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Gray M, Nash KR, Yao Y. Adenylyl cyclase 2 expression and function in neurological diseases. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14880. [PMID: 39073001 PMCID: PMC11284242 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclases (Adcys) catalyze the formation of cAMP, a secondary messenger essential for cell survival and neurotransmission pathways in the CNS. Adcy2, one of ten Adcy isoforms, is highly expressed in the CNS. Abnormal Adcy2 expression and mutations have been reported in various neurological disorders in both rodents and humans. However, due to the lack of genetic tools, loss-of-function studies of Adcy2 are scarce. In this review, we summarize recent findings on Adcy2 expression and function in neurological diseases. Specifically, we first introduce the biochemistry, structure, and function of Adcy2 briefly. Next, the expression and association of Adcy2 in human patients and rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease), psychiatric disorders (Tourette syndrome, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder), and other neurological conditions (stress-associated disorders, stroke, epilepsy, and Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome) are elaborated. Furthermore, we discuss the pros and cons of current studies as well as key questions that need to be answered in the future. We hope to provide a focused review on Adcy2 that promotes future research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsilla Gray
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of MedicineUniversity of South FloridaTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Kevin R. Nash
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of MedicineUniversity of South FloridaTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of MedicineUniversity of South FloridaTampaFloridaUSA
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Ostrom KF, LaVigne JE, Brust TF, Seifert R, Dessauer CW, Watts VJ, Ostrom RS. Physiological roles of mammalian transmembrane adenylyl cyclase isoforms. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:815-857. [PMID: 34698552 PMCID: PMC8759965 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00013.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) catalyze the conversion of ATP to the ubiquitous second messenger cAMP. Mammals possess nine isoforms of transmembrane ACs, dubbed AC1-9, that serve as major effector enzymes of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The transmembrane ACs display varying expression patterns across tissues, giving the potential for them to have a wide array of physiological roles. Cells express multiple AC isoforms, implying that ACs have redundant functions. Furthermore, all transmembrane ACs are activated by Gαs, so it was long assumed that all ACs are activated by Gαs-coupled GPCRs. AC isoforms partition to different microdomains of the plasma membrane and form prearranged signaling complexes with specific GPCRs that contribute to cAMP signaling compartments. This compartmentation allows for a diversity of cellular and physiological responses by enabling unique signaling events to be triggered by different pools of cAMP. Isoform-specific pharmacological activators or inhibitors are lacking for most ACs, making knockdown and overexpression the primary tools for examining the physiological roles of a given isoform. Much progress has been made in understanding the physiological effects mediated through individual transmembrane ACs. GPCR-AC-cAMP signaling pathways play significant roles in regulating functions of every cell and tissue, so understanding each AC isoform's role holds potential for uncovering new approaches for treating a vast array of pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin E LaVigne
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Tarsis F Brust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, Florida
| | - Roland Seifert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carmen W Dessauer
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Rennolds S Ostrom
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, California
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3
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Agolini E, Cherchi C, Bellacchio E, Martinelli D, Cocciadiferro D, Cutrera R, Chiarini Testa MB, Barone C, Bianca S, Novelli A. Expanding the clinical and molecular spectrum of lethal congenital contracture syndrome 8 associated with biallelic variants of ADCY6. Clin Genet 2020; 97:649-654. [PMID: 31846058 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC) is defined as congenital, non-progressive contractures in more than two joints and in multiple body areas, resulting from reduced fetal mobility. So far, more than 400 causative genes for AMC have been identified. Some isolated AMC phenotypes arise as a result of mutations in genes encoding components required for motor neuron structure, function, and myelination, as in the case of ADCY6 encoding the enzyme adenylyl cyclase type 6. ADCY6 inactivation, due to biallelic variants, have been previously associated with the lethal congenital contracture syndrome 8 (LCCS8). So far, only four LCCS8 patients, from two families, have been reported. Here, we describe a new patient affected by a severe form of AMC, harboring two novel compound heterozygous variants in ADCY6. Our findings expand the clinical and mutational spectrum of LCCS8, showing a possible correlation between the impact of the ADCY6 missense variants reported to date, predicted by molecular modeling, and the severity of the phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Agolini
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics Unit, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Cherchi
- Respiratory Unit, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Bellacchio
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Martinelli
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Pediatric Specialties, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Dario Cocciadiferro
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics Unit, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Renato Cutrera
- Respiratory Unit, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria B Chiarini Testa
- Respiratory Unit, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Barone
- Medical Genetics, Referral Centre for Rare Genetic Diseases, ARNAS Garibaldi, Catania, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Bianca
- Medical Genetics, Referral Centre for Rare Genetic Diseases, ARNAS Garibaldi, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Novelli
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics Unit, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
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4
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Murine model indicates 22q11.2 signaling adaptor CRKL is a dosage-sensitive regulator of genitourinary development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:4981-4986. [PMID: 28439006 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1619523114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The spectrum of congenital anomalies affecting either the upper tract (kidneys and ureters) or lower tract (reproductive organs) of the genitourinary (GU) system are fundamentally linked by the developmental origin of multiple GU tissues, including the kidneys, gonads, and reproductive ductal systems: the intermediate mesoderm. Although ∼31% of DiGeorge/del22q11.2 syndrome patients exhibit GU defects, little focus has been placed on the molecular etiology of GU defects in this syndrome. Among del22q11.2 patients exhibiting GU anomalies, we have mapped the smallest relevant region to only five genes, including CRKLCRKL encodes a src-homology adaptor protein implicated in mediating tyrosine kinase signaling, and is expressed in the developing GU-tract in mice and humans. Here we show that Crkl mutant embryos exhibit gene dosage-dependent growth restriction, and homozygous mutants exhibit upper GU defects at a microdissection-detectable rate of 23%. RNA-sequencing revealed that 52 genes are differentially regulated in response to uncoupling Crkl from its signaling pathways in the developing kidney, including a fivefold up-regulation of Foxd1, a known regulator of nephron progenitor differentiation. Additionally, Crkl heterozygous adult males exhibit cryptorchidism, lower testis weight, lower sperm count, and subfertility. Together, these data indicate that CRKL is intimately involved in normal development of both the upper and lower GU tracts, and disruption of CRKL contributes to the high incidence of GU defects associated with deletion at 22q11.2.
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Mutations of GPR126 are responsible for severe arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 96:955-61. [PMID: 26004201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita is defined by the presence of contractures across two or more major joints and results from reduced or absent fetal movement. Here, we present three consanguineous families affected by lethal arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. By whole-exome or targeted exome sequencing, it was shown that the probands each harbored a different homozygous mutation (one missense, one nonsense, and one frameshift mutation) in GPR126. GPR126 encodes G-protein-coupled receptor 126, which has been shown to be essential for myelination of axons in the peripheral nervous system in fish and mice. A previous study reported that Gpr126(-/-) mice have a lethal arthrogryposis phenotype. We have shown that the peripheral nerves in affected individuals from one family lack myelin basic protein, suggesting that this disease in affected individuals is due to defective myelination of the peripheral axons during fetal development. Previous work has suggested that autoproteolytic cleavage is important for activating GPR126 signaling, and our biochemical assays indicated that the missense substitution (p.Val769Glu [c.2306T>A]) impairs autoproteolytic cleavage of GPR126. Our data indicate that GPR126 is critical for myelination of peripheral nerves in humans. This study adds to the literature implicating defective axoglial function as a key cause of severe arthrogryposis multiplex congenita and suggests that GPR126 mutations should be investigated in individuals affected by this disorder.
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Li YX, Jin HG, Yan CG, Ren CY, Jiang CJ, Jin CD, Seo KS, Jin X. Molecular cloning, sequence identification, and gene expression analysis of bovine ADCY2 gene. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:3561-8. [PMID: 24797538 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3167-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclase 2 (ADCY2), a class B member of adenylyl cyclases, is important in accelerating phosphor-acidification as well as glycogen synthesis and breakdown. Given its distinct role in flesh tenderization after butchering, we cloned and sequenced the ADCY2 gene from Yanbian cattle and assessed its expression in bovine tissues. A 2947 bp nucleotide sequence representing the full-length cDNA of bovine ADCY2 gene was obtained by 5' and 3' remote analysis computations for gene expression. Analyses of the putative protein sequence showed that ADCY2 had high homology among species, except with the non-mammal Oreochromis niloticus. Gene structural domain analyses in humans and rats indicated that the ADCY2 protein had no flaw; only the transmembrane domain was reduced and the CYCc structure domain was shortened. Assessment of ADCY2 expression in bovine tissues by real-time PCR showed that the highest expression was in the testes, followed by the longissimus dorsi, tensor fasciae latae, and latissimus dorsi. These data will serve as a foundation for further insight into the cattle ADCY2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y X Li
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam, Suncheon, 540-742, South Korea,
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Laquérriere A, Maluenda J, Camus A, Fontenas L, Dieterich K, Nolent F, Zhou J, Monnier N, Latour P, Gentil D, Héron D, Desguerres I, Landrieu P, Beneteau C, Delaporte B, Bellesme C, Baumann C, Capri Y, Goldenberg A, Lyonnet S, Bonneau D, Estournet B, Quijano-Roy S, Francannet C, Odent S, Saint-Frison MH, Sigaudy S, Figarella-Branger D, Gelot A, Mussini JM, Lacroix C, Drouin-Garraud V, Malinge MC, Attié-Bitach T, Bessieres B, Bonniere M, Encha-Razavi F, Beaufrère AM, Khung-Savatovsky S, Perez MJ, Vasiljevic A, Mercier S, Roume J, Trestard L, Saugier-Veber P, Cordier MP, Layet V, Legendre M, Vigouroux-Castera A, Lunardi J, Bayes M, Jouk PS, Rigonnot L, Granier M, Sternberg D, Warszawski J, Gut I, Gonzales M, Tawk M, Melki J. Mutations in CNTNAP1 and ADCY6 are responsible for severe arthrogryposis multiplex congenita with axoglial defects. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:2279-89. [PMID: 24319099 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-syndromic arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC) is characterized by multiple congenital contractures resulting from reduced fetal mobility. Genetic mapping and whole exome sequencing (WES) were performed in 31 multiplex and/or consanguineous undiagnosed AMC families. Although this approach identified known AMC genes, we here report pathogenic mutations in two new genes. Homozygous frameshift mutations in CNTNAP1 were found in four unrelated families. Patients showed a marked reduction in motor nerve conduction velocity (<10 m/s) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of sciatic nerve in the index cases revealed severe abnormalities of both nodes of Ranvier width and myelinated axons. CNTNAP1 encodes CASPR, an essential component of node of Ranvier domains which underlies saltatory conduction of action potentials along the myelinated axons, an important process for neuronal function. A homozygous missense mutation in adenylate cyclase 6 gene (ADCY6) was found in another family characterized by a lack of myelin in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) as determined by TEM. Morpholino knockdown of the zebrafish orthologs led to severe and specific defects in peripheral myelin in spite of the presence of Schwann cells. ADCY6 encodes a protein that belongs to the adenylate cyclase family responsible for the synthesis of cAMP. Elevation of cAMP can mimic axonal contact in vitro and upregulates myelinating signals. Our data indicate an essential and so far unknown role of ADCY6 in PNS myelination likely through the cAMP pathway. Mutations of genes encoding proteins of Ranvier domains or involved in myelination of Schwann cells are responsible for novel and severe human axoglial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Laquérriere
- Pathology Laboratory and NeoVasc Region-Inserm Team ERI28, Institute of Research for Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen, 76031 Rouen, France
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8
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Bostrom N, Sandberg A. Cognitive enhancement: methods, ethics, regulatory challenges. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2009; 15:311-341. [PMID: 19543814 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-009-9142-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2006] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive enhancement takes many and diverse forms. Various methods of cognitive enhancement have implications for the near future. At the same time, these technologies raise a range of ethical issues. For example, they interact with notions of authenticity, the good life, and the role of medicine in our lives. Present and anticipated methods for cognitive enhancement also create challenges for public policy and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Bostrom
- Future of Humanity Institute, Faculty of Philosophy & James Martin 21st Century School, Oxford University, Littlegate House, Oxford OX1 1PT, UK.
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Im GJ, Jung HH, Chae SW, Cho WS, Kim SJ. Differential gene expression profiles in salicylate ototoxicity of the mouse. Acta Otolaryngol 2007; 127:459-69. [PMID: 17453470 DOI: 10.1080/00016480600801365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSION This study demonstrated differential gene expression profiles in salicylate ototoxicity with oligonucleotide microarray. This study may also provide basic information on candidate genes associated with hearing loss and/or tinnitus or recovery after salicylate-induced cochlear dysfunction. OBJECTIVES Salicylate ototoxicity is accompanied by temporary hearing loss and tinnitus. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the gene expression profiles in the mouse cochlea with salicylate ototoxicity using DNA microarray. MATERIALS AND METHODS The subject mice were injected intraperitoneally with 400 mg/kg of sodium salicylate; an approximate 30 dB threshold shift that was observed by auditory brainstem response was achieved 3 h after an injection of sodium salicylate and the hearing threshold returned to within normal range at 3 days. Differential gene expression profiles at 3 h after salicylate injection in comparison to the normal cochlea were analyzed with DNA microarray technology. RESULTS No ultrastructural changes in the mice cochlea were observed by TEM at 3 h after salicylate injection. Microarray revealed that 87 genes were up-regulated twofold or more in the mouse cochlea with salicylate ototoxicity in comparison to the normal cochlea. Among these genes, increased expression levels of 30 functional genes were confirmed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/toxicity
- Auditory Fatigue/drug effects
- Cochlea/drug effects
- Cochlea/pathology
- Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem/drug effects
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Hair Cells, Auditory, Outer/drug effects
- Hair Cells, Auditory, Outer/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sodium Salicylate/toxicity
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Jung Im
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, An Am-Dong 5Ka 126-1, Sungbuk-Ku, Seoul 136-705, Korea
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Abstract
Cognitive enhancement, the amplification or extension of core capacities of the mind, has become a major topic in bioethics. But cognitive enhancement is a prime example of a converging technology where individual disciplines merge and issues transcend particular local discourses. This article reviews currently available methods of cognitive enhancement and their likely near-term prospects for convergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Sandberg
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, Faculty of Philosophy, Oxford University, Littlegate House, 16/17 St. Ebbe's St. Oxford, OX1 1PT, United Kingdom.
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Cooper DMF. Regulation and organization of adenylyl cyclases and cAMP. Biochem J 2003; 375:517-29. [PMID: 12940771 PMCID: PMC1223734 DOI: 10.1042/bj20031061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2003] [Revised: 08/07/2003] [Accepted: 08/26/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclases are a critically important family of multiply regulated signalling molecules. Their susceptibility to many modes of regulation allows them to integrate the activities of a variety of signalling pathways. However, this property brings with it the problem of imparting specificity and discrimination. Recent studies are revealing the range of strategies utilized by the cyclases to solve this problem. Microdomains are a consequence of these solutions, in which cAMP dynamics may differ from the broad cytosol. Currently evolving methodologies are beginning to reveal cAMP fluctuations in these various compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dermot M F Cooper
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK.
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Bernatchez R, Belkacemi L, Rassart E, Daoud G, Simoneau L, Lafond J. Differential expression of membrane and soluble adenylyl cyclase isoforms in cytotrophoblast cells and syncytiotrophoblasts of human placenta. Placenta 2003; 24:648-57. [PMID: 12828923 DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4004(03)00060-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity is ubiquitous in mammalian cells, and various forms of this enzyme exist that widely differ with regard to tissue distribution, abundance, and modes of regulation. Human placenta is made, among others, of cytotrophoblast cells and syncytiotrophoblasts. This latter is a polynucleate structure that originates from the differentiation of proliferative mononucleated cytotrophoblast cells, the placental stem cell, into syncytiotrophoblasts. In vitro, this differentiation process is associated with a concomitant increase in cellular levels of cAMP and enhanced expression of genes representative of syncytiotrophoblasts endocrine activity. Thus, in this study we evaluated the differential distribution of AC isoforms in cytotrophoblast cells and syncytiotrophoblasts by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using total RNA or purified mRNA. Our results demonstrate that all membrane and soluble AC mRNA isoforms are present in both cell types. Interestingly in syncytiotrophoblasts, AC4 and AC8 mRNA are highly expressed, while AC1, AC2 mRNA are less abundant when compared to cytotrophoblast cells. Additionally, the soluble AC is expressed in both trophoblast cells, but its expression is greatly reduced in differentiated cells, syncytiotrophoblasts. The presence of these AC proteins in both cells was confirmed by Western blotting. Taken together, these data help us to characterize the different AC isoforms in human cytotrophoblast cells and syncytiotrophoblasts, and demonstrate that the AC isoforms expression seems to be mainly modulated in groups 1 and 2. Moreover, the important decrease of the soluble AC isoform in syncytiotrophoblasts as compared to cytotrophoblast cells could suggest an important role of this AC in the extravillous trophoblast formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bernatchez
- Laboratoire de Physiologie materno-foetale, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale 'Centre-Ville', H3C 3P8, Québec, Canada
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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14
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Patel TB, Du Z, Pierre S, Cartin L, Scholich K. Molecular biological approaches to unravel adenylyl cyclase signaling and function. Gene 2001; 269:13-25. [PMID: 11376933 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(01)00448-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Signal transduction through the cell membrane requires the participation of one or more plasma membrane proteins. For many transmembrane signaling events adenylyl cyclases (ACs) are the final effector enzymes which integrate and interpret divergent signals from different pathways. The enzymatic activity of adenylyl cyclases is stimulated or inhibited in response to the activation of a large number of receptors in virtually all cells of the human body. To date, ten different mammalian isoforms of adenylyl cyclase (AC) have been cloned and characterized. Each isoform has its own distinct tissue distribution and regulatory properties, providing possibilities for different cells to respond diversely to similar stimuli. The product of the enzymatic reaction catalyzed by ACs, cyclic AMP (cAMP) has been shown to play a crucial role for a variety of fundamental physiological cell functions ranging from cell growth and differentiation, to transcriptional regulation and apoptosis. In the past, investigations into the regulatory mechanisms of ACs were limited by difficulties associated with their purification and the availability of the proteins in any significant amount. Moreover, nearly every cell expresses several AC isoforms. Therefore, it was difficult to perform biochemical characterization of the different AC isoforms and nearly impossible to assess the physiological roles of the individual isoforms in intact cells, tissue or organisms. Recently, however, different molecular biological approaches have permitted several breakthroughs in the study of ACs. Recombinant technologies have allowed biochemical analysis of adenylyl cyclases in-vitro and the development of transgenic animals as well as knock-out mice have yielded new insights in the physiological role of some AC isoforms. In this review, we will focus mainly on the most novel approaches and concepts, which have delineated the mechanisms regulating AC and unravelled novel functions for this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and the Vascular Biology Center of Excellence, University of Tennessee, Memphis, 874 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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15
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Ame JC, Schreiber V, Fraulob V, Dolle P, de Murcia G, Niedergang CP. A bidirectional promoter connects the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 2 (PARP-2) gene to the gene for RNase P RNA. structure and expression of the mouse PARP-2 gene. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:11092-9. [PMID: 11133988 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m007870200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 2 (PARP-2) is a DNA damage-dependent enzyme that belongs to a growing family of enzymes seemingly involved in genome protection. To gain insight into the physiological role of PARP-2 and to investigate mechanisms of PARP-2 gene regulation, we cloned and characterized the murine PARP-2 gene. The PARP-2 gene consists of 16 exons and 15 introns spanning about 13 kilobase pairs. Interestingly, the PARP-2 gene lies head to head with the gene encoding the mouse RNase P RNA subunit. The distance between the transcription start sites of the PARP-2 and RNase P RNA genes is 114 base pairs. This suggested that regulation of the expression of both genes may be coordinated through a bi-directional promoter. The PARP-2/RNase P RNA gene organization is conserved in the human. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a RNA polymerase II gene and an RNA polymerase III gene sharing the same promoter region and potentially the same transcriptional control elements. Reporter gene constructs showed that the 113-base pair intergenic region was indeed sufficient for the expression of both genes and revealed the importance of both the TATA and the DSE/Oct-1 expression control elements for the PARP-2 gene transcription. The expression of both genes is clearly independently regulated. PARP-2 is expressed only in certain tissues, and RNase P RNA is expressed in all tissues. This suggests that both genes may be subjected to multiple levels of control and may be regulated by different factors in different cellular contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Ame
- UPR 9003 du CNRS, Laboratoire Conventionné avec le Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, ULP-Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, F-67400 Illkirch, France
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16
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Defer N, Best-Belpomme M, Hanoune J. Tissue specificity and physiological relevance of various isoforms of adenylyl cyclase. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2000; 279:F400-16. [PMID: 10966920 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.2000.279.3.f400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review focuses on the potential physiological regulations involving different isoforms of adenylyl cyclase (AC), the enzymatic activity responsible for the synthesis of cAMP from ATP. Depending on the properties and the relative level of the isoforms expressed in a tissue or a cell type at a specific time, extracellular signals received by the G protein-coupled receptors can be differently integrated. We report here on various aspects of such regulations, emphasizing the role of Ca(2+)/calmodulin in activating AC1 and AC8 in the central nervous system, the potential inhibitory effect of Ca(2+) on AC5 and AC6, and the changes in the expression pattern of the isoforms during development. A particular emphasis is given to the role of cAMP during drug dependence. Present experimental limitations are also underlined (pitfalls in the interpretation of cellular transfection, scarcity of the invalidation models, and so on).
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Affiliation(s)
- N Defer
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U-99 Hôpital Henri Mondor, F-94010 Créteil, France
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Abdel-Majid RM, Leong WL, Schalkwyk LC, Smallman DS, Wong ST, Storm DR, Fine A, Dobson MJ, Guernsey DL, Neumann PE. Loss of adenylyl cyclase I activity disrupts patterning of mouse somatosensory cortex. Nat Genet 1998; 19:289-91. [PMID: 9662407 DOI: 10.1038/980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The somatosensory (SI) cortex of mice displays a patterned, nonuniform distribution of neurons in layer IV called the 'barrelfield' (ref. 1). Thalamocortical afferents (TCAs) that terminate in layer IV are segregated such that each barrel, a readily visible cylindrical array of neurons surrounding a cell-sparse center, represents a distinct receptive field. TCA arbors are confined to the barrel hollow and synapse on barrel-wall neurons whose dendrites are oriented toward the center of the barrel. Mice homozygous for the barrelless (brl) mutation, which occurred spontaneously in ICR stock at Université de Lausanne (Switzerland), fail to develop this patterned distribution of neurons, but still display normal topological organization of the SI cortex. Despite the absence of barrels and the overlapping zones of TCA arborization, the size of individual whisker representations, as judged by 2-deoxyglucose uptake, is similar to that of wild-type mice. We identified adenylyl cyclase type I (Adcy1) as the gene disrupted in brl mutant mice by fine mapping of proximal chromosome 11, enzyme assay, mutation analysis and examination of mice homozygous for a targeted disruption of Adcy1. These results provide the first evidence for involvement of cAMP signalling pathways in pattern formation of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Abdel-Majid
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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18
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Hacker BM, Tomlinson JE, Wayman GA, Sultana R, Chan G, Villacres E, Disteche C, Storm DR. Cloning, chromosomal mapping, and regulatory properties of the human type 9 adenylyl cyclase (ADCY9). Genomics 1998; 50:97-104. [PMID: 9628827 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1998.5293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The type 9 adenylyl cyclase (AC9) is a widely distributed adenylyl cyclase that was originally cloned from a mouse cDNA library. Here we report the cloning, chromosomal mapping, and regulatory properties of human AC9 (HGMW-approved symbol ADCY9). Although the human AC9 sequence shows 86% homology with mouse AC9, divergence at the C2a/C2b junction results in an alternative C2b amino acid sequence. In situ hybridization localized the human AC9 gene to both human and mouse chromosomes 16. AC9 mRNA is present in all tissues examined, with the highest levels found in skeletal muscle, heart, and brain. To characterize the regulatory properties of human AC9 in vivo, the enzyme was expressed in HEK-293 cells. Human AC9 is stimulated by beta-adrenergic receptor activation but is insensitive to forskolin, Ca2+ and somatostatin. In contrast to mouse AC9, the activity of human AC9 is unaffected by inhibitors of calcineurin. These data emphasize the importance of determining the regulatory properties of human adenylyl cyclases.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Hacker
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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19
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Skradski SL, White HS, Ptácek LJ. Genetic mapping of a locus (mass1) causing audiogenic seizures in mice. Genomics 1998; 49:188-92. [PMID: 9598305 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1998.5229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Frings audiogenic seizure-susceptible mice are a model for sensory-evoked reflex seizures. Their seizure phenotype is characterized by wild running, loss of righting reflex, tonic flexion, and tonic extension in response to high-intensity sound stimulation. The Frings mice represent an inbred colony that has not been genetically characterized. This investigation studied the mode of inheritance for audiogenic seizures by crossing the Frings mouse with the seizure-resistant C57BL/6J mouse. Among the backcross progeny generated by crossing (Frings x C57BL/6J)F1 mice with the Frings strain, 391 of the 836 N2 progeny were audiogenic seizure susceptible, a finding consistent with monogenic inheritance. Genetic mapping and linkage analysis of hybrid mice using MIT microsatellite marker sequences localized the seizure gene, named mass1 for monogenic audiogenic seizure susceptible, to an approximately 3.6 cM interval in the middle of mouse chromosome 13. Linkage of mass1 to chromosome 13 is an important step in identifying the gene associated with a monogenic seizure disorder in mice, which may ultimately lead to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of human seizure disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Skradski
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84112, USA
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Taussig R, Zimmermann G. Type-specific regulation of mammalian adenylyl cyclases by G protein pathways. ADVANCES IN SECOND MESSENGER AND PHOSPHOPROTEIN RESEARCH 1998; 32:81-98. [PMID: 9421586 DOI: 10.1016/s1040-7952(98)80006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Taussig
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109-0636, USA
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21
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Reeves RH, Patch D, Sharpe AH, Borriello F, Freeman GJ, Edelhoff S, Disteche C. The costimulatory genes Cd80 and Cd86 are linked on mouse chromosome 16 and human chromosome 3. Mamm Genome 1997; 8:581-2. [PMID: 9250865 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R H Reeves
- Department of Physiology, 202 Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Hanoune J, Pouille Y, Tzavara E, Shen T, Lipskaya L, Miyamoto N, Suzuki Y, Defer N. Adenylyl cyclases: structure, regulation and function in an enzyme superfamily. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1997; 128:179-94. [PMID: 9140089 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(97)04013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Hanoune
- INSERM Unité 99, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Creteil, France
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Doyle J, Hellevuo K, Stubbs L. The gene encoding adenylyl cyclase VII is located in central mouse chromosome 8. Mamm Genome 1996; 7:320-1. [PMID: 8661708 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Doyle
- Biology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-8077, USA
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