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Xiao L, Labandeira CC, Wu Y, Shih C, Ren D, Wang Y. Middle Jurassic insect mines on gymnosperms provide missing links to early mining evolution. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:2803-2816. [PMID: 38184785 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
We investigated the mining mode of insect feeding, involving larval consumption of a plant's internal tissues, from the Middle Jurassic (165 million years ago) Daohugou locality of Northeastern China. Documentation of mining from the Jurassic Period is virtually unknown, and results from this time interval would address mining evolution during the temporal gap of mine-seed plant diversifications from the previous Late Triassic to the subsequent Early Cretaceous. Plant fossils were examined with standard microscopic procedures for herbivory and used the standard functional feeding group-damage-type system of categorizing damage. All fossil mines were photographed and databased. We examined 2014 plant specimens, of which 27 occurrences on 14 specimens resulted in eight, new, mine damage types (DTs) present on six genera of bennettitalean, ginkgoalean, and pinalean gymnosperms. Three conclusions emerge from this study. First, these mid-Mesozoic mines are morphologically conservative and track plant host anatomical structure rather than plant phylogeny. Second, likely insect fabricators of these mines were three basal lineages of polyphagan beetles, four basal lineages of monotrysian moths, and a basal lineage tenthredinoid sawflies. Third, the nutrition hypothesis, indicating that miners had greater access to nutritious, inner tissues of new plant lineages, best explains mine evolution during the mid-Mesozoic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Xiao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510260, China
- College of Life Science and Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Tenth St. and Constitution Ave, Washington, DC, 20013, USA
| | - Conrad C Labandeira
- College of Life Science and Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Tenth St. and Constitution Ave, Washington, DC, 20013, USA
- Department of Entomology and BEES Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Yuekun Wu
- College of Life Science and Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - ChungKun Shih
- College of Life Science and Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Tenth St. and Constitution Ave, Washington, DC, 20013, USA
| | - Dong Ren
- College of Life Science and Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yongjie Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510260, China
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Andrade JF, Calixto ES, Demetrio GR, Venâncio H, Meiado MV, de Santana DG, Cuevas-Reyes P, de Almeida WR, Santos JC. Tolerance Mitigates Gall Effects When Susceptible Plants Fail to Elicit Induced Defense. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1472. [PMID: 38891281 PMCID: PMC11174803 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Variations in plant genotypes and phenotypes are expressed in ways that lead to the development of defensive abilities against herbivory. Induced defenses are mechanisms that affect herbivore insect preferences and performance. We evaluated the performance of resistant and susceptible phenotypes of Bauhinia brevipes (Fabaceae) against attacks by the gall-inducing insect Schizomyia macrocapillata (Diptera). We hypothesized that there is a positive relationship between resistance to S. macrocapillata and host plant performance because resistance can have a high adaptive value. We evaluated plant architecture, nutritional leaf quality, leaf fluctuating asymmetry, and reproductive capacity between phenotypes. Plant performance was evaluated at three ontogenetic stages: seed, seedling, and juvenile. Overall, there were no differences in vegetative and reproductive performance or asymmetry between the resistant and susceptible mature plants. We found no relationship between leaf nutritional quality and resistance to S. macrocapillata. Plant performance was consistent across ontogeny for both phenotypes, except for five variables. Contrary to our expectations, the susceptible plants performed equally well or better than the resistant plants, suggesting that tolerance and overcompensation to herbivory in B. brevipes may be mediated by induced defense. Our study highlights the importance of multiple layers of plant defense against herbivory, where plant tolerance acts as a secondary barrier in plants susceptible to gall-inducing insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janete Ferreira Andrade
- Department of Systematics and Ecology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Paraíba, Brazil;
| | - Eduardo Soares Calixto
- Entomology and Nematology Department, West Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Jay, FL 32565, USA;
| | - Guilherme Ramos Demetrio
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, U. E. Penedo, Campus Arapiraca, Federal University of Alagoas, Penedo 57200-000, Alagoas, Brazil;
| | - Henrique Venâncio
- Graduate Program in Entomology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences, and Literature, and Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Marcos Vinicius Meiado
- Laboratory of Seed Physiology, Biosciences Department, Federal University of Sergipe, Itabaiana 49107-230, Sergipe, Brazil;
| | - Denise Garcia de Santana
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil;
| | - Pablo Cuevas-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Interacciones Bióticas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia 58004, Michoacán, Mexico;
| | - Wanessa Rejane de Almeida
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Conservation, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49107-230, Sergipe, Brazil;
| | - Jean Carlos Santos
- Department of Ecology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49107-230, Sergipe, Brazil
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Adroit B, Hazra T, Denk T, Kumar Sarkar S, Khan MA. Rich specialized insect damage on Pliocene leaves from the Mahuadanr Valley (India) growing under a warm climate with weak seasonality. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11114. [PMID: 38469042 PMCID: PMC10927363 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant-insect interactions play a crucial role in shaping terrestrial ecosystems, influencing abundance and distribution of plant species. In the present study, we investigated leaf-mining patterns on fossil leaves from Pliocene strata of the Mahuadanr Valley, Jharkhand, eastern India, deposited under a seasonal tropical climate, and reported complex interactions between plants and insects. We identified 11 distinct mining morphotypes. These morphotypes were mainly found on Dipterocarpaceae, Fabaceae, Lauraceae, and Moraceae; similar mining traces were also observed in the contemporary vegetation surrounding the fossil site. Although mining richness was relatively high, only 2.6% of all leaves in the fossil assemblage were mined. We compared mining richness and abundance values with previously reported values for galling. While richness was slightly lower for galling, almost 50% of all fossil leaves were galled. A literature survey on mining and galling patterns in modern vegetation suggests that there is no global explanation for richness of mining or gall-inducing insects. Thus, low nutrient availability in the ancient forest, dominance of semideciduous leaves with hard texture, and different habitats in the same forest ecosystem, such as well-drained forests and riparian stands, may all have favored different types of specialized plant-insect interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Adroit
- Department of PalaeobiologySwedish Museum of Natural HistoryStockholmSweden
- IMBE, Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRDMarseilleFrance
| | - Taposhi Hazra
- Palaeobotany‐Palynology Laboratory, Department of BotanySidho‐Kanho‐Birsha UniversityPuruliaIndia
| | - Thomas Denk
- Department of PalaeobiologySwedish Museum of Natural HistoryStockholmSweden
| | - Subhankar Kumar Sarkar
- Entomology Laboratory, Department of ZoologyUniversity of KalyaniKalyani, NadiaWest BengalIndia
| | - Mahasin Ali Khan
- Palaeobotany‐Palynology Laboratory, Department of BotanySidho‐Kanho‐Birsha UniversityPuruliaIndia
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Nobrega LP, de Sá Haiad B, Ferreira BG. Epidermal and subepidermal changes during the formation of hairy galls induced by Eriophyidae on Avicennia schaueriana leaves. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 2023; 110:49. [PMID: 37737319 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-023-01876-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Leaf-galling Eriophyidae (Acarina) may promote simple or complex alterations in the organs of their host plants, such as an increase in indumentum density or the reorganization of epidermis and ground system tissue patterns. To test if hairy galls of Eriophyidae on Avicennia schaueriana (Acanthaceae) are related to complex changes, leaf galls in distinct developmental phases were compared to non-galled leaves using anatomical, histochemical, and histometric analyses. Quantitative comparisons of preferential gall induction sites and gall area according to distinct leaf portions were made to evaluate if the impacts of gall formation can be related to the distinct potentialities of leaf microsites. The apical portion of the leaves and leaf margins were the sites with the highest occurrence of galls, but no relationship was detected between gall area and induction site. The gall anatomy revealed that epidermal features are influenced the most with the development of abnormal stomata and projected or sunken salt glands. The most striking change is the neoformation of elongated filiform trichomes on the abaxial surface (where the mites occur) that accumulate reducing sugars and proteins. The filiform trichomes may protect the inducers against abiotic stressors and enemies, and the primary metabolites that accumulate are important foods for mites. The mesophyll has simple alterations, only in the spongy parenchyma. Complex alterations occur only in abaxial epidermal cells close to feeding sites of the inducer. The number of inducers per gall seems to be the most important influence on gall size, since gall area is not related to the position in the leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Ponticel Nobrega
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas (Botânica), Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bárbara de Sá Haiad
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas (Botânica), Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Botânica, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bruno Garcia Ferreira
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas (Botânica), Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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5
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Santos AA, Sender LM, Wappler T, Diez JB. Plant-Insect Interactions on Aquatic and Terrestrial Angiosperms from the Latest Albian (Early Cretaceous) of Estercuel (Northeastern Spain) and Their Paleoenvironmental Implications. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:508. [PMID: 36771593 PMCID: PMC9919284 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fossils of plant-insect interactions are direct evidence of paleoecological relationships between these two dominant groups in terrestrial ecosystems. We present a variety of plant-insect interactions from the late Early Cretaceous (latest Albian) in the Estercuel locality in northeastern Spain (Iberian Peninsula), affecting two types of terrestrial angiosperms and the basal eudicot Klitzschophyllites, which is one of the oldest putative members of aquatic Ranunculales found to date. The study of these interactions revealed 23 different damage types belonging to eight functional feeding groups (hole feeding, margin feeding, skeletonization, surface feeding, piercing and sucking, mining, oviposition and galling), suggesting these angiosperms were an important source of food and lodging for insects in the Iberian ecosystems during the late Early Cretaceous. Notably, the diversity of damage in the leaves of angiosperms suggests a diverse community of herbivorous insects and a variety of strategies of interactions with plants at the end of the Early Cretaceous in the southwestern Tethys realm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artai A. Santos
- Departamento de Xeociencias Mariñas e Ordenación do Territorio, Facultade de Ciencias do Mar, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo (CIM-UVIGO), 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Luis M. Sender
- Fundación Conjunto Paleontológico de Teruel-Dinópolis/Museo Aragonés de Paleontología, 44002 Teruel, Spain
| | - Torsten Wappler
- Department of Natural History, Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt, Friedensplatz 1, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany
- Section Palaeontology, Institute of Geosciences, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - José B. Diez
- Departamento de Xeociencias Mariñas e Ordenación do Territorio, Facultade de Ciencias do Mar, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo (CIM-UVIGO), 36310 Vigo, Spain
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de Carvalho‐Sposito SH, Urso‐Guimarães MV, da Silva FR. Temporal resource partitioning and stochastic colonization explain the co‐occurrence of gall‐inducing insects in the super‐host plant
Copaifera langsdorffii
Desf. (Fabaceae). AUSTRAL ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stella Henrique de Carvalho‐Sposito
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos São Paulo Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia Teórica: Integrando Tempo, Biologia e Espaço (LET.IT.BE), Departamento de Ciências Ambientais Universidade Federal de São Carlos Campus Sorocaba São Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Rodrigues da Silva
- Laboratório de Ecologia Teórica: Integrando Tempo, Biologia e Espaço (LET.IT.BE), Departamento de Ciências Ambientais Universidade Federal de São Carlos Campus Sorocaba São Paulo Brazil
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7
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Leite GLD, Veloso RVS, Soares MA, Silva LF, Guanãbens PFS, Munhoz EJM, Pereira WR, Silva RS, Fernandes GW, Zanuncio JC. Changes in galling insect community on Caryocar brasiliense trees mediated by soil chemical and physical attributes. BRAZ J BIOL 2022; 82:e261227. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.261227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The nutrient stress hypothesis predicts that galling insects prevail on host plants growing in habitats with soils of low nutritional quality. Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae) is host to four different leaf-galling insects. These insects have the potential to cause a reduction in the production of C. brasiliense fruits, an important source of income for many communities in Brazil. We studied the effects of soil physical and chemical characteristics on the abundance, species richness, and diversity of galling insects and their natural enemies on C. brasiliense trees growing under three different soil conditions. Our data corroborate the hypothesis that in nutritionally poor (e.g., lower phosphorus content) and worse physical textures (e.g., sandy) soils, host plants support higher species richness and diversity of galling insects. However, the abundance of Eurytoma sp. (the most common gall in C. brasiliense), was correlated with a higher phosphorus concentration in the soil (better nutritional condition). The percentage of galled leaflets and the area of leaflets occupied by Eurytoma sp galls were higher in the more fertile soil. In this soil, there was greater abundance, species richness, and diversity of parasitoids of Eurytoma sp. (e.g., Sycophila sp.) and predators (e.g., Zelus armillatus). Our data indicate the importance of habitat quality in the composition of the galling insect community and the impact of soil properties in mediating the distribution of these insects in C. brasiliense.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R. V. S. Veloso
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Brasil
| | - M. A. Soares
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Brasil
| | - L. F. Silva
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - P. F. S. Guanãbens
- Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia de Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | | | | | - R. S. Silva
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Brasil
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Leite GLD, Veloso RVS, Azevedo AM, Almeida CIME, Soares MA, Pereira AIA, Lemes PG, Zanuncio JC. Distribution of galling insects and their parasitoids on Caryocar brasiliense tree crowns. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 82:e235017. [PMID: 34076163 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.235017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) is widely distributed in the Brazilian savanna and its fruits are used by humans for food, production of cosmetics, lubricants, and in the pharmaceutical industry. This plant is damaged by galling insects. Number of these galling insects and their parasitoids was recorded, in the field (galls) and in the laboratory (adults emerged from the galls), from three C. brasiliense crown heights, during three years. Numbers of adults of Eurytoma sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), galling insect (younger attack) and Sycophila sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) (a parasitoid of Eurytoma sp.), were greater on the apical parts of C. brasiliense tree crowns. Numbers and groups of Eurytoma sp. globoid galls (older attack) were higher in the median and basal crown parts. The numbers of Eurytoma sp. galls were higher on apical part of C. brasiliense tree crown and also of their parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L D Leite
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Insetário G.W.G. Moraes, Montes Claros, MG, Brasil
| | - R V S Veloso
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Insetário G.W.G. Moraes, Montes Claros, MG, Brasil
| | - A M Azevedo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Insetário G.W.G. Moraes, Montes Claros, MG, Brasil
| | - C I Maia E Almeida
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Insetário G.W.G. Moraes, Montes Claros, MG, Brasil
| | - M A Soares
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri - UFVJM, Departamento de Agronomia, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
| | - A I A Pereira
- Instituto Federal Goiano-Campus Urutaí, Urutaí, GO, Brasil
| | - P G Lemes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Insetário G.W.G. Moraes, Montes Claros, MG, Brasil
| | - J C Zanuncio
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, Departamento de Entomologia/BIOAGRO, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
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9
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Gonçalves HV, Oki Y, Bordignon L, Ferreira MC, Dos Santos JE, Tameirão LBS, Santos FR, Kalapothakis E, Fernandes GW. Endophytic fungus diversity in soybean plants submitted to conditions of elevated atmospheric CO 2 and temperature. Can J Microbiol 2021; 67:290-300. [PMID: 33031708 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2020-0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Global climatic changes can have drastic impacts on plant species, including severe consequences for the agricultural species productivity. Many of these species present important mutualisms with endophytic fungi that positively influence their performance. The present study evaluated whether the increases in CO2 and temperature predicted for the year 2100 may cause changes in foliar carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentrations in soybean (Glycine max) and, consequently, the interactions with its endophytic fungi. The effects of elevated CO2 and temperature were evaluated in four treatments in open-top chambers: (i) control, (ii) increased temperature, (iii) increased CO2, and (iv) increased CO2 and temperature. Increased atmospheric CO2 resulted in decreased foliar N concentration, while increased temperature increased it. A total of 16 taxa of endophytic fungi were identified based on sequencing internal transcribed spacer regions of rRNA subunits. Increased atmospheric CO2 and temperature were observed to potentially modify the endophytic mycobiota of soybean plants. The results suggest that the fungi species substitution is a consequence of changes in foliar N concentration and C/N ratio. Predicted climatic changes shall affect the relationships between plant and endophytes, which in turn, will affect the performance and resistance of soybean, one of the most important crops in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huberman Valadares Gonçalves
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Yumi Oki
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Costa Ferreira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Eustáquio Dos Santos
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lucas Barbosa Souza Tameirão
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Rodrigues Santos
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Evanguedes Kalapothakis
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Wilson Fernandes
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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10
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Urso-Guimarães MV, Koch I, Castello ACD. Diversity of insect galls from Mato Grosso State, Brazil: Cerrado. BIOTA NEOTROPICA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2021-1189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract: The Midwest region of Brazil possesses large areas dominated by the Cerrado that is poorly known concerning insect gall and their interactions. In this study, we inventory the gall morphology, host plants, and the gall makers from Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso State, in areas of natural vegetation from Cerrado, for the first time. Samplings occurred in two expeditions, July 2012 and January 2013. We characterized 295 morphotypes of insect galls in 140 host plant species, with 89 gall makers; the richest family in host plants was Fabaceae (16.7%), and the species was Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand (Burseraceae, 3.7%). Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Guimarães is the richest Brazilian cerrado area in gall morphotypes (295) and the second in average morphotypes/host plant species (2.1). Additionally, six genera and 38 species are new records as host plants; two of them, Bernardia similis Pax and K.Hoffm and Ormosia macrophylla Benth., are new occurrences for Mato Grosso State, and other two, Vochysia petraea Warm. and Talisia subalbens (Mart.) Radlk. are listed in the Red List of Threatened Species IUCN. This inventory data represents a testimony of insect-plant interactions in a Brazilian Cerrado area that was consumed by an unprecedented fire in the dry season of 2020.
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11
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Oliveira DCDE, Martini VC, Moreira ASFP, Fuzaro L, GonÇalves LA. Pseudophacopteron longicaudatum (Hemiptera) induces intralaminar leaf galls on Aspidosperma tomentosum (Apocynaceae): a qualitative and quantitative structural overview. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2020; 92:e20181002. [PMID: 33084750 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020181002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The structural complexity of galls depends on species-specific interaction driven by the galling taxa. However, the host plant and environment stressors can impose limits on gall developmental patterns and impact the establishment of gall morphology. Herein, we employed qualitative and quantitative approaches in order to elucidate how cell divisions, elongation patterns, and tissue organization are determinant for the development of intralaminar gall morphology induced by Pseudophacopteron longicaudatum Malenovský, Burckhardt, Queiroz, Isaias & Oliveira (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Phacopteronidae) on leaves of Aspidosperma tomentosum Mart. (Apocynaceae). In addition, we aimed to determine which anatomical process can discriminate the stages of gall development, plus, examine the histochemical and cytological profiles of the galls. The differentiated structures, mainly abaxial epidermis and spongy parenchyma, are associated with gall closure, with hyperplastic events concentrated in the young phase of the galls. Thus, epidermis and spongy parenchyma hypertrophy and are responsible for the determination of the nymphal chamber formation and gall shape. The mature galls do not differentiate into a typical nutritive cells and do not develop a histochemical gradient in their tissues. The cytological features of galls such as plastoglobules and multivesicular bodies are related to ROS scavenging mechanisms due the high oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis C DE Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Biologia, Laboratório de Anatomia, Desenvolvimento Vegetal e Interações, Av. Amazonas, 20, Umuarama, 38405-302 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Vitor C Martini
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Biologia, Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal, Av. Amazonas, 20, Umuarama, 38405-302 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Silvia F P Moreira
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, Chácaras Califórnia, 74045-155 Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Leandro Fuzaro
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Biologia, Laboratório de Anatomia, Desenvolvimento Vegetal e Interações, Av. Amazonas, 20, Umuarama, 38405-302 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - LetÍcia A GonÇalves
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Biologia, Laboratório de Anatomia, Desenvolvimento Vegetal e Interações, Av. Amazonas, 20, Umuarama, 38405-302 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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12
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Beirão MV, Neves FS, Fernandes GW. Climate and plant structure determine the spatiotemporal butterfly distribution on a tropical mountain. Biotropica 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina V. Beirão
- Departamento de Genética ICB/Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Ecologia de Biomas Tropicais Ouro Preto MG Brazil
| | - Frederico S. Neves
- Departamento de Genética ICB/Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - G. Wilson Fernandes
- Departamento de Genética ICB/Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
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13
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Fagundes M, Cuevas-Reyes P, Ramos Leite LF, Borges MAZ, De Araújo WS, Fernandes GW, Siqueira WK. Diversity of Gall-Inducing Insects Associated With a Widely Distributed Tropical Tree Species: Testing the Environmental Stress Hypothesis. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:838-847. [PMID: 32667626 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic factors can affect plant performance and cause stress, which in turn affects plant-herbivore interactions. The Environmental Stress Hypothesis (ESH) predicts that gall-inducing insect diversity will be greater on host plants that grow in stressful habitats. We tested this hypothesis, considering both historical and ecological scales, using the plant Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. (Fabaceae) as a model because it has a wide geographic distribution and is a super-host of gall-inducing insects. According to the ESH, we predicted that 1) on a historical scale, the diversity of gall-inducing insects will be higher in habitats with greater environmental stress and 2) on an ecological scale, gall-inducing insect diversity will be greater on plants that possess greater levels of foliar sclerophylly. We sampled gall-inducing insects on plants of C. langsdorffii in five sites with different levels of water and soil nutrient availability and separated from each other by a distance of up to 470 km. The composition, richness, and abundance of gall-inducing insects varied among study sites. Plants located in more stressful habitats had higher levels of foliar sclerophylly; but richness and abundance of gall-inducing insects were not affected by host plant sclerophylly. Habitat stress was a good predictor of gall-inducing insect diversity on a regional scale, thus corroborating the first prediction of the ESH. No relationship was found between plant sclerophylly and gall-inducing insect diversity within habitats. Therefore, on a local scale, we did not find support for our second prediction related to the ESH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcílio Fagundes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Uso dos Recursos Naturais, Laboratório de Biologia da Conservação, DBG/CCBS/Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pablo Cuevas-Reyes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Uso dos Recursos Naturais, Laboratório de Biologia da Conservação, DBG/CCBS/Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Interacciones Bióticas, Universidad Michoacana de Sán Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P., Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Letícia F Ramos Leite
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Uso dos Recursos Naturais, Laboratório de Biologia da Conservação, DBG/CCBS/Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade, DBG/ICB/Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Magno Augusto Zazá Borges
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Uso dos Recursos Naturais, Laboratório de Biologia da Conservação, DBG/CCBS/Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Walter Santos De Araújo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Uso dos Recursos Naturais, Laboratório de Biologia da Conservação, DBG/CCBS/Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - G Wilson Fernandes
- Laboratório de Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade, DBG/ICB/Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Walisson Kenedy Siqueira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Uso dos Recursos Naturais, Laboratório de Biologia da Conservação, DBG/CCBS/Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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14
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Chen X, Yang Z, Chen H, Qi Q, Liu J, Wang C, Shao S, Lu Q, Li Y, Wu H, King-Jones K, Chen MS. A Complex Nutrient Exchange Between a Gall-Forming Aphid and Its Plant Host. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:811. [PMID: 32733495 PMCID: PMC7358401 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It has been a long-standing question as to whether the interaction between gall-forming insects and their host plants is merely parasitic or whether it may also benefit the host. On its host Rhus chinensis, the aphid Schlechtendalia chinensis induces the formation of closed galls, referred to as horned galls. Typically, mature aphid populations comprise thousands of individuals, which is sufficient to cause the accumulation of high CO2 levels in galls (on average 8-fold higher and up to 16 times than atmospheric levels). Large aphid populations also excrete significant amounts of honeydew, a waste product high in sugars. Based on 13C isotope tracing and genomic analyses, we showed that aphid-derived carbon found in CO2 and honeydew was recycled in gall tissues via photosynthesis and glycometabolism. These results indicated that the aphid-gall system evolved in a manner that allowed nutrient recycling, where the gall provides nutrients to the growing aphid population, and in turn, aphid-derived carbon metabolites provide a resource for the growth of the gall. The metabolic efficiency of this self-circulating system indicates that the input needed from the host plant to maintain aphid population growth less than previously thought and possibly minimal. Aside from the recycling of nutrients, we also found that gall metabolites were transported to other parts of the host plant and is particularly beneficial for leaves growing adjacent to the gall. Taken together, galls in the S. chinensis-Rhus chinensis system are highly specialized structures that serve as a metabolic and nutrient exchange hub that benefits both the aphid and its host plant. As such, host plants provide both shelter and nutrients to protect and sustain aphid populations, and in return, aphid-derived metabolites are channeled back to the host plant and thus provide a certain degree of "metabolic compensation" for their caloric and structural needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Chen
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming, China
| | - Zixiang Yang
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming, China
| | - Hang Chen
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming, China
| | - Qian Qi
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Shuxia Shao
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming, China
| | - Qin Lu
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming, China
| | - Yang Li
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China
| | - Haixia Wu
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming, China
| | - Kirst King-Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ming-Shun Chen
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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15
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Amada G, Kobayashi K, Izuno A, Mukai M, Ostertag R, Kitayama K, Onoda Y. Leaf trichomes in Metrosideros polymorpha can contribute to avoiding extra water stress by impeding gall formation. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 125:533-542. [PMID: 31784739 PMCID: PMC7061171 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plants inhabiting arid environments tend to have leaf trichomes, but their adaptive significance remains unclear. Leaf trichomes are known to play a role in plant defence against herbivores, including gall makers. Because gall formation can increase water loss partly through increased surface area, we tested the novel hypothesis that leaf trichomes could contribute to avoiding extra water stress by impeding gall formation, which would have adaptive advantages in arid environments. METHODS We focused on Metrosideros polymorpha, an endemic tree species in the Hawaiian Islands, whose leaves often suffer from galls formed by specialist insects, Hawaiian psyllids (Pariaconus spp.). There is large variation in the amount of leaf trichomes (0-40 % of leaf mass) in M. polymorpha. Three gall types are found on the island of Hawaii: the largest is the 'cone' type, followed by 'flat' and 'pit' types. We conducted laboratory experiments to quantify the extent to which gall formation is associated with leaf water relations. We also conducted a field census of 1779 individuals from 48 populations across the entire range of habitats of M. polymorpha on the island of Hawaii to evaluate associations between gall formation (presence and abundance) and the amount of leaf trichomes. KEY RESULTS Our laboratory experiment showed that leaf minimum conductance was significantly higher in leaves with a greater number of cone- or flat-type galls but not pit-type galls. Our field census suggested that the amount of trichomes was negatively associated with probabilities of the presence of cone- or flat-type galls but not pit-type galls, irrespective of environmental factors. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that leaf trichomes in M. polymorpha can contribute to the avoidance of extra water stress through interactions with some gall-making species, and potentially increase the fitness of plants under arid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaku Amada
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keito Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ayako Izuno
- Department of Forest Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mana Mukai
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Rebecca Ostertag
- Department of Biology, University of Hawai‘i at Hilo, 200 W. Kāwili St. Hilo, HI, USA
| | - Kanehiro Kitayama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Onoda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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16
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Microenvironmental analysis of two alternating hosts and their impact on the ecological adaptation of the horned sumac gall aphid Schlechtendalia chinensis (Hemiptera, Pemphiginae). Sci Rep 2020; 10:435. [PMID: 31949256 PMCID: PMC6965192 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57138-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The aphid Schlechtendalia chinensis(Bell) induces horned galls on their primary host Rhus chinensis(Mill). These galls serve as closed habitats to support thousands of aphids per gall. Ecological parameters inside a gall are unknown. In this study, we showed that the microclimate inside galls was reltively stable, with nearly 100% humidity and 30–50 lux light regardless of outside environmental conditions. Gall-residing aphids produce waste gas and honeydew. A gall contained 26 organic volatiles inside with acetic acid as the largest component. Honeydew is rich in sugars and may provide nutrients for microbial growth. However, no evidence for pathogenic microorganisms was found inside a gall. The acidic environment in a gall may curb microbial growth. On the secondary host, the moss Plagiomnium maximoviczii (Lindb.) T. J. Kop., the microclimate is unstable and humidity fluctuated at 45~100%, while light ranged from 150 to 500 lux on different environmental conditions. Aphid alternated in two different habitats, the gall generation increased from a single fundatrix to thousands of aphids, however, survival rate of the moss generation is less 3%. A comparison of the environmental traits between gall and moss revealed that a stable habitat with dark and moist is advantageous for aphid reproduction.
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17
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Ramos LF, Solar RRC, Santos HT, Fagundes M. Variation in community structure of gall-inducing insects associated with a tropical plant supports the hypothesis of competition in stressful habitats. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:13919-13930. [PMID: 31938491 PMCID: PMC6953684 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors act as drivers of species coexistence or competition. Mesic environments favor the action of parasites and predators on gall communities, while the factors that determine the structure of gall communities in xeric environments remain unknown. We evaluated the structure of gall communities along an environmental gradient defined by intrinsic plant characteristics, soil fertility, and aridity, and investigated the role of competition as a structuring force of gall communities in xeric environments. We created null models to compare observed and simulated patterns of co-occurrence of galls and used the C-score index to assess community aggregation or segregation. We used the NES C-score (standardized C-score) to compare patterns of co-occurrence with parameters of environmental quality. Xeric environments had poorer and more arid soils and more sclerophyllous plants than mesic environments, which was reflected in the distribution patterns of gall communities. Values of the C-score index revealed a segregated distribution of gall morphospecies in xeric environments, but a random distribution in mesic environments. The low availability of resources for oviposition and the high density of gallers in xeric environments reinforce interspecific competition as an important structuring force for gall communities in these environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia F. Ramos
- Programa de Pós Graduação em EcologiaManejo e Conservação da Vida SilvestreUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biodiversidade e Uso dos Recursos NaturaisUniversidade Estadual de Montes ClarosMontes ClarosBrazil
| | - Ricardo R. C. Solar
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e EvoluçãoInstituto de Ciências BiológicasUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrazil
| | - Henrique T. Santos
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biodiversidade e Uso dos Recursos NaturaisUniversidade Estadual de Montes ClarosMontes ClarosBrazil
| | - Marcilio Fagundes
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biodiversidade e Uso dos Recursos NaturaisUniversidade Estadual de Montes ClarosMontes ClarosBrazil
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18
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Castro DMP, Callisto M, Solar RRC, Macedo DR, Fernandes GW. Beta diversity of aquatic invertebrates increases along an altitudinal gradient in a Neotropical mountain. Biotropica 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego M. P. Castro
- Departamento de Biologia GeralInstituto de Ciências BiológicasUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Marcos Callisto
- Departamento de Biologia GeralInstituto de Ciências BiológicasUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Ricardo R. C. Solar
- Departamento de Biologia GeralInstituto de Ciências BiológicasUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Diego R. Macedo
- Departamento de GeografiaInstituto de GeociênciasUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Geraldo W. Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia GeralInstituto de Ciências BiológicasUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais Brazil
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19
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Community structure of gall-inducing insects associated with a tropical shrub: regional, local and individual patterns. Trop Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42965-019-00010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Matilde-Silva M, Boeger MRT, Melo Júnior JCFD. O vigor da planta altera a densidade de galhas em populações de Baccharis longiattenuata (Asteraceae) sob distintas condições de solo? RODRIGUÉSIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/2175-7860201970018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Resumo A hipótese do vigor da planta sugere que plantas mais vigorosas suportam maior densidade de galhas. Este estudo avaliou tal hipótese utilizando o sistema ácaro-Baccharis longiattenuata em duas populações de restinga sob condições ambientais distintas. As medidas de vigor incluíram: altura e diâmetro do caule, volume e área da copa, número de folhas por ramo, teor de nitrogênio e área específica foliar. Os resultados evidenciaram o efeito do vigor sobre a densidade de galhas. Além do vigor da planta, outros fatores podem ter influenciado indiretamente no padrão observado. O maior aporte hídrico em restinga arbustivo-arbórea pode influenciar nas taxas de crescimento e formação de sítios meristemáticos, alterando a dinâmica galhador-hospedeiro. Diferente do esperado pela literatura, a população com folhas menos esclerófilas apresentou maior densidade de galhas. Por outro lado, em restinga arbustiva, os menores valores de AEF, em resposta à alta incidência luminosa e menor disponibilidade hídrica no solo, podem ter influenciado a maior densidade de ácaros por galha. Folhas mais esclerófilas e longevas favorecem o tempo de permanência de fêmeas na galha, aumentando a densidade de ácaros por galha neste ambiente. É apresentada uma discussão sobre as condições ambientais que podem moldar o padrão de distribuição das galhas encontrado.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiara Matilde-Silva
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brasil; Universidade da Região de Joinville, Brasil
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Šigut M, Šigutová H, Šipoš J, Pyszko P, Kotásková N, Drozd P. Vertical canopy gradient shaping the stratification of leaf-chewer-parasitoid interactions in a temperate forest. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:7297-7311. [PMID: 30151150 PMCID: PMC6106176 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge about herbivores and their parasitoids in forest canopies remains limited, despite their diversity and ecological importance. Thus, it is important to understand the factors that shape the herbivore-parasitoid community structure, particularly the effect of vertical gradient. We investigated a quantitative community dataset of exposed and semiconcealed leaf-chewing larvae and their parasitoids along a vertical canopy gradient in a temperate forest. We sampled target insects using an elevated work platform in a 0.2 ha broadleaf deciduous forest plot in the Czech Republic. We analyzed the effect of vertical position among three canopy levels (first [lowest], second [middle], and third [highest]) and tree species on community descriptors (density, diversity, and parasitism rate) and food web structure. We also analyzed vertical patterns in density and parasitism rate between exposed and semiconcealed hosts, and the vertical preference of the most abundant parasitoid taxa in relation to their host specificity. Tree species was an important determinant of all community descriptors and food web structure. Insect density and diversity varied with the vertical gradient, but was only significant for hosts. Both host guilds were most abundant in the second level, but only the density of exposed hosts declined in the third level. Parasitism rate decreased from the first to third level. The overall parasitism rate did not differ between guilds, but semiconcealed hosts suffered lower parasitism in the third level. Less host-specific taxa (Ichneumonidae, Braconidae) operated more frequently lower in the canopy, whereas more host-specific Tachinidae followed their host distribution. The most host-specific Chalcidoidea preferred the third level. Vertical stratification of insect density, diversity, and parasitism rate was most pronounced in the tallest tree species. Therefore, our study contradicts the general paradigm of weak arthropod stratification in temperate forest canopies. However, in the network structure, vertical variation might be superseded by variation among tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Šigut
- Department of Biology and EcologyUniversity of OstravaOstravaCzech Republic
- Institute of Environmental TechnologiesUniversity of OstravaOstravaCzech Republic
| | - Hana Šigutová
- Institute of Environmental TechnologiesUniversity of OstravaOstravaCzech Republic
| | - Jan Šipoš
- Department of Biology and EcologyUniversity of OstravaOstravaCzech Republic
- Department of Vegetation EcologyInstitute of Botany CASBrnoCzech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and ApicultureMendel University in BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Petr Pyszko
- Department of Biology and EcologyUniversity of OstravaOstravaCzech Republic
- Institute of Environmental TechnologiesUniversity of OstravaOstravaCzech Republic
| | - Nela Kotásková
- Department of Biology and EcologyUniversity of OstravaOstravaCzech Republic
| | - Pavel Drozd
- Department of Biology and EcologyUniversity of OstravaOstravaCzech Republic
- Institute of Environmental TechnologiesUniversity of OstravaOstravaCzech Republic
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22
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Adroit B, Girard V, Kunzmann L, Terral JF, Wappler T. Plant-insect interactions patterns in three European paleoforests of the late-Neogene-early-Quaternary. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5075. [PMID: 29942705 PMCID: PMC6015487 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants and insects are constantly interacting in complex ways through forest communities since hundreds of millions of years. Those interactions are often related to variations in the climate. Climate change, due to human activities, may have disturbed these relationships in modern ecosystems. Fossil leaf assemblages are thus good opportunities to survey responses of plant-insect interactions to climate variations over the time. The goal of this study is to discuss the possible causes of the differences of plant-insect interactions' patterns in European paleoforests from the Neogene-Quaternary transition. This was accomplished through three fossil leaf assemblages: Willershausen, Berga (both from the late Neogene of Germany) and Bernasso (from the early Quaternary of France). In Willershausen it has been measured that half of the leaves presented insect interactions, 35% of the fossil leaves were impacted by insects in Bernasso and only 25% in Berga. The largest proportion of these interactions in Bernasso were categorized as specialist (mainly due to galling) while in Willershausen and Berga those ones were significantly more generalist. Contrary to previous studies, this study did not support the hypothesis that the mean annual precipitation and temperature were the main factors that impacted the different plant-insect interactions' patterns. However, for the first time, our results tend to support that the hydric seasonality and the mean temperature of the coolest months could be potential factors influencing fossil plant-insect interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Adroit
- Steinmann Institute for Geology, Mineralogy and Palaeontology, Division Palaeontology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution, UMR 5554, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Girard
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution, UMR 5554, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Lutz Kunzmann
- Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jean-Frédéric Terral
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution, UMR 5554, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Torsten Wappler
- Steinmann Institute for Geology, Mineralogy and Palaeontology, Division Palaeontology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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23
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Ascendino S, Maia VC. Insects galls of Pantanal areas in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil: characterization and occurrence. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2018; 90:1543-1564. [PMID: 29791563 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Two Pantanal areas were investigated in Corumbá, Mato Grosso do Sul. The field works were carried out in five trails, in August and December/2011 and April/2012. Seventy-six gall morphotypes were found in 52 host plants, 22 of them were identified at species level and 30 at genus. Fabaceae, Myrtaceae and Sapindaceae were the plant families with the greatest richness of gall. Leaves were the plant organ with the greatest gall richness. Six gall shapes were found - globoid, lenticular, fusiform, cylindrical, conical, and marginal roll. The three first were the most common. Five colors were observed - green, brown, red, yellow, and black. Green and brown predominated. Most were glabrous and one-chambered. These features have been indicated in several Brazilian biomes. Diptera (Cecidomyiidae) were the most frequent gallers. The associated fauna comprised parasitoids (Eulophidae, Braconidae, Eupelmidae, Eurytomidae, Platygastridae, and Pteromalidae), inquilines (Cecidomyiidae: Trotteria Kieffer, 1902, Hymenoptera: Tanaostigmoides Ashmead, 1896, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera and Thysanoptera) and predators (Pseudoscorpionida: Olpiolum medium Beier, 1931, Cecidomyiidae: Lestodiplosini and Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Parasitoids were the most frequent. Multiparatism was observed. Our data represent the first contribution to the knowledge of the associated fauna in the Pantanal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharlene Ascendino
- Museu Nacional, Depto. Entomologia, Quinta da Boa Vista, s/n, São Cristóvão, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Valéria C Maia
- Museu Nacional, Depto. Entomologia, Quinta da Boa Vista, s/n, São Cristóvão, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Coelho MS, Carneiro MAA, Branco CA, Borges RAX, Fernandes GW. Species turnover drives β-diversity patterns across multiple spatial scales of plant-galling interactions in mountaintop grasslands. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195565. [PMID: 29775458 PMCID: PMC5959069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes differences in species richness and composition of the assemblages of galling insects and their host plants at different spatial scales. Sampling was conducted along altitudinal gradients composed of campos rupestres and campos de altitude of two mountain complexes in southeastern Brazil: Espinhaço Range and Mantiqueira Range. The following hypotheses were tested: i) local and regional richness of host plants and galling insects are positively correlated; ii) beta diversity is the most important component of regional diversity of host plants and galling insects; and iii) Turnover is the main mechanism driving beta diversity of both host plants and galling insects. Local richness of galling insects and host plants increased with increasing regional richness of species, suggesting a pattern of unsaturated communities. The additive partition of regional richness (γ) into local and beta components shows that local richnesses (α) of species of galling insects and host plants are low relative to regional richness; the beta (β) component incorporates most of the regional richness. The multi-scale analysis of additive partitioning showed similar patterns for galling insects and host plants with the local component (α) incorporated a small part of regional richness. Beta diversity of galling insects and host plants were mainly the result of turnover, with little contribution from nesting. Although the species composition of galling insects and host plant species varied among sample sites, mountains and even mountain ranges, local richness remained relatively low. In this way, the addition of local habitats with different landscapes substantially affects regional richness. Each mountain contributes fundamentally to the composition of regional diversity of galling insects and host plants, and so the design of future conservation strategies should incorporate multiple scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Serra Coelho
- Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade, DBG, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratory of Phenology, Department of Botany, IB UNESP, UNESP Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Marco Antônio Alves Carneiro
- Laboratório de Entomologia Ecológica/DEBIO, ICEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cristina Alves Branco
- Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade, DBG, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Geraldo Wilson Fernandes
- Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade, DBG, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Brito GP, Costa EC, Carvalho-Fernandes SP, Santos-Silva J. Riqueza de galhas de insetos em áreas de Caatinga com diferentes graus de antropização do estado da Bahia, Brasil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4766e2018003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
RESUMO O conhecimento sobre galhas de insetos da Caatinga ainda é fragmentado, com grande parte do esforço científico concentrado em alguns poucos pontos nos estados de Pernambuco e Bahia. Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a ocorrência de galhas entomógenas e realizar sua caracterização morfológica em áreas de Caatinga de Ibiassucê, Estado da Bahia, com diferentes intensidades de ação antrópica. Foram selecionadas três áreas com base nos seus diferentes graus de antropização. Em cada área amostrada foram estabelecidas quatro parcelas aleatórias de 10 m2 cada, com 10 m de distância entre si, perfazendo um total de 12 parcelas nos ambientes. Foram registrados 20 morfotipos de galhas distribuídos em nove espécies vegetais pertencentes a oito famílias. A maior riqueza de galhas foi encontrada nas áreas intermediárias (n=8), seguida das áreas antropizadas (n=7) e preservadas (n=5). Galhas globoides, marrons, com apenas uma câmara, glabras e disseminadas separadamente foram as mais frequentes. Lepidoptera, Coleoptera e Diptera (Cecidomyiidae) foram as ordens galhadoras. Os resultados aqui apresentados demonstram a importância desse tipo estudo e evidenciam a necessidade da realização de inventários de galhas em áreas pouco ou não amostradas da Caatinga.
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Bonsignore CP, Bernardo U. Effects of environmental parameters on the chestnut gall wasp and its complex of indigenous parasitoids. Naturwissenschaften 2018; 105:20. [PMID: 29500544 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-018-1545-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The chestnut gall wasp (CGW), Dryocosmus kuriphilus, an invasive pest native to China, has caused severe yield and economic losses to chestnut production in Europe since its arrival in 2002. In Southern Italy, the complex of indigenous parasitoids colonizing CGW was monitored between 2013 and 2015, with the aim of estimating the composition of the indigenous parasitoid complex, its ability to control CGW populations, and the interactions of both factors with several measured environmental parameters. We compared results among three differently managed field types. Results showed an increase in the rate of parasitism both when the host population density was lower and in unmanaged chestnut stands with more natural conditions. The percentage of parasitism in galls was related to morphological traits of the galls and to higher seasonal temperatures, which reduced the parasitism intensity because CGW develops earlier under such conditions. The host-parasitoid mortality inside galls varied among sites and was associated mostly with rot fungi during wet spring and summer months. Parasitoid species richness was similar among the study sites, but the proportion of parasitoid species differed between orchards and unmanaged coppice stands. The timing of attack by parasitoids followed a species-specific successional sequence throughout the larva-to-adult life cycle of the CGW. These interactions should be considered in future research on trophic relationships and when modeling invasive scenarios for new pest species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Peter Bonsignore
- Laboratorio di Entomologia ed Ecologia Applicata, Dipartimento Patrimonio, Architettura, Urbanistica, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Salita Melissari, Reggio Calabria, Italy.
| | - Umberto Bernardo
- CNR, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, SS of Portici, Portici, NA, Italy
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Stiegel S, Mantilla-Contreras J. Environment vs. Plant Ontogeny: Arthropod Herbivory Patterns on European Beech Leaves along the Vertical Gradient of Temperate Forests in Central Germany. INSECTS 2018; 9:E9. [PMID: 29373542 PMCID: PMC5872274 DOI: 10.3390/insects9010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Environmental and leaf trait effects on herbivory are supposed to vary among different feeding guilds. Herbivores also show variability in their preferences for plant ontogenetic stages. Along the vertical forest gradient, environmental conditions change, and trees represent juvenile and adult individuals in the understorey and canopy, respectively. This study was conducted in ten forests sites in Central Germany for the enrichment of canopy research in temperate forests. Arthropod herbivory of different feeding traces was surveyed on leaves of Fagus sylvatica Linnaeus (European beech; Fagaceae) in three strata. Effects of microclimate, leaf traits, and plant ontogenetic stage were analyzed as determining parameters for herbivory. The highest herbivory was caused by exophagous feeding traces. Herbivore attack levels varied along the vertical forest gradient for most feeding traces with distinct patterns. If differences of herbivory levels were present, they only occurred between juvenile and adult F. sylvatica individuals, but not between the lower and upper canopy. In contrast, differences of microclimate and important leaf traits were present between the lower and upper canopy. In conclusion, the plant ontogenetic stage had a stronger effect on herbivory than microclimate or leaf traits along the vertical forest gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Stiegel
- Ecology and Environmental Education Group, Institute of Biology and Chemistry, University of Hildesheim, 31141 Hildesheim, Germany.
| | - Jasmin Mantilla-Contreras
- Ecology and Environmental Education Group, Institute of Biology and Chemistry, University of Hildesheim, 31141 Hildesheim, Germany
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Fernandez-Conradi P, Borowiec N, Capdevielle X, Castagneyrol B, Maltoni A, Robin C, Selvi F, Van Halder I, Vétillard F, Jactel H. Plant neighbour identity and invasive pathogen infection affect associational resistance to an invasive gall wasp. Biol Invasions 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-017-1637-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Coelho MS, Carneiro MAA, Branco CA, Borges RAX, Fernandes GW. Galling Insects of the Brazilian Páramos: Species Richness and Composition Along High-Altitude Grasslands. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:1243-1253. [PMID: 29087532 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we investigated the factors that determine the distribution of galling insects in high-altitude grasslands, locally called 'campos de altitude' of Mantiqueira Range and tested whether 1) richness of galling insects decreases with altitude, 2) galling insect richness increases with plant richness, 3) variation in galling insect diversity is predominantly a consequence of its β component, and 4) turnover is the main mechanism driving the beta diversity of both galling insects and plants. Galling insect richness did not exhibit a negative relationship with altitude, but it did increase with plant richness. The additive partition of regional richness (γ) into its local and beta components showed that local diversity (α) of galling insects and plants was relatively low in relation to regional diversity; the β component incorporated most of the regional diversity. This pattern was also found in the multiscale analysis of the additive partition for galling insects and plants. The beta diversity of galling insects and plants was driven predominantly by the process of turnover and minimally by nesting. The results reported here point out that the spatial distribution of galling insects is best explained by historical factors, such as the distribution of genera and species of key host plants, as well as their relation to habitat, than ecological effects such as hygrothermal stress - here represented by altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel S Coelho
- Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade/DBG, ICB/Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Fenologia, Departamento de Botânica, IB UNESP/UNESP Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil
| | | | - Cristina A Branco
- Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade/DBG, ICB/Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - G Wilson Fernandes
- Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade/DBG, ICB/Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Affiliation(s)
- Denon Start
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Univ. of Toronto; Toronto, ON M5S 3B3 Canada
| | - Benjamin Gilbert
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Univ. of Toronto; Toronto, ON M5S 3B3 Canada
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Selfridge JA, Frye CT, Gibbs J, Jean RP. The Bee Fauna of Inland Sand Dune and Ridge Woodland Communities in Worcester County, Maryland. Northeast Nat (Steuben) 2017. [DOI: 10.1656/045.024.0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Selfridge
- Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Wildlife and Heritage Service, Natural Heritage Program, 909 Wye Mills Road, Wye Mills, MD 21601
| | - Christopher T. Frye
- Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Wildlife and Heritage Service, Natural Heritage Program, 909 Wye Mills Road, Wye Mills, MD 21601
| | - Jason Gibbs
- University of Manitoba, Department of Entomology, Wallis Roughley Museum of Entomology, 214 Animal Science/ Entomology Building, 12 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Robert P. Jean
- Environmental Solutions & Innovations, Inc., 1811 Executive Drive, Suites C–D, Indianapolis, IN 46241
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Phylogenetics of Australasian gall flies (Diptera: Fergusoninidae): Evolutionary patterns of host-shifting and gall morphology. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 115:140-160. [PMID: 28757445 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated host-specificity and phylogenetic relationships in Australian galling flies, Fergusonina Malloch (Diptera: Fergusoninidae), in order to assess diversity and explore the evolutionary history of host plant affiliation and gall morphology. A DNA barcoding approach using COI data from 203 Fergusonina specimens from 5gall types on 56 host plant species indicated 85 presumptive fly species. These exhibited a high degree of host specificity; of the 40 species with multiple representatives, each fed only on a single host genus, 29 (72.5%) were strictly monophagous, and 11 (27.5%) were reared from multiple closely related hosts. COI variation within species was not correlated with either sample size or geographic distance. However variation was greater within oligophagous species, consistent with expectations of the initial stages of host-associated divergence during speciation. Phylogenetic analysis using both nuclear and mitochondrial genes revealed host genus-restricted clades but also clear evidence of multiple colonizations of both host plant genus and host species. With the exception of unilocular peagalls, evolution of gall type was somewhat constrained, but to a lesser degree than host plant association. Unilocular peagalls arose more often than any other gall type, were primarily located at the tips of the phylogeny, and did not form clades comprising more than a few species. For ecological reasons, species of this gall type are predicted to harbor substantially less genetic variation than others, possibly reducing evolutionary flexibility resulting in reduced diversification in unilocular gallers.
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MAIA VALÉRIAC, MASCARENHAS BERNARDO. Insect Galls of the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Southeast Region, Brazil). AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2017; 89:505-575. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201720160877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Kelch NS, Neves FS, Fernandes GW, Wirth R. Mechanisms Driving Galling Success in a Fragmented Landscape: Synergy of Habitat and Top-Down Factors along Temperate Forest Edges. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157448. [PMID: 27310599 PMCID: PMC4910982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Edge effects play key roles in the anthropogenic transformation of forested ecosystems and their biota, and are therefore a prime field of contemporary fragmentation research. We present the first empirical study to address edge effects on the population level of a widespread galling herbivore in a temperate deciduous forest. By analyzing edge effects on abundance and trophic interactions of beech gall midge (Mikiola fagi Htg.), we found 30% higher gall abundance in the edge habitat as well as lower mortality rates due to decreased top-down control, especially by parasitoids. Two GLM models with similar explanatory power (58%) identified habitat specific traits (such as canopy closure and altitude) and parasitism as the best predictors of gall abundance. Further analyses revealed a crucial influence of light exposure (46%) on top-down control by the parasitoid complex. Guided by a conceptual framework synthesizing the key factors driving gall density, we conclude that forest edge proliferation of M. fagi is due to a complex interplay of abiotic changes and trophic control mechanisms. Most prominently, it is caused by the microclimatic regime in forest edges, acting alone or in synergistic concert with top-down pressure by parasitoids. Contrary to the prevailing notion that specialists are edge-sensitive, this turns M. fagi into a winner species in fragmented temperate beech forests. In view of the increasing proportion of edge habitats and the documented benefits from edge microclimate, we call for investigations exploring the pest status of this galling insect and the modulators of its biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina-S. Kelch
- Plant Ecology & Systematics, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Frederico S. Neves
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciéncias Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais—UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - G. Wilson Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciéncias Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais—UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Rainer Wirth
- Plant Ecology & Systematics, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Ribeiro SP, Basset Y. Effects of sclerophylly and host choice on gall densities and herbivory distribution in an Australian subtropical forest. AUSTRAL ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sérvio P. Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology of Canopy Insects, Department of Biodiversity Evolution and Environment; ICEB/Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto; Ouro Preto Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Yves Basset
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Panama City Panama
- Biological Faculty; University of South Bohemia; Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
- Universidad de Panama; Maestria de Entomologia; Panama City Panama
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Oliveira DC, Isaias RMS, Fernandes GW, Ferreira BG, Carneiro RGS, Fuzaro L. Manipulation of host plant cells and tissues by gall-inducing insects and adaptive strategies used by different feeding guilds. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 84:103-113. [PMID: 26620152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Biologists who study insect-induced plant galls are faced with the overwhelming diversity of plant forms and insect species. A challenge is to find common themes amidst this diversity. We discuss common themes that have emerged from our cytological and histochemical studies of diverse neotropical insect-induced galls. Gall initiation begins with recognition of reactive plant tissues by gall inducers, with subsequent feeding and/or oviposition triggering a cascade of events. Besides, to induce the gall structure insects have to synchronize their life cycle with plant host phenology. We predict that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a role in gall induction, development and histochemical gradient formation. Controlled levels of ROS mediate the accumulation of (poly)phenols, and phytohormones (such as auxin) at gall sites, which contributes to the new cell developmental pathways and biochemical alterations that lead to gall formation. The classical idea of an insect-induced gall is a chamber lined with a nutritive tissue that is occupied by an insect that directly harvests nutrients from nutritive cells via its mouthparts, which function mechanically and/or as a delivery system for salivary secretions. By studying diverse gall-inducing insects we have discovered that insects with needle-like sucking mouthparts may also induce a nutritive tissue, whose nutrients are indirectly harvested as the gall-inducing insects feeds on adjacent vascular tissues. Activity of carbohydrate-related enzymes across diverse galls corroborates this hypothesis. Our research points to the importance of cytological and histochemical studies for elucidating mechanisms of induced susceptibility and induced resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Instituto de Biologia (INBIO), Campus Umuarama, Caixa Postal 593, Av. Pará 1720, CEP 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
| | - R M S Isaias
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - G W Fernandes
- Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade/DBG, ICB/Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CP 486, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - B G Ferreira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - R G S Carneiro
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas 1, Departamento de Botânica, Sala 203. Avenida Esperança, s/n, Câmpus Samambaia. CEP 74.690-900 Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | - L Fuzaro
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Instituto de Biologia (INBIO), Campus Umuarama, Caixa Postal 593, Av. Pará 1720, CEP 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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Schachat SR, Labandeira CC. Evolution of a complex behavior: the origin and initial diversification of foliar galling by Permian insects. Naturwissenschaften 2015; 102:14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-015-1266-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Malcolm M, Oggero AJ, Arana MD, Tordable MDC, Boito GT. Los insectos galícolas en Schinus fasciculata (Anacardiaceae) en el Espinal del centro de Argentina. IHERINGIA. SERIE ZOOLOGIA 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-476620151051133139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
La más compleja de las interacciones que plantas e insectos han desarrollado durante el transcurso de su evolución, son las agallas. Las especies de insectos galícolas se encuentran en la mayoría de las regiones biogeográficas, principalmente en ambientes xéricos, de los cuales un ejemplo lo constituye la ecorregión del Espinal, ubicada en la Provincia Biogeográfica de la Pampa, Subregión Chaqueña. Schinus fasciculata (Griseb.) I.M. Johnst. (Anacardiaceae) es una especie arbórea o arbustiva representativa de la ecorregión del Espinal que presenta diversas agallas entomógenas. Los objetivos del presente trabajo son identificar las especies de insectos que producen agallas en hojas y tallos de Schinus fasciculata en un relicto de Espinal de la provincia de Córdoba y caracterizar exomorfológicamente las agallas. Se seleccionaron 18 ejemplares de S. fasciculata distribuidos en cuatro transectas de 100 m2. Se caracterizaron cinco morfotipos de agallas, tres en hojas, inducidas por insectos del orden Hemiptera y dos en tallos, originadas por insectos del orden Lepidoptera. Los insectos productores de las mismas fueron identificados a nivel de especie y los distintos morfotipos de agallas fueron únicos para cada especie de insecto inductor.
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Julião GR, Venticinque EM, Fernandes GW, Price PW. Unexpected high diversity of galling insects in the Amazonian upper canopy: the savanna out there. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114986. [PMID: 25551769 PMCID: PMC4281248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A relatively large number of studies reassert the strong relationship between galling insect diversity and extreme hydric and thermal status in some habitats, and an overall pattern of a greater number of galling species in the understory of scleromorphic vegetation. We compared galling insect diversity in the forest canopy and its relationship with tree richness among upland terra firme, várzea, and igapó floodplains in Amazonia, Brazil. The soils of these forest types have highly different hydric and nutritional status. Overall, we examined the upper layer of 1,091 tree crowns. Galling species richness and abundance were higher in terra firme forests compared to várzea and igapó forests. GLM-ANCOVA models revealed that the number of tree species sampled in each forest type was determinant in the gall-forming insect diversity. The ratio between galling insect richness and number of tree species sampled (GIR/TSS ratio) was higher in the terra firme forest and in seasonally flooded igapó, while the várzea presented the lowest GIR/TSS ratio. In this study, we recorded unprecedented values of galling species diversity and abundance per sampling point. The GIR/TSS ratio from várzea was approximately 2.5 times higher than the highest value of this ratio ever reported in the literature. Based on this fact, we ascertained that várzea and igapó floodplain forests (with lower GIA and GIR), together with the speciose terra firme galling community emerge as the gall diversity apex landscape among all biogeographic regions already investigated. Contrary to expectation, our results also support the "harsh environment hypothesis", and unveil the Amazonian upper canopy as similar to Mediterranean vegetation habitats, hygrothermically stressed environments with leaf temperature at lethal limits and high levels of leaf sclerophylly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genimar R. Julião
- Coordenação de Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa da Amazonia (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Fiocruz Rondônia, Laboratório de Entomologia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M. Venticinque
- Departamento de Ecologia, CB/Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - G. Wilson Fernandes
- Ecologia Evolutiva e Biodiversidade/DBG, C P 486, ICB/Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter W. Price
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
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Leckey EH, Smith DM, Nufio CR, Fornash KF. Oak-insect herbivore interactions along a temperature and precipitation gradient. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Frye JA, Frye CT, Suman TW. The Ant Fauna of Inland Sand Dune Communities in Worcester County, Maryland. Northeast Nat (Steuben) 2014. [DOI: 10.1656/045.021.0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gilbert JDJ. Thrips domiciles protect larvae from desiccation in an arid environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 25:1338-1346. [PMID: 25419084 PMCID: PMC4235581 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/aru128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Desiccation is a particular risk for small animals in arid environments. In response, many organisms "construct niches," favorable microenvironments where they spend part or all of their life cycle. Some maintain such environments for their offspring via parental care. Insect eggs are often protected from desiccation by parentally derived gels, casings, or cocoons, but active parental protection of offspring from desiccation has never been demonstrated. Most free-living thrips (Thysanoptera) alleviate water loss via thigmotaxis (crevice seeking). In arid Australia, Acacia thrips (Phlaeothripidae) construct many kinds of niche. Some thrips induce galls; others, like Dunatothrips aneurae, live and breed within "domiciles" made from loosely glued phyllodes. The function of domiciles is unknown; like other constructed niches, they may 1) create favorable microenvironments, 2) facilitate feeding, 3) protect from enemies, or a combination. To test the first 2 alternatives experimentally, field-collected domiciles were destroyed or left intact. Seven-day survival of feeding and nonfeeding larval stages was monitored at high (70-80%) or low (8-10%, approximately ambient) humidity. Regardless of humidity, most individuals survived in intact domiciles, whereas for destroyed domiciles, survival depended on humidity, suggesting parents construct and maintain domiciles to prevent offspring desiccating. Feeding and nonfeeding larvae had similar survival patterns, suggesting the domicile's role is not nutritional. Outside domiciles, survival at "high" humidity was intermediate, suggesting very high humidity requirements, or energetic costs of wandering outside domiciles. D. aneurae commonly cofound domiciles; cofoundresses may benefit both from shared nestbuilding costs, and from "deferred byproduct mutualism," that is, backup parental care in case of mortality.
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Guimarães ALA, Cruz SMS, Vieira ACM. Structure of floral galls of Byrsonima sericea (Malpighiaceae) induced by Bruggmanniella byrsonimae (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) and their effects on host plants. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2014; 16:467-75. [PMID: 23890089 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Galls are anomalies in plant development from parasitic origin, and affect cellular differentiation or growth of plants. This parasite-plant interaction occurs in many environments and typically in vegetative organs of plants. The existence of galls in reproductive organs and their effects on the host plant are seldom described in the literature. In this paper, we present a novel study of galls in plants of the neotropical region. Galls of Bruggmmaniella byrsonimae develop in the flower buds of Byrsonima sericea DC. (Malpighiaceae) and affect development of the reproductive organs and the reproductive effort of these plants. The sepals and petals show hypertrophy of parenchyma tissues after differentiation, and the stamens exhibit degeneration of the sporogenic tissue. The gynoecium is not entirely developed; ovary and ovules are often absent. Changes in vascular tissues are also frequent, which may indicate high demand for nutrient resources by the new tissues initiated by the larva. We compared the amount of inflorescences, galls and fruits to evaluate possible effects on host reproduction. The results suggest that the Cecidomyiidae galls in flower organs affect fruit set and the reproductive success of B. sericea.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L A Guimarães
- Laboratório de Farmacobotânica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Maia VC. Insect galls of Itamonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil): characterization and occurrence. BIOTA NEOTROPICA 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s1676-06033839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Three sites of Itamonte (Minas Gerais) were investigated for insect galls from September, 2011 to July, 2012, seasonally. One-hundred and one morphotypes of insect galls were recorded on 63 species of host plant (45 genera and 23 families). Melastomataceae was the most galled plant family, followed by Asteraceae and Myrtaceae. Galls were recorded on leaves, stems, buds, and aerial roots. Leaves were the most galled plant organ. The gall morphotypes were characterized according to their shape, color, pubescence, and number of internal chambers. Globose and fusiform galls were the most frequent. The majority was glabrous and one-chambered. The gallers comprised three insect orders: Diptera (Cecidomyiidae and Tephritidae), Hemiptera, and Lepidoptera. Cecidomyiidae were the most frequent galling taxa. Parasitoids (Hymenoptera) were obtained from six morphotypes (ca. 6% of the total). The results are compared to those of other Brazilian insect gall inventories. As there is no previous gall inventory in Itamonte, all records presented here are new.
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Abstract
Six localities of São Tomé das Letras (MG, Brazil) were investigated from September, 2011 to June, 2012. The local vegetation was examined in search of insect galls. A total of 152 morphotypes of insect galls were found on 94 plant species (74 genera and 37 families). Fabaceae, Melastomataceae, Myrtaceae, and Asteraceae were the plant families with the greatest richness of galls, with 20, 18, 17, and 12 gall morphotypes, respectively. The super host genera were Copaifera L. (Fabaceae), Myrcia DC. ex. Guill. (Myrtaceae), and Miconia Ruiz & Pav. (Melastomataceae), with 10, 10 and 09 gall morphotypes, respectively. The super host species was Copaifera cf.langsdorfii Desf. (Fabaceae), with 10 gall morphotypes. Galls were found on leaves, stems, buds, and aerial roots. Leaves were the most galled plant organ, followed by stems, and buds. The inducers belong to Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Thysanoptera, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera, being Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) the most frequent and diversified gallers. The associated fauna included parasitoids (Hymenoptera), inquilines (Lepidoptera and Thysanoptera), successors (Formicidae, Hymenoptera), and predators (pseudoscorpion), obtained from 18, 02, 02, and 01 gall morphotype, respectively. Ten galling species are recorded for the first time in São Tomé das Letras (MG). The present study indicates São Tomé das Letras (MG) as an area of great richness of insect galls.
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Künkler N, Brandl R, Brändle M. Changes in clonal poplar leaf chemistry caused by stem galls alter herbivory and leaf litter decomposition. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79994. [PMID: 24260333 PMCID: PMC3833850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gall-inducing insects are highly specialized herbivores that modify the phenotype of their host plants. Beyond the direct manipulation of plant morphology and physiology in the immediate environment of the gall, there is also evidence of plant-mediated effects of gall-inducing insects on other species of the assemblages and ecosystem processes associated with the host plant. We analysed the impact of gall infestation by the aphid Pemphigus spirothecae on chemical leaf traits of clonal Lombardy poplars (Populus nigra var. italica) and the subsequent effects on intensity of herbivory and decomposition of leaves across five sites. We measured the herbivory of two feeding guilds: leaf-chewing insects that feed on the blade (e.g. caterpillars and sawfly larvae) and skeletonising insects that feed on the mesophyll of the leaves (e.g. larvae of beetles). Galled leaves had higher phenol (35%) and lower nitrogen and cholorophyll contents (35% respectively 37%) than non-galled leaves, and these differences were stronger in August than in June. Total herbivory intensity was 27% higher on galled than on non-galled leaves; damage by leaf chewers was on average 61% higher on gall infested leaves, whereas damage by skeletonising insects was on average 39% higher on non-galled leaves. After nine months the decomposition rate of galled leaf litter was 15% lower than that of non-galled leaf litter presumably because of the lower nitrogen content of the galled leaf litter. This indicated after-life effects of gall infestation on the decomposers. We found no evidence for galling x environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Künkler
- Department of Ecology - Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Roland Brandl
- Department of Ecology - Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Martin Brändle
- Department of Ecology - Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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McLeish MJ, Miller JT, Mound LA. Delayed colonisation of Acacia by thrips and the timing of host-conservatism and behavioural specialisation. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:188. [PMID: 24010723 PMCID: PMC3846595 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repeated colonisation of novel host-plants is believed to be an essential component of the evolutionary success of phytophagous insects. The relative timing between the origin of an insect lineage and the plant clade they eat or reproduce on is important for understanding how host-range expansion can lead to resource specialisation and speciation. Path and stepping-stone sampling are used in a Bayesian approach to test divergence timing between the origin of Acacia and colonisation by thrips. The evolution of host-plant conservatism and ecological specialisation is discussed. RESULTS Results indicated very strong support for a model describing the origin of the common ancestor of Acacia thrips subsequent to that of Acacia. A current estimate puts the origin of Acacia at approximately 6 million years before the common ancestor of Acacia thrips, and 15 million years before the origin of a gall-inducing clade. The evolution of host conservatism and resource specialisation resulted in a phylogenetically under-dispersed pattern of host-use by several thrips lineages. CONCLUSIONS Thrips colonised a diversity of Acacia species over a protracted period as Australia experienced aridification. Host conservatism evolved on phenotypically and environmentally suitable host lineages. Ecological specialisation resulted from habitat selection and selection on thrips behavior that promoted primary and secondary host associations. These findings suggest that delayed and repeated colonisation is characterised by cycles of oligo- or poly-phagy. This results in a cumulation of lineages that each evolve host conservatism on different and potentially transient host-related traits, and facilitates both ecological and resource specialisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J McLeish
- Plant Geography Laboratory, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy and Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan Province 666303, China
| | - Joseph T Miller
- Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Laurence A Mound
- CSIRO Ecosystems Sciences, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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The effect of fluctuating asymmetry and leaf nutrients on gall abundance and survivorship. Basic Appl Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dai XH, Xu JS, Ding XL. Circular distribution pattern of plant modulars and endophagous herbivory within tree crowns: the impact of roadside light conditions. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2013; 13:141. [PMID: 24794427 PMCID: PMC4015414 DOI: 10.1673/031.013.14101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The circular distributions of plant modulars (branches, leaves) and endophagous herbivory (mines, galls) were investigated within the crowns of four dominant Fagaceae trees in a subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest at Jiulianshan National Nature Reserve, Jiangxi, China. The hypothesis is that more plant modulars and more endophagous herbivory should occur in the crown area perpendicular to the roads. Circular statistical techniques were used to verify new patterns of the impact of roads on plants and insects. The results confirmed that the roadside light environments had larger impacts on the circular distribution patterns of plant modulars than those of leaf herbivores. For herbivores, the impact of light was larger on mine distribution than on gall distribution. The branches of all four tree species were concentrated in the direction perpendicular to the roads. In the preferred direction, branches were longer and higher. More leaves, more mines, and more galls were found surrounding the preferred branch direction. In general, leaf miners and leaf gallers preferred leaves in the sun over those in the shade; however, leaf gallers had a lower degree of preference for sun than leaf miners. Different endphagous insects also showed clear interspecific differences in sun/shade leaf selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Dai
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, GanNan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- National Navel-Orange Engineering Research Center, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Jia-Sheng Xu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, GanNan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Xing-Lu Ding
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, GanNan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
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Coelho MS, Belmiro MS, Santos JC, Fernandes GW. Herbivory among habitats on the Neotropical tree Cnidoscolus quercifolius Pohl. in a seasonally deciduous forest. BRAZ J BIOL 2012; 72:453-7. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-69842012000300006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Our goal was to identify herbivory patterns from two insect guilds associated with Cnidoscolus quercifolius in a tropical deciduous forest in northeastern Brazil. We sampled four different habitats: (1) forest edge, (2) mesic (near to the perennial water source), (3) forest interior and (4) rupestrian fields. Habitat edge had lower leaf damage than rupestrian, mesic and forest interior habitats. Nevertheless, abundance of galls at the edge habitat was higher than at mesic, forest interior and/or rupestrian habitats. There was no difference in gall mortality by natural enemies among the four habitats sampled, demonstrating the absence of any influence of top-down controls related to abundance of galls. Trophic relationships were not related to the patterns of distribution among habitats of two insect herbivorous guilds associated with C. quercifolius. Our results demonstrated that environmental heterogeneity of dry forests can significantly alter important ecological interactions and experimental studies are needed to better understand the mechanisms responsible for differences in herbivory among habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- MS. Coelho
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - MS. Belmiro
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - JC. Santos
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Brazil
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