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Frizzi A, Caldo RA, Morrell JA, Wang M, Lutfiyya LL, Brown WE, Malvar TM, Huang S. Compositional and transcriptional analyses of reduced zein kernels derived from the opaque2 mutation and RNAi suppression. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 73:569-85. [PMID: 20473554 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-010-9644-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Corn protein is largely made up of a group of nutritionally limited storage proteins known as zein. The reduction of zein can be achieved by a transcriptional mutation, opaque2 (o2), or a transgene targeting zein through RNA interference (RNAi). Zein reduction results in an increase of more nutritionally balanced non-zein proteins, and therefore enhance the overall quality of corn protein. In this study, the composition of mature kernels and the transcriptional profile of developing kernels of these two types of zein reduced kernels were compared. Both zein reduced kernels contained higher levels of lysine and tryptophan and free amino acids were 10-20-folds more abundant than the wild-type counterpart. We also found that free lysine contributed partially to the increased lysine in o2 kernels while protein-bound lysine was mainly responsible for the increased lysine in transgenic zein reduction (TZR) kernels. Although they had relatively similar gene expression patterns in developing endosperm, o2 kernels had greater transcriptional changes than TZR kernels in general. A number of transcripts that were specifically down-regulated in o2 were identified. Many promoter sequences of these transcripts contain putative O2 binding motifs, suggesting that their expression is directly regulated by O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Frizzi
- Calgene Campus, Monsanto Company, 1920 Fifth Street, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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2
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Kim CS, Hunter BG, Kraft J, Boston RS, Yans S, Jung R, Larkins BA. A defective signal peptide in a 19-kD alpha-zein protein causes the unfolded protein response and an opaque endosperm phenotype in the maize De*-B30 mutant. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 134:380-7. [PMID: 14657407 PMCID: PMC316317 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.031310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2003] [Revised: 10/03/2003] [Accepted: 10/15/2003] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Defective endosperm* (De*)-B30 is a dominant maize (Zea mays) mutation that depresses zein synthesis in the developing endosperm. The mutant kernels have an opaque, starchy phenotype, malformed zein protein bodies, and highly increased levels of binding protein and other chaperone proteins in the endosperm. Immunoblotting revealed a novel alpha-zein protein in De*-B30 that migrates between the 22- and 19-kD alpha-zein bands. Because the De*-B30 mutation maps in a cluster of 19-kD alpha-zein genes, we characterized cDNA clones encoding these proteins from a developing endosperm library. This led to the identification of a 19-kD alpha-zein cDNA in which proline replaces serine at the 15th position of the signal peptide. Although the corresponding gene does not appear to be highly expressed in De*-B30, it was found to be tightly linked with the mutant phenotype in a segregating F2 population. Furthermore, when the protein was synthesized in yeast cells, the signal peptide appeared to be less efficiently processed than when serine replaced proline. To test whether this gene is responsible for the De*-B30 mutation, transgenic maize plants expressing this sequence were created. T1 seeds originating from the transformants manifested an opaque kernel phenotype with enhanced levels of binding protein in the endosperm, similar to De*-B30. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the De*-B30 mutation causes a defective signal peptide in a 19-kD alpha-zein protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Soo Kim
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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3
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Ciceri P, Castelli S, Lauria M, Lazzari B, Genga A, Bernard L, Sturaro M, Viotti A. Specific combinations of zein genes and genetic backgrounds influence the transcription of the heavy-chain zein genes in maize opaque-2 endosperms. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2000; 124:451-460. [PMID: 10982458 PMCID: PMC59158 DOI: 10.1104/pp.124.1.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2000] [Accepted: 06/02/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The transcript levels of heavy-chain zein genes (zH1 and zH2) and the occurrence of the zH polypeptides in different opaque-2 (o2) lines were investigated by RNA-blot analyses and by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or two-dimensional gel electrophoresis protein fractionations. Four mutant alleles o2R, o2T, o2It, and o2-676 introgressed into different genetic backgrounds (GBs) were considered. The mono-dimensional gel electrophoresis zein pattern can be either conserved or different among the various GBs carrying the same o2 allele. Likewise, in the identical GB carrying different o2 alleles, the zein pattern can be either conserved or differentially affected by the different mutant allele. Zein protein analysis of reciprocal crosses between lines with different o2 alleles or the same o2 showed in some case a more than additive zH pattern in respect to the o2 parent lines. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay approaches, with O2-binding oligonucleotide and endosperm extracts from the above o2 lines, failed to reveal o2-specific retarded band in any of the o2 extracts. The results suggest that the promoter of some zH1 and zH2 contains motif(s) that can respond to factors other than O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ciceri
- Istituto Biosintesi Vegetali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Bassini 15, I-20133 Milano, Italy
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4
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Rossi V, Motto M, Pellegrini L. Analysis of the methylation pattern of the maize opaque-2 (O2) promoter and in vitro binding studies indicate that the O2 B-Zip protein and other endosperm factors can bind to methylated target sequences. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:13758-65. [PMID: 9153230 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.21.13758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The maize opaque-2 locus (o2) has an endosperm-specific expression and is positively autoregulated by its gene product, a b-Zip protein, to a TGACGTTG motif. The genomic sequencing method was used here to describe, in leaf and endosperm, the methylation pattern of a 390-base pair region of the o2 promoter. In leaf, 96% of the C residues are methylated, whereas in endosperm the 5-methylcytosine content is 84%. Comparison of these methylation patterns indicates that the o2 tissue-specific expression does not result from the demethylation of any specific C residue and that, in vivo, O2 interacts with a methylated target sequence. Consistently, gel-shift experiments using a CpG-methylated, partially methylated, and hemimethylated o2 promoter fragments showed that, in vitro, the O2 protein binds to the major groove of a methylated target sequence, although its binding activity decreases at increasing levels of C-methylation and is more effectively reduced by methylation of the lower strand than of the upper strand of the DNA. Using partially purified endosperm cell extracts, we also show that, besides the O2 protein, other proteins specifically bind to a partially methylated o2 promoter fragment, therefore indicating that in plants a subset of different proteins may mediate the expression of a naturally occurring methylated o2 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Rossi
- Istituto Sperimentale Cerealicoltura, via Stezzano 24, Bergamo 24123, Italy
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5
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Coleman CE, Dannenhoffer JM, Larkins BA. The Prolamin Proteins of Maize, Sorghum and Coix. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-8909-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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6
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Motto M, Thompson R, Salamini F. Genetic Regulation of Carbohydrate and Protein Accumulation in Seeds. ADVANCES IN CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-8909-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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7
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Harada JJ. Seed Maturation and Control of Germination. ADVANCES IN CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-8909-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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8
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Muth JR, Müller M, Lohmer S, Salamini F, Thompson RD. The role of multiple binding sites in the activation of zein gene expression by Opaque-2. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1996; 252:723-32. [PMID: 8917316 DOI: 10.1007/bf02173979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Opaque-2 (O2) encodes a transcriptional activator of the basic domain-leucine zipper (bZIP) class, which controls the expression level in maize endosperm of the 22kD alpha-zeins and a number of non-storage proteins. The interaction of the O2 protein at three clustered binding sites on an isolated 22 kD zein gene promoter has been investigated. O2 is shown to transactivate transcription from these sites in tobacco mesophyll protoplasts as well as in maize endosperm cells transformed by particle bombardment. The binding sites have been mutated by base exchanges, singly or in different combinations, to determine their contribution to transactivation in vivo in both the leaf protoplast and the maize endosperm system. The effect of these mutations on binding of O2 in vitro was determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), using O2 protein expressed in E. coli. Two of the sites seemed to be equally effective in responding to Opaque-2 in vivo in both cell types, although one of them does not contain an ACGT core sequence, and has a lower affinity for O2 in vitro than the ACGT-containing binding site. A third site, which has the lowest affinity of all three, confers no detectable O2-dependent promoter activation alone, but significantly increases activation in combination with either one of the other sites. Hence, weaker O2 binding sites can still mediate major O2-dependent effects when present in target promoters in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Muth
- Max Planck Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Köln, Germany
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9
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Maddaloni M, Donini G, Balconi C, Rizzi E, Gallusci P, Forlani F, Lohmer S, Thompson R, Salamini F, Motto M. The transcriptional activator Opaque-2 controls the expression of a cytosolic form of pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase-1 in maize endosperms. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1996; 250:647-54. [PMID: 8676867 DOI: 10.1007/bf02174452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The maize Opaque-2 (O2) protein is a transcription factor of the basic/leucine-zipper class, involved in the regulation of endosperm proteins including the 22kDa alpha-zein storage proteins and b32 protein. In this study we have focussed our attention on the relationship between O2 and the cyPPDK1 gene, which encodes a cytoplasmic pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) isoform. The results of this study showed that PPDK activity is detectable in wild-type maize endosperms, while in o2 mutant endosperms, the levels of PPDK protein, mRNA and enzymatic activity are reduced, indicating that O2 is involved in the regulation of cyPPDK1 in this tissue. By employing transient expression experiments in tobacco mesophyll protoplasts, we have demonstrated that the O2 protein can activate expression of a chloramphenicol acetyl transferase reporter gene placed under the control of the cyPPDK1 promoter. An in vitro binding assay and DNaseI footprint analysis demonstrated that a specific sequence in the cyPPDK1 promoter can be recognized and protected by maize O2 protein. The regulation by the O2 locus of cyPPDK1 reported here, and control of alpha-zein synthesis by O2 suggest that the O2 protein may play a more general role in maize endosperm development than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maddaloni
- Istituto Sperimentale per la Cerealicoltura, Bergamo, Italy
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10
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Michel D, Hartings H, Lanzini S, Michel M, Motto M, Riboldi GR, Salamini F, Döring HP. Insertion mutations at the maize Opaque2 locus induced by transposable element families Ac, En/Spm and Bg. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1995; 248:287-92. [PMID: 7565590 DOI: 10.1007/bf02191595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Eight independently isolated unstable alleles of the Opaque2 (O2) locus were analysed genetically and at the DNA level. The whole series of mutations was isolated from a maize strain carrying a wild-type O2 allele and the transposable element Activator (Ac) at the wx-m7 allele. Previous work with another unstable allele of the same series has shown that it was indeed caused by the insertion of an Ac element. Unexpectedly, the remaining eight mutations were not caused by the designated Ac element, but by other insertions that are structurally similar or identical to one of two different autonomous transposable elements. Six mutations were caused by the insertion of a transposable element of the Enhancer/Suppressor-Mutator (En/Spm) family. Two mutations were the result of the insertion of a transposable element of the Bergamo (Bg) family. Genetic tests carried out with plants carrying the unstable mutations demonstrated that all were caused by the insertion of an autonomous transposable element.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Michel
- Istituto Sperimentale per la Cerealicoltura, Sezione di Bergamo, Italy
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11
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Hartings H, Lazzaroni N, Rossi V, Riboldi GR, Thompson RD, Salamini F, Motto M. Molecular analysis of opaque-2 alleles from Zea mays L. reveals the nature of mutational events and the presence of a hypervariable region in the 5' part of the gene. Genet Res (Camb) 1995; 65:11-9. [PMID: 7750742 DOI: 10.1017/s0016672300032961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ten recessive Opaque-2 (O2) alleles of independent origin were characterized at the molecular level. The results revealed a high level of polymorphism at the O2 locus. In addition, our data suggest the possible cause for the recessive character of some of the alleles investigated, and allow us to infer some conclusions concerning the degree of relationship between the o2 mutations. Comparison of genomic sequences spanning the first exon and obtained from a series of wild-type and recessive alleles revealed the presence of a hypervariable region, involving different dipeptides, in the N-terminal part of the O2 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hartings
- Istituto Sperimentale per la Cerealicoltura, Sezione di Bergamo, Italy
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12
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de Vetten NC, Ferl RJ. Transcriptional regulation of environmentally inducible genes in plants by an evolutionary conserved family of G-box binding factors. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 26:1055-68. [PMID: 7988731 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(94)90128-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
1. In reviewing a number of the most intensely studied environmentally inducible promoters it becomes clear that the presence of two cis-acting elements are critical for promoter activity, one of which is the G-box (CCACGTGG). A mutation in one of the two elements abolishes or severely reduces the ability of the promoter to respond to environmental changes. The sequence of the second cis-acting element, positioned nearby the G-box, is not conserved among the different inducible promoters, but may be similar among promoters induced by the same signal. The spacing between the G-box and the second cis-acting element appears to be critical, suggesting a direct interaction between the respective binding factors. We speculate on a potential role of the G-box promoter element in the signal induction of promoter activity. 2. From a number of plant species nuclear proteins interacting with the G-box have been identified. Recently, G-box Binding Factors (GBF) have been isolated by screening cDNA expression libraries with a characterized G-box cis-acting element as DNA probe. The deduced amino acid sequence of the GBF clones revealed that they possess the features of the basic leucine zipper class of trans-acting factors. By amino acid sequence comparison and limited mutational analysis, we define amino acids critical for G-box binding specificity. All GBFs isolated to date have a conserved proline-rich domain involved in transcriptional activation. A number of GBFs are inducible by a particular environmental signal. 3. Recently, a protein designated GF14 has been isolated that is associated with the GBF protein complex. The protein has homology to mammalian brain specific proteins, which seem to function as regulators of phosphorylation events. GBF activity is regulated by phosphorylation. The GF14 proteins may therefore impose an additional control on gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C de Vetten
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Program in Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, Gainesville, FL 32611
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13
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Gallusci P, Salamini F, Thompson RD. Differences in cell type-specific expression of the gene Opaque 2 in maize and transgenic tobacco. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1994; 244:391-400. [PMID: 8078465 DOI: 10.1007/bf00286691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The Opaque 2 (O2) gene encodes a transcriptional activator of the basic region/leucine zipper family, which controls the synthesis of a major storage protein class in maize endosperm, the 22 kDa alpha-zeins, and of several other non-zein polypeptides including b32. We demonstrate, by analysing O2 mRNAs in different organs of maize plants, that the O2 gene is only active in the endosperm. Its transcription is precisely controlled during seed development: O2 mRNAs are first detected 10 days after pollination and accumulate in the endosperm over a period of 20 days. When introduced into tobacco plants, the O2 promoter directs the expression of the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene in endosperm, but also in the embryo, cotyledons and pollen. The first 185 bp of the O2 promoter is sufficient for developmentally regulated expression in tobacco seeds. A distinct cis-acting element, located between positions -185 and -520, directs expression in the cotyledons of tobacco seedlings. The possible origins of this breakdown in promoter specificity in the heterologous host are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gallusci
- Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Köln, Germany
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14
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Michel D, Salamini F, Motto M, Döring HP. An unstable allele at the maize Opaque2 locus is caused by the insertion of a double Ac element. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1994; 243:334-42. [PMID: 8190086 DOI: 10.1007/bf00301069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
An unstable allele designated o2-m55, was isolated as a derivative of the o2-m5 allele. Whereas the o2-m5 allele is caused by the insertion of one copy of the transposable element Activator (Ac) into the first exon of the maize Opaque2(O2) gene, the o2-m55 allele contains two Ac elements. The position of one copy is identical to the position of the Ac element in the o2-m5 allele. The second copy is present within the first copy, thereby interrupting its structure shortly before the first ATG of the major reading frame of Ac. Both Ac sequences have the same orientation. Excision of the internal Ac element as well as excision of the complete double Ac element was detectable. Truncated double Ac elements comprising the complete internal Ac element and either the proximal or distal fragment of the interrupted Ac element can also be excised. The Ac elements exhibit a strong negative dosage effect: kernels which display revertant sectors in a mutant background are rarely seen in plants homozygous for the o2-m55 allele. If only one dose of the o2-m55 allele is present in endosperm tissue, revertant sectors can be detected. The amount of the transcript expressed from the internal Ac element of the o2-m55 allele is less than that derived from the single Ac element present in the o2-m5 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Michel
- Istituto Sperimentale per la Cerealicoltura, Sezione di Bergamo, Italy
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15
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Pirovano L, Lanzini S, Hartings H, Lazzaroni N, Rossi V, Joshi R, Thompson RD, Salamini F, Motto M. Structural and functional analysis of an Opaque-2-related gene from sorghum. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1994; 24:515-23. [PMID: 8123793 DOI: 10.1007/bf00024119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The Opaque-2 (O2) gene from maize encodes a transcriptional activator of the b-ZIP class. We have isolated and characterized a gene from sorghum, related in sequence to the O2 gene from maize. A single copy of the gene is present in sorghum. Both genomic and cDNA sequences of the O2-related sorghum gene were determined. The sequence is highly homologous to maize O2 both in the promoter and in the coding region. The most closely related sequences contain the b-ZIP domain with only 11 amino acid substitutions in a total of 122 residues. In transient expression assays, the sorghum O2-related coding sequence, expressed from a CaMV 35S promoter, activates expression from the maize b-32 promoter as effectively as that obtained with the maize O2 sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pirovano
- Istituto Sperimentale per la Cerealicoltura, Sezione di Bergamo, Italy
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16
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Chang RY, Peterson PA. Chromosome labeling with transposable elements in maize. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1994; 87:650-656. [PMID: 24190407 DOI: 10.1007/bf00222889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/1993] [Accepted: 05/03/1993] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Transposable elements randomly insert into a targeted locus at a frequency of 10(-6) to 10(-5). The En element has been shown in previous studies to transpose more frequently into closely linked sites. Thus, it is appropriate to place an En element onto each of the 20 chromosome arms in maize to maximize tagging efficiency. This is called chromosome labeling for tagging purposes with transposons. After a chromosome arm has been labeled with a transposon, genes residing in that arm will have a greater chance to be tagged by the transposon. To date, all of the maize chromosome arms have been labeled with at least one of five Encontaining alleles. The elements were linked to the arms using reciprocal translocations. The usage of these arm-labeled lines is discussed in the context of gene tagging.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Y Chang
- Agronomy Department, Iowa State University, 50011, Ames, Iowa, USA
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17
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Aukerman MJ, Schmidt RJ. Regulation of alpha-zein gene expression during maize endosperm development. Results Probl Cell Differ 1994; 20:209-33. [PMID: 8036317 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-48037-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M J Aukerman
- Department of Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92093
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18
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Overduin B, van der Biezen EA, John H, Nijkamp J, Hille J. Isolation of Plant Genes by Transposon Tagging: from Concept to Realization. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.1994.10818781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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19
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Mauri I, Maddaloni M, Lohmer S, Motto M, Salamini F, Thompson R, Martegani E. Functional expression of the transcriptional activator Opaque-2 of Zea mays in transformed yeast. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1993; 241:319-26. [PMID: 8246886 DOI: 10.1007/bf00284684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to determine whether the structural homology between the O2 gene, a maize transcriptional activator, and the GCN4 gene, a yeast transcriptional factor, is reflected at the level of function. The O2 cDNA was cloned in the yeast expression vector pEMBLyex4 under the control of a hybrid inducible promoter, and used to transform the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Transformed yeast cells produced O2 mRNA and a polypeptide immunoreactive with anti-O2 antibodies during growth in galactose. The heterologous protein was correctly translocated into the yeast nuclei, as demonstrated by immunofluorescence, indicating that the nuclear targeting sequences of maize are recognized by yeast cells. Further experiments demonstrated the ability of O2 to rescue a gcn4 mutant grown in the presence of aminotriazole, an inhibitor of the HIS3 gene product, suggesting that O2 activates the HIS3 gene, gene normally under control of GCN4. It was shown that the O2 protein is able to trans-activate the HIS4 promoter in yeast cells and binds to it in vitro. The sequence protected by O2, TGACTC, is also the binding site for GCN4. Finally, the expression of O2 protein in yeast did not produce alterations during batch growth at 30 degrees C, while transformants expressing O2 protein showed a conditionally lethal phenotype when grown in galactose at 36 degrees C; this phenotype mimics the behaviour of gcd mutants. The results support the idea that basic mechanisms of transcription control have been highly conserved in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mauri
- Instituto Biochimica Comparata, Facoltà di Scienze, Università di Milano, Italy
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20
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von Wettstein D. Genetic engineering and plant breeding, especially cereals. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 1993. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129309540969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- B Buckner
- Division of Science, Northeast Missouri State University, Kirksville 63501
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22
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Keller J, Jones JD, Harper E, Lim E, Carland F, Ralston EJ, Dooner HK. Effects of gene dosage and sequence modification on the frequency and timing of transposition of the maize element Activator (Ac) in tobacco. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1993; 21:157-70. [PMID: 8381038 DOI: 10.1007/bf00039626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The effect of Ac copy number on the frequency and timing of germinal transposition in tobacco was investigated using the streptomycin phosphotransferase gene (SPT) as an excision marker. The activity of one and two copies of the element was compared by selecting heterozygous and homozygous progeny of transformants carrying single SPT::Ac inserts. It was observed that increasing gene copy not only increases the transposition frequency, but also occasionally alters the timing of transposition such that earlier events are obtained. The result is that some homozygous plants generate multiple streptomycin resistant progeny carrying the same transposed Ac (trAc) element. We have also investigated the effect of modification of the sequence in the region around 82 bp downstream of the polyadenylation site and 177 bp from the 3' end of the element on germinal excision frequencies. Alteration of three bases to create a Bgl II site at this location caused a minor decrease in germinal excision events, but insertion of four bases to create a Cla I site caused a 10-fold decrease in the transposition activity of the Ac element.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Keller
- DNA Plant Technology, Oakland, CA 94608
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ueda
- Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08855
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24
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Altmann T, Schmidt R, Willmitzer L. Establishment of a gene tagging system in Arabidopsis thaliana based on the maize transposable element Ac. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1992; 84:371-383. [PMID: 24203197 DOI: 10.1007/bf00229496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/1991] [Accepted: 11/29/1991] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An Ac-derived, two-component transposable element system has been developed and analyzed with respect to its use in Arabidopsis thaliana. This system consists of an immobilized Ac element ("Ac clipped wing", Accl) as the source of transactivating transposase and a nonautonomous "Ds" element, DsA, which is inserted into a chimaeric neomycinphosphotransferase gene used as excision marker. After separate introduction of Acc1 and DsA into Arabidopsis thaliana, progeny analysis of crosses between five different Accl lines and seven different DsA lines shows that: (1) different Accl lines differ greatly in their capacity to transactivate DsA; (2) different DsA lines do not differ significantly with respect to DsA transactivation by one Accl line; (3) reintegration of excised DsA elements, both at (genetically) linked and unlinked sites, occurs in about 50% of the excision events; and (4) plants with a high rate of somatic excisions can be used as source of new DsA transpositions, allowing the creation of a large number of independent DsA insertions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Altmann
- Institut für Genbiologische Forschung Berlin GmbH, Ihnestrasse 63, 33, Berlin, Germany
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25
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Livini C, Ajmone-Marsan P, Melchinger AE, Messmer MM, Motto M. Genetic diversity of maize inbred lines within and among heterotic groups revealed by RFLPs. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1992; 84:17-25. [PMID: 24203023 DOI: 10.1007/bf00223976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/1991] [Accepted: 09/10/1991] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were (1) to investigate genetic diversity for RFLPs in a set of important maize inbreds commonly used in Italian breeding programs, (2) to compare genetic similarities between unrelated lines from the same and different heterotic groups, and (3) to examine the potential of RFLPs for assigning maize inbreds to heterotic groups. Forty inbreds were analyzed for RFLPs with two restriction enzymes (EcoRI and HindIII) and 82 DNA clones uniformly distributed over the maize genome. Seventy clone-enzyme combinations gave single-banded RFLP patterns, and 79 gave multiple-banded RFLP patterns. The average number of RFLP patterns detected per clone-enzyme combination across all inbreds was 5.8. RFLP data revealed a wide range of genetic diversity within the two heterotic groups assayed, Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic (BSSS) and Lancaster Sure Crop (LSC). Genetic similarity (GS) between lines was estimated from binary RFLP data according to the method of Nei and Li (1979). The mean GS for line combinations of type BSSS × LSC (0.498) was substantially smaller than for unrelated line combinations or type BSSS × BSSS (0.584) but almost as great as for un-related line combinations of type LSC × LSC (0.506). Principal coordinate and cluster analyses based on GS values resulted in the separate groupings of lines, which is consistent with known pedigree information. A comparison between both methods for multivariate analyses of RFLP data is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Livini
- Bergamo Section, Experimental Institute of Cereal Crops, Via Stezzano, 24, I-24100, Bergamo, Italy
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26
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Gierl A, Saedler H. Plant-transposable elements and gene tagging. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1992; 19:39-49. [PMID: 1318114 DOI: 10.1007/bf00015605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Gierl
- Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Köln, Germany
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27
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Dolfini SF, Landoni M, Tonelli C, Bernard L, Viotti A. Spatial regulation in the expression of structural and regulatory storage-protein genes inZea mays endosperm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.1020130404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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28
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Hartings H, Spilmont C, Lazzaroni N, Rossi V, Salamini F, Thompson RD, Motto M. Molecular analysis of the Bg-rbg transposable element system of Zea mays L. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1991; 227:91-6. [PMID: 1646388 DOI: 10.1007/bf00260712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The two components of the Bg-rbg transposable element system of maize have been cloned. The Bg element, isolated from the mutable allele wx-m32:: Bg is inserted in the intron of the Waxy (Wx) gene between exons 12 and 13. The length of the element is of 4869 bp. Bg has 5 bp terminal inverted repeats, and generates upon insertion an 8 bp direct duplication of the target sequence. Both ends of the Bg element contain a 76 bp direct repeat adjacent to the terminal inverted repeats. The hexamer motif TATCGGC is here repeated several times in direct or inverse orientation. The rbg element was isolated from the mutable allele o2m(r) where it is located in the promoter region of the Opaque-2 (O2) gene. rbg is approximately 4.5 kb in length, has terminal inverted repeats identical to those of the Bg element, and is also flanked by an 8 bp direct duplication at the target site. Like Bg, rbg carries the 76 bp direct repeats. Restriction enzyme analysis reveals that, compared to Bg, the receptor element is distinguishable by small deletion and insertion events. Sequence data indicate that not more than 75% homology exists at the DNA level between the rbg element and the autonomous Bg element.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hartings
- Istituto Sperimentale per la Cerealicoltura, Sezione di Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
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29
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Aukerman MJ, Schmidt RJ, Burr B, Burr FA. An arginine to lysine substitution in the bZIP domain of an opaque-2 mutant in maize abolishes specific DNA binding. Genes Dev 1991; 5:310-20. [PMID: 1899843 DOI: 10.1101/gad.5.2.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The opaque-2 (o2) locus in maize encodes a transcription factor involved in the regulation of zein storage proteins. We have shown previously that the O2 protein contains a leucine zipper domain that binds to promoters of 22-kD zein genes. In this paper we characterize an EMS-induced o2 allele, o2-676, that causes a 50% reduction in zein. We have found that the o2-676 mutant protein does not show specific recognition of zein promoter fragments because of the substitution of a lysine residue for an arginine residue within the bZIP domain of o2-676. This particular arginine is conserved within the bZIP domains of all mammalian, fungal, and plant DNA binding proteins of this class. The correlation between this mutation in o2 and the altered pattern of zein expression strongly suggests that O2 regulates transcription of certain members of the zein multigene family through direct interaction with the zein promoters and not through the transcriptional activation of some other regulator of zein gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Aukerman
- Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093
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30
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Haring MA, Teeuwen-de Vroomen MJ, Nijkamp HJ, Hille J. Trans-activation of an artificial dTam3 transposable element in transgenic tobacco plants. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1991; 16:39-47. [PMID: 1653629 DOI: 10.1007/bf00017915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
In Antirrhinum majus only autonomous Tam3 transposons have been characterized. We investigated whether an artificial dTam3 element, with a deletion in the presumptive transposase coding region, can be trans-activated in tobacco by an activator Tam3 element, which was immobilized by the deletion of one inverted repeat. A phenotypic assay based on restored hygromycin resistance demonstrates that a dTam3 element harbouring a bacterial plasmid can be trans-activated with a low frequency. Molecular analysis confirms that the dTam3 element has been excised from the HPTII marker gene. Reintegration of the dTam3 element into the tobacco genome is detected only in one out of six hygromycin-resistant plants analysed. PCR analysis of empty donor sites shows that excision of the dTam3 element in tobacco results in rearrangements (deletions and additions), that have been shown to be characteristic of Tam3 excision in the original host Antirrhinum majus. This trans-activation assay allowed us to establish that, in contrast to what has been detected in Antirrhinum majus, a periodical temperature shift down to 15 degrees C does not enhance dTam3 transposition in regenerating tobacco calli.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Haring
- Free University, Dept. of Genetics, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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31
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Chandlee JM. Analysis of developmentally interesting genes cloned from higher plants by insertional mutagenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.1020120403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Romagnoli S, Maddaloni M, Livini C, Motto M. Relationship between gene expression and hybrid vigor in primary root tips of young maize (Zea mays L.) plantlets. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1990; 80:769-75. [PMID: 24221107 DOI: 10.1007/bf00224190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/1990] [Accepted: 05/15/1990] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
To provide an insight into the molecular basis of heterosis, we investigated gene expression in primary root tips of a heterotic maize hybrid (B73 × Mo17) and its parental lines (B73 and Mo17). This analysis was carried out (i) by differential plaque hybridization of a recombinant cDNA library made to poly(A) RNA isolated from B73 × Mo17 primary root tips, and (ii) by comparing with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis proteins synthesized in vitro in the rabbit reticulocyte system by poly(A) RNA isolated, at different stages of development, from the three genotypes. The results showed that there are sets of proteins and mRNAs that are differentially synthesized and expressed in the F1 primary root tips in comparison to the parental lines. Moreover, results from the survey of 21 major in-vitrosynthesized polypeptide variants, from mRNAs of primary root tips of the parental lines and their F1 hybrid, indicated that in seven instances hybrid proteins translated in vitro were more abundant or possibly new. In most of the remaining cases, hybrid spots were similar in intensity to the same protein produced by one of the two parental lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Romagnoli
- Experimental Institute of Cereal Crops, Bergamo Section, Via Stezzano 24, I-24100, Bergamo, Italy
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33
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Wheat X Maize and Other Wide Sexual Hybrids: Their Potential for Genetic Manipulation and Crop Improvement. GENE MANIPULATION IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT II 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-7047-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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34
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Haring MA, Gao J, Volbeda T, Rommens CM, Nijkamp HJ, Hille J. A comparative study of Tam3 and Ac transposition in transgenic tobacco and petunia plants. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1989; 13:189-201. [PMID: 2562396 DOI: 10.1007/bf00016137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Transposition of the Anthirrinum majus Tam3 element and the Zea mays Ac element has been monitored in petunia and tobacco plants. Plant vectors were constructed with the transposable elements cloned into the leader sequence of a marker gene. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated leaf disc transformation was used to introduce the transposable element constructs into plant cells. In transgenic plants, excision of the transposable element restores gene expression and results in a clearly distinguishable phenotype. Based on restored expression of the hygromycin phosphotransferase II (HPTII) gene, we established that Tam3 excises in 30% of the transformed petunia plants and in 60% of the transformed tobacco plants. Ac excises from the HPTII gene with comparable frequencies (30%) in both plant species. When the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene was used to detect transposition of Tam3, a significantly lower excision frequency (13%) was found in both plant species. It could be shown that deletion of parts of the transposable elements Tam3 and Ac, removing either one of the terminal inverted repeats (TIR) or part of the presumptive transposase coding region, abolished the excision from the marker genes. This demonstrates that excision of the transposable element Tam3 in heterologous plant species, as documented for the autonomous element Ac, also depends on both properties. Southern blot hybridization shows the expected excision pattern and the reintegration of Tam3 and Ac elements into the genome of tobacco plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Haring
- Free University, Dept. of Genetics, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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35
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Taylor BH, Finnegan EJ, Dennis ES, Peacock WJ. The maize transposable element Ac excises in progeny of transformed tobacco. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1989; 13:109-18. [PMID: 2562778 DOI: 10.1007/bf00027339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
To assess the potential of the maize transposable element Ac for gene tagging in heterologous plant species we monitored transcription, excision and transposition of the element in transgenic tobacco plants and their selfed progeny. Ac excised in the majority of primary regenerants and continued to excise in the first-generation progeny plants. In one primary regenerant Ac was transcribed but did not excise. Fourteen of eighteen kanamycin-resistant progeny from this plant showed Ac excision, suggesting that excision of Ac may have been activated during meiosis or in embryo development. This finding, together with the more general observation of continued Ac mobility in the progeny of transformed plants in which Ac had excised, suggests that Ac will be useful for gene tagging.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Taylor
- CSIRO Division of Plant Industry, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia
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36
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