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Teixeira GA, Travenzoli NM, Tavares MG. Chromosomal organization of different repetitive sequences in four wasp species of the genus Trypoxylon Latreille (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) and insights into the composition of wasp telomeres. Genome 2024; 67:243-255. [PMID: 38593475 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2023-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
This study characterizes the chromosomal organization of DNA repetitive sequences and the karyotypic evolution in four representatives of the solitary wasp genus Trypoxylon using conventional and molecular cytogenetic techniques. Our findings present the first cytogenetic data for Trypoxylon rogenhoferi (2n = 30) and Trypoxylon albonigrum (2n = 32), while the karyotypes of Trypoxylon nitidum (2n = 30) and Trypoxylon lactitarse (2n = 30) were similar to those previously described. Fluorochrome staining and microsatellite distribution data revealed differences in the constitutive heterochromatin composition among species. Trypoxylon nitidum and T. albonigrum exhibited one major rDNA cluster, potentially representing an ancestral pattern for aculeate Hymenoptera, while T. rogenhoferi and T. lactitarse showed two pericentromeric rRNA gene sites, suggesting amplification events in their ancestral clade. The (TCAGG)n motif hybridized in the terminal regions of the chromosomes in all four Trypoxylon species, which may suggest that this sequence represents DNA telomeric repeat. Notably, the presence of this repetitive sequence in the centromeric regions of certain chromosome pairs in two species supports the hypothesis of chromosomal fusions or inversions in the ancestral karyotype of Trypoxylon. The study expands the chromosomal mapping data of repetitive sequences in wasps and offers insights into the dynamic evolutionary landscape of karyotypes in these insects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natália Martins Travenzoli
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Laboratório de Citogenética de Insetos, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Mara Garcia Tavares
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Laboratório de Citogenética de Insetos, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
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Novaes CM, Teixeira GA, Juris EM, Lopes DM. Conventional cytogenetics and microsatellite chromosomal distribution in social wasp Mischocyttarus cassununga (Ihering, 1903) (Vespidae, Polistinae, Mischocyttarini). Genome 2024; 67:151-157. [PMID: 38262004 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2023-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Cytogenetics has allowed the investigation of chromosomal diversity and repetitive genomic content in wasps. In this study, we characterized the karyotype of the social wasp Mischocyttarus cassununga using conventional cytogenetics and chromosomal mapping of repetitive sequences. This study was undertaken to extend our understanding of the genomic organization of repetitive DNA in social wasps and is the first molecular cytogenetic insight into the genus Mischocyttarus. The karyotype of M. cassununga had a chromosome number of 2n = 64 for females and n = 32 for males. Constitutive heterochromatin exhibited three distribution patterns: centromeric and pericentromeric regions along the smaller arms and extending almost the entire chromosome. The major ribosomal DNA sites were located on chromosome pair in females and one chromosome in males. Positive signals for the microsatellite probes (GA)n and (GAG)n were observed in the euchromatic regions of all chromosomes. The microsatellites, (CGG)n, (TAT)n, (TTAGG)n, and (TCAGG)n were not observed in any region of the chromosomes. Our results contrast with those previously obtained for Polybia fastidiosuscula, which showed that the microsatellites (GAG)n, (CGG)n, (TAT)n, (TTAGG)n, and (TCAGG)n are located predominantly in constitutive heterochromatin. This suggests variations in the diversity and chromosomal organization of repetitive sequences in the genomes of social wasps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Moura Novaes
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Campus Alegre, Alto Universitário s/n, Guararema, Alegre, Espírito Santo, 29500-000, Brazil
| | - Gisele Amaro Teixeira
- Universidade Federal do Amapá, Campus Binacional - Oiapoque, n°3051, Bairro Universidade, Oiapoque, Amapá, 68980-000, Brazil
| | - Eydyeliana Month Juris
- Grupo de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad de Sucre, Facultad de Educación y Ciencias, Sincelejo, Colombia
| | - Denilce Meneses Lopes
- Laboratório de Citogenética de Insetos, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Viçosa, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs s/n, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Kurpyianova L, Safronova L. A Brief Review of Meiotic Chromosomes in Early Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis and Mitotic Chromosomes in the Viviparous Lizard Zootoca vivipara (Squamata: Lacertidae) with Multiple Sex Chromosomes. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010019. [PMID: 36611629 PMCID: PMC9817861 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This brief review is focused on the viviparous lizard Zootoca vivipara (Lichtenstein, 1823), of the family Lacertidae, which possesses female heterogamety and multiple sex chromosomes (male 2n = 36, Z1Z1Z2Z2/Z1Z2W, female 2n = 35, with variable W sex chromosome). Multiple sex chromosomes and their changes may influence meiosis and the female meiotic drive, and they may play a role in reproductive isolation. In two cryptic taxa of Z. vivipara with different W sex chromosomes, meiosis during early spermatogenesis and oogenesis proceeds normally, without any disturbances, with the formation of haploid spermatocytes, and in female meiosis with the formation of synaptonemal complexes (SCs) and the lampbrush chromosomes. In females, the SC number was constantly equal to 19 (according to the SC length, 16 SC autosomal bivalents plus three presumed SC sex chromosome elements). No variability in the chromosomes at the early stages of meiotic prophase I, and no significant disturbances in the chromosome segregation at the anaphase-telophase I stage, have been discovered, and haploid oocytes (n = 17) at the metaphase II stage have been revealed. There should be a factor/factors that maintain the multiple sex chromosomes, their equal transmission, and the course of meiosis in these cryptic forms of Z. vivipara.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Kurpyianova
- Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ZIN), 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Larissa Safronova
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
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Classical and molecular cytogenetics of Markiana nigripinnis (Pisces - Characiformes) from brazilian Pantanal: a comparative analysis with cytotaxonomic contributions. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01091-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Mezzasalma M, Andreone F, Odierna G, Guarino FM, Crottini A. Comparative cytogenetics on eight Malagasy Mantellinae (Anura, Mantellidae) and a synthesis of the karyological data on the subfamily. COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2022; 16:1-17. [PMID: 35211250 PMCID: PMC8857137 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v16.i1.76260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We performed a molecular and cytogenetic analysis on different Mantellinae species and revised the available chromosomal data on this group to provide an updated assessment of its karyological diversity and evolution. Using a fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA, we performed a molecular taxonomic identification of the samples that were used for cytogenetic analyses. A comparative cytogenetic analysis, with Giemsa's staining, Ag-NOR staining and sequential C-banding + Giemsa + CMA + DAPI was performed on eight species: Gephyromantis sp. Ca19, G.striatus (Vences, Glaw, Andreone, Jesu et Schimmenti, 2002), Mantidactylus (Chonomantis) sp. Ca11, M. (Brygoomantis) alutus (Peracca, 1893), M. (Hylobatrachus) cowanii (Boulenger, 1882), Spinomantispropeaglavei "North" (Methuen et Hewitt, 1913), S.phantasticus (Glaw et Vences, 1997) and S. sp. Ca3. Gephyromantisstriatus, M. (Brygoomantis) alutus and Spinomantispropeaglavei "North" have a karyotype of 2n = 24 chromosomes while the other species show 2n = 26 chromosomes. Among the analysed species we detected differences in the number and position of telocentric elements, location of NOR loci (alternatively on the 6th, 7th or 10th pair) and in the distribution of heterochromatin, which shows species-specific patterns. Merging our data with those previously available, we propose a karyotype of 2n = 26 with all biarmed elements and loci of NORs on the 6th chromosome pair as the ancestral state in the whole family Mantellidae. From this putative ancestral condition, a reduction of chromosome number through similar tandem fusions (from 2n = 26 to 2n = 24) occurred independently in Mantidactylus Boulenger, 1895 (subgenus Brygoomantis Dubois, 1992), Spinomantis Dubois, 1992 and Gephyromantis Methuen, 1920. Similarly, a relocation of NORs, from the putative primitive configuration on the 6th chromosome, occurred independently in Gephyromantis, Blommersia Dubois, 1992, Guibemantis Dubois, 1992, Mantella Boulenger, 1882 and Spinomantis. Chromosome inversions of primitive biarmed elements likely generated a variable number of telocentric elements in Mantellanigricans Guibé, 1978 and a different number of taxa of Gephyromantis (subgenera Duboimantis Glaw et Vences, 2006 and Laurentomantis Dubois, 1980) and Mantidactylus (subgenera Brygoomantis, Chonomantis Glaw et Vences, 1994, Hylobatrachus Laurent, 1943 and Ochthomantis Glaw et Vences, 1994).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Mezzasalma
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, No 7, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Franco Andreone
- Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Via G. Giolitti 36, 10123 Torino, Italy
| | - Gaetano Odierna
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Maria Guarino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Angelica Crottini
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, No 7, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
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Matoulek D, Borůvková V, Ocalewicz K, Symonová R. GC and Repeats Profiling along Chromosomes-The Future of Fish Compositional Cytogenomics. Genes (Basel) 2020; 12:50. [PMID: 33396302 PMCID: PMC7823971 DOI: 10.3390/genes12010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of fish cytogenetics has been impeded by the inability to produce G-bands that could assign chromosomes to their homologous pairs. Thus, the majority of karyotypes published have been estimated based on morphological similarities of chromosomes. The reason why chromosome G-banding does not work in fish remains elusive. However, the recent increase in the number of fish genomes assembled to the chromosome level provides a way to analyse this issue. We have developed a Python tool to visualize and quantify GC percentage (GC%) of both repeats and unique DNA along chromosomes using a non-overlapping sliding window approach. Our tool profiles GC% and simultaneously plots the proportion of repeats (rep%) in a color scale (or vice versa). Hence, it is possible to assess the contribution of repeats to the total GC%. The main differences are the GC% of repeats homogenizing the overall GC% along fish chromosomes and a greater range of GC% scattered along fish chromosomes. This may explain the inability to produce G-banding in fish. We also show an occasional banding pattern along the chromosomes in some fish that probably cannot be detected with traditional qualitative cytogenetic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Matoulek
- Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (D.M.); (V.B.)
| | - Veronika Borůvková
- Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (D.M.); (V.B.)
| | - Konrad Ocalewicz
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Institute of Oceanography, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdansk, 80-309 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Radka Symonová
- Department of Bioinformatics, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 80333 Freising, Germany
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Majtánová Z, Unmack PJ, Prasongmaneerut T, Shams F, Srikulnath K, Ráb P, Ezaz T. Evidence of Interspecific Chromosomal Diversification in Rainbowfishes (Melanotaeniidae, Teleostei). Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E818. [PMID: 32708365 PMCID: PMC7397213 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rainbowfishes (Melanotaeniidae) are the largest monophyletic group of freshwater fishes occurring in Australia and New Guinea, with 112 species currently recognised. Despite their high taxonomic diversity, rainbowfishes remain poorly studied from a cytogenetic perspective. Using conventional (Giemsa staining, C banding, chromomycin A3 staining) and molecular (fluorescence in situ hybridisation with ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and telomeric probes) cytogenetic protocols, karyotypes and associated chromosomal characteristics of five species were examined. We covered all major lineages of this group, namely, Running River rainbowfish Melanotaenia sp., red rainbowfish Glossolepisincisus, threadfin rainbowfish Iriatherina werneri, ornate rainbowfish Rhadinocentrus ornatus, and Cairns rainbowfish Cairnsichthys rhombosomoides. All species had conserved diploid chromosome numbers 2n = 48, but karyotypes differed among species; while Melanotaenia sp., G. incisus, and I. werneri possessed karyotypes composed of exclusively subtelo/acrocentric chromosomes, the karyotype of R. ornatus displayed six pairs of submetacentric and 18 pairs of subtelo/acrocentric chromosomes, while C. rhombosomoides possessed a karyotype composed of four pairs of submetacentric and 20 pairs of subtelo/acrocentric chromosomes. No heteromorphic sex chromosomes were detected using conventional cytogenetic techniques. Our data indicate a conserved 2n in Melanotaeniidae, but morphologically variable karyotypes, rDNA sites, and heterochromatin distributions. Differences were observed especially in taxonomically divergent species, suggesting interspecies chromosome rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Majtánová
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 27721 Liběchov, Czech Republic;
| | - Peter J. Unmack
- Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia;
| | - Tulyawat Prasongmaneerut
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics (ACCG), Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (T.P.); (K.S.)
| | - Foyez Shams
- Centre for Conservation Ecology and Genetics, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia; (F.S.); (T.E.)
| | - Kornsorn Srikulnath
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics (ACCG), Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (T.P.); (K.S.)
| | - Petr Ráb
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 27721 Liběchov, Czech Republic;
| | - Tariq Ezaz
- Centre for Conservation Ecology and Genetics, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia; (F.S.); (T.E.)
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Hnátková E, Triantaphyllidis C, Ozouf-Costaz C, Lukáš Choleva, Majtánová Z, Bohlen J, Ráb P. Karyotype and chromosomal characteristics of rDNA of Cobitisstrumicae Karaman, 1955 (Teleostei, Cobitidae) from Lake Volvi, Greece. COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2018; 12:483-491. [PMID: 30498563 PMCID: PMC6251958 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v12i4.28068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The karyotype of Greek cobitid fish Cobitisstrumicae Karaman, 1955, from Lake Volvi, Greece, a representative of one of its two major intraspecific phylogenetic lineages, was analysed by means of sequential Giemsa-staining, C-banding, silver-staining, CMA3 fluorescence banding and also by in situ hybridization (FISH) with rDNA probe. The diploid chromosome number was 2n = 50, karyotype composed of 10 pairs of metacentric to submetacentric and 15 pairs of subtelocentric to acrocentric chromosomes. The nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) as revealed by Ag- and CMA3 staining and FISH were situated in the telomeric region of the fourth submetacentric chromosome pair. The chromosomes contained very low content of C-positive heterochromatin. No heteromorphic sex chromosomes were detected. This first karyotype report for any species of lineage Bicanestrinia Băcescu, 1962 shows a simple karyotype dominated by acrocentric chromosomes and possessing single NOR-bearing chromosome pair. Cytotaxonomic implications of this finding for the taxonomy of the genus Cobitis Linnaeus, 1758 are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hnátková
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 165 00 Prague, Kamýcká 129, Czech RepublicCzech University of Life SciencesPragueCzech Republic
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, 277 21 Liběchov, Czech RepublicInstitute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of Czech RepublicLibĕchovCzech Republic
| | - Costas Triantaphyllidis
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, GreeceAristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
| | - Catherine Ozouf-Costaz
- Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, UMR 7138 “Evolution”, Sorbonne Universités, Case 5, 7 quai St Bernard, 75952 Paris cedex 05, Paris, FranceSorbonne UniversitésParisFrance
| | - Lukáš Choleva
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, 277 21 Liběchov, Czech RepublicInstitute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of Czech RepublicLibĕchovCzech Republic
| | - Zuzana Majtánová
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, 277 21 Liběchov, Czech RepublicInstitute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of Czech RepublicLibĕchovCzech Republic
| | - Joerg Bohlen
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, 277 21 Liběchov, Czech RepublicInstitute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of Czech RepublicLibĕchovCzech Republic
| | - Petr Ráb
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, 277 21 Liběchov, Czech RepublicInstitute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of Czech RepublicLibĕchovCzech Republic
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Hatanaka T, de Oliveira EA, Ráb P, Yano CF, Bertollo LAC, Ezaz T, Jegede OOI, Liehr T, Olaleye VF, de Bello Cioffi M. First chromosomal analysis in Gymnarchus niloticus (Gymnarchidae: Osteoglossiformes): insights into the karyotype evolution of this ancient fish order. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Terumi Hatanaka
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ezequiel A de Oliveira
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- Secretaria de Estado de Educação de Mato Grosso – SEDUC-MT, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Petr Ráb
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Liběchov, Czech Republic
| | - Cassia F Yano
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz A C Bertollo
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Tariq Ezaz
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Thomas Liehr
- Jena University Hospital, Institute of Human Genetics, Jena, Germany
| | - Victor F Olaleye
- Department of Zoology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Marcelo de Bello Cioffi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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10
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Barby FF, Ráb P, Lavoué S, Ezaz T, Bertollo LAC, Kilian A, Maruyama SR, Aguiar de Oliveira E, Artoni RF, Santos MH, Ilesanmi Jegede O, Hatanaka T, Tanomtong A, Liehr T, Cioffi MDB. From Chromosomes to Genome: Insights into the Evolutionary Relationships and Biogeography of Old World Knifefishes (Notopteridae; Osteoglossiformes). Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E306. [PMID: 29921830 PMCID: PMC6027293 DOI: 10.3390/genes9060306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to its wide geographical distribution, osteoglossiform fishes represent one of the most ancient freshwater teleost lineages; making it an important group for systematic and evolutionary studies. These fishes had a Gondwanan origin and their past distribution may have contributed to the diversity present in this group. However, cytogenetic and genomic data are still scarce, making it difficult to track evolutionary trajectories within this order. In addition, their wide distribution, with groups endemic to different continents, hinders an integrative study that allows a globalized view of its evolutionary process. Here, we performed a detailed chromosomal analysis in Notopteridae fishes, using conventional and advanced molecular cytogenetic methods. Moreover, the genetic distances of examined species were assessed by genotyping using diversity arrays technology sequencing (DArTseq). These data provided a clear picture of the genetic diversity between African and Asian Notopteridae species, and were highly consistent with the chromosomal, geographical, and historical data, enlightening their evolutionary diversification. Here, we discuss the impact of continental drift and split of Pangea on their recent diversity, as well as the contribution to biogeographical models that explain their distribution, highlighting the role of the Indian subcontinent in the evolutionary process within the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Faix Barby
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz Km. 235, C.P. 676, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Petr Ráb
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, 277 21 Liběchov, Czech Republic.
| | - Sébastien Lavoué
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Tariq Ezaz
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia.
| | - Luiz Antônio Carlos Bertollo
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz Km. 235, C.P. 676, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Andrzej Kilian
- Diversity Arrays Technology, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia.
| | - Sandra Regina Maruyama
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz Km. 235, C.P. 676, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Ezequiel Aguiar de Oliveira
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz Km. 235, C.P. 676, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Roberto Ferreira Artoni
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR 84030-900 Brazil.
| | - Mateus Henrique Santos
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR 84030-900 Brazil.
| | - Oladele Ilesanmi Jegede
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Adamawa State University, P.M.B. 25 Mubi. Adamawa State, Nigeria.
| | - Terumi Hatanaka
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz Km. 235, C.P. 676, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Alongklod Tanomtong
- Toxic Substances in Livestock and Aquatic Animals Research Group, KhonKaen University, Muang, KhonKaen 40002, Thailand.
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Marcelo de Bello Cioffi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz Km. 235, C.P. 676, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil.
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11
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Sember A, Bohlen J, Šlechtová V, Altmanová M, Pelikánová Š, Ráb P. Dynamics of tandemly repeated DNA sequences during evolution of diploid and tetraploid botiid loaches (Teleostei: Cobitoidea: Botiidae). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195054. [PMID: 29590207 PMCID: PMC5874072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyploidization has played an important role in the evolution of vertebrates, particularly at the base of Teleostei-an enormously successful ray-finned fish group with additional genome doublings on lower taxonomic levels. The investigation of post-polyploid genome dynamics might provide important clues about the evolution and ecology of respective species and can help to decipher the role of polyploidy per se on speciation. Few studies have attempted to investigate the dynamics of repetitive DNA sequences in the post-polyploid genome using molecular cytogenetic tools in fishes, though recent efforts demonstrated their usefulness. The demonstrably monophyletic freshwater loach family Botiidae, branching to evolutionary diploid and tetraploid lineages separated >25 Mya, offers a suited model group for comparing the long-term repetitive DNA evolution. For this, we integrated phylogenetic analyses with cytogenetical survey involving Giemsa- and Chromomycin A3 (CMA3)/DAPI stainings and fluorescence in situ hybridization with 5S/45S rDNA, U2 snDNA and telomeric probes in representative sample of 12 botiid species. The karyotypes of all diploids were composed of 2n = 50 chromosomes, while majority of tetraploids had 2n = 4x = 100, with only subtle interspecific karyotype differences. The exceptional karyotype of Botia dario (2n = 4x = 96) suggested centric fusions behind the 2n reduction. Variable patterns of FISH signals revealed cases of intraspecific polymorphisms, rDNA amplification, variable degree of correspondence with CMA3+ sites and almost no phylogenetic signal. In tetraploids, either additivity or loci gain/loss was recorded. Despite absence of classical interstitial telomeric sites, large blocks of interspersed rDNA/telomeric regions were found in diploids only. We uncovered different molecular drives of studied repetitive DNA classes within botiid genomes as well as the advanced stage of the re-diploidization process in tetraploids. Our results may contribute to link genomic approach with molecular cytogenetic analyses in addressing the origin and mechanism of this polyploidization event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Sember
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, Liběchov, Czech Republic
| | - Jörg Bohlen
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, Liběchov, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Šlechtová
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, Liběchov, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Altmanová
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, Liběchov, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Pelikánová
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, Liběchov, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Ráb
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, Liběchov, Czech Republic
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Symonová R, Majtánová Z, Arias-Rodriguez L, Mořkovský L, Kořínková T, Cavin L, Pokorná MJ, Doležálková M, Flajšhans M, Normandeau E, Ráb P, Meyer A, Bernatchez L. Genome Compositional Organization in Gars Shows More Similarities to Mammals than to Other Ray-Finned Fish. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2016; 328:607-619. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Radka Symonová
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics; Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Liběchov Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Charles University; Prague 2 Czech Republic
- Research Institute for Limnology; University of Innsbruck; Mondsee Austria
| | - Zuzana Majtánová
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics; Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Liběchov Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Charles University; Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Lenin Arias-Rodriguez
- División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas; Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT); Villahermosa Tabasco México
| | - Libor Mořkovský
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Charles University; Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Kořínková
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics; Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Liběchov Czech Republic
| | - Lionel Cavin
- Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle; Geneva 6 Switzerland
| | - Martina Johnson Pokorná
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics; Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Liběchov Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology; Faculty of Science; Charles University; Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Marie Doležálková
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics; Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Liběchov Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Charles University; Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Martin Flajšhans
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters; South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses; University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice; Vodňany Czech Republic
| | - Eric Normandeau
- IBIS, Department of Biology, University Laval, Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand; Avenue de la Médecine Quebec City; Canada
| | - Petr Ráb
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics; Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Liběchov Czech Republic
| | - Axel Meyer
- Chair in Zoology and Evolutionary Biology; Department of Biology; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
| | - Louis Bernatchez
- IBIS, Department of Biology, University Laval, Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand; Avenue de la Médecine Quebec City; Canada
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13
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Ráb P, Yano CF, Lavoué S, Jegede OI, Bertollo LAC, Ezaz T, Majtánová Z, de Oliveira EA, Cioffi MB. Karyotype and Mapping of Repetitive DNAs in the African Butterfly Fish Pantodon buchholzi, the Sole Species of the Family Pantodontidae. Cytogenet Genome Res 2016; 149:312-320. [PMID: 27710958 DOI: 10.1159/000450534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The monophyletic order Osteoglossiformes represents one of the most ancestral groups of teleosts and has at least 1 representative in all continents of the southern hemisphere, with the exception of Antarctica. However, despite its phylogenetic and biogeographical importance, cytogenetic data in Osteoglossiformes are scarce. Here, karyotype and chromosomal characteristics of the lower Niger River population of the African butterfly fish Pantodon buchholzi, the sole species of the family Pantodontidae (Osteoglossiformes), were examined using conventional and molecular cytogenetic approaches. All specimens examined had 2n = 46 chromosomes, with a karyotype composed of 5 pairs of metacentric, 5 pairs of submetacentric, and 13 pairs of acrocentric chromosomes in both sexes. No morphologically differentiated sex chromosomes were identified. C-bands were located in the centromeric/pericentromeric region of all chromosomes and were associated with the single AgNOR site. FISH with ribosomal DNA probes revealed that both 5S and 18S rDNA were present in only 1 pair of chromosomes each, but did not colocalize. CMA3+ bands were observed near the telomeres in several chromosome pairs and also at the 18S rDNA sites. The mapping of di- and trinucleotide repeat motifs, Rex6 transposable element, and U2 snRNA showed a scattered distribution over most of the chromosomes, but for some microsatellites and the U2 snRNA also a preferential accumulation at telomeric regions. This study presents the first detailed cytogenetic analysis in the African butterfly fish by both conventional and molecular cytogenetic protocols. This is the first of a series of further cytogenetic and cytogenomic studies on osteoglossiforms, aiming to comprehensively examine the chromosomal evolution in this phylogenetically important fish order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Ráb
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Liběchov, Czech Republic
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Altmanová M, Rovatsos M, Kratochvíl L, Johnson Pokorná M. Minute Y chromosomes and karyotype evolution in Madagascan iguanas (Squamata: Iguania: Opluridae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12751 10.1080/11250000409356641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Altmanová
- Faculty of Science; Department of Ecology; Charles University in Prague; Viničná 7 Praha 2 Czech Republic
| | - Michail Rovatsos
- Faculty of Science; Department of Ecology; Charles University in Prague; Viničná 7 Praha 2 Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Kratochvíl
- Faculty of Science; Department of Ecology; Charles University in Prague; Viničná 7 Praha 2 Czech Republic
| | - Martina Johnson Pokorná
- Faculty of Science; Department of Ecology; Charles University in Prague; Viničná 7 Praha 2 Czech Republic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Rumburská 89 Liběchov Czech Republic
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15
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Altmanová M, Rovatsos M, Kratochvíl L, Johnson Pokorná M. Minute Y chromosomes and karyotype evolution in Madagascan iguanas (Squamata: Iguania: Opluridae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Altmanová
- Faculty of Science; Department of Ecology; Charles University in Prague; Viničná 7 Praha 2 Czech Republic
| | - Michail Rovatsos
- Faculty of Science; Department of Ecology; Charles University in Prague; Viničná 7 Praha 2 Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Kratochvíl
- Faculty of Science; Department of Ecology; Charles University in Prague; Viničná 7 Praha 2 Czech Republic
| | - Martina Johnson Pokorná
- Faculty of Science; Department of Ecology; Charles University in Prague; Viničná 7 Praha 2 Czech Republic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Rumburská 89 Liběchov Czech Republic
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Sember A, Bohlen J, Šlechtová V, Altmanová M, Symonová R, Ráb P. Karyotype differentiation in 19 species of river loach fishes (Nemacheilidae, Teleostei): extensive variability associated with rDNA and heterochromatin distribution and its phylogenetic and ecological interpretation. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:251. [PMID: 26573692 PMCID: PMC4647339 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0532-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loaches of the family Nemacheilidae are one of the most speciose elements of Palearctic freshwater ichthyofauna and have undergone rapid ecological adaptations and colonizations. Their cytotaxonomy is largely unexplored; with the impact of cytogenetical changes on this evolutionary diversification still unknown. An extensive cytogenetical survey was performed in 19 nemacheilid species using both conventional (Giemsa staining, C- banding, Ag- and Chromomycin A3/DAPI stainings) and molecular (fluorescence in situ hybridization with 5S rDNA, 45S rDNA, and telomeric (TTAGGG)n probes) methods. A phylogenetic tree of the analysed specimens was constructed based on one mitochondrial (cytochrome b) and two nuclear (RAG1, IRBP) genes. RESULTS Seventeen species showed karyotypes composed of 2n = 50 chromosomes but differentiated by fundamental chromosome number (NF = 68-90). Nemachilichthys ruppelli (2n = 38) and Schistura notostigma (2n = 44-48) displayed reduced 2n with an elevated number of large metacentric chromosomes. Only Schistura fasciolata showed morphologically differentiated sex chromosomes with a multiple system of the XY1Y2 type. Chromomycin A3 (CMA3)- fluorescence revealed interspecific heterogeneity in the distribution of GC-rich heterochromatin including its otherwise very rare association with 5S rDNA sites. The 45S rDNA sites were mostly located on a single chromosome pair contrasting markedly with a pattern of two (Barbatula barbatula, Nemacheilus binotatus, N. ruppelli) to 20 sites (Physoschistura sp.) of 5S rDNA. The cytogenetic changes did not follow the phylogenetic relationships between the samples. A high number of 5S rDNA sites was present in species with small effective population sizes. CONCLUSION Despite a prevailing conservatism of 2n, Nemacheilidae exhibited a remarkable cytogenetic variability on microstructural level. We suggest an important role for pericentric inversions, tandem and centric fusions in nemacheilid karyotype differentiation. Short repetitive sequences, genetic drift, founder effect, as well as the involvement of transposable elements in the dispersion of ribosomal DNA sites, might also have played a role in evolutionary processes such as reproductive isolation. These remarkable dynamics of their genomes qualify river loaches as a model for the study of the cytogenetic background of major evolutionary processes such as radiation, endemism and colonization of a wide range of habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Sember
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, Liběchov, 277 21, Czech Republic.
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Jörg Bohlen
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, Liběchov, 277 21, Czech Republic.
| | - Vendula Šlechtová
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, Liběchov, 277 21, Czech Republic.
| | - Marie Altmanová
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, Liběchov, 277 21, Czech Republic.
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Radka Symonová
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, Liběchov, 277 21, Czech Republic.
- Research Institute for Limnology, University of Innsbruck, Mondseestraße 9, A-5310, Mondsee, Austria.
| | - Petr Ráb
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, Liběchov, 277 21, Czech Republic.
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Carvalho NDM, Arias FJ, da Silva FA, Schneider CH, Gross MC. Cytogenetic analyses of five amazon lizard species of the subfamilies Teiinae and Tupinambinae and review of karyotyped diversity the family Teiidae. COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2015; 9:625-644. [PMID: 26753079 PMCID: PMC4698576 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v9i4.5371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lizards of the family Teiidae (infraorder Scincomorpha) were formerly known as Macroteiidae. There are 13 species of such lizards in the Amazon, in the genera Ameiva (Meyer, 1795), Cnemidophorus (Wagler, 1830), Crocodilurus (Spix, 1825), Dracaena (Daudin, 1801), Kentropyx (Spix, 1825) and Tupinambis (Daudin, 1802). Cytogenetic studies of this group are restricted to karyotype macrostructure. Here we give a compilation of cytogenetic data of the family Teiidae, including classic and molecular cytogenetic analysis of Ameiva ameiva (Linnaeus, 1758), Cnemidophorus sp.1, Kentropyx calcarata (Spix, 1825), Kentropyx pelviceps (Cope, 1868) and Tupinambis teguixin (Linnaeus, 1758) collected in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. Ameiva ameiva, Kentropyx calcarata and Kentropyx pelviceps have 2n=50 chromosomes classified by a gradual series of acrocentric chromosomes. Cnemidophorus sp.1 has 2n=48 chromosomes with 2 biarmed chromosomes, 24 uniarmed chromosomes and 22 microchromosomes. Tupinambis teguixin has 2n=36 chromosomes, including 12 macrochromosomes and 24 microchromosomes. Constitutive heterochromatin was distributed in the centromeric and terminal regions in most chromosomes. The nucleolus organizer region was simple, varying in its position among the species, as evidenced both by AgNO3 impregnation and by hybridization with 18S rDNA probes. The data reveal a karyotype variation with respect to the diploid number, fundamental number and karyotype formula, which reinforces the importance of increasing chromosomal analyses in the Teiidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Dayane Moura Carvalho
- Laboratório de Citogenômica Animal, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Estrada do Contorno 3000, Aleixo, CEP 69077-000 - Manaus, AM - Brazil
| | - Federico José Arias
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, 321, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-090 - São Paulo, SP - Brazil
| | - Francijara Araújo da Silva
- Laboratório de Citogenômica Animal, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Estrada do Contorno 3000, Aleixo, CEP 69077-000 - Manaus, AM - Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Schneider
- Laboratório de Citogenômica Animal, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Estrada do Contorno 3000, Aleixo, CEP 69077-000 - Manaus, AM - Brazil
| | - Maria Claudia Gross
- Laboratório de Citogenômica Animal, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Estrada do Contorno 3000, Aleixo, CEP 69077-000 - Manaus, AM - Brazil
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Karyological analyses of Pseudhymenochirus merlini and Hymenochirus boettgeri provide new insights into the chromosome evolution in the anuran family Pipidae. ZOOL ANZ 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Trifonov VA, Paoletti A, Caputo Barucchi V, Kalinina T, O’Brien PCM, Ferguson-Smith MA, Giovannotti M. Comparative Chromosome Painting and NOR Distribution Suggest a Complex Hybrid Origin of Triploid Lepidodactylus lugubris (Gekkonidae). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132380. [PMID: 26148117 PMCID: PMC4492922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parthenogenesis, unisexuality and triploidy are interesting but poorly studied phenomena occurring in some reptile species. The mourning gecko (Lepidodactylus lugubris) represents a complex of diploid and triploid parthenogenetic mostly all-female populations (males occur quite rarely) widely distributed in coastal areas of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Here, we study karyotypes of a male and two female L. lugubris (LLU) triploid individuals (3n = 66) using comparative painting with Gekko japonicus, Hemidactylus turcicus and H. platyurus chromosome specific probes to visualize the homologous regions and to reveal genus specific rearrangements. Also, we applied a 28S ribosomal DNA probe and Ag-staining to detect nucleolus organizer regions (NORs). Our results suggest that the karyotype of L. lugubris underwent a chromosome fission and a fusion after its divergence from a common ancestor of the Gekko-Hemidactylus group. The NORs were found to be located on one out of three homologs on each of LLU8, LLU15 and LLU18, thus further confirming a hybrid origin of triploid individuals. It seems that three different bisexual populations might have contributed to the origin of this triploid parthenogenetic population. We postulate that the heterozygosity in NOR localization is maintained in the triploid clone studied by the absence of recombination as described in whiptail lizards. The pattern of NOR localizations and homologous regions in males and females, as well as the absence of other detectable karyotypic differences, suggest that males arise spontaneously in all female populations and do not arise from independent hybridizations with different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A. Trifonov
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- * E-mail:
| | - Alessio Paoletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Caputo Barucchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze Marine Sezione Pesca Marittima,Ancona, Italy
| | - Tatiana Kalinina
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Patricia C. M. O’Brien
- Cambridge Resource Centre for Comparative Genomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm A. Ferguson-Smith
- Cambridge Resource Centre for Comparative Genomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Massimo Giovannotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Merita K, Kattukunnel JJ, Yadav SR, Bhat KV, Rao SR. Comparative analysis of heterochromatin distribution in wild and cultivated Abelmoschus species based on fluorescent staining methods. PROTOPLASMA 2015; 252:657-664. [PMID: 25300590 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-014-0712-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A comparative analysis of fluorochrome-binding pattern in nine taxa of Abelmoschus had shown that the type, amount and distribution pattern of heterochromatin were characteristic for each taxa. The fluorescent chromosome-binding sites obtained by chromomycin A3 (CMA) and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining in all the nine species showed constitutive heterochromatin CMA(+), DAPI(+) and CMA(+)/DAPI(+). Large amount of heterozygosity was observed with regard to heterochromatin distribution pattern in all the taxa studied. The CMA(+)-binding sites are comparatively less than DAPI(+)-binding sites which is clearly evident as AT-rich regions are more than GC-rich regions in all the nine taxa analysed in Abelmoschus. These CMA(+) and DAPI(+)-binding sites apparently rise with the increased in chromosome numbers of the different species. This pattern of heterochromatin heterogeneity seems to be a general characteristic feature. Therefore, the differential pattern of distribution of GC- and AT-rich sequences might have played an important role in diversification of the genus Abelmoschus. Polyploidy is an important factor in the evolution of Abelmoschus and the sole reason for range in chromosome numbers in this genus. It may be noted that, though often, but not always, the increase of DNA is caused by an increase in the amount of heterochromatin, i.e. increase of non-coding sections indicating restructuring of the heterochromatin. Thus, cumulative small and direct numerical changes might have played a role in the speciation of Abelmoschus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisham Merita
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Permanent Campus, Mawkynroh, Umnsing, Shillong, 793 022, Meghalaya, India
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Comparative Analysis of Karyotypes of Two Cryptic Species of Pelobatid Frogs (Amphibia, Anura) of Ukraine. VESTNIK ZOOLOGII 2014. [DOI: 10.2478/vzoo-2014-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The paper first describes in detail the karyotype of Pelobates vespertinus (Pallas, 1771) in comparison with the karyotype of Pelobates fuscus (Laurenti, 1768). Comparative morphological analysis of chromosomes has shown that these two cryptic species have a symmetrical karyotype consisting of two-armed chromosomes. It has been established that their chromosome sets consist of 7 pairs of large chromosomes and 6 pairs of small ones. The species diff er by the position of the centromere in the chromosomes of the 10th and 11th pairs. The 10th pair of P. fuscus is metacentrics, the 11th pair is submetacentric; the 10th pair of P. vespertinus is submetacentric, and the 11th one is metacentrics. Secondary constrictions are on the short arms of the 7th chromosome pair. The chromosomal formula for both species is 4 meta-(m) + 7 submeta-(sm) + 2 subtelocentrics (st), 2n = 26, N.F. = 52. Absolute length of all the chromosomes in the karyotype of P. fuscus is somewhat larger than that one in the karyotype of P. vespertinus. The parameters of relative length are equivalent on average, but they diff er in individual chromosomes. On the background of established chromosomal differences between the cryptic species, reliable diagnostic features have not been identified.
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Schmid M, Steinlein C, Feichtinger W, Haaf T, Mijares-Urrutia A, Schargel WE, Hedges SB. Cytogenetic Studies on Gonatodes (Reptilia, Squamata, Sphaerodactylidae). Cytogenet Genome Res 2014; 144:47-61. [DOI: 10.1159/000367929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Hodaňová L, Kalous L, Musilová Z. Comparative cytogenetics of Neotropical cichlid fishes (Nannacara, Ivanacara and Cleithracara) indicates evolutionary reduction of diploid chromosome numbers. COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2014; 8:169-83. [PMID: 25349669 PMCID: PMC4205487 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v8i3.7279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A comparative cytogenetic analysis was carried out in five species of a monophyletic clade of neotropical Cichlasomatine cichlids, namely Cleithracara maronii Steindachner, 1881, Ivanacara adoketa (Kullander & Prada-Pedreros, 1993), Nannacara anomala Regan, 1905, N. aureocephalus Allgayer, 1983 and N. taenia Regan, 1912. Karyotypes and other chromosomal characteristics were revealed by CDD banding and mapped onto the phylogenetic hypothesis based on molecular analyses of four genes, namely cyt b, 16S rRNA, S7 and RAG1. The diploid numbers of chromosomes ranged from 44 to 50, karyotypes were composed predominantly of monoarmed chromosomes and one to three pairs of CMA3 signal were observed. The results showed evolutionary reduction in this monophyletic clade and the cytogenetic mechanisms (fissions/fusions) were hypothesized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Hodaňová
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Kalous
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Musilová
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics AV CR, Libechov, Czech Republic
- Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Switzerland
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Kuznetsova IS, Thevasagayam NM, Sridatta PSR, Komissarov AS, Saju JM, Ngoh SY, Jiang J, Shen X, Orbán L. Primary analysis of repeat elements of the Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) transcriptome and genome. Front Genet 2014; 5:223. [PMID: 25120555 PMCID: PMC4110674 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of our Asian seabass genome project, we are generating an inventory of repeat elements in the genome and transcriptome. The karyotype showed a diploid number of 2n = 24 chromosomes with a variable number of B-chromosomes. The transcriptome and genome of Asian seabass were searched for repetitive elements with experimental and bioinformatics tools. Six different types of repeats constituting 8–14% of the genome were characterized. Repetitive elements were clustered in the pericentromeric heterochromatin of all chromosomes, but some of them were preferentially accumulated in pretelomeric and pericentromeric regions of several chromosomes pairs and have chromosomes specific arrangement. From the dispersed class of fish-specific non-LTR retrotransposon elements Rex1 and MAUI-like repeats were analyzed. They were wide-spread both in the genome and transcriptome, accumulated on the pericentromeric and peritelomeric areas of all chromosomes. Every analyzed repeat was represented in the Asian seabass transcriptome, some showed differential expression between the gonads. The other group of repeats analyzed belongs to the rRNA multigene family. FISH signal for 5S rDNA was located on a single pair of chromosomes, whereas that for 18S rDNA was found on two pairs. A BAC-derived contig containing rDNA was sequenced and assembled into a scaffold containing incomplete fragments of 18S rDNA. Their assembly and chromosomal position revealed that this part of Asian seabass genome is extremely rich in repeats containing evolutionarily conserved and novel sequences. In summary, transcriptome assemblies and cDNA data are suitable for the identification of repetitive DNA from unknown genomes and for comparative investigation of conserved elements between teleosts and other vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna S Kuznetsova
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Strategic Research Program, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, The National University of Singapore Singapore, Republic of Singapore ; Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natascha M Thevasagayam
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Strategic Research Program, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, The National University of Singapore Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Prakki S R Sridatta
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Strategic Research Program, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, The National University of Singapore Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Aleksey S Komissarov
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences St-Petersburg, Russia ; Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St Petersburg State University St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Jolly M Saju
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Strategic Research Program, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, The National University of Singapore Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Si Y Ngoh
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Strategic Research Program, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, The National University of Singapore Singapore, Republic of Singapore ; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Junhui Jiang
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Strategic Research Program, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, The National University of Singapore Singapore, Republic of Singapore ; Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xueyan Shen
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Strategic Research Program, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, The National University of Singapore Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - László Orbán
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Strategic Research Program, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, The National University of Singapore Singapore, Republic of Singapore ; Department of Animal Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Georgikon Faculty, University of Pannonia Keszthely, Hungary ; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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25
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Rocco L. Molecular and Chromosomal Markers for Evolutionary Considerations in Torpediniformes (Chondrichthyes, Batoidea). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5402/2013/808750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Due to their basal position in the vertebrate phylogenetic tree, the study on elasmobranch genetics and cytogenetics can provide remarkable information on the mechanisms underlying the evolution of all vertebrates. In recent years, different molecular approaches have been used to study the relationships between the different taxonomic groups of cartilaginous fish, among them are the physical mapping of specific nucleotide sequences on chromosomes. However, these are controversial, particularly in Torpediniformes in which the species have different karyological parameters. The purpose of this paper is to gather the molecular markers so far present in literature that were used to reconstruct the phylogenetic position of Torpediniformes with respect to the other Batoidea and to discriminate between the various chromosome pairs in the endemic species in the Mediterranean Sea, Torpedo torpedo, T. marmorata and T. nobiliana. The 5S and 18S ribosomal DNA, the HpaI and Alu SINE, the telomeric (TTAGGG)n and the spermatogenesis-related SPATA 16, SPATA 18, and UTY sequences were particularly useful. These last genomic segments were also able to differentiate between the male and the female karyotypes. Moreover, the torpedoes showed a particular genomic organization, especially Torpedo torpedo, in which large quantities of highly repeated DNA and a characteristic distribution of heterochromatin, which is never centromeric, were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Rocco
- Department of Life Sciences, Second University of Naples, via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
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26
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Nishida C, Ishijima J, Ishishita S, Yamada K, Griffin DK, Yamazaki T, Matsuda Y. Karyotype reorganization with conserved genomic compartmentalization in dot-shaped microchromosomes in the Japanese mountain hawk-eagle (Nisaetus nipalensis orientalis, Accipitridae). Cytogenet Genome Res 2013; 141:284-94. [PMID: 23838459 DOI: 10.1159/000352067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The karyotype of the Japanese mountain hawk-eagle (Nisaetus nipalensis orientalis) (2n = 66) consists of a large number of medium-sized and small chromosomes but only 4 pairs of dot-shaped microchromosomes, in contrast to the typical avian karyotype with a small number of macrochromosomes and many indistinguishable microchromosomes. To investigate the drastic karyotype reorganization in this species, we performed a molecular cytogenetic characterization employing chromosome in situ hybridization and molecular cloning of centromeric heterochromatin. Cross-species chromosome painting with chicken chromosome-specific probes 1-9 and Z and a paint pool of 20 microchromosome pairs revealed that the N. n. orientalis karyotype differs from chicken by at least 13 fissions of macrochromosomes and 15 fusions between microchromosomes and between micro- and macrochromosomes. A novel family of satellite DNA sequences (NNO-ApaI) was isolated, consisting of a GC-rich 173-bp repeated sequence element. The NNO-ApaI sequence was localized to the C-positive centromeric heterochromatin of 4 pairs of microchromosomes, which evolved concertedly by homogenization between the microchromosomes. These results suggest that the 4 pairs of dot-shaped microchromosomes have retained their genomic compartmentalization from other middle-sized and small chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Nishida
- Department of Natural History Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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27
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Main H, Scantlebury DP, Zarkower D, Gamble T. Karyotypes of two species of Malagasy ground gecko (Paroedura: Gekkonidae). AFR J HERPETOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/21564574.2012.667837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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28
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Martinez ERM, Alves AL, Silveira SM, Foresti F, Oliveira C. Cytogenetic analysis in the incertae sedis species Astyanax altiparanae Garutti and Britzki, 2000 and Hyphessobrycon eques Steindachner, 1882 (Characiformes, Characidae) from the upper Paraná river basin. COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2012; 6:41-51. [PMID: 24260651 PMCID: PMC3833770 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v6i1.1873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cytogenetic analyses were accomplished in two populations of Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britzki, 2000 and one population of Hyphessobrycon eques Steindachner, 1882, considered incertae sedis in Characidae family. Two populations of Astyanax altiparanae (Mogi-Guaçu and Tietê rivers) presented 2n=50, with the same karyotype formula: 6M+12SM+20ST+12A (FN=88). Hyphessobrycon eques from Capivara river presented 2n=52 and karyotype formula 14M+16SM+4ST+18A (FN=86). In each karyotype, the nucleolus organizer regions were detected at the end of the short arm of a single medium-sized subtelocentric chromosome. The Chromomycin A3 (CMA3) marking is coincident for the NORs in chromosomes of the two species and present additionally in two different chromosomes of Astyanax altiparanae thus showinginterpopulation differences in this species. In Hyphessobrycon eques, weak heterochromatic blocks in the position of centromeres and telomeres of most chromosomes and negative C-banding for the NOR bearing chromosome were visualized. The obtained results contribute both to the understanding of karyotype evolution of these species and to the clarifying their phylogenetic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel R. M. Martinez
- Departamento de Morfologia, Laboratório de Biologia e Genética de Peixes, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências, Bairro Rubião Jr., s/n, 18618-000, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Anderson L. Alves
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Av. 24A, 1515, Bairro Bela Vista, 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Sara M. Silveira
- Departamento de Morfologia, Laboratório de Biologia e Genética de Peixes, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências, Bairro Rubião Jr., s/n, 18618-000, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Fausto Foresti
- Departamento de Morfologia, Laboratório de Biologia e Genética de Peixes, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências, Bairro Rubião Jr., s/n, 18618-000, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudio Oliveira
- Departamento de Morfologia, Laboratório de Biologia e Genética de Peixes, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências, Bairro Rubião Jr., s/n, 18618-000, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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29
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Karagyan G, Lachowska D, Kalashian M. Karyotype analysis of four jewel-beetle species (Coleoptera, Buprestidae) detected by standard staining, C-banding, AgNOR-banding and CMA3/DAPI staining. COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2012; 6:183-97. [PMID: 24260661 PMCID: PMC3833796 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v6i2.2950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The male karyotypes of Acmaeodera pilosellae persica Mannerheim, 1837 with 2n=20 (18+neoXY), Sphenoptera scovitzii Faldermann, 1835 (2n=38-46), Dicerca aenea validiuscula Semenov, 1895 - 2n=20 (18+Xyp) and Sphaerobothris aghababiani Volkovitsh et Kalashian, 1998 - 2n=16 (14+Xyp) were studied using conventional staining and different chromosome banding techniques: C-banding, AgNOR-banding, as well as fluorochrome Chromomycin A3 (CMA3) and DAPI. It is shown that C-positive segments are weakly visible in all four species which indicates a small amount of constitutive heterochromatin (CH). There were no signals after DAPI staining and some positive signals were discovered using CMA3 staining demonstrating absence of AT-rich DNA and presence of GC-rich clusters of CH. Nucleolus organizing regions (NORs) were revealed using Ag-NOR technique; argentophilic material mostly coincides with positive signals obtained using CMA3 staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayane Karagyan
- Institute of Zoology of Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, P. Sevak 7, Yerevan 0014, Armenia
| | - Dorota Lachowska
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Zoology Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Mark Kalashian
- Institute of Zoology of Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, P. Sevak 7, Yerevan 0014, Armenia
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30
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Barros LAC, De Aguiar HJAC, Andrade-Souza V, Mariano CDSF, Delabie JHC, Pompolo SDG. Occurrence of pre-nucleolar bodies and 45S rDNA location on the chromosomes of the ant Mycocepurus goeldii (Forel) (Formicidae, Myrmicinae, Attini). Hereditas 2011; 149:50-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.2011.02237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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31
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Vitorino CA, Souza IL, Rosa JN, Valente GT, Martins C, Venere PC. Molecular cytogenetics and its contribution to the understanding of the chromosomal diversification in Hoplias malabaricus (Characiformes). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2011; 78:1239-1248. [PMID: 21463318 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.02930.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cytogenetic markers were used to compare the karyotypes of an isolated population of Hoplias malabaricus with others previously described. The results revealed peculiar characteristics that indicate a new independent evolutionary unit within the H. malabaricus complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Vitorino
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), PPG Ecologia e Conservação, CP 08, 78.690-000 Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
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32
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Vicari MR, Nogaroto V, Noleto RB, Cestari MM, Cioffi MB, Almeida MC, Moreira-Filho O, Bertollo LAC, Artoni RF. Satellite DNA and chromosomes in Neotropical fishes: methods, applications and perspectives. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2010; 76:1094-116. [PMID: 20409164 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02564.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Constitutive heterochromatin represents a substantial portion of the eukaryote genome, and it is mainly composed of tandemly repeated DNA sequences, such as satellite DNAs, which are also enriched by other dispersed repeated elements, including transposons. Studies on the organization, structure, composition and in situ localization of satellite DNAs have led to consistent advances in the understanding of the genome evolution of species, with a particular focus on heterochromatic domains, the diversification of heteromorphic sex chromosomes and the origin and maintenance of B chromosomes. Satellite DNAs can be chromosome specific or species specific, or they can characterize different species from a genus, family or even representatives of a given order. In some cases, the presence of these repeated elements in members of a single clade has enabled inferences of a phylogenetic nature. Genomic DNA restriction, using specific enzymes, is the most frequently used method for isolating satellite DNAs. Recent methods such as C(0)t-1 DNA and chromosome microdissection, however, have proven to be efficient alternatives for the study of this class of DNA. Neotropical ichthyofauna is extremely rich and diverse enabling multiple approaches with regard to the differentiation and evolution of the genome. Genome components of some species and genera have been isolated, mapped and correlated with possible functions and structures of the chromosomes. The 5SHindIII-DNA satellite DNA, which is specific to Hoplias malabaricus of the Erythrinidae family, has an exclusively centromeric location. The As51 satellite DNA, which is closely correlated with the genome diversification of some species from the genus Astyanax, has also been used to infer relationships between species. In the Prochilodontidae family, two repetitive DNA sequences were mapped on the chromosomes, and the SATH 1 satellite DNA is associated with the origin of heterochromatic B chromosomes in Prochilodus lineatus. Among species of the genus Characidium and the Parodontidae family, amplifications of satellite DNAs have demonstrated that these sequences are related to the differentiation of heteromorphic sex chromosomes. The possible elimination of satellite DNA units could explain the genome compaction that occurs among some species of Neotropical Tetraodontiformes. These topics are discussed in the present review, showing the importance of satellite DNA analysis in the differentiation and karyotype evolution of Actinopterygii.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Vicari
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil.
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O'Brien ED, Salicioni AM, Cabada MO, Arranz SE. Vitellogenesis in Bufo arenarum: identification, characterization and immunolocalization of high molecular mass lipovitellin during oogenesis. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 155:256-65. [PMID: 19932187 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Vitellogenin (Vtg), a large lipoglycophosphoprotein, is the most important precursor of the yolk proteins, and the major source of nutrients for the developing embryo in oviparous species. After its uptake by the oocytes, Vtg is converted into lipovitellins (high and light) and phosvitin, which are deposited into crystalline yolk platelets. We describe here the presence of two high molecular mass lipovitellin isoforms in Bufo arenarum mature oocytes with masses of 113 and 100 kDa, respectively. The amino acid sequence analysis of p113 and p100 peptides showed a high sequence homology between both polypeptides and the complete reported sequences of Xenopus laevis vitellogenin. Using specific antibodies, we determined that the Vtg uptake begins early during oogenesis, at the previtellogenic stage, and continues until oocytes have reached their mature status. In addition, we found that large endocytic vesicles mediate Vtg uptake in stage I oocytes, and that the size of the endocytic vesicles declines with oogenesis progression. In terms of the Vtg protein trafficking, we detected the Vtg precursor (190 kDa) in the liver of estradiol-injected females. Finally, we propose a subclassification of B. arenarum stage II oocytes into three physiologically and morphologically distinct periods (early, mid and late).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma D O'Brien
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (CONICET-UNR) and Area Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, UNR, Argentina
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Hamon P, Siljak-Yakovlev S, Srisuwan S, Robin O, Poncet V, Hamon S, de Kochko A. Physical mapping of rDNA and heterochromatin in chromosomes of 16 Coffea species: a revised view of species differentiation. Chromosome Res 2009; 17:291-304. [PMID: 19333769 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-009-9033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2008] [Revised: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The chromosome organization among 15 wild diploid Coffea species and cultivated tetraploid C. arabica was determined by fluorochrome banding (CMA, DAPI) and double fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) of 5S and 18S rDNA achieved on the same chromosome plates. Two to five chromosome pairs (plus one putative chromosome B) are marked. Overall, there are two SAT-chromosome pairs for East African species and one for the Malagasy and the West and Central African species. 18S rDNA loci are telomeric and strongly marked the SAT-chromosome pairs. Generally, only one pericentromeric 5S rDNA locus characterized East African species, while an additional minor locus co-localized with the 18S rDNA-SAT locus for the Malagasy species and West and Central African species. A combination of rDNA FISH plus CMA and DAPI banding patterns enables identification of almost all the species, even those for which the genetic or botanical status is still being discussed. C. arabica clearly appears to be an allotetraploid species, including one genome from East Africa and one from West and Central Africa. However, since the minor 5S rDNA-SAT locus present in West/Central African genomes is not detected, two evolutionary hypotheses could be put forward for C. arabica. Considering only the diploid species, global trends are obvious in rDNA signal patterns, genome size variations, and geographic distribution of the species, but there are no clear evolutionary trends. However, complex interactions between these factors and environmental growing conditions exist, which have resulted in loss and gain of rDNA loci and probably also in copy repeat number variations in each rDNA family.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hamon
- IRD, UMR DIAPC, 911 Av Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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35
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Russo C, Rocco L, Stingo V, Aprea G, Odierna G. A cytogenetic analysis ofGambusia holbrooki(Cyprinodontiformes, Poecilidae) from the River Sarno. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/11250009909356267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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36
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Souza IL, Santos-Silva LK, Venere PC, Moreira-Filho O. Molecular cytogenetics of Salminus fish (Characiformes) based on 5S and 18S rRNA genes hybridization, fluorochrome staining and C-banding. Micron 2008; 39:1036-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2007.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Revised: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 09/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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37
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Ráb P, Rábová M, Pereira CS, Collares-Pereira MJ, Pelikánová Š. Chromosome studies of European cyprinid fishes: interspecific homology of leuciscine cytotaxonomic marker—the largest subtelocentric chromosome pair as revealed by cross-species painting. Chromosome Res 2008; 16:863-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s10577-008-1245-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Revised: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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38
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Morelli S, Vicari MR, Bertollo LAC. Evolutionary cytogenetics of the Hoplias lacerdae, Miranda Ribeiro, 1908 group. A particular pathway concerning the other Erythrinidae fish. BRAZ J BIOL 2008; 67:897-903. [PMID: 18278357 DOI: 10.1590/s1519-69842007000500013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The taxonomy/systematics of the Erythrinidae fish is still imprecise, with several doubts on their relationships. Karyotypes and chromosomal characteristics of some species of the Hoplias lacerdae group (Erythrinidae), from different Brazilian hydrographic basins and pisciculture stations, were analyzed in the present study, using conventional Giemsa staining, C-banding, silver staining, Mithramycin and Distamycin/DAPI fluorochromes, and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). A diploid chromosome number of 2n = 50 and karyotypes composed of meta- and submetacentric chromosomes without sex-related differences were found. Only one active NOR (Nucleolar Organizer Region) site was found, which was identified by silver staining (Ag-NOR) and FISH, located on the chromosome pair 11, although additional 45S rDNA sites were also mapped on other chromosome pairs only by FISH. The Ag-NOR of the chromosome pair 11 was found to be GC-rich, appearing positive after Mithramycin staining. Mithramycin-positive/DAPI-negative sites were also observed in the centromeric/pericentomeric regions of the chromosome pairs 4, 6, 15, and 19, which have also affinity to silver nitrate. However, these four sites were not detected by FISH with the rDNA probe, indicating to be only argentophilic GC-rich heterochromatic regions. Chromosome data show that the karyotype evolution in Hoplias lacerdae group is relatively conserved and follows a particular pathway concerning the other Erythrinidae fishes, such as Hoplias malabaricus, Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus, and Erythrinus erythrinus, in which polytypic karyotypes are found. Thus, the H. lacerdae group shows chromosome features that are not closely related to those of the congeneric H. malabaricus group. These finds, together with genetic and morphologic data, are important tools to be considered in a major revision of the Erythrinidae family, as well as for conservation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Morelli
- Laboratório de Citogenética e Mutagênese, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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Hartley SE. C, Q, and restriction enzyme banding of the chromosomes in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). Hereditas 2008; 114:253-61. [PMID: 1960102 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1991.tb00332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and the Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) represent different phylogenetic lines of the salmonid fish genus Salvelinus. Chromosome banding studies utilizing C, Q, and restriction enzymes reveal differences between the two species for the amount and sequence composition of their heterochromatic DNA. Arctic charr, the more recently evolved of the two species, possesses more C and Q bands than the brook trout. With the exception of Alu I, the banding patterns produced by restriction enzymes bear a close resemblance to the C band pattern. Alu I eliminates staining from large pericentromeric regions, including the centromeric heterochromatin, in the chromosomes of both species and from some telomeric regions in Arctic charr. These findings show that the evolutionary divergence of the Arctic charr from the brook trout has been accompanied by accumulation of heterochromatic DNA and subsequent sequence divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Hartley
- Department of Biological and Molecular Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Scotland
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41
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Marques MBDA, Moreira-Filho O, Garcia C, Margarido VP. Cytogenetic analyses of two endemic fish species from the São Francisco River basin: Conorhynchus conirostris and Lophiosilurus alexandri (Siluriformes). Genet Mol Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572008000200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Peres WAM, Bertollo LAC, Moreira Filho O. Physical mapping of the 18S and 5S ribosomal genes in nine Characidae species (Teleostei, Characiformes). Genet Mol Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572008000200009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Schneider MC, Rosa SP, Almeida MC, Costa C, Cella DM. Chromosomal similarities and differences among four Neotropical Elateridae (Conoderini and Pyrophorini) and other related species, with comments on the NOR patterns in Coleoptera. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.2006.00398.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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De Rosa LVS, Foresti F, Martins C, Oliveira C, Sobrinho PE, Wasko AP. Cytogenetic analyses of two Curimatidae species (Pisces; Characiformes) from the Paranapanema and Tietê Rivers. BRAZ J BIOL 2007; 67:333-8. [PMID: 17876445 DOI: 10.1590/s1519-69842007000200020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2005] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytogenetic analyses were performed in two Curimatidae species (Steindachnerina insculpta and Cyphocharax modesta) from the Paranapanema and Tietê Rivers (São Paulo State, Brazil), showing a karyotype composed of 54 meta-submetacentric chromosomes in both species. Silver- and chromomycyn-staining and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using a 18S rDNA probe indicated that the nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) of both species are localized in the terminal region of the long arm of two metacentric chromosomes. Although a single NOR system was evidenced in both analyzed species, S. insculpta and C. modesta presented the nucleolar organizer regions in distinct chromosome pairs, indicating that these cistrons can be considered cytogenetic markers. Variation on the amount and distribution of the constitutive heterochromatin (C-bands) could also be detected between the two species - while S. insculpta presented few heterochromatic blocks, intensely stained C-bands were evidenced in C. modesta specially in the terminal region of the long arm of the NOR-bearing chromosomes. Although most Curimatidae species have been characterized by homogeneous karyotypes, isolated populations could be established under different environmental conditions leading to karyotype micro-structure variations specially related to the NORs localization and C-banding distribution. The obtained data were useful for the cytogenetic characterization and differentiation of S. insculpta and C. modesta and could be used in evolutionary inferences in the Curimatidae group.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V S De Rosa
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 18618-000, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Schneider MC, Almeida MC, Rosa SP, Costa C, Cella DM. Evolutionary chromosomal differentiation among four species of Conoderus Eschscholtz, 1829 (Coleoptera, Elateridae, Agrypninae, Conoderini) detected by standard staining, C-banding, silver nitrate impregnation, and CMA3/DA/DAPI staining. Genetica 2007; 128:333-46. [PMID: 17028962 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-006-7101-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2005] [Accepted: 01/31/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The speciose Brazilian Elateridae fauna is characterized by high karyotypic diversity, including one species (Chalcolepidius zonatus Eschscholtz, 1829) with the lowest diploid number within any Coleoptera order. Cytogenetic analysis of Conoderus dimidiatus Germar, 1839, C. scalaris (Germar, 1824,) C. ternarius Germar, 1839, and C. stigmosus Germar, 1839 by standard and differential staining was performed with the aim of establishing mechanisms of karyotypic differentiation in these species. Conoderus dimidiatus, C. scalaris, and C. ternarius have diploid numbers of 2n(male) = 17 and 2n(female) = 18, and a X0/XX sex determination system, similar to that encountered in the majority of Conoderini species. The karyotype of C. stigmosus was characterized by a diploid number of 2n = 16 and a neoXY/neoXX sex determination system that was highly differentiated from other species of the genus. Some features of the mitotic and meiotic chromosomes suggest an autosome/ancestral X chromosome fusion as the cause of the neoXY system origin in C. stigmosus. C-banding and silver impregnation techniques showed that the four Conoderus species possess similar chromosomal characteristics to those registered in most Polyphaga species, including pericentromeric C band and autosomal NORs. Triple staining techniques including CMA3/DA/DAPI also provided useful information for differentiating these Conoderus species. These techniques revealed unique GC-rich heterochromatin associated with NORs in C. scalaris and C. stigmosus and CMA3-heteromorphism in C. scalaris and C. ternarius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle Cristina Schneider
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Rio Claro, Av. 24-A, n 1515, CP 199, CEP 13506-900, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil.
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dos Santos RML, Pellegrino KCM, Rodrigues MT, Yonenaga-Yassuda Y. Banding patterns and chromosomal evolution in five species of neotropical Teiinae lizards (Squamata: Teiidae). Genetica 2007; 131:231-40. [PMID: 17206461 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-006-9133-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 12/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Karyotypes of five species of South American teiid lizards from subfamily Teiinae: Ameiva ameiva, Kentropyx calcarata, K. paulensis, K. vanzoi (2n = 50, all acrocentric), and Cnemidophorus ocellifer (2n = 50, all biarmed), are herein described and compared on the basis of conventional and silver staining, and CBG and RBG banding patterns. Meiotic data are also included. Karyotypes of K. paulensis, K. vanzoi, and C. ocellifer are reported here for the first time. Inter-generic variability in Ag-NORs location was detected with NORs occurring at the end of long arm of pair 1 in K. calcarata, K. paulensis, and K. vanzoi; pair 5 in C. ocellifer and pair 7 in A. ameiva. The location of NORs, along with the karyological differences between A. ameiva and the Central American species (A. auberi), corroboretes the molecular-based hypothesis that the genus Ameiva is paraphyletic. Inter-populational heteromorphism in Ag-NORs size was detected between populations of C. ocellifer. RBG and CBG banding data demonstrated that the biarmed condition of the C. ocellifer chromosomes is due to multiple pericentric inversion events instead of addition of constitutive heterochromatin. Differential-staining techniques used here revealed valuable information about Teiinae karyotypic diversity and made it possible to compare these species, contributing to both the better comprehension of their chromosomal evolution and issues on taxa systematics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Marques Lima dos Santos
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, C.P. 11.461 CEP 05422-970, Brazil.
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Kavalco KF, Pazza R, Bertollo LAC, Moreira-Filho O. Satellite DNA sites in four species of the genus Astyanax (Teleostei, Characiformes). Genet Mol Biol 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572007000400005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Kakagawa SMH, de Brito Portela-Castro MAL, Martins-Santos IC. A Study of Nucleolus Organizing Regions by Ag-staining, in situ Hybridization and Chromomycin A3 Techniques in Tilapia rendalli (Cichlidae, Perciformes) of the River Iguacu Basin, Parana, Brazil. CYTOLOGIA 2007. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.72.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Frehner Kavalco K, Pazza R, Bertollo LAC, Moreira-Filho O. Heterochromatin characterization of four fish species of the family Loricariidae (Siluriformes). Hereditas 2006; 141:237-42. [PMID: 15703039 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.2004.01850.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The karyotypic structures and the composition and distribution of the heterochromatin in the karyotypes of four catfish species belonging to four Loricariidae subfamilies were analysed, namely: Neoplecostomus microps (Neoplecostominae) with 2n=54 chromosomes, Harttia loricariformis (Loricariinae) with 2n=56 chromosomes, Hypostomus affinis (Hypostominae) with 2n=66 chromosomes and Upsilodus sp. (Upsilodinae) with 2n=96 chromosomes. The amount and composition of heterochromatin was quite unequal among the studied species, being copious and mainly GC-rich in Upsilodus sp. and scarce and balanced in H. loricariformis. All of the H. affinis heterochromatin is GC-rich and related with nucleolar organizing regions. N. microps show low quantity of interstitial and GC-rich heterochromatin, one of them being related with NORs. Trends in the macrokaryotypic diversification as well as in the distribution pattern of the heterochromatin are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Frehner Kavalco
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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