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Nickle A, Ko S, Merrill AE. Fibroblast growth factor 2. Differentiation 2024; 139:100733. [PMID: 37858405 PMCID: PMC11009566 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF2), also known as basic fibroblast growth factor, is a potent stimulator of growth and differentiation in multiple tissues. Its discovery traces back over 50 years ago when it was first isolated from bovine pituitary extracts due to its ability to stimulate fibroblast proliferation. Subsequent studies investigating the genomic structure of FGF2 identified multiple protein isoforms, categorized as the low molecular weight and high molecular weight FGF2. These isoforms arise from alternative translation initiation events and exhibit unique molecular and cellular functions. In this concise review, we aim to provide an overview of what is currently known about the structure, expression, and functions of the FGF2 isoforms within the contexts of development, homeostasis, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Nickle
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Sebastian Ko
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Amy E Merrill
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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Lu J, Lu K, Li D. Changes in expression and secretion patterns of fibroblast growth factor 8 and Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway molecules during murine neural stem/progenitor cell differentiation in vitro. Neural Regen Res 2012; 7:1688-94. [PMID: 25624789 PMCID: PMC4302448 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.22.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the dynamic expression of fibroblast growth factor 8 and Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway related factors in the process of in vitro hippocampal neural stem/progenitor cell differentiation from embryonic Sprague-Dawley rats or embryonic Kunming species mice, using fluorescent quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and western blot analyses. Results demonstrated that the dynamic expression of fibroblast growth factor 8 was similar to fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 expression but not to other fibroblast growth factor receptors. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay demonstrated that fibroblast growth factor 8 and Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway protein factors were secreted by neural cells into the intercellular niche. Our experimental findings indicate that fibroblast growth factor 8 and Sonic Hedgehog expression may be related to the differentiation of neural stem/progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China ; Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Kehuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Dongsheng Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei Province, China
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Abstract
SUMMARY Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) make up a large family of polypeptide growth factors that are found in organisms ranging from nematodes to humans. In vertebrates, the 22 members of the FGF family range in molecular mass from 17 to 34 kDa and share 13-71% amino acid identity. Between vertebrate species, FGFs are highly conserved in both gene structure and amino-acid sequence. FGFs have a high affinity for heparan sulfate proteoglycans and require heparan sulfate to activate one of four cell-surface FGF receptors. During embryonic development, FGFs have diverse roles in regulating cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. In the adult organism, FGFs are homeostatic factors and function in tissue repair and response to injury. When inappropriately expressed, some FGFs can contribute to the pathogenesis of cancer. A subset of the FGF family, expressed in adult tissue, is important for neuronal signal transduction in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Ornitz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University Medical School, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Verdier AS, Mattei MG, Lovec H, Hartung H, Goldfarb M, Birnbaum D, Coulier F. Chromosomal mapping of two novel human FGF genes, FGF11 and FGF12. Genomics 1997; 40:151-4. [PMID: 9070933 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1996.4492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family comprises to date 12 members, which are involved in various physiological processes throughout embryogenesis and adult life. Two novel members of the family have been identified recently (FGF11 and FGF12). Using in situ hybridization on metaphasic chromosomes, we have been able to assign FGF11 to band p12-p13 of human chromosome 17 and FGF12 to band q28 of human chromosome 3.
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Coulier F, Pontarotti P, Roubin R, Hartung H, Goldfarb M, Birnbaum D. Of worms and men: an evolutionary perspective on the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and FGF receptor families. J Mol Evol 1997; 44:43-56. [PMID: 9010135 DOI: 10.1007/pl00006120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
FGFs (fibroblast growth factors) play major roles in a number of developmental processes. Recent studies of several human disorders, and concurrent analysis of gene knock-out and properties of the corresponding recombinant proteins have shown that FGFs and their receptors are prominently involved in the development of the skeletal system in mammals. We have compared the sequences of the nine known mammalian FGFs, FGFs from other vertebrates, and three additional sequences that we extracted from existing databases: two human FGF sequences that we tentatively designated FGF10 and FGF11, and an FGF sequence from Caenorhabditis elegans. Similarly, we have compared the sequences of the four FGF receptor paralogs found in chordates with four non-chordate FGF receptors, including one recently identified in C. elegans. The comparison of FGF and FGF receptor sequences in vertebrates and nonvertebrates shows that the FGF and FGF receptor families have evolved through phases of gene duplications, one of which may have coincided with the emergence of vertebrates, in relation with their new system of body scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Coulier
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, U.119 INSERM, 27 Bd. Leï Roure, 13009 Marseille, France
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Lord CJ, Bohlander SK, Hopes EA, Montague CT, Hill NJ, Prins JB, Renjilian RJ, Peterson LB, Wicker LS, Todd JA. Mapping the diabetes polygene Idd3 on mouse chromosome 3 by use of novel congenic strains. Mamm Genome 1995; 6:563-70. [PMID: 8535060 DOI: 10.1007/bf00352359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Development of novel congenic mouse strains has allowed us to better define the location of the diabetogenic locus, Idd3, on Chromosome (Chr) 3. Congenic strains were identified by use of published and newly developed microsatellite markers, their genomes fingerprinted by a rapid, fluorescence-based approach, and their susceptibility to type 1 diabetes evaluated. The maximum interval containing Idd3 is now approximately 4 cM.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Lord
- Nuffield Department of Surgery, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Headington, UK
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Abstract
Polypeptide growth factors are secreted signalling molecules that function as intercellular communicators. Detailed analyses of the expression and function of members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family and their recepotors have demonstrated that the FGF signalling pathways play essential roles in regulating cellular proliferation, differentiation and tissue patterning during vertebrate embryogenesis. Recent studies on the molecular basis of human dysmorphic syndromes have revealed that aberrant FGF signalling during limb and skeletal development can lead to pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Yamaguchi
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Mattei MG, deLapeyrière O, Bresnick J, Dickson C, Birnbaum D, Mason I. Mouse Fgf7 (fibroblast growth factor 7) and Fgf8 (fibroblast growth factor 8) genes map to chromosomes 2 and 19 respectively. Mamm Genome 1995; 6:196-7. [PMID: 7749227 DOI: 10.1007/bf00293012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M G Mattei
- U.242 INSERM, Hôpital d'Enfants de La Timone, Marseille, France
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Hébert JM, Rosenquist T, Götz J, Martin GR. FGF5 as a regulator of the hair growth cycle: evidence from targeted and spontaneous mutations. Cell 1994; 78:1017-25. [PMID: 7923352 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 5 (FGF5) is a secreted signaling protein. Mice homozygous for a predicted null allele of the Fgf5 gene, fgf5neo, produced by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells, have abnormally long hair. This phenotype appears identical to that of mice homozygous for the spontaneous mutation angora (go). The fgf5neo and go mutations fail to complement one another, and exon 1 of Fgf5 is deleted in DNA from go homozygotes, demonstrating that go is a mutant allele of Fgf5. Expression of Fgf5 is detected in hair follicles from wild-type mice and is localized to the outer root sheath during the anagen VI phase of the hair growth cycle. These findings provide evidence that FGF5 functions as an inhibitor of hair elongation, thus identifying a molecule whose normal function is apparently to regulate one step in the progression of the follicle through the hair growth cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Hébert
- Department of Anatomy and Programs in Genetics and in Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143
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Ahuja SK, Ozçelik T, Milatovitch A, Francke U, Murphy PM. Molecular evolution of the human interleukin-8 receptor gene cluster. Nat Genet 1992; 2:31-6. [PMID: 1303245 DOI: 10.1038/ng0992-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is the prototype for a family of at least eight neutrophil chemoattractants whose genes map to human chromosome 4q13-q21. Two human IL-8 receptors, IL8RA and IL8RB, are known from cDNA cloning; IL8RA is a promiscuous receptor for at least two other related ligands, GRO alpha and NAP-2. We now report cloning of the genes for IL8RA, IL8RB and a recently inactivated pseudogene of receptor A (IL8RAP). These form a cluster of only three genes in the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and map to 2q34-q35. The coevolutionary diversity displayed by the IL-8 ligand-receptor complex--ligand promiscuity for IL-8, receptor promiscuity for IL8RA, gene duplication for both ligands and receptors and gene extinction in the case of IL8RAP--is unprecedented for the GPCR superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Ahuja
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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