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Jessberger R. Age-related aneuploidy through cohesion exhaustion. EMBO Rep 2012; 13:539-46. [PMID: 22565322 PMCID: PMC3367239 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2012.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The trend of women to become pregnant when older than in previous generations poses a paramount medical problem, for oocytes are particularly prone to chromosome missegregation, and aneuploidy increases with age. Recent data strongly suggest that as oocyte age increases sister chromatid cohesion is weakened or lost. Cohesin deterioration seems to contribute significantly to age-dependent aneuploidy, as discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Jessberger
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fiedlerstrasse 42, 01326 Dresden, Germany.
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2
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Marii L, Chiriac G. The role of viral infection in inducing variability in virus-free progeny in tomato. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 51:476-488. [PMID: 19508359 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2009.00817.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The effect of virus-host interactions on subsequent generations is poorly understood. The evaluation of the effects of viral infection on inheritance of quantitative traits in the progeny of infected plants and elucidation of a possible relationship between chiasma frequency in the infected plants and variability of traits in the progeny were investigated. The current study involved genotypes of four intraspecific hybrids of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), their parental forms and two additional cultivars. Used as infection were the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and potato virus X (PVX). The consequences of the effect of viral infection were evaluated based on chromosome pairing in diakinesis and/or by examining quantitative and qualitative traits in the progeny of the infected tomato plants. Tomato plants infected with TMV + PVX were found to differ in chiasma frequency per pollen mother cell or per bivalent. Deviations have been observed for genotypes of both F(1) hybrids and cultivars. At the same time, differences in mean values of the traits under study have only been found for progeny populations (F(2)-F(4)) derived from virus-infected F(1) hybrids, but not in the case of progeny of the infected cultivars. The rate of recombinants combining traits of both parents increased significantly (2.22-8.24 times) in progeny populations of hybrids infected with TMV + PVX. The above suggests that the observed effects could be the result of modification of recombination frequencies that can be manifested in heterozygous hybrids and make small contributions to variability in cases of 'homozygous' tomato genotypes (i.e. cultivars).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Marii
- Institute of Genetics and Plant Physiology, Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Chisinau, MD 2002, Republic Moldova.
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Abstract
AbstractThe evidence of increased crossing over rate in tomato hybrids infected with TAV (Tomato aspermy virus), PVX (Potato virus X), TMV (Tobacco mosaic virus), TMV+PVX indicates the recombinogenic effect of viral infection. Cytological studies of the early diakinesis in healthy and virus-infected tomato revealed significant changes in chiasma number and position. The most significant changes were established for bivalents with two interstitial chiasmata and with one terminal and one interstitial. The data obtained indicate redistribution of the chiasmata position and induction of additional exchanges. The virus-induced recombination is segment-specific and depends on the host plant genotype, virus infection and the interaction between them.
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4
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Hirai H, Taguchi T, Saitoh Y, Kawanaka M, Sugiyama H, Habe S, Okamoto M, Hirata M, Shimada M, Tiu WU, Lai K, Upatham ES, Agatsuma T. Chromosomal differentiation of the Schistosoma japonicum complex. Int J Parasitol 2000; 30:441-52. [PMID: 10731567 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(99)00186-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The C-banding pattern, location of telomere sequence and chiasma frequency of four species of the Schistosoma japonicum complex were compared with those of two African species, Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium. In the six species, C-banding patterns of seven autosomes and the two sex chromosomes (Z and W) showed relatively species-specific and geographical (Asian and African) differences. Particularly, a plausible pathway of alteration of chromosome 2 revealed a direction from the A-chromosome to the M- chromosome in terms of rearrangements of pericentric inversion and elimination of constitutive heterochromatin (AM inversion). This chromosome change suggested hypothetically that the S. japonicum complex is the original type, and the African species represents the derived type. Moreover, the mosaic construct of the Asian and African types in Schistosoma sinensium chromosomes prompted us to propose that the species might have been formed by hybrid speciation of the genomes of Asian and African species. Localisation of telomeric repeats enabled Asian and African schistosomes to be distinguished clearly by simple terminal location and by terminal and interstitial locations, respectively. Change of chiasma frequency in the S. japonicum complex might be caused by the reduction of interstitial chiasmate (Xi) in the larger chromosomes, 1 and Z (or W), and the change seems to have progressed to Japan from South East Asia. These data enabled us to predict a tentative evolutionary pathway of schistosomes at the cytogenetic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hirai
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan.
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Tepperberg JH, Moses MJ, Nath J. Colchicine effects on meiosis in the male mouse. II. Inhibition of synapsis and induction of nondisjunction. Mutat Res 1999; 429:93-105. [PMID: 10434026 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(99)00102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This report follows from our earlier study using synaptonemal complex (SC) analysis in which colchicine administered to mouse spermatocytes specifically at leptotene/zygotene blocks synapsis, resulting in univalents at early pachytene. Despite loss of severely damaged cells from the prophase population, substantial numbers of cells with lesser damage progress to late pachytene on schedule. The present study tests whether the surviving cells would continue through meiotic divisions and if so, whether the univalents at MI result in hyperploidy at MII. At 7 days after treatment (late pachytene) 5.9% of the surviving population contains at most four autosomal axial univalents. In whole chromosome preparations 10 days post-colchicine the highest frequency of MIs with univalents is 5.2%. The maximum number of autosomal "chromosomal" univalents per cell is four. The percentage of cells with autosomal univalents at late pachytene, is not significantly different from the percentage of cells with chromosomal univalents at MI. We infer from these observations that the two kinds of univalents are equivalent. At days 11-12 post-colchicine, hyper (and hypo) ploidy at AI-MII is observed. We conclude that univalents produced by colchicine-induced asynapsis at leptotene/zygotene persist and lead to nondisjunction at division I and hyperploidy at division II. If the hyperploid spermatids mature, they would give rise to aneuploid sperm, thus constituting a mechanism for inducing aneuploid (e.g., trisomic) zygotes after fertilization. It is also observed that chiasma frequency (number of chiasmata per bivalent, univalents excluded) is reduced by about 15% of the control. Nondisjunction is known to be the endpoint of colchicine action when administered at prometaphase-MI, interfering with the segregation of homologues through effects on the MI-AI spindle. We show that nondisjunction is also the endpoint of colchicine's effect at early pachytene, in this case causing synaptic inhibition that creates univalents which are then distributed randomly at first division. These conclusions draw special attention to predivision meiotic events, particularly those affecting synapsis, and their sensitivity to induced and/or inherent effects that may have consequences later at meiotic divisions, creating risk to the chromosomal constitution of the gametes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Tepperberg
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Laboratory Corporation of America, RTP, NC 22709, USA
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Hirai H, Hirata M, Aoki Y, Tanaka M, Imai HT. Chiasma analyses of the parasite flukes, Schistosoma and Paragonimus (Trematoda), by using the chiasma distribution graph. Genes Genet Syst 1996. [DOI: 10.1266/ggs.71.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mizuki Hirata
- Department of Parasitology, Kurume University School of Medicine
| | - Yoshiki Aoki
- Department of Parasitology, Institute for Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University
| | - Manami Tanaka
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba
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Wada MY, Imai HT. Theoretical analyses of chiasmata using a novel chiasma graph method applied to Chinese hamsters, mice, and dog. IDENGAKU ZASSHI 1995; 70:233-65. [PMID: 7605675 DOI: 10.1266/jjg.70.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Some basic concepts of chiasma (including chiasma distribution, chiasma frequency, interstitial and terminal chiasmata, and chiasma interference) are reexamined theoretically in the light of gene shuffling, and a new method for chiasma analysis termed the chiasma graph is proposed. Chiasma graphs are developed for three mammals with greatly different chromosome numbers: Chinese hamster (with n = 11), mice (n = 20), and a dog (n = 39). The results demonstrate that interstitial chiasmata can contribute both to gene shuffling and to the binding of bivalents, but that so-called terminal chiasmata are in fact mostly achiasmatic terminal associations, the main function of which is to bind bivalents. For this reason, terminal chiasmata should be excluded when chiasma frequency is estimated. It is also demonstrated that interstitial chiasmata distribute on bivalents randomly and uniformly, except at the centromere and telomere. Interference distance fluctuates almost randomly above a minimum value equivalent to about 1.8% of total bivalent length at diakinesis. These results indicate that chiasma formation in mammals is principally a random event. The demonstrated minimum interference distance seems consistent with the polymerization model for chiasma formation. Some cytological aspects of crossing-over are discussed with reference to the minimum interaction theory for eukaryotic chromosome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Wada
- National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka-ken, Japan
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Stallings RL, Ford AF, Nelson D, Torney DC, Hildebrand CE, Moyzis RK. Evolution and distribution of (GT)n repetitive sequences in mammalian genomes. Genomics 1991; 10:807-15. [PMID: 1909685 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(91)90467-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The dinucleotide repetitive sequence, (GT)n, is highly interspersed in eukaryotic genomes and may have functional roles in genetic recombination or the modulation of transcriptional activity. We have examined the distribution and conservation of position of GT repetitive sequences in several mammalian genomes. The distribution of GT repetitive sequences in the human genome was determined by the analysis of over 3700 cosmid clones containing human insert DNA. On average, a GT repetitive sequence occurs every 30 kb in DNA from euchromatic regions. GT repetitive sequences are significantly underrepresented in centric heterochromatin. The density of GT repetitive sequences in the human genome could also be estimated by analyzing GenBank genomic sequences that include introns and flanking sequences. The frequency of GT repetitive sequences found in GenBank human DNA sequences was in close agreement with that obtained by experimental methods. GenBank genomic sequences also revealed that (GT)n repetitive sequences (n greater than 6) occur every 18 and 21 kb, on average, in mouse and rat genomes. Comparative analysis of 31 homologous sequences containing (GT)n repetitive sequences from several mammals representing four orders revealed that the positions of these repeats have been conserved between closely related species, such as humans and other primates. To a lesser extent, positions of GT repetitive sequences have been conserved between species in distantly related groups such as primates and rodents. The distribution and conservation of GT repetitive sequences is discussed with respect to possible functional roles of the repetitive sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Stallings
- Center for Human Genome Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico 87545
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Latos-Bielenska A, Vogel W. Frequency and distribution of chiasmata in Syrian hamster spermatocytes studied by the BrdU antibody technique. Chromosoma 1990; 99:267-72. [PMID: 1698590 DOI: 10.1007/bf01731702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The frequency and distribution of chiasmata and the nature of terminal "associations" was re-examined in Syrian hamster spermatocytes using the 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) antibody technique (BAT) for differential chromatid labelling. Differential chromatid substitution was achieved by BrdU incorporation at the penultimate pre-meiotic S-phase followed by one of three different staining protocols: (i) fluorescence plus Giemsa (FPG), (ii) acridine orange staining or (iii) BAT. For analysis of chiasmata frequency and localization in the diplotene/diakinesis stages the resolution of FPG and acridine orange staining was comparable to that of BAT. In metaphase II chromosomes BAT was more informative than FPG and acridine orange staining and revealed small, terminal crossover exchanges. This finding proves that many terminal associations of meiotic chromosomes actually represent chiasmata at the end of the first meiotic division. Some crossover exchanges were localized in the constitutive heterochromatin of autosomes. Using BAT we also detected crossover exchanges in close vicinity to each other. This observation is reminiscent of the fact that crossing over interference means a reduction in frequency and does not imply total inhibition.
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Santos JL, Ciprés G, Lacadena JR. A quantitative study of chiasma terminalization in the grasshopper Chorthippus jucundus. Heredity (Edinb) 1989; 62 ( Pt 1):51-7. [PMID: 2732087 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1989.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The possible existence of chiasma terminalization in the grasshopper Chorthippus jucundus was tested in four males by means of comparisons between chiasma locations at diplotene and metaphase I within L3, M4 and M5 bivalents. Diplotene cells were stained by a C-banding technique to recognize heterochromatic regions, especially the centromeric ones, whereas metaphase I cells were stained by a silver staining technique that visualizes a core-like structure that extends through each homologous chromosome. The core is very pronounced at kinetochores and forms cross-shaped configurations at chiasmata. No evidence of chiasma terminalization has been found.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Santos
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Studies on chiasma distribution and chiasma movement in Zoniopoda tarsata (Orthoptera: Romaleidae). Genetica 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00126012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lange R, Michelmann HW, Paufler SK. Meioseuntersuchungen bei Rind, Schaf, Ziege und Schwein im Stadium der späten Prophase und Metaphase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.1987.tb00259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Matsuda Y, Ohara H, Tobari I. Studies on radiation-induced chromosome aberrations in mouse spermatocytes. II. Dose-response relationships of chromosome aberrations induced at zygotene stage in mouse primary spermatocytes following fast neutron- and 60Co gamma-irradiations. Mutat Res 1987; 176:251-7. [PMID: 3807935 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(87)90056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The chromosome aberrations induced at zygotene stage in mouse spermatocytes following exposures to fast neutrons and 60Co gamma-rays were examined at diakinesis-metaphase I. The dose-response relationships were well fitted to linear equation for deletion-type aberrations and to linear-quadratic equation for exchange-type aberrations in 60Co gamma-irradiation group. In fast neutron-irradiation group, the dose-response relationships were well fitted to linear equations for deletion- and exchange-type aberrations. The rate of deletion-type aberrations was remarkably high for fast neutrons, about 6 times higher than that after 60Co gamma-irradiation. The main types of chromosome aberrations observed were iso-chromatid breaks or fragments and chromatid exchanges in both irradiation groups as well as X-irradiation. These results indicate that there is a possibility that two double-strand breaks are induced simultaneously at iso-locus position in sister chromatids by a single track of radiations. Production of such single-track-induced two double-strand breaks in iso-chromatids may be very frequently expressed as iso-chromatid-type deletions in the high LET fast neutron-irradiation group. On the contrary, in the low LET 60Co gamma- or X-irradiation group, the above-mentioned mechanism may not be so effective for contribution to chromosome aberration induction in mouse spermatocytes. This mechanism was discussed in detail.
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Matsuda Y, Tobari I. Studies on radiation-induced chromosome aberrations in mouse spermatocytes. I. Stage specificity and dose-response relationships of chromosome aberrations induced in mouse primary spermatocytes following X-irradiation. Mutat Res 1987; 176:243-50. [PMID: 3807934 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(87)90055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The cytological analysis of chromosome aberrations induced at diplotene, mid-pachytene, zygotene and leptotene stages following X-irradiation was performed at diakinesis-metaphase I in mouse spermatocytes. The dose-response relationships fitted well to linear equations for deletion-type aberrations at each stage, and to linear-quadratic equations for exchange-type aberrations at all stages except for leptotene. The radiosensitivity to chromosome aberration induction tended to increase gradually with progression through synaptic and post-synaptic stages, diplotene being the most sensitive. Chromatid exchanges were hardly observed at leptotene, the aberrations being mainly isochromatid fragments. On the contrary, chromatid exchanges and isochromatid deletions were mainly observed at later stages (zygotene-diplotene). The specificity of chromosome aberration induction in primary spermatocytes might be influenced by chromatin organization and chromosomal configuration peculiar to meiotic cells.
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Jones GH, Tease C. Analysis of exchanges in differentially stained meiotic chromosomes of Locusta migratoria after BrdU-substitution and FPG staining. Chromosoma 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00302347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chiasma frequency and position in male and female mice of chromosomes involved in homozygous and heterozygous translocations and tertiary trisomy. Genetica 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00123724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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