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Kotb E, Alabdalall AH, Alghamdi AI, Ababutain IM, Aldakeel SA, Al-Zuwaid SK, Algarudi BM, Algarudi SM, Ahmed AA, Albarrag AM. Screening for chitin degrading bacteria in the environment of Saudi Arabia and characterization of the most potent chitinase from Streptomyces variabilis Am1. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11723. [PMID: 37474592 PMCID: PMC10359409 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38876-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Forty-six promising chitinolytic isolates were recovered during a screening for chitinolytic bacteria in the environment of Saudi Arabia. The top three isolates belonged to the genus Streptomyces. Streptomyces variabilis Am1 was able to excrete the highest amount of chitinases, reaching the maximum at 84 h with 0.5% yeast extract and nitrogen source and 2% galactose as a carbon source. Purification of chitinase by DEAE-Cellulose and Sephadex G75 improved the specific activity to 18.6-fold and the recovery to 23.8% and showed a mass at 56 kDa. The optimal catalysis of the purified chitinase was at 40 °C and pH 8 with high thermostability and pH stability as reflected by a midpoint temperature value of 66.6 °C and stability at pH 4-9. The protein reagents SDS, EDTA, and EGTA significantly inhibited the enzyme and the EDTA-chelated chitinase restored its activity after the addition of Fe2+ ions suggesting a metallo-chitinase type with ferric ions as cofactors. Chitinase exerted high antifungal activity against some phytopathogenic fungi. Interestingly, the tested Streptomyces were able to produce chitosan nanocubes along with chitosan from chitin degradation which may be an additional power in their antifungal activity in nature. This work also reveals the importance of unexplored environments as a pool of promising microorganisms with biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam Kotb
- Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center (BASRC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Amira H Alabdalall
- Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center (BASRC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azzah I Alghamdi
- Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center (BASRC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibtisam M Ababutain
- Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center (BASRC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sumayh A Aldakeel
- The National Center for Genomic Technology (NCGT), Life Science and Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Genomic of Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Saudi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Public Health Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Safa K Al-Zuwaid
- Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center (BASRC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Batool M Algarudi
- Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center (BASRC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sakina M Algarudi
- Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center (BASRC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asmaa A Ahmed
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Commerce, Al-Azhar University (Girls' Branch), P.O. Box 11751, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Albarrag
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6: A nematocidal activity of endochitinase gene exploration and its function identification. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:1641-1652. [PMID: 36273547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Endochitinase is a natural extracellular protein in Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6, which can degrade the eggshell of Heterodera avenae significantly, however the related genes that coding this protein was rarely characterized. In the present study, the endochitinase 18-5 gene (T6-Echi18-5) of T. longibrachiatum T6 was cloned and sequenced. The expression level of T6-Echi18-5 gene in T. longibrachiatum T6 was induced and increased after the H. avenae cysts inoculation. The full-length cDNA sequence of T6-Echi18-5 was 1671 bp that contained an ORF of 1275 bp, corresponding to 424 amino acids with a 45.9 kDa molecular weight. A single band of 60.04 kDa was detected and identified using SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis after transferring the T6-Echi18-5 gene to Escherichia coli BL21 Rosetta (DE3). The concentration of purified recombinant T6-Echi18-5 protein was 1.53 mg·ml-1, and the optimal temperature and pH were 50 °C and 5.0, respectively. The eggshell and content were dissolved and exuded from 4 to10 days after treatment with the purified recombinant T6-Echi18-5 protein. The relative inhibition rate of eggs hatching was 86.79 % at 12 days after treatment. Our study demonstrated the key role of T6-Echi18-5 gene in degrading the H. avenae eggshell and inhibiting the eggs hatching.
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Ohno M, Miyazaki M, Kimura M, Minowa Y, Sakaguchi M, Oyama F, Yamashita T. Characterization of mouse di- N-acetylchitobiase that can degrade chitin-oligosaccharides. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:2499-2507. [PMID: 32799730 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1805584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Di-N-acetylchitobiase (Ctbs) degrades β-1,4 glycoside bonds of the chitobiose core of free asparagine-linked glycan. This study examined whether Ctbs degrades chitin-oligosaccharides to GlcNAc in mammals. We analyzed Ctbs mRNA and protein expression in mouse tissues and characterized enzymatic activity using recombinant mouse Ctbs expressed in Escherichia coli. Ctbs mRNA and protein were expressed in various tissues of mouse, including the stomach. Optimal conditions for recombinant Ctbs were pH 3.0 and 45°C, and the recombinant enzyme was retained more than 94% activity after incubation at pH 3.0-7.0 and below 37°C. The recombinant Ctbs hydrolyzed (GlcNAc)3 and (GlcNAc)6 at pH 3.0 and produced GlcNAc. The K m of Ctbs was lowest with (GlcNAc)3 as a substrate. k cat/K m was fourfold as high with (GlcNAc)3 and (GlcNAc)4 as substrates than with (GlcNAc)2. These results suggest that Ctbs digests chitin-oligosaccharides or (GlcNAc)2 of reducing-end residues of oligosaccharides and produces GlcNAc in mouse tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misa Ohno
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University , Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Masao Miyazaki
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University , Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kimura
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University , Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusaku Minowa
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University , Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Sakaguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University , Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Oyama
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University , Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Yamashita
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University , Morioka, Iwate, Japan
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Du J, Duan S, Miao J, Zhai M, Cao Y. Purification and characterization of chitinase from Paenibacillus sp. . Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 68:30-40. [PMID: 31957084 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The chitinase-producing bacteria Paenibacillus sp. was isolated from soil samples. The chitinase was purified successively by ammonia sulfate fractional precipitation followed by chromatography on DEAE 52-cellulose column and then on Sephadex G-75 column. The chitinase has a molecular weight of ca. 30 kDa as measured by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) electrophoresis. Its optimum pH is 4.5, and its optimum temperature is 50 °C with colloidal chitin as a substrate. The enzyme is stable below 45 °C and in pH ranges between 4.5 and 5.5. It is activated by glucosamine, glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, and metal ions including Ca2+ , Fe2+ , Fe3+ , and Ni2+ . It is inhibited by SDS, H2 O2 , ascorbic acid, Cu2+ , Mg2+ , Ba2+ , Sn2+ , Cr3+ , and K+ . With colloidal chitin as substrate, the Km and the Vmax of the chitinase are 4.28 mg/mL and 14.29 μg/(Min·mL), respectively, whereas the end products of the enzymatic hydrolysis are 14.33% monomer and 85.67% dimer of N-acetylglucosamine. The viscosity of carboxymethyl chitin decreased rapidly at the initial stages when subjected to chitinase hydrolysis, which indicates that the chitinase acts in an endosplitting pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghe Du
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Ke Long Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jingmen, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Duan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyin Miao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Zhai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Satari Faghihi L, Seyedalipour B, Ahmady-asbchin S, Riazi G. Moderately Halophilic Bacteria and Their Industrially Important Enzymes from the Ancient Ecosystem Badab-e Surt. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2019. [DOI: 10.1089/ind.2018.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Satari Faghihi
- University of Mazandaran, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Bagher Seyedalipour
- University of Mazandaran, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Babolsar, Iran
| | | | - Gholamhossein Riazi
- University of Tehran, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Biochemistry Department, Tehran, Iran
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Gunasekaran T, Alagersamy A, Suthanthiram B, Thangaraj AS, Palaniyandi S, Subramanian M. Cloning of the defense gene PlchiIII and its potential role in the biocontrol of Pratylenchus coffeae nematodes and Meloidogyne incognita eggs in Musa. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Kim TI, Lim DH, Baek KS, Jang SS, Park BY, Mayakrishnan V. Production of chitinase from Escherichia fergusonii, chitosanase from Chryseobacterium indologenes, Comamonas koreensis and its application in N-acetylglucosamine production. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 112:1115-1121. [PMID: 29452184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The important platform polysaccharide N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) has great potential to be used in the fields of food, cosmetics, agricultural, pharmaceutical, medicine and biotechnology. This GlcNAc is being produced by traditional methods of environment-unfriendly chemical digestion with strong acids. Therefore, researchers have been paying more attention to enzymatic hydrolysis process for the production of GlcNAc. Hence, in this study, we isolated novel chitinase (Escherichia fergusonii) and chitosanase (Chryseobacterium indologenes, Comamonas koreensis) producing strains from Korean native calves feces, and developed the potential of an eco-friendly microbial progression for GlcNAc production from swollen chitin and chitosan by enzymatic degradation. Maximum chitinase (7.24±0.07U/ml) and chitosanase (8.42±0.09, 8.51±0.25U/ml) enzyme activity were reached in submerged fermentation at an optimal pH of 7.0 and 30°C. In this study, sucrose, yeast extract, (NH4)2SO4, and NaCl were found to be the potential enhancers of exo-chitinase activity and glucose, corn flour, yeast extract, soybean flour, (NH4)2SO4, NH4Cl and K2HPO4 were found to be the potential activator for exo-chitosanase activity. Optimum concentrations of the carbon sources for enhanced chitinase activity were 9.91, 3.21, 9.86, 1.66U/ml and chitosanase activity were 1.63, 1.13, 2.28, 3.71, 9.02, 4.93, and 2.14U/ml. These enzymes efficiently hydrolyzed swollen chitin and chitosan to N-acetylglucosamine were characterized by thin layer chromatography and were further confirmed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. From a commercial perspective, we isolated, optimized and characterized exochitinase from Escherichia fergusonii (HANDI 110) and chitosanase from Chryseobacterium indologenes (HANYOO), and Comamonas koreensis (HANWOO) for the large-scale production of GlcNAc facilitating its potential use in industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Il Kim
- Dairy Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #114, Shinbang 1Gil, Seonghwan-eup, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31000, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Lim
- Dairy Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #114, Shinbang 1Gil, Seonghwan-eup, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31000, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Soo Baek
- Dairy Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #114, Shinbang 1Gil, Seonghwan-eup, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31000, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Sik Jang
- Hanwoo Research Institute, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #4937, Gyeonggang-ro, Daegwallyeong-myeon, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do 25340, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Young Park
- Dairy Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #114, Shinbang 1Gil, Seonghwan-eup, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31000, Republic of Korea
| | - Vijayakumar Mayakrishnan
- Dairy Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #114, Shinbang 1Gil, Seonghwan-eup, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31000, Republic of Korea.
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Kumar M, Brar A, Vivekanand V, Pareek N. Production of chitinase from thermophilic Humicola grisea and its application in production of bioactive chitooligosaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 104:1641-1647. [PMID: 28487199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.04.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel thermophilic chitinase producing strain Humicola grisea ITCC 10,360.16 was isolated from soil of semi-arid desert region of Rajasthan. Maximum enzyme production (116±3.45Ul-1) was achieved in submerged fermentation. Nutritional requirement for maximum production of chitinase under submerged condition was optimized using response surface methodology. Among the eight nutritional elements studied, chitin, colloidal chitin, KCl and yeast-extract were identified as the most critical variables for chitinase production by Plackett-Burman design first. Further optimization of these variables was done by four-factor central composite design. The model came out to be significant and statistical analysis of results showed that an appropriate ratio of chitin and colloidal chitin had resulted into enhancement in enzyme production levels. Optimum concentration of the variables for enhanced chitinase production were 7.49, 4.91, 0.19 and 5.50 (gl-1) for chitin, colloidal chitin, KCl and yeast extract, respectively. 1.43 fold enhancement in chitinase titres was attained in shake flasks, when the variables were used at their optimum levels. Thin layer chromatography revealed that enzyme can effectively hydrolyze colloidal chitin to produce chitooligosaccharides. Chitinase production from H. grisea and optimization of economic production medium heighten the employment of enzyme for large scale production of bioactive chitooligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer 305801, Rajasthan, India
| | - Amandeep Brar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer 305801, Rajasthan, India
| | - V Vivekanand
- Centre for Energy and Environment, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur 302017, Rajasthan, India
| | - Nidhi Pareek
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer 305801, Rajasthan, India.
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Industrial Applications of Fungal Chitinases: An Update. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2016. [DOI: 10.1201/b19347-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Enzymatic properties of chitinase-producing antagonistic bacterium Paenibacillus chitinolyticus with various substrates. Microb Pathog 2015; 89:195-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kim JS, Yoon BY, Ahn J, Cha J, Ha NC. Crystal structure of β-N-acetylglucosaminidase CbsA from Thermotoga neapolitana. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 464:869-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Hawkins LK, Mylroie JE, Oliveira DA, Smith JS, Ozkan S, Windham GL, Williams WP, Warburton ML. Characterization of the Maize Chitinase Genes and Their Effect on Aspergillus flavus and Aflatoxin Accumulation Resistance. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126185. [PMID: 26090679 PMCID: PMC4475072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is a crop of global importance, but prone to contamination by aflatoxins produced by fungi in the genus Aspergillus. The development of resistant germplasm and the identification of genes contributing to resistance would aid in the reduction of the problem with a minimal need for intervention by farmers. Chitinolytic enzymes respond to attack by potential pathogens and have been demonstrated to increase insect and fungal resistance in plants. Here, all chitinase genes in the maize genome were characterized via sequence diversity and expression patterns. Recent evolution within this gene family was noted. Markers from within each gene were developed and used to map the phenotypic effect on resistance of each gene in up to four QTL mapping populations and one association panel. Seven chitinase genes were identified that had alleles associated with increased resistance to aflatoxin accumulation and A. flavus infection in field grown maize. The chitinase in bin 1.05 identified a new and highly significant QTL, while chitinase genes in bins 2.04 and 5.03 fell directly beneath the peaks of previously published QTL. The expression patterns of these genes corroborate possible grain resistance mechanisms. Markers from within the gene sequences or very closely linked to them are presented to aid in the use of marker assisted selection to improve this trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh K. Hawkins
- USDA-ARS Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, Mississippi State, Starkville, MS, United States of America
| | - J. Erik Mylroie
- USDA-ARS Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, Mississippi State, Starkville, MS, United States of America
| | - Dafne A. Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, 39762, United States of America
| | - J. Spencer Smith
- USDA-ARS Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, Mississippi State, Starkville, MS, United States of America
| | - Seval Ozkan
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, 39762, United States of America
| | - Gary L. Windham
- USDA-ARS Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, Mississippi State, Starkville, MS, United States of America
| | - W. Paul Williams
- USDA-ARS Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, Mississippi State, Starkville, MS, United States of America
| | - Marilyn L. Warburton
- USDA-ARS Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, Mississippi State, Starkville, MS, United States of America
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Heterologous expression, purification and biochemical characterization of endochitinase ChiA74 from Bacillus thuringiensis. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 109:99-105. [PMID: 25478931 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
ChiA74 is a secreted endochitinase produced by Bacillus thuringiensis. Previously we have partially characterized the physical parameters that affect enzymatic activity of ChiA74 in crude preparations of bacterial secretomes. In the present study, we cloned the chiA74 open reading frame (ORF) lacking the 5' sequence coding for its secretion signal peptide (chiA74Δsp) into a cold shock expression vector (pColdI) for production of the enzyme in Escherichia coli BL21-Rosetta 2. As a result, the N-terminal end of ChiA74Δsp ORF was fused to an artificial sequence of 28 amino acid, including a 6× histidine tag for purification of recombinant 6×His tagged-ChiA74Δsp (rChiA74, ∼74kDa). Along with a protein of ∼74kDa, we co-purified its ∼55kDa processed form which was confirmed by Western blot analysis. Optimal endochitinase activity of purified rChiA74 occurred at pH 7 and 40°C. Most divalent cations (e.g. Ba(+2), Ca(+2), Mn(+2), Mg(+2), Zn(+2) and Cu(+2)) at concentration of 10mM reduced chitinase activity by ∼30%, and Hg(+2) (10mM) drastically inhibited ChiA74 activity by ∼75-100%. The Vmax, Km and kcat for rChiA74 were 0.11±0.01nmol/min, 2.15μM±0.45 and 3.81s(-1), respectively, using 4-MU-GlcNAc3 as substrate. Using purified rChiA74 and colloidal chitin as substrate, chitin-derived oligosaccharides with degree of polymerization of 2 and 1 were detected.
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Characterization of an extracellular thermophilic chitinase from Paenibacillus thermoaerophilus strain TC22-2b isolated from compost. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 31:135-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-014-1754-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Swiontek Brzezinska M, Jankiewicz U, Burkowska A, Walczak M. Chitinolytic microorganisms and their possible application in environmental protection. Curr Microbiol 2013; 68:71-81. [PMID: 23989799 PMCID: PMC3889922 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-013-0440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides a review of the latest research findings on the applications of microbial chitinases to biological control. Microorganisms producing these enzymes can inhibit the growth of many fungal diseases that pose a serious threat to global crop production. Currently, efforts are being made to discover producers of chitinolytic enzymes. The potential exists that natural biofungicides will replace chemical fungicides or will be used to supplement currently used fungicides, which would reduce the negative impact of chemicals on the environment and support the sustainable development of agriculture and forestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Swiontek Brzezinska
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland,
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Babavalian H, Amoozegar MA, Pourbabaee AA, Moghaddam MM, Shakeri F. Isolation and identification of moderately halophilic bacteria producing hydrolytic enzymes from the largest hypersaline playa in Iran. Microbiology (Reading) 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261713040176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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17
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Glycerol plasticised chitosan: A study of biodegradation via carbon dioxide evolution and nuclear magnetic resonance. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Chavan SB, Deshpande MV. Chitinolytic enzymes: An appraisal as a product of commercial potential. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 29:833-46. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. B. Chavan
- Jay Biotech; 111, Matrix, World Trade Centre, Kharadi, Pune 411014 India
| | - M. V. Deshpande
- Biochemical Sciences Division; National Chemical Laboratory; Pune 411008 India
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19
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Lee HH, Jung ST. Overexpression, crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of β-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Thermotoga maritima encoded by the Tm0809 gene. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2013; 69:115-7. [PMID: 23385748 PMCID: PMC3564609 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309112049020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NagA) protein hs a chitin-degrading activity and chitin is one of the most abundant polymers in nature. NagA contains a family 3 glycoside (GH3)-type N-terminal domain and a unique C-terminal domain. The structurally uncharacterized C-terminal domain of NagA may be involved in substrate specificity. To provide a structural basis for the substrate specificity of NagA, structural analysis of NagA from Thermotoga maritima encoded by the Tm0809 gene was initiated. NagA from T. maritima has been overexpressed in Escherichia coli and crystallized at 296 K using ammonium sulfate as a precipitant. Crystals of T. maritima NagA diffracted to 3.80 Å resolution and belonged to the monoclinic space group C2, with unit-cell parameters a = 231.15, b = 133.62, c = 140.88 Å, β = 89.97°. The crystallization of selenomethionyl-substituted protein is in progress to solve the crystal structure of T. maritima NagA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Ho Lee
- Department of Bio and Nano Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 136-702, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Production of a Thermostable and Alkaline Chitinase by Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki Strain HBK-51. BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2012:135498. [PMID: 23304523 PMCID: PMC3532916 DOI: 10.1155/2012/135498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the isolation and identification of chitinase-producing Bacillus from chitin-containing wastes, production of a thermostable and alkaline chitinasese, and enzyme characterization. Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki HBK-51 was isolated from soil and was identified. Chitinase was obtained from supernatant of B. thuringiensis HBK-51 strain and showed its optimum activity at 110°C and at pH 9.0. Following 3 hours of incubation period, the enzyme showed a high level of activity at 110°C (96% remaining activity) and between pH 9.0 and 12.0 (98% remaining activity). Considering these characteristics, the enzyme was described as hyperthermophile-thermostable and highly alkaline. Two bands of the enzyme weighing 50 and 125 kDa were obtained following 12% SDS-PAGE analyses. Among the metal ions and chemicals used, Ni(2+) (32%), K(+) (44%), and Cu(2+) (56%) increased the enzyme activity while EDTA (7%), SDS (7%), Hg(2+) (11%), and ethyl-acetimidate (20%) decreased the activity of the enzyme. Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki HBK-51 is an important strain which can be used in several biotechnological applications as a chitinase producer.
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21
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Zelzer M, Todd SJ, Hirst AR, McDonald TO, Ulijn RV. Enzyme responsive materials: design strategies and future developments. Biomater Sci 2012; 1:11-39. [PMID: 32481995 DOI: 10.1039/c2bm00041e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme responsive materials (ERMs) are a class of stimuli responsive materials with broad application potential in biological settings. This review highlights current and potential future design strategies for ERMs and provides an overview of the present state of the art in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mischa Zelzer
- WestCHEM, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, U.K..
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22
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Yu P, Xu M. Enhancing the enzymatic activity of the endochitinase by the directed evolution and its enzymatic property evaluation. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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23
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Mishra P, Kshirsagar PR, Nilegaonkar SS, Singh SK. Statistical optimization of medium components for production of extracellular chitinase by Basidiobolus ranarum: a novel biocontrol agent against plant pathogenic fungi. J Basic Microbiol 2012; 52:539-48. [PMID: 22359366 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201100446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The influence of concentration of medium components such as colloidal chitin, lactose, malt extract, yeast extract, and peptone on the chitinase production from Basidiobolous ranarum at the flask level were studied by using statistical tool Central Composite Design (CCD) and analysed by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The results revealed that colloidal chitin, malt extract and peptone had significant effect (P < 0.01) on the chitinase production at their individual levels. The polynomial equation of the model developed incorporates 3 linear, 3 quadratic and 5 interactive terms. Maximum chitinase production of 3.47 U ml(-1) was achieved with 1.5% colloidal chitin, 0.125% lactose, 0.025% malt extract and 0.075% peptone. After optimization, chitinase activity was increased by 7.71 fold. A second order polynomial equation was found to be useful for the development of efficient bioprocess for chitinase production. To screen the biotechnological potential of this enzyme, degradation of fungal mycelia by ammonium sulphate precipitate of the same was studied for several pathogenic fungi-in vitro which showed promising results particularly against Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani. This study provides the first evidence showing the effectiveness of RSM for the development of a robust statistical model for the chitinase production by Basidiobolus and for its application in the biocontrol of phytopathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mishra
- Microbial Sciences Division, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, India
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24
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Hsu SK, Chung YC, Chang CT, Sung HY. Purification and characterization of two chitosanase isoforms from the sheaths of bamboo shoots. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:649-657. [PMID: 22166086 DOI: 10.1021/jf203976x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Two thermally stable chitosanase isoforms were purified from the sheaths of chitosan-treated bamboo shoots. Isoforms A and B had molecular masses of 24.5 and 16.4 kDa and isoelectric points of 4.30 and 9.22, respectively. Using chitosan as the substrate, both isoforms functioned optimally between pH 3 and 4, and the optimum temperatures for the activities of isoforms A and B were 70 and 60 °C, respectively. The kinetic parameters K(m) and V(max) for isoform A were 0.539 mg/mL and 0.262 μmol/min/mg, respectively, and for isoform B were 0.183 mg/mL and 0.092 μmol/min/mg, respectively. Chitosans were susceptible to degradation by both enzymes and could be converted to low molecular weight chitosans between 28.2 and 11.7 kDa. Furthermore, the most susceptible chitosan substrates were 50-70 and 40-80% deacetylated for isoforms A and B, respectively. Both enzymes could also degrade chitin substrates with lower efficacy. N-Bromosuccinimide and Woodward's reagent K strongly inhibited both enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Kuo Hsu
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Shalu, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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25
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Optimization of medium composition for enhanced chitin deacetylase production by mutant Penicillium oxalicum SAEM-51 using response surface methodology under submerged fermentation. Process Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Mishra P, Singh S, Nilegaonkar S. Extracellular chitinase production by some members of the saprophytic Entomophthorales group. MYCOSCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10267-010-0090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Choi KH, Seo JY, Park KM, Park CS, Cha J. Characterization of glycosyl hydrolase family 3 beta-N-acetylglucosaminidases from Thermotoga maritima and Thermotoga neapolitana. J Biosci Bioeng 2010; 108:455-9. [PMID: 19914575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The genes encoding beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (nagA and cbsA) from Thermotoga maritima and Thermotoga neapolitana were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli in order to investigate whether Thermotoga sp. is capable of utilizing chitin as a carbon source. NagA and CbsA were purified to homogeneity by HiTrap Q HP and Sephacryl S-200 HR column chromatography. Both enzymes were homodimers containing a family 3 glycoside hydrolase (GH3) catalytic domain, with a monomer molecular mass of 54 kDa. The optimal temperatures and pHs for the activities of the beta-N-acetylglucosaminidases were found to be 65-75 degrees C and 7.0-8.0, respectively. Both enzymes hydrolyzed chitooligomers such as di-N-acetylchitobiose and tri-N-acetylchitotriose, and synthetic substrates such as p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucose (pNPGlc), p-nitrophenyl N-acetyl beta-D-glucosamine (pNPGlcNAc), p-nitrophenyl di-N-acetyl beta-D-chitobiose (pNPGlcNAc(2)) and p-nitrophenyl tri-N-acetyl beta-D-chitotriose (pNPGlcNAc(3)). However, the enzymes had no activity against p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactose (pNPGal) and p-nitrophenyl N-acetyl beta-D-galactosamine (pNPGalNAc) or highly polymerized chitin. The k(cat) and K(m) values were determined for pNPGlcNAc, pNPGlcNAc(2) and pNPGlcNAc(3). The k(cat)/K(m) value for pNPGlcNAc was the highest among three synthetic substrates. NagA and CbsA initially hydrolyzed p-nitrophenyl substrates to give GlcNAc, suggesting that the enzymes have exo-activity with chitin oligosaccharides from the non-reducing ends, like other beta-N-acetylglucosaminidases. However, NagA and CbsA can be distinguished from other GH3-type beta-N-acetylglucosaminidases in that they are highly active against di-N-acetylchitobiose. Thus, the present results suggest that the physiological role of both enzymes is to degrade the chitooligosaccharides transported through membrane following hydrolysis of chitin into beta-N-acetylglucosamine to be further metabolized in Thermotoga sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Hwa Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
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Chang WT, Chen ML, Wang SL. An antifungal chitinase produced by Bacillus subtilis using chitin waste as a carbon source. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-009-0244-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Han Y, Li Z, Miao X, Zhang F. Statistical optimization of medium components to improve the chitinase activity of Streptomyces sp. Da11 associated with the South China Sea sponge Craniella australiensis. Process Biochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2008.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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30
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31
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Simůnek J, Tishchenko G, Koppová I. Chitinolytic activities of Clostridium sp. JM2 isolated from stool of human administered per orally by chitosan. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2008; 53:249-54. [PMID: 18661303 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-008-0037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Revised: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The novel chitinolytic bacterium Clostridium beijerinckii strain JM2 was isolated from the stool of healthy volunteers supplied daily per orally with 3 g of chitosan. The bacterium grown on colloidal chitin produced a complete array of chitinolytic enzymes. Significant activities of endochitinase, exochitinase and chitosanase were excreted into the medium (301, 282 and 268 nkat/microg protein, respectively). The high cellular activity of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAGase) and chitosanase were detected (732.4 and 154 nkat/microg protein, respectively). NAGase activity represented the main activity associated with the cellular fraction. The activities of both enzymes tested increased from 20 to 50 degrees C; the optimum reaction temperature estimated being 50 degrees C. Endochitinase as well as NAGase showed an activity in the pH interval of 4.0-8.0; the optimum pH values were 6.5 and 6.0, respectively. The extracellular endochitinase complex consisted of six isoenzymes with molar mass of 32-76 kDa; in the cellular fraction five bands with molar mass of 45-86 kDa were detected. Exochitinase activity was demonstrated in the form of three bands (with molar mass of 30-57 kDa), NAGase activity displayed one band of 45 kDa.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Simůnek
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 142 20 Prague, Czechia.
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32
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Sandalli C, Kacagan M, Canakci S, Belduz AO. Cloning, expression, purification and characterisation of a thermostable chitinase fromBacillus licheniformis A1. ANN MICROBIOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03175324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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33
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Molecular cloning, sequence analysis, expression and characterization of the endochitinase gene from Trichoderma sp. in Escherichia coli BL21. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-008-9772-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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34
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Production of chitinolytic enzymes by a strain (BM17) of Paenibacillus pabuli isolated from crab shells samples collected in the east sector of central Tyrrhenian Sea. Int J Biol Macromol 2007; 43:27-31. [PMID: 18076982 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2007.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Nineteen bacterial isolates were grown in shaken cultures in media containing chitin as carbon source and different additional nitrogen sources such as yeast nitrogen base (YNB), yeast extract (YE), corn steep liquor (CSL) and ammonium sulfate. Strain BM17 showed the highest activity (200 U/l) in medium containing Chitin (1%) and YNB (0.5%). Molecular analysis of the 16S rRNA gene showed that strain BM17 belongs to the species Paenibacillus pabuli (99.72% homology). The enzyme activity started after 12-24 h; exponential enzyme production was recorded from the 24th h and lasted till the 96th h of incubation when activity peaked to decrease thereafter. Medium optimisation was carried out by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) considering the effects of chitin, corn steep liquor and yeast extract. BM17 chitinolytic activity was induced by chitin but the increase of its concentration did not have significant effects on the enzyme activity. By contrast, the nitrogen source, particularly YE, strongly affected the enzyme production.
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35
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Utilization of various chitinous sources for production of mycolytic enzymes by Pantoea dispersa in bench-top fermenter. Enzyme Microb Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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36
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Kao PM, Chen CI, Huang SC, Chang YC, Tsai PJ, Liu YC. Effects of shear stress and mass transfer on chitinase production by Paenibacillus sp. CHE-N1. Biochem Eng J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2006.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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37
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Chang WT, Chen YC, Jao CL. Antifungal activity and enhancement of plant growth by Bacillus cereus grown on shellfish chitin wastes. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2007; 98:1224-30. [PMID: 16797180 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2006.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2006] [Revised: 04/27/2006] [Accepted: 05/07/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus cereus QQ308 produced antifungal hydrolytic enzymes, comprising chitinase, chitosanase and protease, when grown in a medium containing shrimp and crab shell powder (SCSP) produced from marine waste. The growth of the plant-pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, and Pythium ultimum were considerably affected by the presence of the QQ308 culture supernatant. The supernatant inhibited spore germination and germ tube elongation of F. oxysporum, F. solani, and P. ultimum. The increase in the growth time of the fungal culture was associated with a gradual decrease in inhibition. Besides antifungal activity, QQ308 enhanced growth of Chinese cabbage. These characteristics were unique among known strains of B. cereus. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the antifungal and Chinese cabbage growth enhancing compounds produced by B. cereus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Teish Chang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tung Fang Institute of Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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38
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Screening for extracellular enzyme activities by bacteria isolated from samples collected in the Tyrrhenian Sea. ANN MICROBIOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03175056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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39
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Mukherjee G, Sen SK. Purification, Characterization, and Antifungal Activity of Chitinase from Streptomyces venezuelae P10. Curr Microbiol 2006; 53:265-9. [PMID: 16972135 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-005-0412-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2005] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Streptomyces venezuelae P(10) could produce extracellular chitinase in a medium containing 0.6% colloidal chitin that was fermented for 96 hours at 30 degrees C. The enzyme was purified to apparent homogeneity with 80% saturation of ammonium sulfate as shown by chitin affinity chromatography and DEAE-cellulose anion-exchange chromatography. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of the enzyme showed a molecular weight of 66 kDa. The chitinase was characterized, and antifungal activity was observed against phytopathogens. Also, the first 15 N-terminal amino-acid residues of the chitinase were determined. The chitin hydrolysed products were N-acetylglucosamine and N, N'-diacetylchitobiose.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mukherjee
- Division of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Visva-Bharati (Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, India
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40
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Dahiya N, Tewari R, Hoondal GS. Biotechnological aspects of chitinolytic enzymes: a review. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 71:773-82. [PMID: 16249876 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0183-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2005] [Revised: 09/04/2005] [Accepted: 09/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chitin and chitinases (EC 3.2.1.14) have an immense potential. Chitinolytic enzymes have wide-ranging applications such as preparation of pharmaceutically important chitooligosaccharides and N-acetyl D-glucosamine, preparation of single-cell protein, isolation of protoplasts from fungi and yeast, control of pathogenic fungi, treatment of chitinous waste, and control of malaria transmission. In this review, we discuss the occurrence and structure of chitin, the types and sources of chitinases, their mode of action, chitinase production, as well as molecular cloning and protein engineering of chitinases and their biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Dahiya
- Genes and Proteins Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Ashaf Ali Marg, J.N.U. Campus, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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41
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Ramírez-Coutiño L, Marín-Cervantes MDC, Huerta S, Revah S, Shirai K. Enzymatic hydrolysis of chitin in the production of oligosaccharides using Lecanicillium fungicola chitinases. Process Biochem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2005.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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42
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Macmil SL, Vaidya RJ, Vyas PR, Chhatpar HS. Production of Alcaligenes xylosoxydans EMS33 in a Bench-scale Fermenter. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-005-1443-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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43
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Apichaisataienchote B, Altenbuchner J, Buchenauer H. Isolation and identification of Streptomyces fradiae SU-1 from Thailand and protoplast transformation with the chitinase B Gene from Nocardiopsis prasina OPC-131. Curr Microbiol 2005; 51:116-21. [PMID: 16010517 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-005-4402-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2004] [Accepted: 03/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-two strains of actinomycetes obtained from soil samples of Thailand were selected. Actinomycete strain SU-1 is the most effective in terms of antagonism of Fusarium moniliforme. It produces antifungal substances on agar medium against F. moniliforme. On the basis of microscopical observations of its morphology and biochemical tests as well as analysis of cell wall and fatty acid pattern, this strain was identified as Streptomyces fradiae. The chitinase gene B (chiB337) from Nocardiopsis prasina OPC-131 was inserted into an integrating plasmid pFIS318, an Escherichia coli-Streptomyces shuttle vector. The new plasmid pFIS319-1 carrying the chitinase gene was used to transform protoplasts of S. fradiae strain SU-1. The obtained recombinant strain SU-1 pFIS319-1 exhibited higher chitinase activity than the wild-type in chitinase induction medium. Chitinase activity after renaturing protein from SDS-PAGE was detected rapidly by using 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D: -N,N''-diacetylchitobioside as the substrate. S. fradiae SU-1 secreted two chitinases with estimated molecular masses of 26 kDa and 43 kDa whereas the recombinant strain secreted three chitinases of about 26 kDa, 31.5 kDa (ChiB), and 43 kDa. The supernatant of the recombinant strain grown in chitinase induction medium inhibited the hyphal extension of F. moniliforme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busaya Apichaisataienchote
- Department of Plant Pathology (Tropical Agriculture International Program), Kasetsart University, Khampang Sean, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand
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44
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Purification and characterization of a thermostable chitinase from Bacillus licheniformis Mb-2. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-004-4797-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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45
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Rao R, Fiandra L, Giordana B, de Eguileor M, Congiu T, Burlini N, Arciello S, Corrado G, Pennacchio F. AcMNPV ChiA protein disrupts the peritrophic membrane and alters midgut physiology of Bombyx mori larvae. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 34:1205-1213. [PMID: 15522616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2004.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2004] [Revised: 08/06/2004] [Accepted: 08/13/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) chitinase A (ChiA) is a protein which promotes the final liquefaction of infected host larvae. The potential of this viral molecule as a new tool for insect control is explored here. The ChiA gene was isolated from the AcMNPV genome by PCR and expressed in E. coli. The recombinant protein, purified by affinity chromatography, showed both exo- and endo-chitinase activities and produced perforations on the peritrophic membrane (PM) of Bombyx mori larvae which increased in number and in size, in a dose-dependent manner. This structural alteration resulted into a significant increase of PM permeability to methylene blue and to the small neuropeptide proctolin. When the fifth instar larvae of B. mori were fed on a artificial diet supplemented with the recombinant ChiA, 100% mortality was observed at a dose of 1 microg/g of larval body weight (LW), while at sub-lethal doses of 0.56 microg/g LW, a reduced larval growth was recorded. These results indicate that AcMNPV-ChiA may offer interesting new opportunities for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Rao
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Napoli, Italy.
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46
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Production of antimicrobial compounds by Monascus purpureus CCRC31499 using shrimp and crab shell powder as a carbon source. Enzyme Microb Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(02)00135-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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San-Lang W, Shih IL, Wang CH, Tseng KC, Chang WT, Twu YK, Ro JJ, Wang CL. Production of antifungal compounds from chitin by Bacillus subtilis. Enzyme Microb Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(02)00130-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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48
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Wang SL, Hsiao WJ, Chang WT. Purification and characterization of an antimicrobial chitinase extracellularly produced by Monascus purpureus CCRC31499 in a shrimp and crab shell powder medium. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:2249-2255. [PMID: 11929279 DOI: 10.1021/jf011076x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Monascus purpureus CCRC31499 produced an antimicrobial chitinase when it was grown in a medium containing shrimp and crab shell powder (SCSP) of marine wastes. An extracellular antimicrobial chitinase was purified from the culture supernatant to homology. The chitinase had a molecular weight of approximately 81,000 and a pI of 5.4. The optimal pH, optimum temperature, and pH stability of the chitinase were pH 7, 40 degrees C, and pH 6-8, respectively. The activity of the chitinase was activated by Fe(2+) and strongly inhibited by Hg(2+). The unique characteristics of the purified chitinase include high molecular weight, nearly neutral optimum pH, protease activity, and antimicrobial activity with bacteria and fungal phytopathogens. This is also the first report of isolation of a chitinase from a Monascus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- San-Lang Wang
- Department of Food Engineering, Da-Yeh University, Chang-Hwa 51505, Taiwan.
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Wang SL, Shih IL, Liang TW, Wang CH. Purification and characterization of two antifungal chitinases extracellularly produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens V656 in a shrimp and crab shell powder medium. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:2241-2248. [PMID: 11929278 DOI: 10.1021/jf010885d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A Gram-positive bacterium with antagonistic activity was isolated from the soil. It has been identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain V656 on the basis of 16S ribosomal DNA analysis and standard bacteriological tests. B. amyloliquefaciens V656 produced antifungal enzymes when it was grown in a medium containing shrimp and crab shell powder (SCSP) of marine waste. The antifungal enzymes displayed chitinase activities. Two extracellular antifungal chitinases (FI and FII) were purified and characterized, and their molecular weights, isoelectric points, pH and thermal stabilities, and antifungal activities were determined. The characteristics of V656 chitinases are similar to those of the known bacterial chitinases in terms of their isoelectric points, thermal instabilities, and lack of lysozyme activity. In contrast to other known bacterial chitinases, the unique characteristics of V656 chitinases include extremely low molecular weights and nearly neutral optimum pH. Furthermore, this is the first report of the isolation of chitinases from B. amyloliquefaciens that are active against fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- San-Lang Wang
- Department of Food Engineering, Da-Yeh University, Chang-Hwa 51505, Taiwan.
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Ogawa K, Yoshida N, Kariya K, Ohnishi C, Ikeda R. Purification and characterization of a novel chitinase from Burkholderia cepacia strain KH2 isolated from the bed log of Lentinus edodes, Shiitake mushroom. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2002; 48:25-33. [PMID: 12469313 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.48.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
One of the chitinases secreted in the culture filtrate of a gram-negative bacteria, Burkholderia cepacia strain KH2, which was isolated from the bed log of Lentinus edodes, Shiitake mushrooms, was purified by DEAE Sepharose CL-6B chromatography, followed by Sephacryl S-100 HR gel filtration. The purified enzyme was homogenous, determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), with an estimated molecular weight of 34,000 and an isoelectric point (pI) of 5.9. The enzyme was stable at pH values of 4.0-6.0, and at temperatures up to 50 degrees C; the optimum pH and temperature were 4.5 and 50 degrees C, respectively. The enzyme exhibited higher activities toward chitosan 7B, a 62% deacetylated chitosan, than toward the highly deacetylated chitosan substrates. The enzyme was observed to drastically hydrolyze partially deacetylated chitin substrates, with the subsequent formation of N-acetylchitooligosaccharides [(GlcNAc) (n), n=2-7]. Separation and quantification of the hydrolysis products of (GlcNAc) (n), n52-6, by HPLC showed the splitting into (GlcNAc)(n), n=3-6. Activity toward N-acetylchitobiose was not detected. Oligomers with a higher number of units than the starting substrate were also detected, which indicate transglycosylation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihachiro Ogawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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