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The ecdysone receptor (ScEcR-A) binds DNA puffs at the start of DNA amplification in Sciara coprophila. Chromosome Res 2013; 21:345-60. [PMID: 23737076 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-013-9360-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The steroid hormone ecdysone induces DNA amplification and subsequent DNA puff formation in late fourth larval instar salivary gland polytene chromosomes of the fungus fly, Sciara coprophila. Previous in vitro studies on DNA puff II/9A in Sciara demonstrated that the ecdysone receptor (ScEcR-A) efficiently binds an ecdysone response element adjacent to the origin recognition complex binding site within the II/9A amplification origin, implying a role for ScEcR-A in amplification. Here, we extrapolate the molecular details from locus II/9A to the rest of the genome using immunofluorescence with a ScEcR-A-specific antibody. ScEcR-A binds all DNA puff sites just as amplification begins and persists throughout the processes of amplification, transcription, and puffing. Ecdysone injections into pre-amplification stage larvae prematurely induce both DNA amplification and ScEcR-A binding to DNA puff sites. These data are consistent with a direct role for ScEcR-A in DNA amplification.
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Abstract
Retinoids regulate gene transcription by binding to the nuclear receptors, the retinoic acid (RA) receptors (RARs), and the retinoid X receptors (RXRs). RARs and RXRs are ligand-activated transcription factors for the regulation of RA-responsive genes. The actions of RARs and RXRs on gene transcription require a highly coordinated interaction with a large number of coactivators and corepressors. This review focuses on our current understanding of these coregulators known to act in concert with RARs and RXRs. The mechanisms of action of these coregulators are beginning to be uncovered and include the modification of chromatin and the recruitment of basal transcription factors. Challenges remain to understand the specificity of action of RARs and RXRs and the formation of specific transcription complexes consisting of the receptors, coregulators, and other unknown factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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Gariou-Papalexiou A, Mintzas AC, Zacharopoulou A. Ecdysone-regulated chromosome puffing in the salivary glands of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata. Genome 2001; 44:752-62. [PMID: 11681598 DOI: 10.1139/g01-068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of ecdysone on the puffing activity of the polytene chromosomes of Ceratitis capitata has been studied in organ cultures of late-larval salivary glands. Culture of glands from 120-h-old larvae (puff stage 1) in the presence of ecdysone resulted in the initiation of the late-larval puffing cycle that is normally observed in 145-h-old larvae (puff stage 4). During a 7-h period in the presence of ecdysone, the puffing patterns of most loci resembled the in vivo patterns observed in the period between puff stages 4 and 10, indicating that the first puffing cycle can be initiated by the hormone and proceed almost to completion, in vitro. Culture of salivary glands in the presence of ecdysone and a protein-synthesis inhibitor, as well as ecdysone withdrawal and readdition experiments, indicated that most of the ecdysone-regulated puffs could be categorized into three classes: (i) the puffs that were suppressed immediately by ecdysone, even in the absence of protein synthesis; (ii) the puffs that were induced directly by ecdysone; and (iii) the puffs that were induced indirectly by ecdysone, that is, they were induced after a lag period of a few hours and required protein synthesis for their induction.
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Dilworth FJ, Chambon P. Nuclear receptors coordinate the activities of chromatin remodeling complexes and coactivators to facilitate initiation of transcription. Oncogene 2001; 20:3047-54. [PMID: 11420720 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the field of in vitro chromatin assembly have led to in vitro transcription systems which reproduce in the test tube, in vivo characteristics of ligand-dependent transcriptional activation by nuclear receptors. Dissection of these systems has begun to provide us with information concerning the underlying molecular mechanisms. Through recruitment of coactivator proteins, nuclear receptors act first to remodel chromatin within the promoter region and then to recruit the transcriptional machinery to the promoter region in order to initiate transcription. Here we present a possible sequential mechanism for ligand-dependent transcriptional activation by nuclear receptors and discuss the in vitro and in vivo data that support this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Dilworth
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS/INSERM/ULP/Collège de France, BP163, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, CU de Strasbourg, France
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Affiliation(s)
- I F Zhimulev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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6
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Zegarelli-Schmidt EC, Goodman R. The diptera as a model system in cell and molecular biology. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1981; 71:245-363. [PMID: 7016803 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61184-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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7
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Amabis D, Amabis JM, Simòes LC. Puffing activity in the salivary gland chromosomes of Rhynchosciara under experimental conditions. Chromosoma 1977; 62:139-54. [PMID: 880847 DOI: 10.1007/bf00292636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
By using the techniques of ligation of the larvae (brain and endocrine glands extirpation) and salivary gland implantation, the hormonal dependence of the activity of certain puffs of Rhynchosciara was investigated. Our results have shown that the puffing behaviour--activation and deactivation--varies according to the developmental stage in which the larvae were ligated. When the larvae were ligated just before the drastic changes in the puffing pattern, which occur prior to pupation, these changes fail to occur. When the larvae were ligated after the onset of these changes we have observed: a) some of the puffs active at the time of the ligature regress promptly, earlier than their normal timing observed in controls; b) others remain active indefinitely and c) there are still some which regress accordingly to the normal timing. The puff B2 which behaves as those in b was double checked by means of implantation experiments. Salivary glands which had puff B2 at its maximum expansion were implanted into younger larvae and that puff also remained active in the body cavity of these larvae. Hypotheses to explain the results obtained are discussed.
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Cohen CJ. Characterization of the resting potential in Chironomus salivary gland cells: evidence for an electrogenic sodium pump. Exp Cell Res 1977; 106:15-30. [PMID: 852509 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(77)90236-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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9
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Abstract
We have re-examined the several papers which appear to us to represent the principal lines of evidence for what we call the Kroeger hypothesis. To do this we have stated this hypothesis in its simplest, most concrete form, a form that has been repeatedly and forceably enunciated in the literature (Kroeger, 1963a, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968; Kroeger and Lezzi 1966; Lezzi and Frigg, 1971). The evidence suggests to us that ecdysone's effect on puffing is probably not mediated by the [K+]/[Na+]. While such a model cannot, even now, be excluded, we see little reason to believe in it. We take the general issues raised by Kroeger's ideas very seriously. Nucleoprotein complexes are exquisitely sensitive to changes in salt concentration and ionic selectivity is a well-known property of proteins (and of ion-exchangers in general, see, for example, Diamond and Wright, 1969). Thus it might not be shocking if cells utilized this specificity in some general control over chromsosome structure, perhaps a second-layer of control superimposed upon other transcriptional controls. Therefore it is our feeling that Kroeger's data merits very careful and critical study, the more so because the experiments involved are intrinsically difficult. It is in this vein that we have tried to review Kroeger's data.
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Marek M, Kroeger H. Influence of Na+, K+, Mg2+ and cooling on proteosynthesis in hemocytes of Galleria mellonella. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1976; 53:45-7. [PMID: 1248218 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(76)90094-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Kurtti TJ, Chaudhary SP, Brooks MA. Influence of physical factors on the growth of insect cells in vitro. II. Sodium and potassium as osmotic pressure regulators of moth cell growth. IN VITRO 1975; 11:274-85. [PMID: 1184036 DOI: 10.1007/bf02615638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The tolerance of a cell line (IMC-HZ-1) from a moth, Heliothis zea, for the monovalent cations Na+ and K+ were defined. Cells shifted to media containing more than 70 mM of K+ showed decreased growth rates. No evidence was obtained for Na+ toxicity. The osmotic pressure tolerances were influenced by the K+ concentration of the medium. The richer the medium was in K+, the narrower was the spectrum of osmotic pressure tolerance. Once the limit of K+ tolerance was exceeded, the rate of decline of growth was linear with respect to further increases in K+. This rate of decline was independent of osmotic pressure. The initial responses of cells during one subculture (2 to 4 population doublings) in media differing from the standard medium (used to maintain the cell line) were not reliable indicators of the growth potential of the cells. Continued subculture in such media resulted in an upward trend in population growth rates in most cases.
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Ver�nderungen der Oenozyten und ihre Funktion w�hrend der Metamorphose bei Schw�rmern und Zahnspinnern. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975; 178:51-69. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00848361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/1975] [Accepted: 04/16/1975] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Tissières A, Mitchell HK, Tracy UM. Protein synthesis in salivary glands of Drosophila melanogaster: relation to chromosome puffs. J Mol Biol 1974; 84:389-98. [PMID: 4219221 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(74)90447-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 783] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Kroeger H, Müller G. Control of puffing activity in three chromosomal segments of explanted salivary gland cells of Chironomus thummi by variation in extracellular Na+,K+ and Mg2+. Exp Cell Res 1973; 82:89-94. [PMID: 4127432 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(73)90248-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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15
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Chihara CJ, Fristrom JW. Effects and interactions of juvenile hormone and beta-ecdysone on Drosophila imaginal discs cultured in vitro. Dev Biol 1973; 35:36-46. [PMID: 4207110 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(73)90005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Clever U, Clever I, Storbeck I, Young NL. The apparent requirement of two hormones, alpha- and beta-ecdysone, for molting induction in insects. Dev Biol 1973; 31:47-60. [PMID: 4787193 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(73)90320-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Poels CL. Mucopolysaccharide secretion from Drosophila salivary gland cells as a consequence of hormone induced gene activity. CELL DIFFERENTIATION 1972; 1:63-78. [PMID: 4275743 DOI: 10.1016/0045-6039(72)90030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ashburner M. Patterns of puffing activity in the salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila. VI. Induction by ecdysone in salivary glands of D. melanogaster cultured in vitro. Chromosoma 1972; 38:255-81. [PMID: 4627363 DOI: 10.1007/bf00290925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Ashburner M. Induction of puffs in polytene chromosomes of in vitro cultured salivary glands of Drosophila melanogaster by ecdysone and echysone analogues. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1971; 230:222-4. [PMID: 5280175 DOI: 10.1038/newbio230222a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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23
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Amabis JM, Simões LC. Puff induction and regression in Rhynchosciara angelae by the method of salivary gland implantation. Genetica 1971; 42:404-13. [PMID: 5157968 DOI: 10.1007/bf00122072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Poels CL. Time sequence in the expression of various developmental characters induced by ecdysterone in Drosophila hydei. Dev Biol 1970; 23:210-25. [PMID: 4248971 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(70)90095-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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25
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Abstract
Fixation with picric acid or formaldehyde retains incorporated [(3)H]acetate which is lost after fixation with ethanol and acetic acid. Unlike [(3)H]uridine, [(3)H]acetate is diffusely incorporated into polytene chromosomes, and not preferentially into existing or newly induced puffs. It is suggested that puff formation does not include an acetylation of histones.
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Pelling C. Synthesis of nucleic acids in giant chromosomes. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1969; 19:237-70. [PMID: 4911104 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(69)90007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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28
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Rodman TC. Relationship of developmental stage to initiation of replication in polytene nuclei. Chromosoma 1968; 23:271-87. [PMID: 5658167 DOI: 10.1007/bf02451000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Stackhouse HL, Chetsanga CJ, Tan CH. The effect of cortisol on genetic transcription in rat-liver chromatin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1968; 155:159-68. [PMID: 5647056 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(68)90346-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Lezzi M. [Induction of an ecdysone-activable puff in isolated cell nuclei from Chironomus by KC1]. Exp Cell Res 1966; 43:571-7. [PMID: 5957747 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(66)90028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Karlson P. [Ecdysone, the molting hormone of insects]. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 1966; 53:445-53. [PMID: 4866608 DOI: 10.1007/bf00601742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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