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Ecological Genomics and Evolution of Trichoderma reesei. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2234:1-21. [PMID: 33165775 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1048-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei (Hypocreales, Ascomycota) is an efficient industrial cell factory for the production of cellulolytic enzymes used for biofuel and other applications. Therefore, researches addressing T. reesei are relatively advanced compared to other Trichoderma spp. because of the significant bulk of available knowledge, multiple genomic data, and gene manipulation techniques. However, the established role of T. reesei in industry has resulted in a frequently biased understanding of the biology of this fungus. Thus, the recent studies unexpectedly show that the superior cellulolytic activity of T. reesei and other Trichoderma species evolved due to multiple lateral gene transfer events, while the innate ability to parasitize other fungi (mycoparasitism) was maintained in the genus, including T. reesei. In this chapter, we will follow the concept of ecological genomics and describe the ecology, distribution, and evolution of T. reesei, as well as critically discuss several common misconceptions that originate from the success of this species in applied sciences and industry.
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Kuhls K, Lieckfeldt E, Samuels GJ, Meyer W, Kubicek CP, Börner T. Revision ofTrichodermasect.Longibrachiatumincluding related teleomorphs based on analysis of ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer sequences. Mycologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1997.12026803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Kuhls
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biologie (Genetik), Chausseestr. 117, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Elke Lieckfeldt
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biologie (Genetik), Chausseestr. 117, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gary J. Samuels
- USDA-ARS, Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, Rm.304, B-011A, BARC-West, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350
| | - Wieland Meyer
- Duke University Medical Center, Dept. of Microbiology, P.O. Box 3803, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Christian P. Kubicek
- Technische Universität Wien, Institut für Biochemische Technologie und Mikrobiologie, Abteilung für Mikrobielle Biochemie, Getreidemarkt 9, A-1060 Wien, Austria
| | - Thomas Börner
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biologie (Genetik), Chausseestr. 117, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
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Dehydrogenase GRD1 represents a novel component of the cellulase regulon in Trichoderma reesei (Hypocrea jecorina). Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:4553-63. [PMID: 21602376 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00513-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma reesei (Hypocrea jecorina) is nowadays the most important industrial producer of cellulase and hemicellulase enzymes, which are used for pretreatment of cellulosic biomass for biofuel production. In this study, we introduce a novel component, GRD1 (glucose-ribitol dehydrogenase 1), which shows enzymatic activity on cellobiose and positively influences cellulase gene transcription, expression, and extracellular endo-1,4-β-D-glucanase activity. grd1 is differentially transcribed upon growth on cellulose and the induction of cellulase gene expression by sophorose. The transcription of grd1 is coregulated with that of cel7a (cbh1) under inducing conditions. GRD1 is further involved in carbon source utilization on several carbon sources, such as those involved in lactose and D-galactose catabolism, in several cases in a light-dependent manner. We conclude that GRD1 represents a novel enhancer of cellulase gene expression, which by coregulation with the major cellulase may act via optimization of inducing mechanisms.
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Molecular cloning, gene expression analysis and structural modelling of the cellobiohydrolase I from Penicillium occitanis. Enzyme Microb Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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KUHLS K, LIECKFELDT E, BÖRNER T, GUÉHO E. Molecular reidentification of human pathogenic Trichoderma isolates as Trichoderma longibrachiatum and Trichoderma citrinoviride. Med Mycol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-280x.1999.00197.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Schmoll M, Kubicek CP. Regulation of Trichoderma cellulase formation: lessons in molecular biology from an industrial fungus. A review. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2003; 50:125-45. [PMID: 12894484 DOI: 10.1556/amicr.50.2003.2-3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present article reviews the current understanding of regulation of cellulase gene transcription in Hypocrea jecorina (= Trichoderma reesei). Special emphasis is put on the mechanism of action of low molecular weight inducers of cellulase formation, the presence and role of recently identified transactivating proteins (Ace1, Ace2, Hap2/3/5), and the role of the carbon catabolite repressor Cre1. We also report on some recent genomic approaches towards understanding how cellulase inducers signal their presence to the transcriptional apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Schmoll
- Area Molecular Biotechnology, Section Applied Biochemistry and Gene Technology, Institute for Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/1665, A-1060 Wien, Austria
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KUHLS K, LIECKFELDT E, BORNER T, GUEHO E. Molecular reidentification of human pathogenic Trichoderma isolates as Trichoderma longibrachiatum and Trichoderma citrinoviride. Med Mycol 1999. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-280x.1999.00197.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Kuhls K, Lieckfeldt E, BÖrner T, Guého E. Molecular reidentification of human pathogenicTrichodermaisolates asTrichoderma longibrachiatumandTrichoderma citrinoviride. Med Mycol 1999. [DOI: 10.1080/02681219980000041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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9
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Mach RL, Seiboth B, Myasnikov A, Gonzalez R, Strauss J, Harkki AM, Kubicek CP. The bgl1 gene of Trichoderma reesei QM 9414 encodes an extracellular, cellulose-inducible beta-glucosidase involved in cellulase induction by sophorose. Mol Microbiol 1995; 16:687-97. [PMID: 7476163 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1995.tb02430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the effect of disruption of the bgl1-(beta-glucosidase l-encoding) gene of Trichoderma reesei on the formation of other beta-glucosidase activities and on the induction of cellulases. To this end the bgl1 locus was disrupted by insertion of the Aspergillus nidulans amdS (acetamidase-encoding) gene. The bgl1-disrupted strain did not produce the 75 kDa extracellular beta-glucosidase on cellulose or lactose, but still formed beta-glucosidase activity on glucose, cellobiose, xylan or beta-1,3-glucan, suggesting that the enzyme(s) exhibiting this beta-glucosidase activity is (are) not encoded by bgl1. The cellulase-inducer sophorose induced the bgl1-encoded beta-glucosidase, whereas the remaining beta-glucosidase activity was induced by methyl-beta-D-glucoside. The bgl1-gene product was mainly secreted into the medium, whereas the other beta-glucosidase activity was mainly associated with the cells. A bgl1-multicopy strain formed higher amounts of cellulases than the parent strain. Nonsaturating concentrations of sophorose efficiently induced cellobiohydrolase l formation in the bgl1-multicopy strain, but less efficiently in the bgl1-disrupted strain. The multicopy strain and the parent strain were comparably efficient at saturating sophorose concentrations. The beta-glucosidase inhibitor nojirimycin strongly inhibited induction in all strains. These data suggest that the bgl1-encoded beta-glucosidase is not identical to the plasma-membrane-bound, constitutive, methyl-beta-glucoside inducible beta-glucosidase, but represents an extracellular cellulose-induced enzyme. Both enzymes contribute to rapid induction of cellulases by modifying the inducer sophorose.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Mach
- Abteilung für Mikrobielle Biochemie, Institut für Biochemische Technologie und Mikrobiologie, TU Wien, Austria
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Sims PF, Soares-Felipe MS, Wang Q, Gent ME, Tempelaars C, Broda P. Differential expression of multiple exo-cellobiohydrolase I-like genes in the lignin-degrading fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Mol Microbiol 1994; 12:209-16. [PMID: 8057846 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1994.tb01010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The genome of Phanerochaete chrysosporium strain ME446 contains multiple, non-allelic, cellobiohydrolase I (CBHI)-like sequences, at least two of which are expressed in a cellulose-dependent manner. Each of the expressed genes contains two identically positioned introns within its coding region. The lengths and sequences of these introns are different and one is not excised from all transcripts, raising the possibility that subtly different protein products may be expressed from a common gene. Introns are also present upstream of both genes but these differ in number and position, as well as sequence and length. Endoglucanase-like sequences could not be identified and it is suggested that variant CBHI-like proteins may provide endoglucanase activity in this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Sims
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Molecular Biology, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, UK
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Wey TT, Hseu TH, Huang L. Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the cellobiohydrolase I gene from Trichoderma koningii G-39. Curr Microbiol 1994; 28:31-9. [PMID: 7764306 DOI: 10.1007/bf01575983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The cellobiohydrolase I gene, cbh1, has been cloned from an enhanced cellulase-producing strain, Trichoderma koningii G-39. Sequence comparisons show that T. koningii cbh1 is identical to that of T. reesei with the exception of 6 bp--two causing silent substitutions in the coding region, three differing in one of the introns, and one in 5'-noncoding region. Thus, it should encode an identical CBHI to that of T. reesei despite the differences in morphological characters of the two species. Analysis of approximately 1.4 kb of the 5' flanking region shows a number of surprisingly interesting putative regulatory features. There are no unusual features within about 600 bp upstream of the translation start ATG. However, prior to the 600-bp region, there are seven CAAT sequences, a number of direct and inverted repeats, and two C/T-rich regions. Also, there are five consensus 5'-(G/C)PyGGGG-3' sequences that have been identified to be carbon catabolite repressor binding sites of Aspergillus nidulans CREA and Saccharomyces cerevisiae MIG1 repressors. The structural organization around these consensus sequence regions is similar to those of A. nidulas alcR and alcA promoters. While the production of large amounts of CBHI by T. koningii upon induction apparently correlates with the large number of CAAT boxes in the 5' upstream untranslated region of cbh1, the presence of five CREA/MIG1 repressor-binding consensus sequences in the region suggests the wide-domain carbon catabolite repression regulatory system that controls the A. nidulans ethanol regulon, and yeast GAL genes transcription might also be operative and responsible for regulation of T. koningii cbh1 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Wey
- National Tsing Hua University, Institute of Life Science, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
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Schindler M, Mach RL, Vollenhofer SK, Hodits R, Gruber F, Visser J, De Graaff L, Kubicek CP. Characterization of the pyruvate kinase-encoding gene (pki1) of Trichoderma reesei. Gene 1993; 130:271-5. [PMID: 8359694 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(93)90430-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The pyruvate kinase-encoding gene (pki1) from Trichoderma reesei was isolated by hybridization to the corresponding Aspergillus nidulans pkiA gene. The 1614-bp nucleotide (nt) sequence of the cloned gene codes for a 538-amino-acid protein. The coding sequence contains a single intron of 246 nt at a position identical to that of intron E in the A. nidulans gene. The PKI protein shows extensive homology to the PKIs of A. nidulans and A. niger (67%) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (59%). The 5' non-coding sequence contains a number of motifs typical for yeast glycolytic genes, but so far only rarely found in filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schindler
- Abteilung für Mikrobielle Biochemie, Institut für Biochemische Technologie und Mikrobiologie, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
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Haab D, Gassner B, Kubicek CP. Protein hypersecretory Trichoderma reesei mutant RUT C-30 displays increased ethanol and polyene resistance. J Biotechnol 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(93)90043-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Koch A, Weigel CT, Schulz G. Cloning, sequencing, and heterologous expression of a cellulase-encoding cDNA (cbh1) from Penicillium janthinellum. Gene 1993; 124:57-65. [PMID: 8440481 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(93)90761-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
From a Penicillium janthinellum cDNA library, two clones with 1.8- and 1.9-kb inserts were isolated by hybridization to a Trichoderma reesei cellulase-encoding gene probe (egl1). Both cDNAs have identical 5' ends and coding sequences, but different polyadenylation start points in their 3' untranslated regions. In the nucleotide (nt) sequence, one open reading frame of 537 amino acids was detected which shows 56% homology with endoglucanase I of T. reesei and 70% homology with cellobiohydrolase I of T. reesei, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, and Humicola grisea. Expression of the 1.9-kb cDNA in the Escherichia coli T7 system led to the detection of a 57-kDa protein, in agreement with the theoretical value. Fusion to the promoter of the yeast phosphoglycerokinase-encoding gene led to efficient expression and partial secretion of the cDNA-encoded cellulase with cellobiohydrolase I activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Koch
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Kleinmachnow, Germany
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Abstract
A 613-bp fragment of the 5' upstream region of the Trichoderma reesei cbh2 gene (coding for the cellulolytic enzyme cellobiohydrolase II) has been isolated and sequenced. Fusion of this fragment to the E. coli uidA gene (coding for beta-glucuronidase) leads to--albeit low--expression of beta-glucuronidase activity in the presence of cellulose and upon the addition of low molecular weight inducers (sophorose, lactose) of cellobiohydrolase II. It also governed the formation of beta-glucuronidase activity during sporulation and its transport to the conidial surface. However, despite the presence of a signal peptide in the cbh2:uidA fusion, beta-glucuronidase was not secreted in T. reesei. Defined fragments of the 613-bp promoter region were isolated and used to identify areas involved in the regulation of cbh2 expression by protein-DNA binding assays. At least two binding areas--between -443/-363 and -363/-173, respectively--were identified. In both areas, the DNA-protein complex observed was appreciably larger when cell-free extracts from sophorose-induced mycelia were used. This suggests that at least one of the proteins regulating cbh2 transcription is itself induced by cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Stangl
- Abteilung für Mikrobielle Biochemie, Institut für Biochemische Technologie und Mikrobiologie, Wien, Austria
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Kubicek CP, Messner R, Gruber F, Mach RL, Kubicek-Pranz EM. The Trichoderma cellulase regulatory puzzle: from the interior life of a secretory fungus. Enzyme Microb Technol 1993; 15:90-99. [PMID: 7763457 DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(93)90030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Novel applications for cellulases have reinitiated interest in the regulation of production of these enzymes by the soft rot fungus Trichoderma reesei and related species. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge concerning the question "How can insoluble molecules like cellulose initiate their own breakdown by a microorganism?" The evidence available--based on biochemical as well as molecular biological approaches--favors a model in which conidial bound cellobiohydrolases carry out a first exo-exo-wise attack on the cellulose molecule. The disaccharides so formed (cellobiose, alpha-cellobiono-1,5-lactone) are then taken up by the mycelia and promote further cellulase biosynthesis. Evidence available suggests that they are further metabolized to, rather than being, the "true" inducer. Speculations on the nature of the inducer are presented. The roles of the beta-glucosidases of Trichoderma in this process are discussed. The pathway of cellulase secretion is discussed on the basis of electron microscopical as well as gene sequence information.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Kubicek
- Abteilung für Mikrobielle Biochemie, Institut für Biochemische Technologie und Mikrobiologie, Vienna, Austria
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Törrönen A, Mach RL, Messner R, Gonzalez R, Kalkkinen N, Harkki A, Kubicek CP. The Two Major Xylanases from Trichoderma Reesei: Characterization of Both Enzymes and Genes. Nat Biotechnol 1992; 10:1461-5. [PMID: 1369024 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1192-1461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
As a first step to exploit the potential of Trichoderma reesei to produce hemicellulases, we have purified two endo-beta-1,4-xylanases (1,4-beta-D-xylan xylanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.8) and cloned their genes. The enzymes were isolated from culture filtrates of T. reesei C30 grown on xylan as a carbon source, using two steps of cation exchange chromatography. They exhibited molecular weights of 19 (XYN I) and 21 (XYN II) kD, and isoelectric points of 5.2 and 9.0, respectively. These enzymes differed in their pH optimum for activity and affinity for xylan, and accounted for more than 90% of the total xylanolytic activity of the fungus. The purified enzymes were subjected to N-terminal sequence analysis, and after cleavage with trypsin and endoproteinase Glu-C the resulting peptides were sequenced. Oligonucleotides based on these sequences were used to clone gene fragments via PCR, and these were used as probes to isolate full-length copies of xyn1 and xyn2 from a lambda gene bank of T. reesei. The products of xyn1 and xyn2 share considerable homology, but the enzyme encoded by xyn2 appears to more closely resemble several other bacterial and fungal xylanases than does that of xyn1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Törrönen
- Abteilung für Mikrobielle Biochemie, TU Wien, Austria
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Meyer W, Morawetz R, B�rner T, Kubicek CP. The use of DNA-fingerprint analysis in the classification of some species of the Trichoderma aggregate. Curr Genet 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00318650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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