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Ali S, Abrar M, Hussain I, Batool F, Raza RZ, Khatoon H, Zoia M, Visel A, Shubin NH, Osterwalder M, Abbasi AA. Identification of ancestral gnathostome Gli3 enhancers with activity in mammals. Dev Growth Differ 2024; 66:75-88. [PMID: 37925606 PMCID: PMC10841732 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal expression of the transcriptional regulator and hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway effector Gli3 is known to trigger congenital disease, most frequently affecting the central nervous system (CNS) and the limbs. Accurate delineation of the genomic cis-regulatory landscape controlling Gli3 transcription during embryonic development is critical for the interpretation of noncoding variants associated with congenital defects. Here, we employed a comparative genomic analysis on fish species with a slow rate of molecular evolution to identify seven previously unknown conserved noncoding elements (CNEs) in Gli3 intronic intervals (CNE15-21). Transgenic assays in zebrafish revealed that most of these elements drive activities in Gli3 expressing tissues, predominantly the fins, CNS, and the heart. Intersection of these CNEs with human disease associated SNPs identified CNE15 as a putative mammalian craniofacial enhancer, with conserved activity in vertebrates and potentially affected by mutation associated with human craniofacial morphology. Finally, comparative functional dissection of an appendage-specific CNE conserved in slowly evolving fish (elephant shark), but not in teleost (CNE14/hs1586) indicates co-option of limb specificity from other tissues prior to the divergence of amniotes and lobe-finned fish. These results uncover a novel subset of intronic Gli3 enhancers that arose in the common ancestor of gnathostomes and whose sequence components were likely gradually modified in other species during the process of evolutionary diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Ali
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad Pakistan
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Muhammad Abrar
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Irfan Hussain
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Fatima Batool
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Rabail Zehra Raza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Multidisciplinary Studies, National University of Medical Sciences Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Hizran Khatoon
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Matteo Zoia
- Department for Biomedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Axel Visel
- Environmental Genomics and System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Neil H. Shubin
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Marco Osterwalder
- Department for Biomedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Amir Ali Abbasi
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad Pakistan
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Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) proteins constitute one family of a small number of secreted signaling proteins that together regulate multiple aspects of animal development, tissue homeostasis and regeneration. Originally uncovered through genetic analyses in Drosophila, their subsequent discovery in vertebrates has provided a paradigm for the role of morphogens in positional specification. Most strikingly, the Sonic hedgehog protein was shown to mediate the activity of two classic embryonic organizing centers in vertebrates and subsequent studies have implicated it and its paralogs in a myriad of processes. Moreover, dysfunction of the signaling pathway has been shown to underlie numerous human congenital abnormalities and diseases, especially certain types of cancer. This review focusses on the genetic studies that uncovered the key components of the Hh signaling system and the subsequent, biochemical, cell and structural biology analyses of their functions. These studies have revealed several novel processes and principles, shedding new light on the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying cell-cell communication. Notable amongst these are the involvement of cholesterol both in modifying the Hh proteins and in activating its transduction pathway, the role of cytonemes, filipodia-like extensions, in conveying Hh signals between cells; and the central importance of the Primary Cilium as a cellular compartment within which the components of the signaling pathway are sequestered and interact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip William Ingham
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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Guo Y, Wu D, Xu Q, Chen W. Inhibition of smoothened receptor by vismodegib leads to micrognathia during embryogenesis. Differentiation 2022; 125:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Hussain I, Raza RZ, Ali S, Abrar M, Abbasi AA. Molecular signatures of selection on the human GLI3 associated central nervous system specific enhancers. Dev Genes Evol 2021; 231:21-32. [PMID: 33655411 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-021-00672-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The zinc finger-containing transcription factor Gli3 is a key mediator of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. In vertebrates, Gli3 has widespread expression pattern during early embryonic development. Along the anteroposterior axes of the central nervous system (CNS), dorsoventral neural pattern elaboration is achieved through Hh mediated spatio-temporal deployment of Gli3 transcripts. Previously, we and others uncovered a set of enhancers that mediate many of the known aspects of Gli3 expression during neurogenesis. However, the potential role of Gli3 associated enhancers in trait evolution has not yet received any significant attention. Here, we investigate the evolutionary patterns of Gli3 associated CNS-specific enhancers that have been reported so far. A subset of these enhancers has undergone an accelerated rate of molecular evolution in the human lineage in comparison to other primates/mammals. These fast-evolving enhancers have acquired human-specific changes in transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs). These human-unique changes within subset of Gli3 associated CNS-specific enhancers were further validated as single nucleotide polymorphisms through 1000 Genome Project Phase 3 data. This work not only infers the molecular evolutionary patterns of Gli3 associated enhancers but also provides clues for putative genetic basis of the population-specificity of gene expression regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Hussain
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Rabail Zehra Raza
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, The Mall, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Ali
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abrar
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Amir Ali Abbasi
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
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Elliott KH, Chen X, Salomone J, Chaturvedi P, Schultz PA, Balchand SK, Servetas JD, Zuniga A, Zeller R, Gebelein B, Weirauch MT, Peterson KA, Brugmann SA. Gli3 utilizes Hand2 to synergistically regulate tissue-specific transcriptional networks. eLife 2020; 9:e56450. [PMID: 33006313 PMCID: PMC7556880 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a common understanding that Gli TFs are utilized to convey a Hh morphogen gradient, genetic analyses suggest craniofacial development does not completely fit this paradigm. Using the mouse model (Mus musculus), we demonstrated that rather than being driven by a Hh threshold, robust Gli3 transcriptional activity during skeletal and glossal development required interaction with the basic helix-loop-helix TF Hand2. Not only did genetic and expression data support a co-factorial relationship, but genomic analysis revealed that Gli3 and Hand2 were enriched at regulatory elements for genes essential for mandibular patterning and development. Interestingly, motif analysis at sites co-occupied by Gli3 and Hand2 uncovered mandibular-specific, low-affinity, 'divergent' Gli-binding motifs (dGBMs). Functional validation revealed these dGBMs conveyed synergistic activation of Gli targets essential for mandibular patterning and development. In summary, this work elucidates a novel, sequence-dependent mechanism for Gli transcriptional activity within the craniofacial complex that is independent of a graded Hh signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey H Elliott
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research FoundationCincinnatiUnited States
| | - Xiaoting Chen
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States
| | - Joseph Salomone
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research FoundationCincinnatiUnited States
- Medical-Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiUnited States
| | - Praneet Chaturvedi
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States
| | - Preston A Schultz
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States
| | - Sai K Balchand
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States
| | | | - Aimée Zuniga
- Developmental Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Rolf Zeller
- Developmental Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Brian Gebelein
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States
| | | | - Samantha A Brugmann
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States
- Shriners Children’s HospitalCincinnatiUnited States
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Matissek SJ, Elsawa SF. GLI3: a mediator of genetic diseases, development and cancer. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:54. [PMID: 32245491 PMCID: PMC7119169 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00540-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor GLI3 is a member of the Hedgehog (Hh/HH) signaling pathway that can exist as a full length (Gli3-FL/GLI3-FL) or repressor (Gli3-R/GLI3-R) form. In response to HH activation, GLI3-FL regulates HH genes by targeting the GLI1 promoter. In the absence of HH signaling, GLI3 is phosphorylated leading to its partial degradation and the generation of GLI3-R which represses HH functions. GLI3 is also involved in tissue development, immune cell development and cancer. The absence of Gli3 in mice impaired brain and lung development and GLI3 mutations in humans are the cause of Greig cephalopolysyndactyly (GCPS) and Pallister Hall syndromes (PHS). In the immune system GLI3 regulates B, T and NK-cells and may be involved in LPS-TLR4 signaling. In addition, GLI3 was found to be upregulated in multiple cancers and was found to positively regulate cancerous behavior such as anchorage-independent growth, angiogenesis, proliferation and migration with the exception in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and medulloblastoma where GLI plays an anti-cancerous role. Finally, GLI3 is a target of microRNA. Here, we will review the biological significance of GLI3 and discuss gaps in our understanding of this molecule. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan J. Matissek
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, 46 College Rd Rudman 291, Durham, NH 03824 USA
| | - Sherine F. Elsawa
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, 46 College Rd Rudman 291, Durham, NH 03824 USA
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Skuplik I, Cobb J. Animal Models for Understanding Human Skeletal Defects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1236:157-188. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-2389-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Millington G, Elliott KH, Chang YT, Chang CF, Dlugosz A, Brugmann SA. Cilia-dependent GLI processing in neural crest cells is required for tongue development. Dev Biol 2017; 424:124-137. [PMID: 28286175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ciliopathies are a class of diseases caused by the loss of a ubiquitous, microtubule-based organelle called a primary cilium. Ciliopathies commonly result in defective development of the craniofacial complex, causing midfacial defects, craniosynostosis, micrognathia and aglossia. Herein, we explored how the conditional loss of primary cilia on neural crest cells (Kif3af/f;Wnt1-Cre) generated aglossia. On a cellular level, our data revealed that aglossia in Kif3af/f;Wnt1-Cre embryos was due to a loss of mesoderm-derived muscle precursors migrating into and surviving in the tongue anlage. To determine the molecular basis for this phenotype, we performed RNA-seq, in situ hybridization, qPCR and Western blot analyses. We found that transduction of the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway, rather than other pathways previously implicated in tongue development, was aberrant in Kif3af/f;Wnt1-Cre embryos. Despite increased production of full-length GLI2 and GLI3 isoforms, previously identified GLI targets important for mandibular and glossal development (Foxf1, Foxf2, Foxd1 and Foxd2) were transcriptionally downregulated in Kif3af/f;Wnt1-Cre embryos. Genetic removal of GLI activator (GLIA) isoforms in neural crest cells recapitulated the aglossia phenotype and downregulated Fox gene expression. Genetic addition of GLIA isoforms in neural crest cells partially rescued the aglossia phenotype and Fox gene expression in Kif3af/f;Wnt1-Cre embryos. Together, our data suggested that glossal development requires primary cilia-dependent GLIA activity in neural crest cells. Furthermore, these data, in conjunction with our previous work, suggested prominence specific roles for GLI isoforms; with development of the frontonasal prominence relying heavily on the repressor isoform and the development of the mandibular prominence/tongue relying heavily on the activator isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grethel Millington
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States; Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | - Kelsey H Elliott
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States; Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | - Ya-Ting Chang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States; Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | - Ching-Fang Chang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States; Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | - Andrzej Dlugosz
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Samantha A Brugmann
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States; Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
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Chang CF, Chang YT, Millington G, Brugmann SA. Craniofacial Ciliopathies Reveal Specific Requirements for GLI Proteins during Development of the Facial Midline. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006351. [PMID: 27802276 PMCID: PMC5089743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliopathies represent a broad class of disorders that affect multiple organ systems. The craniofacial complex is among those most severely affected when primary cilia are not functional. We previously reported that loss of primary cilia on cranial neural crest cells, via a conditional knockout of the intraflagellar transport protein KIF3a, resulted in midfacial widening due to a gain of Hedgehog (HH) activity. Here, we examine the molecular mechanism of how a loss of primary cilia can produce facial phenotypes associated with a gain of HH function. We show that loss of intraflagellar transport proteins (KIF3a or IFT88) caused aberrant GLI processing such that the amount of GLI3FL and GLI2FL was increased, thus skewing the ratio of GLIFL to GLIR in favor of the FL isoform. Genetic addition of GLI3R partially rescued the ciliopathic midfacial widening. Interestingly, despite several previous studies suggesting midfacial development relies heavily on GLI3R activity, the conditional loss of GLI3 alone did not reproduce the ciliopathic phenotype. Only the combined loss of both GLI2 and GLI3 was able to phenocopy the ciliopathic midfacial appearance. Our findings suggest that ciliopathic facial phenotypes are generated via loss of both GLI3R and GLI2R and that this pathology occurs via a de-repression mechanism. Furthermore, these studies suggest a novel role for GLI2R in craniofacial development. Primary cilia are ubiquitous organelles that serve to transduce molecular signals within a cell. Loss of functional primary cilia results in a disease class called ciliopathies. Ciliopathies have a broad range of phenotypes; however, severe facial anomalies are commonly associated with this disease class. The facial midline is particularly sensitive to loss of primary cilia, frequently undergoing a significant widening. This phenotype is similar to that which occurs when there are gain-of-function defects in the Sonic Hedgehog pathway. This manuscript addresses the molecular basis for midfacial widening in ciliopathies. Importantly, we determine mechanisms to both rescue and phenocopy the ciliopathic midfacial phenotype. In sum, this work provides novel insight into the molecular mechanisms of midfacial patterning and the extent to which loss of cilia impact that process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Fang Chang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery and Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati
| | - Ya-Ting Chang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery and Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati
| | - Grethel Millington
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery and Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati
| | - Samantha A. Brugmann
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery and Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati
- * E-mail:
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Huang AH, Riordan TJ, Pryce B, Weibel JL, Watson SS, Long F, Lefebvre V, Harfe BD, Stadler HS, Akiyama H, Tufa SF, Keene DR, Schweitzer R. Musculoskeletal integration at the wrist underlies the modular development of limb tendons. Development 2015; 142:2431-41. [PMID: 26062940 DOI: 10.1242/dev.122374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The long tendons of the limb extend from muscles that reside in the zeugopod (arm/leg) to their skeletal insertions in the autopod (paw). How these connections are established along the length of the limb remains unknown. Here, we show that mouse limb tendons are formed in modular units that combine to form a functional contiguous structure; in muscle-less limbs, tendons develop in the autopod but do not extend into the zeugopod, and in the absence of limb cartilage the zeugopod segments of tendons develop despite the absence of tendons in the autopod. Analyses of cell lineage and proliferation indicate that distinct mechanisms govern the growth of autopod and zeugopod tendon segments. To elucidate the integration of these autopod and zeugopod developmental programs, we re-examined early tendon development. At E12.5, muscles extend across the full length of a very short zeugopod and connect through short anlagen of tendon progenitors at the presumptive wrist to their respective autopod tendon segment, thereby initiating musculoskeletal integration. Zeugopod tendon segments are subsequently generated by proximal elongation of the wrist tendon anlagen, in parallel with skeletal growth, underscoring the dependence of zeugopod tendon development on muscles for tendon anchoring. Moreover, a subset of extensor tendons initially form as fused structures due to initial attachment of their respective wrist tendon anlage to multiple muscles. Subsequent individuation of these tendons depends on muscle activity. These results establish an integrated model for limb tendon development that provides a framework for future analyses of tendon and musculoskeletal phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice H Huang
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, OR 97209, USA
| | - Timothy J Riordan
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, OR 97209, USA
| | - Brian Pryce
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, OR 97209, USA
| | - Jennifer L Weibel
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, OR 97209, USA
| | - Spencer S Watson
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, OR 97209, USA
| | - Fanxin Long
- Department of Orthopaedics, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Veronique Lefebvre
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Brian D Harfe
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and the Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - H Scott Stadler
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, OR 97209, USA
| | - Haruhiko Akiyama
- Department of Orthopaedics, Gifu University, Gifu City, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Sara F Tufa
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, OR 97209, USA
| | - Douglas R Keene
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, OR 97209, USA
| | - Ronen Schweitzer
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, OR 97209, USA
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Chang CF, Schock EN, O'Hare EA, Dodgson J, Cheng HH, Muir WM, Edelmann RE, Delany ME, Brugmann SA. The cellular and molecular etiology of the craniofacial defects in the avian ciliopathic mutant talpid2. Development 2014; 141:3003-12. [PMID: 25053433 PMCID: PMC4197679 DOI: 10.1242/dev.105924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
talpid(2) is an avian autosomal recessive mutant with a myriad of congenital malformations, including polydactyly and facial clefting. Although phenotypically similar to talpid(3), talpid(2) has a distinct facial phenotype and an unknown cellular, molecular and genetic basis. We set out to determine the etiology of the craniofacial phenotype of this mutant. We confirmed that primary cilia were disrupted in talpid(2) mutants. Molecularly, we found disruptions in Hedgehog signaling. Post-translational processing of GLI2 and GLI3 was aberrant in the developing facial prominences. Although both GLI2 and GLI3 processing were disrupted in talpid(2) mutants, only GLI3 activator levels were significantly altered in the nucleus. Through additional fine mapping and whole-genome sequencing, we determined that the talpid(2) phenotype was linked to a 1.4 Mb region on GGA1q that contained the gene encoding the ciliary protein C2CD3. We cloned the avian ortholog of C2CD3 and found its expression was ubiquitous, but most robust in the developing limbs and facial prominences. Furthermore, we found that C2CD3 is localized proximal to the ciliary axoneme and is important for docking the mother centriole to the ciliary vesicle and cell membrane. Finally, we identified a 19 bp deletion in talpid(2) C2CD3 that produces a premature stop codon, and thus a truncated protein, as the likely causal allele for the phenotype. Together, these data provide insight into the cellular, molecular and genetic etiology of the talpid(2) phenotype. Our data suggest that, although the talpid(2) and talpid(3) mutations affect a common ciliogenesis pathway, they are caused by mutations in different ciliary proteins that result in differences in craniofacial phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Fang Chang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Elizabeth N Schock
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Elizabeth A O'Hare
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jerry Dodgson
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Hans H Cheng
- USDA Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - William M Muir
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Richard E Edelmann
- Center for Advanced Microscopy and Imaging, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Mary E Delany
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Samantha A Brugmann
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Démurger F, Ichkou A, Mougou-Zerelli S, Le Merrer M, Goudefroye G, Delezoide AL, Quélin C, Manouvrier S, Baujat G, Fradin M, Pasquier L, Megarbané A, Faivre L, Baumann C, Nampoothiri S, Roume J, Isidor B, Lacombe D, Delrue MA, Mercier S, Philip N, Schaefer E, Holder M, Krause A, Laffargue F, Sinico M, Amram D, André G, Liquier A, Rossi M, Amiel J, Giuliano F, Boute O, Dieux-Coeslier A, Jacquemont ML, Afenjar A, Van Maldergem L, Lackmy-Port-Lis M, Vincent-Delorme C, Chauvet ML, Cormier-Daire V, Devisme L, Geneviève D, Munnich A, Viot G, Raoul O, Romana S, Gonzales M, Encha-Razavi F, Odent S, Vekemans M, Attie-Bitach T. New insights into genotype-phenotype correlation for GLI3 mutations. Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 23:92-102. [PMID: 24736735 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The phenotypic spectrum of GLI3 mutations includes autosomal dominant Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome (GCPS) and Pallister-Hall syndrome (PHS). PHS was first described as a lethal condition associating hypothalamic hamartoma, postaxial or central polydactyly, anal atresia and bifid epiglottis. Typical GCPS combines polysyndactyly of hands and feet and craniofacial features. Genotype-phenotype correlations have been found both for the location and the nature of GLI3 mutations, highlighting the bifunctional nature of GLI3 during development. Here we report on the molecular and clinical study of 76 cases from 55 families with either a GLI3 mutation (49 GCPS and 21 PHS), or a large deletion encompassing the GLI3 gene (6 GCPS cases). Most of mutations are novel and consistent with the previously reported genotype-phenotype correlation. Our results also show a correlation between the location of the mutation and abnormal corpus callosum observed in some patients with GCPS. Fetal PHS observations emphasize on the possible lethality of GLI3 mutations and extend the phenotypic spectrum of malformations such as agnathia and reductional limbs defects. GLI3 expression studied by in situ hybridization during human development confirms its early expression in target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Démurger
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CLAD-Ouest, Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France
| | - Amale Ichkou
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique -Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Soumaya Mougou-Zerelli
- 1] Inserm U1163, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France [2] Service de Cytogénétique et Biologie de la Reproduction, CHU Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia
| | | | - Géraldine Goudefroye
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique -Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | | | - Chloé Quélin
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CLAD-Ouest, Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France
| | - Sylvie Manouvrier
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CLAD-NdF, CHRU de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Geneviève Baujat
- 1] Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique -Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France [2] Inserm U1163, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France [3] Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Fradin
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CLAD-Ouest, Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France
| | - Laurent Pasquier
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CLAD-Ouest, Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France
| | - André Megarbané
- Unité de Génétique Médicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université St Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Laurence Faivre
- Centre de Génétique, Hôpital d'enfants, CHU de Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Clarisse Baumann
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Sheela Nampoothiri
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kerala, India
| | - Joëlle Roume
- Unité de Génétique Médicale, CH Poissy St-Germain-en-Laye, Poissy, France
| | - Bertrand Isidor
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Unité de Génétique Clinique, CLAD-Ouest, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Didier Lacombe
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Sandra Mercier
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Unité de Génétique Clinique, CLAD-Ouest, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Nicole Philip
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital d'Enfants de La Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Elise Schaefer
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Muriel Holder
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CLAD-NdF, CHRU de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Amanda Krause
- Division de Génétique Humaine, Hospital St Hillbrow, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Fanny Laffargue
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Estaing, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Martine Sinico
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, CH Intercommunal de Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Daniel Amram
- Unité de Génétique Clinique, CH Intercommunal de Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Gwenaelle André
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, CHU Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alain Liquier
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique Bioffice, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Jeanne Amiel
- 1] Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique -Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France [2] Inserm U1163, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France [3] Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Giuliano
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital de l'Archet II, CHU de Nice, France
| | - Odile Boute
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CLAD-NdF, CHRU de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | | | - Alexandra Afenjar
- 1] Service de Génétique, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France [2] Centre de Référence des Malformations et Maladies Congénitales du Cervelet, Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Marie-Liesse Chauvet
- 1] Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique -Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France [2] Inserm U1163, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Cormier-Daire
- 1] Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique -Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France [2] Inserm U1163, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France [3] Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Louise Devisme
- Institut de Pathologie, Centre de Biologie-Pathologie, CHRU de Lille, France
| | - David Geneviève
- Département de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Montpellier, France
| | - Arnold Munnich
- 1] Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique -Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France [2] Inserm U1163, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France [3] Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Géraldine Viot
- Unité de Génétique, Maternité Port-Royal, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Odile Raoul
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique -Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Serge Romana
- 1] Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique -Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France [2] Inserm U1163, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France [3] Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Marie Gonzales
- Service de Génétique et d'Embryologie Médicales, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Ferechte Encha-Razavi
- 1] Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique -Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France [2] Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Odent
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CLAD-Ouest, Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France
| | - Michel Vekemans
- 1] Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique -Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France [2] Inserm U1163, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France [3] Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Tania Attie-Bitach
- 1] Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique -Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France [2] Inserm U1163, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France [3] Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
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Kasberg AD, Brunskill EW, Steven Potter S. SP8 regulates signaling centers during craniofacial development. Dev Biol 2013; 381:312-23. [PMID: 23872235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Much of the bone, cartilage and smooth muscle of the vertebrate face is derived from neural crest (NC) cells. During craniofacial development, the anterior neural ridge (ANR) and olfactory pit (OP) signaling centers are responsible for driving the outgrowth, survival, and differentiation of NC populated facial prominences, primarily via FGF. While much is known about the functional importance of signaling centers, relatively little is understood of how these signaling centers are made and maintained. In this report we describe a dramatic craniofacial malformation in mice mutant for the zinc finger transcription factor gene Sp8. At E14.5 they show facial prominences that are reduced in size and underdeveloped, giving an almost faceless phenotype. At later times they show severe midline defects, excencephaly, hyperterlorism, cleft palate, and a striking loss of many NC and paraxial mesoderm derived cranial bones. Sp8 expression was primarily restricted to the ANR and OP regions during craniofacial development. Analysis of an extensive series of conditional Sp8 mutants confirmed the critical role of Sp8 in signaling centers, and not directly in the NC and paraxial mesoderm cells. The NC cells of the Sp8 mutants showed increased levels of apoptosis and decreased cell proliferation, thereby explaining the reduced sizes of the facial prominences. Perturbed gene expression in the Sp8 mutants was examined by laser capture microdissection coupled with microarrays, as well as in situ hybridization and immunostaining. The most dramatic differences included striking reductions in Fgf8 and Fgf17 expression in the ANR and OP signaling centers. We were also able to achieve genetic and pharmaceutical partial rescue of the Sp8 mutant phenotype by reducing Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling. These results show that Sp8 primarily functions to promote Fgf expression in the ANR and OP signaling centers that drive the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of the NC and paraxial mesoderm that make the face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail D Kasberg
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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14
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Lee MY, Sun L, Veltmaat JM. Hedgehog and Gli signaling in embryonic mammary gland development. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2013; 18:133-8. [PMID: 23677624 PMCID: PMC3691482 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-013-9291-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The first mouse mutation associated with a heritable defect in embryonic mammary gland development was Extratoes. It represents a functional null-mutation of the gene encoding Gli3, which is best known as a transcription factor mediating canonical Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Here we review the roles of Hh and Gli proteins in murine embryonic mammary development. We propose that an off-state for Hh signaling, mediated by Gli3-repressor, is determinant for induction of a mammary instead of hair follicle fate in the trunk surface ectoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Yin Lee
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673 Singapore
- Present Address: Interdisciplinary Research Institute (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 Route de Lennik, Brussels, 1070 Belgium
| | - Li Sun
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673 Singapore
| | - Jacqueline M. Veltmaat
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673 Singapore
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, MD10, 4 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597 Singapore
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15
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Veistinen L, Takatalo M, Tanimoto Y, Kesper DA, Vortkamp A, Rice DPC. Loss-of-Function of Gli3 in Mice Causes Abnormal Frontal Bone Morphology and Premature Synostosis of the Interfrontal Suture. Front Physiol 2012; 3:121. [PMID: 22563320 PMCID: PMC3342524 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome (GCPS) is an autosomal dominant disorder with polydactyly and syndactyly of the limbs and a broad spectrum of craniofacial abnormalities. Craniosynostosis of the metopic suture (interfrontal suture in mice) is an important but rare feature associated with GCPS. GCPS is caused by mutations in the transcription factor GLI3, which regulates Hedgehog signaling. The Gli3 loss-of-function (Gli3Xt-J/Xt-J) mouse largely phenocopies the human syndrome with the mice exhibiting polydactyly and several craniofacial abnormalities. Here we show that Gli3Xt-J/Xt-J mice exhibit ectopic ossification in the interfrontal suture and in the most severe cases the suture fuses already prior to birth. We show that abnormalities in frontal bones occur early in calvarial development, before the establishment of the interfrontal suture. It provides a model for the metopic suture pathology that can occur in GCPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta Veistinen
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
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16
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Fotaki V, Price DJ, Mason JO. Wnt/β-catenin signaling is disrupted in the extra-toes (Gli3(Xt/Xt) ) mutant from early stages of forebrain development, concomitant with anterior neural plate patterning defects. J Comp Neurol 2012; 519:1640-57. [PMID: 21452227 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The zinc finger transcription factor Gli3 is essential for normal development of the forebrain. Mutant mice with no functional Gli3 (extra-toes, Gli3(Xt/Xt) mutants) display a massive reduction in the size of the telencephalic lobes and absence of dorsomedial telencephalic structures, including the cortical hem, which normally expresses a number of Wnt molecules essential for patterning the hippocampus. Dorsomedial telencephalic Wnt activity, transduced through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, is also required for hippocampal specification and dorsoventral telencephalic patterning. Wnts whose normal expression is restricted to the cortical hem are completely absent in Gli3(Xt/Xt) embryos, but some expression of those Wnts with a broader expression domain persists, raising the possibility that Wnt/β-catenin signaling may still be active in this mutant. We examined whether the Wnt expression that persists in the Gli3(Xt/Xt) mutant neocortex activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling, using the BAT-gal transgenic reporter. We found Wnt/β-catenin signaling consistently decreased in the forebrains of Gli3(Xt/Xt) mutants, even prior to the formation of the cortical hem. This is accompanied by a severe reduction in expression of Wnt7b and Wnt8b at the lateral edges of the anterior neural plate that will give rise to the pallium. In addition, we found a significant increase in the expression of rostroventral markers of the anterior neural plate that will give rise to the basal forebrain. Our data reveal that Gli3 is required at the neural plate stage to regulate Wnt expression and Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the presumptive forebrain and confirm its previously proposed role in patterning the anterior neural plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki Fotaki
- Genes and Development Group, Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.
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17
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Bangs F, Antonio N, Thongnuek P, Welten M, Davey MG, Briscoe J, Tickle C. Generation of mice with functional inactivation of talpid3, a gene first identified in chicken. Development 2011; 138:3261-72. [PMID: 21750036 PMCID: PMC3133916 DOI: 10.1242/dev.063602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Specification of digit number and identity is central to digit pattern in vertebrate limbs. The classical talpid(3) chicken mutant has many unpatterned digits together with defects in other regions, depending on hedgehog (Hh) signalling, and exhibits embryonic lethality. The talpid(3) chicken has a mutation in KIAA0586, which encodes a centrosomal protein required for the formation of primary cilia, which are sites of vertebrate Hh signalling. The highly conserved exons 11 and 12 of KIAA0586 are essential to rescue cilia in talpid(3) chicken mutants. We constitutively deleted these two exons to make a talpid3(-/-) mouse. Mutant mouse embryos lack primary cilia and, like talpid(3) chicken embryos, have face and neural tube defects but also defects in left/right asymmetry. Conditional deletion in mouse limb mesenchyme results in polydactyly and in brachydactyly and a failure of subperisoteal bone formation, defects that are attributable to abnormal sonic hedgehog and Indian hedgehog signalling, respectively. Like talpid(3) chicken limbs, the mutant mouse limbs are syndactylous with uneven digit spacing as reflected in altered Raldh2 expression, which is normally associated with interdigital mesenchyme. Both mouse and chicken mutant limb buds are broad and short. talpid3(-/-) mouse cells migrate more slowly than wild-type mouse cells, a change in cell behaviour that possibly contributes to altered limb bud morphogenesis. This genetic mouse model will facilitate further conditional approaches, epistatic experiments and open up investigation into the function of the novel talpid3 gene using the many resources available for mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Bangs
- Biology and Biochemistry Department, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Nicole Antonio
- Biology and Biochemistry Department, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Peerapat Thongnuek
- Biology and Biochemistry Department, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Monique Welten
- Biology and Biochemistry Department, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Megan G. Davey
- Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - James Briscoe
- Developmental Neurobiology, National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Cheryll Tickle
- Biology and Biochemistry Department, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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Melville H, Wang Y, Taub PJ, Jabs EW. Genetic basis of potential therapeutic strategies for craniosynostosis. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 152A:3007-15. [PMID: 21082653 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis, the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures, is a common malformation of the skull that can result in facial deformity and increased intracranial pressure. Syndromic craniosynostosis is present in ∼15% of craniosynostosis patients and often is clinically diagnosed by neurocranial phenotype as well as various other skeletal abnormalities. The most common genetic mutations identified in syndromic craniosynostosis involve the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) family with other mutations occurring in genes for transcription factors TWIST, MSX2, and GLI3, and other proteins EFNB1, RAB23, RECQL4, and POR, presumed to be involved either upstream or downstream of the FGFR signaling pathway. Both syndromic and nonsyndromic craniosynostosis patients require early diagnosis and intervention. The premature suture fusion can impose pressure on the growing brain and cause continued abnormal postnatal craniofacial development. Currently, treatment options for craniosynostosis are almost exclusively surgical. Serious complications can occur in infants requiring either open or endoscopic repair and therefore the development of nonsurgical techniques is highly desirable although arguably difficult to design and implement. Genetic studies of aberrant signaling caused by mutations underlying craniosynostosis in in vitro calvarial culture and in vivo animal model systems have provided promising targets in designing genetic and pharmacologic strategies for systemic or adjuvant nonsurgical treatment. Here we will review the current literature and provide insights to future possibilities and limitations of therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Melville
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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19
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Hurst JA, Jenkins D, Vasudevan PC, Kirchhoff M, Skovby F, Rieubland C, Gallati S, Rittinger O, Kroisel PM, Johnson D, Biesecker LG, Wilkie AOM. Metopic and sagittal synostosis in Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome: five cases with intragenic mutations or complete deletions of GLI3. Eur J Hum Genet 2011; 19:757-62. [PMID: 21326280 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2011.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome (GCPS) is a multiple congenital malformation characterised by limb and craniofacial anomalies, caused by heterozygous mutation or deletion of GLI3. We report four boys and a girl who were presented with trigonocephaly due to metopic synostosis, in association with pre- and post-axial polydactyly and cutaneous syndactyly of hands and feet. Two cases had additional sagittal synostosis. None had a family history of similar features. In all five children, the diagnosis of GCPS was confirmed by molecular analysis of GLI3 (two had intragenic mutations and three had complete gene deletions detected on array comparative genomic hybridisation), thus highlighting the importance of trigonocephaly or overt metopic or sagittal synostosis as a distinct presenting feature of GCPS. These observations confirm and extend a recently proposed association of intragenic GLI3 mutations with metopic synostosis; moreover, the three individuals with complete deletion of GLI3 were previously considered to have Carpenter syndrome, highlighting an important source of diagnostic confusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A Hurst
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
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20
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Gildea DE, Luetkemeier ES, Bao X, Loftus SK, Mackem S, Yang Y, Pavan WJ, Biesecker LG. The pleiotropic mouse phenotype extra-toes spotting is caused by translation initiation factor Eif3c mutations and is associated with disrupted sonic hedgehog signaling. FASEB J 2011; 25:1596-605. [PMID: 21292980 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-169771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Polydactyly is a common malformation and can be an isolated anomaly or part of a pleiotropic syndrome. The elucidation of the mutated genes that cause polydactyly provides insight into limb development pathways. The extra-toes spotting (Xs) mouse phenotype manifests anterior polydactyly, predominantly in the forelimbs, with ventral hypopigmenation. The mapping of Xs(J) to chromosome 7 was confirmed, and the interval was narrowed to 322 kb using intersubspecific crosses. Two mutations were identified in eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit C (Eif3c). An Eif3c c.907C>T mutation (p.Arg303X) was identified in Xs(J), and a c.1702_1758del mutation (p.Leu568_Leu586del) was identified in extra-toes spotting-like (Xsl), an allele of Xs(J). The effect of the Xs(J) mutation on the SHH/GLI3 pathway was analyzed by in situ hybridization analysis, and we show that Xs mouse embryos have ectopic Shh and Ptch1 expression in the anterior limb. In addition, anterior limb buds show aberrant Gli3 processing, consistent with perturbed SHH/GLI3 signaling. Based on the occurrence of Eif3c mutations in 2 Xs lines and haploinsufficiency of the Xs(J) allele, we conclude that the Xs phenotype is caused by a mutation in Eif3c, a component of the translation initiation complex, and that the phenotype is associated with aberrant SHH/GLI3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek E Gildea
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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21
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Naruse I, Ueta E, Sumino Y, Ogawa M, Ishikiriyama S. Birth defects caused by mutations in human GLI3 and mouse Gli3 genes. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2010; 50:1-7. [PMID: 20201963 DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4520.2009.00266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT GLI3 is the gene responsible for Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome (GCPS), Pallister-Hall syndrome (PHS) and Postaxial polydactyly type-A (PAP-A). Genetic polydactyly mice such as Pdn/Pdn (Polydactyly Nagoya), Xt(H)/Xt(H) (Extra toes) and Xt(J)/Xt(J) (Extra toes Jackson) are the mouse homolog of GCPS, and Gli3(tmlUrtt)/Gli3(tmlUrt) is produced as the mouse homolog of PHS. In the present review, relationships between mutation points of GLI3 and Gli3, and resulting phenotypes in humans and mice are described. It has been confirmed that mutation in the upstream or within the zinc finger domain of the GLI3 gene induces GCPS; that in the post-zinc finger region including the protease cleavage site induces PHS; and that in the downstream of the GLI3 gene induces PAP-A. A mimicking phenomenon was observed in the mouse homolog. Therefore, human GLI3 and mouse Gli3 genes have a common structure, and it is suggested here that mutations in the same functional regions produce similar phenotypes in human and mice. The most important issue might be that GCPS and PHS exhibit an autosomal dominant trait, but mouse homologs, such as Pdn/Pdn, Xt(H)/Xt(H), Xt(J)/Xt(J) and Gli3(tmlUrt)/Gli3(tmlUrt), are autosomal recessive traits in the manifestation of similar phenotypes to human diseases. It is discussed here how the reduced amounts of the GLI3 protein, or truncated mutant GLI3 protein, disrupt development of the limbs, head and face.
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Yang Y, Kozin SH. Cell signaling regulation of vertebrate limb growth and patterning. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2009; 91 Suppl 4:76-80. [PMID: 19571072 PMCID: PMC2698794 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.i.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingzi Yang
- Genetics Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 49, Room 4A68, 49 Convent Drive, MSC 4472, Bethesda, MD 20892-4472. E-mail address:
| | - Scott H. Kozin
- Shriners Hospital for Children, 3551 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140-4131. E-mail address:
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Gli3 is required autonomously for dorsal telencephalic cells to adopt appropriate fates during embryonic forebrain development. Dev Biol 2008; 327:204-15. [PMID: 19121302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The Gli3 zinc finger transcription factor is expressed in developing forebrain, with the highest levels of expression in dorsal telencephalon. In Gli3(-/-) embryos the dorsal telencephalon is abnormally small and fails to develop dorsomedial telencephalic structures, including hippocampus and cortical hem, while the ventral telencephalon appears to expand. A hurdle to understanding the underlying mechanisms is that abnormalities of developing Gli3(-/-) telencephalic cells in Gli3(-/-) mutants result from a combination of their own cell autonomous defects and defects in the Gli3(-/-) cells that surround them. Here we used chimeras to identify some of the defects of Gli3(-/-) telencephalic cells that are likely to be autonomous by studying how Gli3(-/-) cells develop when surrounded by a majority of wild-type cells. We found that Gli3(-/-) cells are present in all components of the Gli3(-/-)<-->Gli3(+/+) chimeric forebrain, including dorsomedial structures, in proportions that either equal or exceed proportions found elsewhere in the embryo. Gli3(-/-) cells segregate from Gli3(+/+) cells to form many abnormal structures particularly in dorsal telencephalon. Gli3(-/-) cells in some locations are misspecified: in those parts of the dorsal telencephalon near to its boundaries with the diencephalon and the ventral telencephalon, mutant cells express sets of transcription factors expressed by wild-type cells on the other side of the boundary. Elsewhere in the dorsal telencephalon, in the diencephalon and in the ventral telencephalon, mutant cells express sets of transcription factors similar to those expressed by their immediately surrounding wild-type cells. We propose that an important cell autonomous action of Gli3 is to regulate the competence of dorsal telencephalic cells, preventing cells near to its boundaries expressing regulatory factors normally restricted to adjacent tissues.
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Kleinjan DA, Lettice LA. Long-range gene control and genetic disease. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2008; 61:339-88. [PMID: 18282513 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(07)00013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The past two decades have seen great progress in the elucidation of the genetic basis of human genetic disease. Many clinical phenotypes have been linked with mutations or deletions in specific causative genes. However, it is often less recognized that in addition to the integrity of the protein-coding sequences, human health critically also depends on the spatially, temporally, and quantitatively correct expression of those genes. Genetic disease can therefore equally be caused by disruption of the regulatory mechanisms that ensure proper gene expression. The term "position effect" is used in those situations where the expression level of a gene is deleteriously affected by an alteration in its chromosomal environment, while maintaining an intact transcription unit. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the possible mechanisms of a number of "position effect" disease cases and discuss the findings with respect to current models for genome organization and long-range control of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk A Kleinjan
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
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Fernandez C, Soulier M, Coulibaly B, Liprandi A, Benoit B, Giuliano F, Sigaudy S, Figarella-Branger D, Fallet-Bianco C. Acrocallosal syndrome in fetus: focus on additional brain abnormalities. Acta Neuropathol 2008; 115:151-6. [PMID: 17593378 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-007-0249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2007] [Revised: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Acrocallosal syndrome (ACS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by craniofacial dysmorphism, agenesis or hypoplasia of the corpus callosum, duplication of the phalanges of the hallux, more rarely the thumbs, post-axial polydactyly, syndactyly and severe mental retardation. Here we report the two first descriptions of acrocallosal syndrome in fetus with extensive neuropathological study and provide new data regarding additional brain abnormalities in ACS. The first case was a 25-gestational week male fetus displaying craniofacial and limb abnormalities, with bilateral syndactyly of the fourth and fifth fingers, preaxial polydactyly of the left foot and an inter-frontal extra-bone. The second fetus was a 33-gestational week male fetus. His left hand displayed a broad thumb and 4/5 syndactyly. In both cases, gross examination of the brain showed an absence of corpus callosum associated with interhemispheric cysts. The cerebral cortex in front of the cysts was nodular. Upon microscopic examination, the nodular masses corresponded to large dysplastic areas represented by clusters of undifferentiated neurons in the white matter. The cyst wall showed arachnoidal and ependymal covering and contained numerous choroid plexus, suggesting a developmental abnormality of the ventricles. The pons and the cerebellum were hypoplastic. The dentate nuclei were fragmented. Numerous neuronal heterotopias associated with ectopic ependymal cavities were observed in the vermis in one case. The olivary nuclei were severely dysplastic too. We hope that these new data will make both the ante- and post-natal diagnosis easier, facilitate comparisons with animal models and encourage the identification of the genes responsible for this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Fernandez
- Laboratoire d'Anatomie Pathologique et Neuropathologie, Hôpital de la Timone Adultes, 264 rue Saint-Pierre, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France.
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Genestine M, Robert B, Lallemand Y. High-resolution mapping of the Gli3 deletion in the mouse extra-toesH mutant. Genesis 2007; 45:107-12. [PMID: 17304534 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Extra-toes is a semidominant mutation that affects the Gli3 gene and provokes limb and brain abnormalities. Among the different alleles of this mutation, Xt(H) is due to a deletion that has not yet been fully characterized. Using a PCR-based strategy, we undertook a high-resolution mapping of this deletion and confirmed that Xt(H) is a null allele of Gli3. We further designed a PCR test to identify unequivocally heterozygous and homozygous embryos from their wild-type littermates. Despite the length of the Xt(H) deletion, available data on the mouse genome indicate that no genes other than Gli3 are deleted in Xt(H) mutants. Thus, the Xt(H) mutation can be used as a model for studying the effects that absence of Gli3 function has during development.
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Robert B, Lallemand Y. Anteroposterior patterning in the limb and digit specification: contribution of mouse genetics. Dev Dyn 2006; 235:2337-52. [PMID: 16894622 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The limb has been a privileged object of investigation and reflection for scientists over the past two centuries and continues to provide a heuristic framework to analyze vertebrate development. Recently, accumulation of new data has significantly changed our view on the mechanisms of limb patterning, in particular along the anterior-posterior axis. These data have led us to revisit the mode of action of the zone of polarizing activity. They shed light on the molecular and cellular mechanisms of patterning linked to the Shh-Gli3 signaling pathway and give insights into the mechanism of activation of these cardinal factors, as well as the consequences of their activity. These new data are in good part the result of systematic Application of tools used in contemporary mouse molecular genetics. These have extended the power of mouse genetics by introducing mutational strategies that allow fine-tuned modulation of gene expression, interchromosomal deletions and duplication. They have even made the mouse embryo amenable to cell lineage analysis that used to be the realm of chick embryos. In this review, we focus on the data acquired over the last five years from the analysis of mouse limb development and discuss new perspectives opened by these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Robert
- Department of Developmental Biology, CNRS URA 2578, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France.
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Zaki PA, Collinson JM, Toraiwa J, Simpson TI, Price DJ, Quinn JC. Penetrance of eye defects in mice heterozygous for mutation of Gli3 is enhanced by heterozygous mutation of Pax6. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2006; 6:46. [PMID: 17029624 PMCID: PMC1618390 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-6-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of the consequences of heterozygous mutations of developmentally important genes is important for understanding human genetic disorders. The Gli3 gene encodes a zinc finger transcription factor and homozygous loss-of-function mutations of Gli3 are lethal. Humans heterozygous for mutations in this gene suffer Greig cephalopolysyndactyly or Pallister-Hall syndromes, in which limb defects are prominent, and mice heterozygous for similar mutations have extra digits. Here we examined whether eye development, which is abnormal in mice lacking functional Gli3, is defective in Gli3+/- mice. RESULTS We showed that Gli3 is expressed in the developing eye but that Gli3+/- mice have only very subtle eye defects. We then generated mice compound heterozygous for mutations in both Gli3 and Pax6, which encodes another developmentally important transcription factor known to be crucial for eye development. Pax6+/-; Gli3+/- eyes were compared to the eyes of wild-type, Pax6+/- or Gli3+/- siblings. They exhibited a range of abnormalities of the retina, iris, lens and cornea that was more extensive than in single Gli3+/- or Pax6+/- mutants or than would be predicted by addition of their phenotypes. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that heterozygous mutations of Gli3 can impact on eye development. The importance of a normal Gli3 gene dosage becomes greater in the absence of a normal Pax6 gene dosage, suggesting that the two genes co-operate during eye morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulette A Zaki
- Genes and Development Group, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - J Martin Collinson
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Junko Toraiwa
- Genes and Development Group, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - T Ian Simpson
- Genes and Development Group, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - David J Price
- Genes and Development Group, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Jane C Quinn
- Genes and Development Group, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
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Ohta KI, Maekawa M, Katagiri RI, Ueta E, Naruse I. Genetic susceptibility in the neural tube defects induced by ochratoxin A in the genetic arhinencephaly mouse, Pdn/Pdn. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2006; 46:144-8. [PMID: 16922921 DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4520.2006.00117.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that ochratoxin A (OTA) induces neural tube defects (NTDs) in mice. In the present study, OTA was administered to the genetic polydactyly/arhinencephaly mouse (Pdn/Pdn) to investigate the synergistic effect between gene and environmental toxin. OTA treatment on day 7.5 of gestation increased NTDs in the Pdn/Pdn mouse. The responsible gene for Pdn/Pdn is Gli3. So, it was speculated that specific susceptibility for OTA in the Pdn/Pdn mouse embryo may be due to the severe depression of Gli3 gene expression. As correlated genes, Gli3, Shh and Fgf8 gene expressions were examined in the Pdn mouse embryo on day 9 of gestation after administration of OTA on day 7.5. No alteration of Shh expression was observed in the non-treated Pdn/Pdn, and OTA-treated +/+ and Pdn/Pdn. Fgf8 signal was observed at the anterior neural ridge (ANR) in the non-treated +/+, and that was elongated in the non-treated Pdn/Pdn, and further elongated and more intensive in the OTA-treated Pdn/Pdn. It was suggested that Fgf8 gene expression was affected by the depression of Gli3, and alteration of Fgf8 gene expression was accelerated by the toxicity of OTA in the Pdn/Pdn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Ohta
- School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
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30
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Maekawa M, Ohta KI, Katagiri RI, Ueta E, Naruse I. Exencephaly induction by valproic acid in the genetic polydactyly/arhinencephaly mouse, Pdn/Pdn. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2005; 45:132-6. [PMID: 16359493 DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4520.2005.00082.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Non-treated homozygous polydactyly/arhinencephaly (Pdn/Pdn) mouse fetuses exhibited exencephaly in 16.7% of cases. Treatment of Pdn/Pdn mice with 350 mg/kg of valproic acid (VPA) on days 8.5 and 9.5 of gestation increased the rate of exencephaly to 66.7%. The responsible gene for the Pdn mouse phenotype has been determined to be Gli3, and the suppression of Gli3 gene expression has been documented in Pdn/Pdn embryos. We investigated how the sonic hedgehog (Shh) and Fgf8 genes, the correlated genes of Gli3, are expressed in the VPA-treated exencephalic Pdn/Pdn embryos on day 10 of gestation, using whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH) and real-time PCR methods. We could not detect any alterations in Shh expression by real-time PCR, or WISH in the non-treated Pdn/Pdn and VPA-treated exencephalic Pdn/Pdn embryos. Altered Fgf8 expression patterns were observed in the commissural plate and dorsal isthmal neuroepithelium in the non-treated Pdn/Pdn embryos. We speculated that the altered expression of Fgf8 might be the result of down-regulation of Gli3 in Pdn/Pdn embryos. Fgf8 gene expression in the commissural plate and dorsal isthmal neuroepithelium exhibits wide or altered signal patterns in the VPA-treated exencephalic Pdn/Pdn embryo. From these findings, it was suggested that down-regulation of Gli3 gene expression induced the altered expression of Fgf8 in the Pdn/Pdn embryos, and that VPA treatment accelerated the alterations of Fgf8 gene expression in the Pdn/Pdn embryos. It was further speculated that altered expression of Fgf8 in the commissural plate may be the fundamental cause of exencephaly, and that the synergistic effect between gene and drug shown in this experiment may explain the differences of sensitivity in the side-effects of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Maekawa
- School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
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Abstract
The brittle hair syndrome (BHS) is characterized by short stature, intellectual impairment, brittle hair, and decreased fertility in 20 members from a large Amish consanguineous kindred previously reported affected with this syndrome. We mapped the BHS gene by genome scan to chromosome 7p14.1. Evidence of linkage was supported by a maximum multipoint LOD score of 6 obtained with GENEHUNTER for the linkage interval defined by markers D7S484-D7S2422 distant by 17.2 cM. Two-point linkage analysis performed with SUPERLINK yielded a LOD score of 9.02 at theta = 0 for marker D7S2497 located within that interval. Analysis of haplotypes homozygous-by-descent allowed fine mapping of the BHS gene within a 4.81 cM interval delimited by markers D7S2497 and D7S691, a region that spreads over 3.42 Mb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Seboun
- Division de Génétique et de Microbiologie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
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Kleinjan DA, van Heyningen V. Long-range control of gene expression: emerging mechanisms and disruption in disease. Am J Hum Genet 2005; 76:8-32. [PMID: 15549674 PMCID: PMC1196435 DOI: 10.1086/426833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 645] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2004] [Accepted: 10/08/2004] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional control is a major mechanism for regulating gene expression. The complex machinery required to effect this control is still emerging from functional and evolutionary analysis of genomic architecture. In addition to the promoter, many other regulatory elements are required for spatiotemporally and quantitatively correct gene expression. Enhancer and repressor elements may reside in introns or up- and downstream of the transcription unit. For some genes with highly complex expression patterns--often those that function as key developmental control genes--the cis-regulatory domain can extend long distances outside the transcription unit. Some of the earliest hints of this came from disease-associated chromosomal breaks positioned well outside the relevant gene. With the availability of wide-ranging genome sequence comparisons, strong conservation of many noncoding regions became obvious. Functional studies have shown many of these conserved sites to be transcriptional regulatory elements that sometimes reside inside unrelated neighboring genes. Such sequence-conserved elements generally harbor sites for tissue-specific DNA-binding proteins. Developmentally variable chromatin conformation can control protein access to these sites and can regulate transcription. Disruption of these finely tuned mechanisms can cause disease. Some regulatory element mutations will be associated with phenotypes distinct from any identified for coding-region mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk A Kleinjan
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Blanc I, Bach A, Lallemand Y, Perrin-Schmitt F, Guénet JL, Robert B. A new mouse limb mutation identifies a Twist allele that requires interacting loci on chromosome 4 for its phenotypic expression. Mamm Genome 2004; 14:797-804. [PMID: 14724733 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-003-2284-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2003] [Accepted: 07/18/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pluridigite ( Pdt) is a semi-dominant mutation obtained after a mutagenesis experiment with ethyl-nitroso-urea (ENU). The mutant exhibits abnormal skeletal pattern formation characterized by the formation of extra digits (polydactyly) in the preaxial (anterior) part of the hindlimbs. The phenotype shows incomplete penetrance, depending on the genetic background. In an F2 cross with C57BL/6, the phenotype could not be associated with a single locus. Strong linkage was observed with markers located on Chromosome (Chr) 12, in a 2-cM interval between D12Mit136 and D12Mit153. This region contains the Twist gene, and we show that the [Pdt] phenotype is dependent upon a new allele of Twist. We further identified that the whole Chr 4 is associated with the [Pdt] phenotype. The Pluridigite phenotype thus results from the combination of a Twist mutant allele and at least two additional loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Blanc
- Unité Postulante de Génétique Moléculaire de la Morphogenèse, URA CNRS 2578, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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Li Y, Zhang H, Choi SC, Litingtung Y, Chiang C. Sonic hedgehog signaling regulates Gli3 processing, mesenchymal proliferation, and differentiation during mouse lung organogenesis. Dev Biol 2004; 270:214-31. [PMID: 15136151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2004] [Revised: 03/03/2004] [Accepted: 03/08/2004] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Lack of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling, mediated by the Gli proteins, leads to severe pulmonary hypoplasia. However, the precise role of Gli genes in lung development is not well established. We show Shh signaling prevents Gli3 proteolysis to generate its repressor forms (Gli3R) in the developing murine lung. In Shh(-/-) or cyclopamine-treated wild-type (WT) lung, we found that Gli3R level is elevated, and this upregulation appears to contribute to defects in proliferation and differentiation observed in the Shh(-/-) mesenchyme, where Gli3 is normally expressed. In agreement, we found Shh(-/-);Gli3(-/-) lungs exhibit enhanced growth potential. Vasculogenesis is also enhanced; in contrast, bronchial myogenesis remains absent in Shh(-/-);Gli3(-/-) compared with Shh(-/-) lungs. Genes upregulated in Shh(-/-);Gli3(-/-) relative to Shh(-/-) lung include Wnt2 and, surprisingly, Foxf1 whose expression has been reported to be Shh-dependent. Cyclins D1, D2, and D3 antibody labelings also reveal distinct expression patterns in the normal and mutant lungs. We found significant repression of Tbx2 and Tbx3, both linked to inhibition of cellular senescence, in Shh(-/-) and partial derepression in Shh(-/-); Gli3(-/-) lungs, while Tbx4 and Tbx5 expressions are less affected in the mutants. Our findings shed light on the role of Shh signaling on Gli3 processing in lung growth and differentiation by regulating several critical genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Li
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-8240, USA
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Bush JO, Lan Y, Jiang R. The cleft lip and palate defects in Dancer mutant mice result from gain of function of the Tbx10 gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:7022-7. [PMID: 15118109 PMCID: PMC406459 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0401025101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleft lip and palate (CL/P) is a common disfiguring birth defect with complex, poorly understood etiology. Mice carrying a spontaneous mutation, Dancer (Dc), exhibit CL/P in homozygotes and show significantly increased susceptibility to CL/P in heterozygotes [Deol, M. S. & Lane, P. W. (1966) J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 16, 543-558 and Trasler, D. G., Kemp, D. & Trasler, T. A. (1984) Teratology 29, 101-104], providing an animal model for understanding the molecular pathogenesis of CL/P. We genetically mapped Dc to within a 1-cM region near the centromere of chromosome 19. In situ hybridization analysis showed that one positional candidate gene, Tbx10, is ectopically expressed in Dc mutant embryos. Positional cloning of the Dc locus revealed an insertion of a 3.3-kb sequence containing the 5' region of the p23 gene into the first intron of Tbx10, which causes ectopic expression of a p23-Tbx10 chimeric transcript encoding a protein product identical to a normal variant of the Tbx10 protein. Furthermore, we show that ectopic expression of Tbx10 in transgenic mice recapitulates the Dc mutant phenotype, indicating that CL/Pin Dc mutant mice results from the p23 insertion-induced ectopic Tbx10 expression. These results identify gain of function of a T-box transcription factor gene as a mechanism underlying CL/P pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey O Bush
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
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Ueta E, Maekawa M, Morimoto I, Nanba E, Naruse I. Sonic hedgehog expression in Gli3 depressed mouse embryo, Pdn/Pdn. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2004; 44:27-32. [PMID: 15008897 DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4520.2003.00005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The phenotype of the genetic polydactyly/arhinencephaly mouse (Pdn/Pdn) is similar to Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome (GCPS), which is induced by mutation of GLI3. Suppression of Gli3 gene expression has been observed in Pdn/Pdn. Thus, the gene responsible for Pdn/Pdn has been considered to be Gli3. Recently, the mutation point was demarcated, that is, a transposon was inserted into intron 3 of the Gli3 gene in the Pdn mouse. Forward and reverse primers were constructed in intron 3 near the insertion point. A forward primer in the long terminal repeat region of the transposon was also constructed. Now we can discriminate +/+, Pdn/+, Pdn/Pdn embryos from the PCR products. After genotyping of the Pdn embryos, Gli3 and other correlated gene expressions, such as sonic hedgehog (Shh), Bmp-2, Bmp-4, ptc-1, were analyzed by real-time PCR method. Gli3 gene expression in Pdn/Pdn was suppressed to 20-30% of +/+, and that in Pdn/+ was about 60% of +/+ through all the embryonic and neonatal periods examined. As Shh has been considered to be an antagonist of Gli3, Shh expression was analyzed, and a difference among genotypes was observed only on day 9 of gestation. We could not detect any alterations among genotypes in other gene expressions examined. Gli3 and Shh gene expression were also analyzed on day 9 by whole-mount in situ hybridization in the +/+ and Pdn/Pdn embryos. Neuroectoderm was positive by Gli3 probe in +/+ but not in Pdn/Pdn. Notochord, floor plate and prechordal mesoderm were positive by Shh probe both in +/+ and Pdn/Pdn embryos, but ectopic and/or over-expression of Shh were not observed in Pdn/Pdn embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko Ueta
- School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
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37
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Langenbeck U. Grundlagen der Genetik und Populationsgenetik. TRANSFUSIONSMEDIZIN 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-10597-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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38
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Abstract
The phenotype of the genetic polydactyly/ arhinencephaly mouse (Pdn/Pdn) is similar to Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome (GCPS), whose responsible gene is GLI3. Suppression of Gli3 gene expression has been observed in the Pdn/Pdn and integration of retrotransposon in Gli3 gene in the Pdn mouse has been reported. Thus, the responsible gene for Pdn/Pdn is thought to be Gli3, but the site of mutation within the gene has not been demarcated. In the present study, we demonstrated that 5442 bp of early retrotransposon was inserted into intron 3 of Gli3 gene in the Pdn mouse (Gli3 (Pdn) ). This transposon had almost the same sequence as MMY17106 (EMBL). It had 317-bp long terminal repeat at both ends followed by the identical 6-bp target duplication sequence, GAGACT. Forward and reverse PCR primers were constructed in intron 3 near the insertion point, and a forward primer in the transposon was also constructed. These primers allowed us to discriminate +/+, Pdn/+ and Pdn/Pdn embryos by the PCR products. Morphological determination of the genotypes in the Pdn mouse embryos is impossible before day 12 of gestation. Quick discrimination method of genotypes developed in the present study allows us to investigate the early dysmorphogenetic mechanisms in the brain and limbs in the Pdn/Pdn embryos. Then, the dysmorphogenetic mechanisms in the Pdn/Pdn may be extrapolated to those in GCPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko Ueta
- School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
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39
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Rallu M, Machold R, Gaiano N, Corbin JG, McMahon AP, Fishell G. Dorsoventral patterning is established in the telencephalon of mutants lacking both Gli3 and Hedgehog signaling. Development 2002; 129:4963-74. [PMID: 12397105 DOI: 10.1242/dev.129.21.4963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Considerable data suggest that sonic hedgehog (Shh) is both necessary and sufficient for the specification of ventral pattern throughout the nervous system, including the telencephalon. We show that the regional markers induced by Shh in the E9.0 telencephalon are dependent on the dorsoventral and anteroposterior position of ectopic Shh expression. This suggests that by this point in development regional character in the telencephalon is established. To determine whether this prepattern is dependent on earlier Shh signaling, we examined the telencephalon in mice carrying either Shh- orGli3-null mutant alleles. This analysis revealed that the expression of a subset of ventral telencephalic markers, including Dlx2 andGsh2, although greatly diminished, persist inShh-/- mutants, and that these same markers were expanded in Gli3-/- mutants. To understand further the genetic interaction between Shh and Gli3, we examined Shh/Gli3 andSmoothened/Gli3 double homozygous mutants. Notably, in animals carrying either of these genetic backgrounds, genes such as Gsh2 andDlx2, which are expressed pan-ventrally, as well as Nkx2.1,which demarcates the ventral most aspect of the telencephalon, appear to be largely restored to their wild-type patterns of expression. These results suggest that normal patterning in the telencephalon depends on the ventral repression of Gli3 function by Shh and, conversely, on the dorsal repression of Shh signaling by Gli3. In addition these results support the idea that, in addition to hedgehog signaling, a Shh-independent pathways must act during development to pattern the telencephalon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle Rallu
- Developmental Genetics Program and the Department of Cell Biology, The Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Medical Center, 540 First Avenue, New York 10016, USA
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40
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Rachel RA, Wellington SJ, Warburton D, Mason CA, Beermann F. A new allele of Gli3 and a new mutation, circletail (Crc), resulting from a single transgenic experiment. Genesis 2002; 33:55-61. [PMID: 12112872 DOI: 10.1002/gene.10088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
While generating transgenic lines, transgene-linked mutations can occur, which are caused by an insertional mutation at a given locus. More rarely, mutations unlinked to the transgene insertion site are observed. In the process of generating a mouse overexpressing the enzyme tyrosinase, we have obtained one transgenic line that appears to carry a semidominant insertional mutation at the Gli3 (extra toes) locus, characterized by polydactyly and skeletal malformations. Additionally, the transgenic line contained a second mutation, Crc (circletail), which appears to be unlinked to the transgene insertion site. Heterozygous Crc mice are incompletely penetrant for a circled-tail phenotype, while all homozygous Crc/Crc mice die at birth of a severe neural tube defect (craniorachischisis). Anatomical evidence from a Crc/Crc; Gli3/+ fetus indicates that these two genes may interact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rivka A Rachel
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
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41
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Abstract
The genetic polydactyly/arhinencephaly mouse, Pdn/Pdn, exhibits severe polydactyly both in the fore- and hindlimbs, hydrocephalus, and agenesis of the olfactory bulbs, corpus callosum, and anterior commissure. The mechanism of hydrocephalus manifestation in Pdn/Pdn was investigated in the present study. Ink was injected into the left lateral ventricle in the Pdn/Pdn and +/+ newborn mice. After incubation at 32 degrees C for different time intervals, the heads were fixed in Bouin's solution and were subsequently decalcified in 0.5 mol/L of EDTA solution, paraffin sectioned, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Ink spread into the 3rd and right lateral ventricles and flowed to the 4th ventricle and Magendie's foramen rapidly in Pdn/Pdn mice. This rapid spread was due to the dilatation of the interventricular foramen and that the lateral ventricle was directly connected with enlarged 3rd ventricle in Pdn/Pdn. In spite of the rapid spread of ink in the cerebrospinal fluid pathway, ink was not observed in the subarachnoid space around the superior sagittal sinus at 3.5 or 10 hours in Pdn/Pdn mice. The superior sagittal sinus was narrower in Pdn/Pdn than in +/+, and the arachnoid villi were not observed in Pdn/Pdn. From these observations, we suggested that absorption of cerebrospinal fluid from the arachnoid villi in the superior sagittal sinus stagnated and that stagnation of the fluid in the ventricles was the cause of hydrocephalus in Pdn/Pdn mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Naruse
- School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.
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42
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Mina M. Regulation of mandibular growth and morphogenesis. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 2002; 12:276-300. [PMID: 11603502 DOI: 10.1177/10454411010120040101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of the vertebrate face is a dynamic process that starts with the formation of facial processes/prominences. Facial processes are small buds made up of mesenchymal masses enclosed by an epithelial layer that surround the primitive mouth. The 2 maxillary processes, the 2 lateral nasal processes, and the frontonasal processes form the upper jaw. The lower jaw is formed by the 2 mandibular processes. Although the question of the embryonic origin of facial structures has received considerable attention, the mechanisms that control differential growth of the facial processes and patterning of skeletal tissues within these structures have been difficult to study and still are not well-understood. This has been partially due to the lack of readily identifiable morphologically discrete regions in the developing face that regulate patterning of the face. Nonetheless, in recent years there has been significant progress in the understanding of the signaling network controlling the patterning and development of the face (for review, see Richman et al., 1991; Francis-West et al., 1998). This review focuses on current understanding of the processes and signaling molecules that are involved in the formation of the mandibular arch.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mina
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06030, USA.
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43
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Manzanares M, Trainor PA, Ariza-McNaughton L, Nonchev S, Krumlauf R. Dorsal patterning defects in the hindbrain, roof plate and skeleton in the dreher (dr(J)) mouse mutant. Mech Dev 2000; 94:147-56. [PMID: 10842066 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4773(00)00288-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
dreher is a spontaneous mouse mutation in which adult animals display a complex phenotype associated with hearing loss, neurological, pigmentation and skeletal abnormalities. During early embryogenesis, the neural tube of dreher mutants is abnormally shaped in the region of the rhomboencephalon, due to problems in the formation of a proper roof plate over the otic hindbrain. We have studied the expression of Hox/lacZ transgenic mouse strains in the dreher background and shown that primary segmentation of the neural tube is not altered in these mutants, although correct morphogenesis is affected resulting in misshapen rhombomeres. Neural crest derivatives from rhombomere 6, such as the glossopharyngeal ganglion, are defective, and the dorsal neural tube marker Wnt1 is absent from this segment. Selected trunk neural crest populations are also altered, as there is a lack of pigmentation in the thoracic region of mutant mice. Skeletal defects include abnormal cranial bones of neural crest origin, and improper fusion of the dorsal aspects of cervical and thoracic vertebrae. Taken together, the gene affected in the dreher mutant is responsible for correct patterning of the dorsal-most cell types of the neural tube, that is, the neural crest and the roof plate, in the hindbrain region. Axial skeletal defects could reflect inductive influence of the dorsal neural tube on proper fusion of the neural arches. It is possible that a common precursor population for both neural crest and roof plate is the cellular target of the dreher mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Manzanares
- Division of Developmental Neurobiology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, UK
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44
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Wang B, Fallon JF, Beachy PA. Hedgehog-regulated processing of Gli3 produces an anterior/posterior repressor gradient in the developing vertebrate limb. Cell 2000; 100:423-34. [PMID: 10693759 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80678-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 780] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ci/Gli zinc finger proteins mediate the transcriptional effects of Hedgehog protein signals. In Drosophila, Ci action as transcriptional repressor or activator is contingent upon Hedgehog-regulated, PKA-dependent proteolytic processing. We demonstrate that PKA-dependent processing of vertebrate Gli3 in developing limb similarly generates a potent repressor in a manner antagonized by apparent long-range signaling from posteriorly localized Sonic hedgehog protein. The resulting anterior/posterior Gli3 repressor gradient can be perturbed by mutations of Gli3 in human genetic syndromes or by misregulation of Gli3 processing in the chicken mutant talpid2, producing a range of limb patterning malformations. The high relative abundance and potency of Gli3 repressor suggest specialization of Gli3 and its products for negative Hedgehog pathway regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Sobetzko D, Eich G, Kalff-Suske M, Grzeschik KH, Superti-Furga A. Boy with syndactylies, macrocephaly, and severe skeletal dysplasia: Not a new syndrome, but two dominant mutations (GLI3 E543X andCOL2A1 G973R) in the same individual. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(20000131)90:3<239::aid-ajmg10>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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46
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Tole S, Ragsdale CW, Grove EA. Dorsoventral patterning of the telencephalon is disrupted in the mouse mutant extra-toes(J). Dev Biol 2000; 217:254-65. [PMID: 10625551 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.1999.9509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the mechanisms that control the development of regional identity in the mammalian telencephalon. The Gli family of transcription factor genes is involved in the regulation of pattern at many sites in the embryo and is expressed in the embryonic mouse telencephalon. We have analyzed telencephalic patterning in the extra-toes (J) (Xt(J)) mouse mutant, which carries a deletion in the Gli family member Gli3. We report that dorsoventral patterning of the telencephalon is dramatically disrupted in the Xt(J) mutant. Specific dorsal telencephalic cell types and gene expression patterns are lost in homozygous Xt(J) mutants, and features of ventral telencephalic identity develop ectopically in the dorsal telencephalon. This partial ventralization of the dorsal telencephalon does not appear to be induced by an expansion of Sonic hedgehog expression in the telencephalon, but may be due to a loss of Bmp and Wnt gene expression in a putative dorsal telencephalic signaling center, the cortical hem. Our findings suggest that in dorsal telencephalon Gli3 is needed to repress ventral telencephalic identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tole
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
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47
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Abstract
With the realization that many proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are expressed and have important functions during mammalian development, it is clear that cancer often involves the inappropriate activation of genetic pathways used during normal development. A signaling cascade that has been of considerable interest to both developmental and cancer biologists involves the Hedgehog (Hh) family of secreted proteins. To date, the only transcription factors shown to be directly downstream of Hh are the zinc-finger containing proteins Cubitus interruptus (Ci) and Gli, in flies and vertebrates, respectively. The identification of many of the genes and proteins involved in Hh signaling has come largely from genetic and biochemical studies in Drosophila. Ci mediates Hh signaling through a Hh-dependent set of protein modifications that alter the activity of Ci on Hh target genes. Recent evidence suggests vertebrate Gli proteins may be similarly regulated. The interest in this pathway has taken on added importance with the identification of mutations in Hh pathway genes, including Gli genes, in several human developmental disorders and cancers. We discuss models for how Gli proteins mediate Hh signaling in both vertebrate development and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Matise
- Developmental Genetics Program and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, NYU School of Medicine, NY 10016, USA
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48
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Epstein DJ, McMahon AP, Joyner AL. Regionalization of Sonic hedgehog transcription along the anteroposterior axis of the mouse central nervous system is regulated by Hnf3-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Development 1999; 126:281-92. [PMID: 9847242 DOI: 10.1242/dev.126.2.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The axial midline mesoderm and the ventral midline of the neural tube, the floor plate, share the property of being a source of the secreted protein, Sonic hedgehog (Shh), which has the capacity to induce a variety of ventral cell types along the length of the mouse CNS. To gain insight into the mechanisms by which Shh transcription is initiated in these tissues, we set out to identify the cis-acting sequences regulating Shh gene expression. As an approach, we have tested genomic clones encompassing 35 kb of the Shh locus for their ability to direct a lacZ reporter gene to the temporally and spatially restricted confines of the Shh expression domains in transgenic mice. Three enhancers were identified that directed lacZ expression to distinct regions along the anteroposterior axis including the ventral midline of the spinal cord, hindbrain, rostral midbrain and caudal diencephalon, suggesting that multiple transcriptional regulators are required to initiate Shh gene expression within the CNS. In addition, regulatory sequences were also identified that directed reporter expression to the notochord, albeit, under limited circumstances. Sequence analysis of the genomic clones responsible for enhancer activity from a variety of organisms, including mouse, chicken and human, have identified highly conserved binding sites for the hepatocyte nuclear factor 3 (Hnf3) family of transcriptional regulators in some, but not all, of the enhancers. Moreover, the generation of mutations in the Hnf3-binding sites showed their requirement in certain, but not all, aspects of Shh reporter expression. Taken together, our results support the existence of Hnf3-dependent and -independent mechanisms in the direct activation of Shh transcription within the CNS and axial mesoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Epstein
- Developmental Genetics Program and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, and Department of Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA
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49
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Yang Y, Guillot P, Boyd Y, Lyon MF, McMahon AP. Evidence that preaxial polydactyly in the Doublefoot mutant is due to ectopic Indian Hedgehog signaling. Development 1998; 125:3123-32. [PMID: 9671585 DOI: 10.1242/dev.125.16.3123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Patterning of the vertebrate limb along the anterior-posterior axis is controlled by the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) located at the posterior limb margin. One of the vertebrate Hh family members, Shh, has been shown to be able to mediate the function of the ZPA. Several naturally occurring mouse mutations with the phenotype of preaxial polydactyly exhibit ectopic Shh expression at the anterior limb margin. In this study, we report the molecular characterization of a spontaneous mouse mutation, Doublefoot (Dbf). Dbf is a dominant mutation which maps to chromosome 1. Heterozygous and homozygous embryos display a severe polydactyly with 6 to 8 digits on each limb. We show here that Shh is expressed normally in Dbf mutants. In contrast, a second Hh family member, Indian hedgehog (Ihh) which maps close to Dbf, is ectopically expressed in the distal limb bud. Ectopic Ihh expression in the distal and anterior limb bud results in the ectopic activation of several genes associated with anterior-posterior and proximal-distal patterning (Fgf4, Hoxd13, Bmp2). In addition, specific components in the Hedgehog pathway are either ectopically activated (Ptc, Ptc-2, Gli1) or repressed (Gli2). We propose that misexpression of Ihh, and not a novel Smoothened ligand as recently suggested (Hayes et al., 1998), is responsible for the Dbf phenotype. We consider that Ihh has a similar activity to Shh when expressed in the early Shh-responsive limb bud. To determine whether Dbf maps to the Ihh locus, which is also on chromosome 1, we performed an interspecific backcross. These results demonstrate that Dbf and Ihh are genetically separated by approximately 1.3 centimorgans, suggesting that Dbf mutation may cause an exceptionally long-range disruption of Ihh regulation. Although this leads to ectopic activation of Ihh, normal expression of Ihh in the cartilaginous elements is retained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Biolabs, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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50
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Hardcastle Z, Mo R, Hui CC, Sharpe PT. The Shh signalling pathway in tooth development: defects in Gli2 and Gli3 mutants. Development 1998; 125:2803-11. [PMID: 9655803 DOI: 10.1242/dev.125.15.2803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The expression of genes involved in the Sonic Hedgehog signalling pathway, including Shh, Ptc, Smo, Gli1, Gli2 and Gli3, were found to be expressed in temporal and spatial patterns during early murine tooth development, suggestive of a role in early tooth germ initiation and subsequent epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Of these Ptc, Smo, Gli1, Gli2 and Gli3 were expressed in epithelium and mesenchyme whereas Shh was only detected in epithelium. This suggests that Shh is involved in both lateral (epithelial-mesenchymal) and planar (epithelial-epithelial) signalling in early tooth development. Ectopic application of Shh protein to mandibular mesenchyme induced the expression of Ptc and Gli1. Addition of exogenous Shh protein directly into early tooth germs and adjacent to tooth germs, resulted in abnormal epithelial invagination, indicative of a role for Shh in epithelial cell proliferation. In order to assess the possible role of this pathway, tooth development in Gli2 and Gli3 mutant embryos was investigated. Gli2 mutants were found to have abnormal development of maxillary incisors, probably resulting from a mild holoprosencephaly, whereas Gli3 mutants had no major tooth abnormalities. Gli2/Gli3 double homozygous mutants did not develop any normal teeth and did not survive beyond embryonic day 14.5; however, Gli2(−/−); Gli3(+/−) did survive until birth and had small molars and mandibular incisors whereas maxillary incisor development was arrested as a rudimentary epithelial thickening. These results show an essential role for Shh signalling in tooth development that involves functional redundancy of downstream Gli genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Hardcastle
- Department of Craniofacial Development, UMDS, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, London SE1 9RT, UK
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