian P. Müller
- Section of Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zurina Hassan
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
- USM-RIKEN Centre for Aging Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
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Pluta R, Ułamek-Kozioł M, Januszewski S, Czuczwar SJ. Participation of Amyloid and Tau Protein in Neuronal Death and Neurodegeneration after Brain Ischemia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134599. [PMID: 32605320 PMCID: PMC7370213 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Current evidence indicates that postischemic brain injury is associated with the accumulation of folding proteins, such as amyloid and tau protein, in the intra- and extracellular spaces of neuronal cells. In this review, we summarize protein changes associated with Alzheimer’s disease and their gene expression (amyloid protein precursor and tau protein) after brain ischemia, and their roles in the postischemic period. Recent advances in understanding the postischemic mechanisms in development of neurodegeneration have revealed dysregulation of amyloid protein precursor, α-, β- and γ-secretase and tau protein genes. Reduced expression of the α-secretase gene after brain ischemia with recirculation causes neuronal cells to be less resistant to injury. We present the latest data that Alzheimer’s disease-related proteins and their genes play a crucial role in postischemic neurodegeneration. Understanding the underlying processes of linking Alzheimer’s disease-related proteins and their genes in development of postischemic neurodegeneration will provide the most significant goals to date for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Pluta
- Laboratory of Ischemic and Neurodegenerative Brain Research, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.U.-K.); (S.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-6086-540/6086-469; Fax: +48-22-6086-627/668-55-32
| | - Marzena Ułamek-Kozioł
- Laboratory of Ischemic and Neurodegenerative Brain Research, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.U.-K.); (S.J.)
| | - Sławomir Januszewski
- Laboratory of Ischemic and Neurodegenerative Brain Research, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.U.-K.); (S.J.)
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Ran H, Yuan J, Huang J, Wang J, Chen K, Zhou Z. Adenosine A 2A Receptors in Bone Marrow-Derived Cells Attenuate Cognitive Impairment in Mice After Chronic Hypoperfusion White Matter Injury. Transl Stroke Res 2020; 11:1028-1040. [PMID: 32394183 PMCID: PMC7496018 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00778-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of cognitive dysfunction caused by ischemic white matter lesions is unclear. To explore the effect and mechanism of different cell-derived adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) in cognitive impairment caused by chronic hypoperfusion white matter lesions (CHWMLs), we destroyed the bone marrow hematopoietic capacity of the recipient mice using radiation irradiation followed by establishing the selectively inactivated or reconstituted A2AR models with the transplanting bone marrow from global A2AR gene knockout or wild-type mice into wild-type or gene knockout mice, respectively. Then Morris Water Maze (MWM), ELISA, immunohistochemistry, and Bielschowsky silver staining were used to assess the effect and mechanism of the cognitive function in chronic cerebral blood flow hypoperfusion (CCH) model. Selectively reconstructing bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) A2AR (WT → KO group) and activated total adenosine A2AR with CGS21680 (CCH + CGS group) improved the cognitive related index. Activation of BMDC A2AR suppressed expression of inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood and reduced the number of activated microglia cells co-localized with cystatin F in local brain, consequently inhibited white matter lesions. On the contrary, selective inactivation of adenosine A2AR (KO → WT group) and activation of non-BMDC A2AR with CGS21680 (KO → WT + CGS group) served the opposite effects. These results suggested that BMDC A2AR could inhibit white matter lesions and attenuate cognitive impairment after CHWMLs, whereas non-BMDC A2ARs aggravate cognitive impairment. The systemic inflammatory response and local activated microglia with cystatin F high expression were involved in the process of cognitive function recovery with BMDC A2AR. The overall trend is that BMDC A2ARs play a leading role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ran
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jichao Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jialu Huang
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Kangning Chen
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.
| | - Zhenhua Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.
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41
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Shindo A, Ishikawa H, Ii Y, Niwa A, Tomimoto H. Clinical Features and Experimental Models of Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:109. [PMID: 32431603 PMCID: PMC7214616 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) refers to a group of disease conditions affecting the cerebral small vessels, which include the small arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and postcapillary venules in the brain. SVD is the primary cause of vascular cognitive impairment and gait disturbances in aged people. There are several types of SVD, though arteriolosclerosis, which is mainly associated with hypertension, aging, and diabetes mellitus, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) comprise most SVD cases. The pathology of arteriolosclerosis-induced SVD is characterized by fibrinoid necrosis and lipohyalinosis, while CAA-associated SVD is characterized by progressive deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) protein in the cerebral vessels. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used for examination of SVD lesions; typical lesions are characterized by white matter hyperintensity, lacunar infarcts, enlargement of perivascular spaces (EPVS), microbleeds, cortical superficial siderosis (cSS), and cortical microinfarcts. The microvascular changes that occur in the small vessels are difficult to identify clearly; however, these consequent image findings can represent the SVD. There are two main strategies for prevention and treatment of SVD, i.e., pharmacotherapy and lifestyle modification. In this review, we discuss clinical features of SVD, experimental models replicating SVD, and treatments to further understand the pathological and clinical features of SVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Shindo
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Ishikawa
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Ii
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Atsushi Niwa
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Tomimoto
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
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Pluta R, Ułamek-Kozioł M, Januszewski S, Czuczwar SJ. Shared Genomic and Proteomic Contribution of Amyloid and Tau Protein Characteristic of Alzheimer's Disease to Brain Ischemia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093186. [PMID: 32366028 PMCID: PMC7246538 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-ischemic brain damage is associated with the deposition of folding proteins such as the amyloid and tau protein in the intra- and extracellular spaces of brain tissue. In this review, we summarize the protein changes associated with Alzheimer's disease and their gene expression (amyloid protein precursor and tau protein) after ischemia-reperfusion brain injury and their role in the post-ischemic injury. Recent advances in understanding the post-ischemic neuropathology have revealed dysregulation of amyloid protein precursor, α-secretase, β-secretase, presenilin 1 and 2, and tau protein genes after ischemic brain injury. However, reduced expression of the α-secretase in post-ischemic brain causes neurons to be less resistant to injury. In this review, we present the latest evidence that proteins associated with Alzheimer's disease and their genes play a key role in progressive brain damage due to ischemia and reperfusion, and that an ischemic episode is an essential and leading supplier of proteins and genes associated with Alzheimer's disease in post-ischemic brain. Understanding the underlying processes of linking Alzheimer's disease-related proteins and their genes in post-ischemic brain injury with the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease will provide the most significant goals for therapeutic development to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Pluta
- Laboratory of Ischemic and Neurodegenerative Brain Research, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.U.-K.); (S.J.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Marzena Ułamek-Kozioł
- Laboratory of Ischemic and Neurodegenerative Brain Research, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.U.-K.); (S.J.)
| | - Sławomir Januszewski
- Laboratory of Ischemic and Neurodegenerative Brain Research, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.U.-K.); (S.J.)
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Troili F, Cipollini V, Moci M, Morena E, Palotai M, Rinaldi V, Romano C, Ristori G, Giubilei F, Salvetti M, Orzi F, Guttmann CRG, Cavallari M. Perivascular Unit: This Must Be the Place. The Anatomical Crossroad Between the Immune, Vascular and Nervous System. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:17. [PMID: 32372921 PMCID: PMC7177187 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Most neurological disorders seemingly have heterogenous pathogenesis, with overlapping contribution of neuronal, immune and vascular mechanisms of brain injury. The perivascular space in the brain represents a crossroad where those mechanisms interact, as well as a key anatomical component of the recently discovered glymphatic pathway, which is considered to play a crucial role in the clearance of brain waste linked to neurodegenerative diseases. The pathological interplay between neuronal, immune and vascular factors can create an environment that promotes self-perpetration of mechanisms of brain injury across different neurological diseases, including those that are primarily thought of as neurodegenerative, neuroinflammatory or cerebrovascular. Changes of the perivascular space can be monitored in humans in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In the context of glymphatic clearance, MRI-visible enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS) are considered to reflect glymphatic stasis secondary to the perivascular accumulation of brain debris, although they may also represent an adaptive mechanism of the glymphatic system to clear them. EPVS are also established correlates of dementia and cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) and are considered to reflect brain inflammatory activity. In this review, we describe the “perivascular unit” as a key anatomical and functional substrate for the interaction between neuronal, immune and vascular mechanisms of brain injury, which are shared across different neurological diseases. We will describe the main anatomical, physiological and pathological features of the perivascular unit, highlight potential substrates for the interplay between different noxae and summarize MRI studies of EPVS in cerebrovascular, neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Troili
- Department of Neurosciences Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Virginia Cipollini
- Department of Neurosciences Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Moci
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Neuroscience Section, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Emanuele Morena
- Department of Neurosciences Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Miklos Palotai
- Harvard Medical School, Center for Neurological Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Virginia Rinaldi
- Department of Neurosciences Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Romano
- Department of Neurosciences Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ristori
- Department of Neurosciences Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Giubilei
- Department of Neurosciences Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Salvetti
- Department of Neurosciences Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Orzi
- Department of Neurosciences Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Charles R G Guttmann
- Harvard Medical School, Center for Neurological Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michele Cavallari
- Harvard Medical School, Center for Neurological Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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Traiffort E, Kassoussi A, Zahaf A, Laouarem Y. Astrocytes and Microglia as Major Players of Myelin Production in Normal and Pathological Conditions. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:79. [PMID: 32317939 PMCID: PMC7155218 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelination is an essential process that consists of the ensheathment of axons by myelin. In the central nervous system (CNS), myelin is synthesized by oligodendrocytes. The proliferation, migration, and differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells constitute a prerequisite before mature oligodendrocytes extend their processes around the axons and progressively generate a multilamellar lipidic sheath. Although myelination is predominately driven by oligodendrocytes, the other glial cells including astrocytes and microglia, also contribute to this process. The present review is an update of the most recent emerging mechanisms involving astrocyte and microglia in myelin production. The contribution of these cells will be first described during developmental myelination that occurs in the early postnatal period and is critical for the proper development of cognition and behavior. Then, we will report the novel findings regarding the beneficial or deleterious effects of astroglia and microglia, which respectively promote or impair the endogenous capacity of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) to induce spontaneous remyelination after myelin loss. Acute delineation of astrocyte and microglia activities and cross-talk should uncover the way towards novel therapeutic perspectives aimed at recovering proper myelination during development or at breaking down the barriers impeding the regeneration of the damaged myelin that occurs in CNS demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amina Zahaf
- U1195 Inserm, University Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Yousra Laouarem
- U1195 Inserm, University Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Moretti R, Caruso P. Small Vessel Disease-Related Dementia: An Invalid Neurovascular Coupling? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1095. [PMID: 32046035 PMCID: PMC7036993 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The arteriosclerosis-dependent alteration of brain perfusion is one of the major determinants in small vessel disease, since small vessels have a pivotal role in the brain's autoregulation. Nevertheless, as far as we know, endothelium distress can potentiate the flow dysregulation and lead to subcortical vascular dementia that is related to small vessel disease (SVD), also being defined as subcortical vascular dementia (sVAD), as well as microglia activation, chronic hypoxia and hypoperfusion, vessel-tone dysregulation, altered astrocytes, and pericytes functioning blood-brain barrier disruption. The molecular basis of this pathology remains controversial. The apparent consequence (or a first event, too) is the macroscopic alteration of the neurovascular coupling. Here, we examined the possible mechanisms that lead a healthy aging process towards subcortical dementia. We remarked that SVD and white matter abnormalities related to age could be accelerated and potentiated by different vascular risk factors. Vascular function changes can be heavily influenced by genetic and epigenetic factors, which are, to the best of our knowledge, mostly unknown. Metabolic demands, active neurovascular coupling, correct glymphatic process, and adequate oxidative and inflammatory responses could be bulwarks in defense of the correct aging process; their impairments lead to a potentially catastrophic and non-reversible condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Moretti
- Neurology Clinic, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
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Ułamek-Kozioł M, Czuczwar SJ, Januszewski S, Pluta R. Substantiation for the Use of Curcumin during the Development of Neurodegeneration after Brain Ischemia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020517. [PMID: 31947633 PMCID: PMC7014172 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently available pharmacological treatment of post-ischemia-reperfusion brain injury has limited effectiveness. This review provides an assessment of the current state of neurodegeneration treatment due to ischemia-reperfusion brain injury and focuses on the role of curcumin in the diet. The purpose of this review was to provide a comprehensive overview of what was published about the benefits of curcumin influence on post-ischemic brain damage. Some data on the clinical benefits of curcumin treatment of post-ischemic brain in terms of clinical symptoms and adverse reactions have been reviewed. The data in this review contributes to a better understanding of the potential benefits of curcumin in the treatment of neurodegenerative changes after ischemia and informs scientists, clinicians, and patients, as well as their families and caregivers about the possibilities of such treatment. Due to the pleotropic properties of curcumin, including anti-amyloid, anti-tau protein hyperphosphorylation, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and neuroprotective action, as well as increasing neuronal lifespan and promoting neurogenesis, curcumin is a promising candidate for the treatment of post-ischemic neurodegeneration with misfolded proteins accumulation. In this way, it may gain interest as a potential therapy to prevent the development of neurodegenerative changes after cerebral ischemia. In addition, it is a safe substance and inexpensive, easily accessible, and can effectively penetrate the blood–brain barrier and neuronal membranes. In conclusion, the evidence available in a review of the literature on the therapeutic potential of curcumin provides helpful insight into the potential clinical utility of curcumin in the treatment of neurological neurodegenerative diseases with misfolded proteins. Therefore, curcumin may be a promising supplementary agent against development of neurodegeneration after brain ischemia in the future. Indeed, there is a rational scientific basis for the use of curcumin for the prophylaxis and treatment of post-ischemic neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Ułamek-Kozioł
- Laboratory of Ischemic and Neurodegenerative Brain Research, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.U.-K.)
- First Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Sławomir Januszewski
- Laboratory of Ischemic and Neurodegenerative Brain Research, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.U.-K.)
| | - Ryszard Pluta
- Laboratory of Ischemic and Neurodegenerative Brain Research, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.U.-K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-6086-540/6086-469
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Tzameret A, Piontkewitz Y, Nitzan A, Rudoler N, Bruzel M, Zilberstein Y, Ziv H, Pri‐Chen S, Solomon AS. Mild carotid stenosis creates gradual, progressive, lifelong brain, and eye damage: An experimental laboratory rat model. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:1672-1682. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adi Tzameret
- Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, Faculty of MedicineTel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Yael Piontkewitz
- Straus Center for Computational NeuroimagingTel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Anat Nitzan
- Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, Faculty of MedicineTel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Nir Rudoler
- Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, Faculty of MedicineTel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Marina Bruzel
- Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, Faculty of MedicineTel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Yael Zilberstein
- The Sackler Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center, Sackler Faculty of MedicineTel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Hana Ziv
- Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, Faculty of MedicineTel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Sarah Pri‐Chen
- Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, Faculty of MedicineTel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Arieh S. Solomon
- Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, Faculty of MedicineTel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
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Moretti R, Peinkhofer C. B Vitamins and Fatty Acids: What Do They Share with Small Vessel Disease-Related Dementia? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5797. [PMID: 31752183 PMCID: PMC6888477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have been written on vitamin supplementation, fatty acid, and dementia, but results are still under debate, and no definite conclusion has yet been drawn. Nevertheless, a significant amount of lab evidence confirms that vitamins of the B group are tightly related to gene control for endothelium protection, act as antioxidants, play a co-enzymatic role in the most critical biochemical reactions inside the brain, and cooperate with many other elements, such as choline, for the synthesis of polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine, through S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) methyl donation. B-vitamins have anti-inflammatory properties and act in protective roles against neurodegenerative mechanisms, for example, through modulation of the glutamate currents and a reduction of the calcium currents. In addition, they also have extraordinary antioxidant properties. However, laboratory data are far from clinical practice. Many studies have tried to apply these results in everyday clinical activity, but results have been discouraging and far from a possible resolution of the associated mysteries, like those represented by Alzheimer's disease (AD) or small vessel disease dementia. Above all, two significant problems emerge from the research: No consensus exists on general diagnostic criteria-MCI or AD? Which diagnostic criteria should be applied for small vessel disease-related dementia? In addition, no general schema exists for determining a possible correct time of implementation to have effective results. Here we present an up-to-date review of the literature on such topics, shedding some light on the possible interaction of vitamins and phosphatidylcholine, and their role in brain metabolism and catabolism. Further studies should take into account all of these questions, with well-designed and world-homogeneous trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Moretti
- Neurology Clinic, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
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Lee J, Hamanaka G, Lo EH, Arai K. Heterogeneity of microglia and their differential roles in white matter pathology. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 25:1290-1298. [PMID: 31733036 PMCID: PMC6887901 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are resident immune cells that play multiple roles in central nervous system (CNS) development and disease. Although the classical concept of microglia/macrophage activation is based on a biphasic beneficial‐versus‐deleterious polarization, growing evidence now suggests a much more heterogenous profile of microglial activation that underlie their complex roles in the CNS. To date, the majority of data are focused on microglia in gray matter. However, demyelination is a prominent pathologic finding in a wide range of diseases including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. In this mini‐review, we discuss newly discovered functional subsets of microglia that contribute to white matter response in CNS disease onset and progression. Microglia show different molecular patterns and morphologies depending on disease type and brain region, especially in white matter. Moreover, in later stages of disease, microglia demonstrate unconventional immuno‐regulatory activities such as increased phagocytosis of myelin debris and secretion of trophic factors that stimulate oligodendrocyte lineage cells to facilitate remyelination and disease resolution. Further investigations of these multiple microglia subsets may lead to novel therapeutic approaches to treat white matter pathology in CNS injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Lee
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Gen Hamanaka
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Ken Arai
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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Caruso P, Signori R, Moretti R. Small vessel disease to subcortical dementia: a dynamic model, which interfaces aging, cholinergic dysregulation and the neurovascular unit. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2019; 15:259-281. [PMID: 31496716 PMCID: PMC6689673 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s190470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Small vessels have the pivotal role for the brain’s autoregulation. The arteriosclerosis-dependent alteration of the brain perfusion is one of the major determinants in small vessel disease. Endothelium distress can potentiate the flow dysregulation and lead to subcortical vascular dementia (sVAD). sVAD increases morbidity and disability. Epidemiological studies have shown that sVAD shares with cerebrovascular disease most of the common risk factors. The molecular basis of this pathology remains controversial. Purpose To detect the possible mechanisms between small vessel disease and sVAD, giving a broad vision on the topic, including pathological aspects, clinical and laboratory findings, metabolic process and cholinergic dysfunction. Methods We searched MEDLINE using different search terms (“vascular dementia”, “subcortical vascular dementia”, “small vessel disease”, “cholinergic afferents”, etc). Publications were selected from the past 20 years. Searches were extended to Embase, Cochrane Library, and LILIACS databases. All searches were done from January 1, 1998 up to January 31, 2018. Results A total of 560 studies showed up, and appropriate studies were included. Associations between traditional vascular risk factors have been isolated. We remarked that SVD and white matter abnormalities are seen frequently with aging and also that vascular and endothelium changes are related with age; the changes can be accelerated by different vascular risk factors. Vascular function changes can be heavily influenced by genetic and epigenetic factors. Conclusion Small vessel disease and the related dementia are two pathologies that deserve attention for their relevance and impact in clinical practice. Hypertension might be a historical problem for SVD and SVAD, but low pressure might be even more dangerous; CBF regional selective decrease seems to be a critical factor for small vessel disease-related dementia. In those patients, endothelium damage is a super-imposed condition. Several issues are still debatable, and more research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Caruso
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Neurology Clinic, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Riccardo Signori
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Neurology Clinic, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Rita Moretti
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Neurology Clinic, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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