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Saito F, Kajii TS, Sugawara-Kato Y, Tsukamoto Y, Arai Y, Hirabayashi Y, Fujimori O, Iida J. Morphological evaluation of cranial and maxillary shape differences of the brachymorphic mouse with spontaneous malocclusion using three-dimensional micro-computed tomography. Orthod Craniofac Res 2011; 14:100-6. [PMID: 21457459 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2011.01513.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine whether significant cranial and maxillary deformity exists in BALB/c-bm/bm (brachymorphism) mouse with spontaneous malocclusion using three-dimensional (3D) images. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty female mice were divided into the following three groups: control group (BALB/c mice, n = 10), Norm group (BALB/c-bm/bm mice with normal occlusion, n = 10), and Mal group (BALB/c-bm/bm mice with malocclusion, n = 10). Nine points in the skull were selected, and transverse and antero-posterior distances were measured using three-dimensional images of micro-computed tomography (CT). Moreover, 3D images were superimposed at the median plane to visualize the skull shape asymmetry. RESULTS The transverse distances at the posterior cranial and maxillary region and the antero-posterior distances in the Norm and Mal groups were significantly shorter than those in the control group. The nasal septum of the Mal group was significantly shorter than that of the Norm group. Morphological measurements and superimposed 3D images showed that lateral deviation occurred at the anterior cranial and maxillary region in the Mal group. CONCLUSION The 3D micro-CT images revealed that the antero-posterior length and posterior transverse width at the cranium and maxilla in BALB/c-bm/bm mice were significantly smaller than those in BALB/c mice. It was quantitatively and morphologically clear that BALB/c-bm/bm mice show a spontaneous transverse crossbite owing to lateral deviation of the maxilla and nasal bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Saito
- Department of Orthodontics, Division of Oral Functional Science, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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2
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Saito F, Kajii TS, Sugawara-Kato Y, Tsukamoto Y, Arai Y, Hirabayashi Y, Fujimori O, Iida J. Three-dimensional craniomaxillary characteristics of the mouse with spontaneous malocclusion using micro-computed tomography. Eur J Orthod 2010; 33:43-9. [PMID: 20663778 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjq023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to clarify the morphological characteristics of craniomaxillary deviations in BALB/c-bm/bm mice with a spontaneous malocclusion (incisal transverse crossbite) using three-dimensional (3D) morphological measurements. Sixty female mice aged 13 and 25 weeks were divided into the following groups: control (BALB/c-+/+ mice, n = 20), norm (BALB/c-bm/bm mice with a normal occlusion, n = 20), and mal (BALB/c-bm/bm mice with a malocclusion, n = 20). Various points in the skull were selected and the distances between two points were measured using 3D micro-computed tomography (CT) images. Statistically significant differences in measurement values among the three groups were evaluated by one-way analysis of variance with a probability level of P < 0.05 considered statistically significant. At both ages, the lengths of almost all measurements in the norm and mal groups were significantly shorter than those in the control group. Comparison between the shifted and non-shifted sides in the mal group showed that significant lateral deviation at the maxilla and nasal bone had occurred. Using 3D micro-CT images, the results of this study quantitatively showed that the craniomaxillary complex of BALB/c-bm/bm mice was significantly smaller than that of BALB/c-+/+ mice and that BALB/c-bm/bm mice have a spontaneous transverse crossbite due to lateral deviation of the maxilla and nasal bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Saito
- Department of Orthodontics, Division of Oral Functional Science, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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3
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A single nucleotide mutation in Nppc is associated with a long bone abnormality in lbab mice. BMC Genet 2007; 8:16. [PMID: 17439653 PMCID: PMC1867825 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-8-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2006] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The long bone abnormality (lbab) mouse is a new autosomal recessive mutant characterized by overall smaller body size with proportionate dwarfing of all organs and shorter long bones. Previous linkage analysis has located the lbab mutation on chromosome 1 between the markers D1Mit9 and D1Mit488. Results A genome-based positional approach was used to identify a mutation associated with lbab disease. A total of 122 genes and expressed sequence tags at the lbab region were screened for possible mutation by using genomic DNA from lbabl/lbab, lbab/+, and +/+ B6 mice and high throughput temperature gradient capillary electrophoresis. A sequence difference was identified in one of the amplicons of gene Nppc between lbab/lbab and +/+ mice. One-step reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was performed to validate the difference of Nppc in different types of mice at the mRNA level. The mutation of Nppc was unique in lbab/lbab mice among multiple mouse inbred strains. The mutation of Nppc is co-segregated with lbab disease in 200 progenies produced from heterozygous lbab/+ parents. Conclusion A single nucleotide mutation of Nppc is associated with dwarfism in lbab/lbab mice. Current genome information and technology allow us to efficiently identify single nucleotide mutations from roughly mapped disease loci. The lbab mouse is a useful model for hereditary human achondroplasia.
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4
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Suzuki T, Oiso N, Gautam R, Novak EK, Panthier JJ, Suprabha PG, Vida T, Swank RT, Spritz RA. The mouse organellar biogenesis mutant buff results from a mutation in Vps33a, a homologue of yeast vps33 and Drosophila carnation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:1146-50. [PMID: 12538872 PMCID: PMC298741 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0237292100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mouse, more than 16 loci are associated with mutant phenotypes that include defective pigmentation, aberrant targeting of lysosomal enzymes, prolonged bleeding, and immunodeficiency, the result of defective biogenesis of cytoplasmic organelles: melanosomes, lysosomes, and various storage granules. Many of these mouse mutants are homologous to the human Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS), Chediak-Higashi syndrome, and Griscelli syndrome. We have mapped and positionally cloned one of these mouse loci, buff (bf), which has a mutant phenotype similar to that of human HPS. Mouse bf results from a mutation in Vps33a and thus is homologous to the yeast vacuolar protein-sorting mutant vps33 and Drosophila carnation (car). This is the first found defect of the class C vacuole/prevacuole-associated target soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (t-SNARE) complex in mammals and the first mammalian mutant found that is directly homologous to a vps mutation of yeast. VPS33A thus is a good candidate gene for a previously uncharacterized form of human HPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamio Suzuki
- Human Medical Genetics Program, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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5
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Zhang Q, Zhao B, Li W, Oiso N, Novak EK, Rusiniak ME, Gautam R, Chintala S, O'Brien EP, Zhang Y, Roe BA, Elliott RW, Eicher EM, Liang P, Kratz C, Legius E, Spritz RA, O'Sullivan TN, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Swank RT. Ru2 and Ru encode mouse orthologs of the genes mutated in human Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome types 5 and 6. Nat Genet 2003; 33:145-53. [PMID: 12548288 DOI: 10.1038/ng1087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2002] [Accepted: 01/03/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a genetically heterogeneous disease involving abnormalities of melanosomes, platelet dense granules and lysosomes. Here we have used positional candidate and transgenic rescue approaches to identify the genes mutated in ruby-eye 2 and ruby-eye mice (ru2 and ru, respectively), two 'mimic' mouse models of HPS. We also show that these genes are orthologs of the genes mutated in individuals with HPS types 5 and 6, respectively, and that their protein products directly interact. Both genes are previously unknown and are found only in higher eukaryotes, and together represent a new class of genes that have evolved in higher organisms to govern the synthesis of highly specialized lysosome-related organelles.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Protein Complex 3
- Adaptor Protein Complex beta Subunits
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport
- Adult
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- COS Cells
- Child, Preschool
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial/genetics
- Chromosomes, Artificial, P1 Bacteriophage/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drosophila Proteins
- Female
- Hermanski-Pudlak Syndrome/genetics
- Hermanski-Pudlak Syndrome/metabolism
- Hermanski-Pudlak Syndrome/pathology
- Humans
- Insect Proteins/genetics
- Male
- Melanosomes/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Transport Proteins
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation/genetics
- Oligopeptides
- Peptides/immunology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
- Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/immunology
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Transfection
- Two-Hybrid System Techniques
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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6
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Suzuki T, Li W, Zhang Q, Novak EK, Sviderskaya EV, Wilson A, Bennett DC, Roe BA, Swank RT, Spritz RA. The gene mutated in cocoa mice, carrying a defect of organelle biogenesis, is a homologue of the human Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome-3 gene. Genomics 2001; 78:30-7. [PMID: 11707070 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2001.6644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a group of human disorders of organelle biogenesis characterized by defective synthesis of melanosomes, lysosomes, and platelet dense granules. In the mouse, at least 15 loci are associated with mutant phenotypes similar to human HPS. We have identified the gene mutated in cocoa (coa) mice, which is associated with an HPS-like mutant phenotype and thus represents a strong candidate for human HPS. Analysis of coa-mutant mice and cultured coa-mutant mouse melanocytes indicates that the normal coa gene product is involved in early stages of melanosome biogenesis and maturation.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromosome Mapping
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA/chemistry
- DNA/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Genes/genetics
- Hair Color/genetics
- Heterozygote
- Homozygote
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Male
- Melanocytes/cytology
- Melanocytes/metabolism
- Melanocytes/ultrastructure
- Melanosomes/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Microscopy, Electron
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Organelles/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- T Suzuki
- Human Medical Genetics Program, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, B161, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
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7
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Faiyaz ul Haque M, King LM, Krakow D, Cantor RM, Rusiniak ME, Swank RT, Superti-Furga A, Haque S, Abbas H, Ahmad W, Ahmad M, Cohn DH. Mutations in orthologous genes in human spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia and the brachymorphic mouse. Nat Genet 1998; 20:157-62. [PMID: 9771708 DOI: 10.1038/2458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The osteochondrodysplasias are a genetically heterogeneous group of disorders affecting skeletal development, linear growth and the maintenance of cartilage and bone. We have studied a large inbred Pakistani family with a distinct form of recessively inherited spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia (SEMD) and mapped a gene associated with this dwarfing condition to chromosome 10q23-24, a region syntenic with the locus for the brachymorphic mutation on mouse chromosome 19. We identified two orthologous genes, ATPSK2 and Atpsk2, encoding novel ATP sulfurylase/APS kinase orthologues in the respective regions of the human and mouse genomes. We characterized a nonsense mutation in ATPSK2 in the SEMD family and a missense mutation in the region of Atpsk2 encoding the APS kinase activity in the brachymorphic mouse. ATP sulfurylase/APS kinase catalyses the metabolic activation of inorganic sulfate to PAPS, the universal donor for post-translational protein sulfation in all cell types. The cartilage-specificity of the human and mouse phenotypes provides further evidence of the critical role of sulfate activation in the maturation of cartilage extracellular matrix molecules and the effect of defects in this process on the architecture of cartilage and skeletogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Faiyaz ul Haque
- Ahmanson Department of Pediatrics, Steven Spielberg Pediatric Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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8
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Wildenberg SC, Fryer JP, Gardner JM, Oetting WS, Brilliant MH, King RA. Identification of a novel transcript produced by the gene responsible for the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome in Puerto Rico. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 110:777-81. [PMID: 9579545 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00183.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome (HPS) is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder that is characterized by oculocutaneous albinism, a predisposition to mild bleeding caused by storage-pool deficient platelets, and a ceroid storage disorder. A gene responsible for HPS in Puerto Rico maps to chromosome 10q2 and isolation of the gene has been reported. We have now identified a variant HPS cDNA that contains the same 5' sequence as the published HPS gene and a unique 3' sequence. Analysis of genomic DNA suggests that the two cDNA are derived from alternative transcripts of a single gene; two polyadenylated transcripts were found in normal human melanocytes, human bone marrow cells, human melanoma cells, lymphoblastoid cell lines, and megakaryocytic leukemia cells by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and northern analysis. The splicing exhibited by this gene is identical to the splicing found to produce two alternative transcripts of the Chediak-Higashi Syndrome gene, another pigment disorder exhibiting platelet storage pool deficiency. These studies show that the HPS gene on chromosome 10 is complex and may have more than one biologically active transcript.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Wildenberg
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Genetics University of Minnesota, UMHC, Minneapolis, USA
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9
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Oh J, Ho L, Ala-Mello S, Amato D, Armstrong L, Bellucci S, Carakushansky G, Ellis JP, Fong CT, Green JS, Heon E, Legius E, Levin AV, Nieuwenhuis HK, Pinckers A, Tamura N, Whiteford ML, Yamasaki H, Spritz RA. Mutation analysis of patients with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome: a frameshift hot spot in the HPS gene and apparent locus heterogeneity. Am J Hum Genet 1998; 62:593-8. [PMID: 9497254 PMCID: PMC1376951 DOI: 10.1086/301757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder in which oculocutaneous albinism, bleeding, and lysosomal ceroid storage result from defects of multiple cytoplasmic organelles-melanosomes, platelet-dense granules, and lysosomes. As reported elsewhere, we mapped the human HPS gene to chromosome segment 10q23, positionally cloned the gene, and identified three pathologic mutations of the gene, in patients from Puerto Rico, Japan, and Europe. Here, we describe mutation analysis of 44 unrelated Puerto Rican and 24 unrelated non-Puerto Rican HPS patients. A 16-bp frameshift duplication, the result of an apparent founder effect, is nearly ubiquitous among Puerto Rican patients. A frameshift at codon 322 may be the most frequent HPS mutation in Europeans. We also describe six novel HPS mutations: a 5' splice-junction mutation of IVS5, three frameshifts, a nonsense mutation, and a one-codon in-frame deletion. These mutations define an apparent frameshift hot spot at codons 321-322. Overall, however, we detected mutations in the HPS gene in only about half of non-Puerto Rican patients, and we present evidence that suggests locus heterogeneity for HPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Oh
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA
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10
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Sagai T, Koide T, Endo M, Tanoue K, Kikkawa Y, Yonekawa H, Ishiguro S, Tamai M, Matsuda Y, Wakana S, Shiroishi T. rim2 (recombination-induced mutation 2) is a new allele of pearl and a mouse model of human Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS): genetic and physical mapping. Mamm Genome 1998; 9:2-7. [PMID: 9434937 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A mouse mutation, rim2, is one of a series of spontaneous mutations that arose from the intra-MHC recombinants between Japanese wild mouse-derived wm7 and laboratory MHC haplotypes. This mutation is single recessive and characterized by diluted coat color and hypo-pigmentation of the eyes. We mapped the rim2 gene close to an old coat color mutation, pearl (pe), on Chromosome (Chr) 13 by the high-density linkage analysis. The pearl mutant is known to have abnormalities similar to Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS), a human hemorrhagic disorder, characterized by albinism and storage pool deficiency (SPD) of dense granules in platelets. A mating cross of C57BL10/Slc-rim2/rim2 and C57BL/6J-pe/pe showed no complementation of coat color. Additionally, characteristics similar to SPD were also observed in rim2. Thus, rim2 appeared to be a new allele of the pe locus and serves as a mouse model for human HPS. We have made a YAC contig covering the rim2/pe locus toward positional cloning of the causative gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sagai
- Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
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11
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Kent G, Iles R, Bear CE, Huan LJ, Griesenbach U, McKerlie C, Frndova H, Ackerley C, Gosselin D, Radzioch D, O'Brodovich H, Tsui LC, Buchwald M, Tanswell AK. Lung disease in mice with cystic fibrosis. J Clin Invest 1997; 100:3060-9. [PMID: 9399953 PMCID: PMC508519 DOI: 10.1172/jci119861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The leading cause of mortality and morbidity in humans with cystic fibrosis is lung disease. Advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of the lung disease of cystic fibrosis, as well as development of innovative therapeutic interventions, have been compromised by the lack of a natural animal model. The utility of the CFTR-knockout mouse in studying the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis has been limited because of their failure, despite the presence of severe intestinal disease, to develop lung disease. Herein, we describe the phenotype of an inbred congenic strain of CFTR-knockout mouse that develops spontaneous and progressive lung disease of early onset. The major features of the lung disease include failure of effective mucociliary transport, postbronchiolar over inflation of alveoli and parenchymal interstitial thickening, with evidence of fibrosis and inflammatory cell recruitment. We speculate that the basis for development of lung disease in the congenic CFTR-knockout mice is their observed lack of a non-CFTR chloride channel normally found in CFTR-knockout mice of mixed genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kent
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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12
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Smiraglia DJ, Wu C, Ellsworth MK, Ratty AK, Chapman VM, Gross KW. Genetic characterization of the chromosomal rearrangements that accompany the transgene insertion in the chakragati mouse mutant. Genomics 1997; 45:572-9. [PMID: 9367682 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1997.4976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported that the circling phenotype of the chakragati mouse segregates with the transgene integration event as an autosomal recessive trait. It was unclear, however, whether the phenotype was linked to the transgene integration point near D16Ros1 or to a potential disruption at D16Ros2, 10 cM away. We report here that animals recombinant between D16Ros1 and D16Ros2, homozygous for the transgene insertion at D16Ros1, but wildtype for D16Ros2, do indeed show the phenotype. We conclude that any potential disruption at the D16Ros2 locus is not responsible for the circling phenotype. We further show that recombination between D16Ros1 and D16Ros2 occurs at a greatly reduced level in the chakragati mouse compared to wildtype strains. Detailed genetic analysis of recombinants indicates that the proximal-most 4.5 cM shows no recombination in over 1400 meioses. We propose that this is due to an inversion in this region, and we genetically define the proposed distal inversion break point to a 1.3-cM region between D16Mit63 and D16Mit169.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Smiraglia
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, 14263, USA
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13
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Gardner JM, Wildenberg SC, Keiper NM, Novak EK, Rusiniak ME, Swank RT, Puri N, Finger JN, Hagiwara N, Lehman AL, Gales TL, Bayer ME, King RA, Brilliant MH. The mouse pale ear (ep) mutation is the homologue of human Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:9238-43. [PMID: 9256466 PMCID: PMC23134 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.17.9238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The recessive mutation at the pale ear (ep) locus on mouse chromosome 19 was found to be the homologue of human Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS). A positional cloning strategy using yeast artificial chromosomes spanning the HPS locus was used to identify the HPS gene and its murine counterpart. These genes and their predicted proteins are highly conserved at the nucleotide and amino acid levels. Sequence analysis of the mutant ep gene revealed the insertion of an intracisternal A particle element in a protein-coding 3' exon. Here we demonstrate that mice with the ep mutation exhibit abnormalities similar to human HPS patients in melanosomes and platelet-dense granules. These results establish an animal model of HPS and will facilitate biochemical and molecular analyses of the functions of this protein in the membranes of specialized intracellular organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Gardner
- The Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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14
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Wright A, Kawakami Y, Pavan W. Mart1 is located on mouse chromosome 19 and is excluded as a candidate for ep and ru. Mamm Genome 1997; 8:377-8. [PMID: 9107690 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Wright
- Laboratory for Genetic Disease Research, National Center for Human Genome, Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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15
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Feng GH, Bailin T, Oh J, Spritz RA. Mouse pale ear (ep) is homologous to human Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome and contains a rare 'AT-AC' intron. Hum Mol Genet 1997; 6:793-7. [PMID: 9158155 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/6.5.793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a rare, often fatal, autosomal recessive disorder in which albinism, bleeding and lysosomal storage are associated with defects of diverse cytoplasmic organelles, including melanosomes, platelet dense granules and lysosomes. Similar multi-organellar defects occur in the Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS), as well as in a large number of different mouse mutants. The HPS gene is located in 10q23, and two genetically distinct mouse loci, pale ear (ep) and ruby-eye (ru), both with mutant phenotypes similar to human HPS, map close together in the homologous region of murine chromosome 19, suggesting that one of these loci might be homologous to human HPS. We recently identified the human HPS gene, which encodes a novel ubiquitously-expressed transmembrane protein of unknown function. Here, we describe characterization of the mouse Hps cDNA and genomic locus, and identification of pathologic Hps gene mutations in ep but not in ru mice, establishing mouse pale ear as an animal model for human HPS. The phenotype of homozygous ep mutant mice encompasses those of both HPS and CHS, suggesting that these disorders may be closely related. In addition, the mouse and human HPS genes both contain a rare 'AT-AC' intron, and comparison of the sequences of this intron in the mouse and human genes identified conserved sequences that suggest a possible role for pre-mRNA secondary structure in excision of this rare class of introns.
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MESH Headings
- Albinism, Oculocutaneous/genetics
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cloning, Molecular
- Conserved Sequence
- Disease Models, Animal
- Ear/pathology
- Homozygote
- Humans
- Introns
- Lysosomal Storage Diseases/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
- RNA Precursors/chemistry
- RNA Precursors/genetics
- RNA Splicing
- RNA, Messenger/chemistry
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Syndrome
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Feng
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA
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16
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Chen D, Guo J, Miki T, Tachibana M, Gahl WA. Molecular cloning and characterization of rab27a and rab27b, novel human rab proteins shared by melanocytes and platelets. BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE 1997; 60:27-37. [PMID: 9066979 DOI: 10.1006/bmme.1996.2559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Rabs are prenylated, membrane-bound proteins involved in vesicular fusion and trafficking. We isolated the complete cDNAs of two rab isoforms, rab27a and rab27b, from human melanoma cells and melanocytes, Rab27a is the human homolog of a rat megakaryocyte rab called ram p25. Rab27b corresponds to a small GTP-binding protein, c25KG, which was previously purified from platelets but whose cDNA had not been cloned. Sequence comparisons with known rabs indicate that rab27a and rab27b comprise a melanocyte/platelet subfamily within the rab family. In addition, rab27a was expressed in a large variety of cell and tissue types, excluding brain, and rab27b manifested itself primarily in testis. Bacterially expressed and purified rab27a and rab27b exhibited GTP-binding activity and can now be used for antibody production and studies of the substrate specificities of geranylgeranyl transferase. In addition, the expression of rab27a and rab27b in both melanocytes and platelets makes them candidates for involvement in mouse and human disorders characterized by the combination of pigment dilution and a platelet storage pool defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Chen
- Section on Human Biochemical Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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17
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Oberhauser AF, Fernandez JM. A fusion pore phenotype in mast cells of the ruby-eye mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:14349-54. [PMID: 8962054 PMCID: PMC26135 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.25.14349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Using patch-clamp capacitance and amperometric techniques, we have identified an exocytotic phenotype that affects the function of the fusion pore, the molecular structure that connects the lumen of a secretory vesicle with the extracellular environment during exocytosis. Direct observation of individual exocytotic events in mast cells from the ruby-eye mouse (ru/ru) showed a 3-fold increase in the fraction and duration of transient fusion events with respect to wild-type mice. The fraction of the total fusion events that were transient increased from 0.22 +/- 0.02 (wild type) to 0.65 +/- 0.02 (ru/ru), and the average duration of these events increased from 418 +/- 32 ms (wild type) to 1207 +/- 89 ms (ru/ru). We also show that this phenotype can reduce and delay an evoked secretory response by causing the fusion of vesicles that have been previously emptied by repeated cycles of transient fusion. The exocytotic phenotype that we describe here may be a cause of diseases like platelet storage pool deficiency and prolonged bleeding times for which the ruby-eye mouse serves as an animal model. Furthermore, the identification of the gene causing the fusion pore phenotype reported here will illuminate the molecular mechanisms regulating exocytotic fusion.
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18
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Oh J, Bailin T, Fukai K, Feng GH, Ho L, Mao JI, Frenk E, Tamura N, Spritz RA. Positional cloning of a gene for Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, a disorder of cytoplasmic organelles. Nat Genet 1996; 14:300-6. [PMID: 8896559 DOI: 10.1038/ng1196-300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is an often-fatal autosomal recessive disease in which albinism, bleeding, and lysosomal storage result from defects of diverse cytoplasmic organelles: melanosomes, platelet dense bodies, and lysosomes. HPS is the most common single-gene disorder in Puerto Rico, with an incidence of 1 in 1,800. We have identified the HPS gene by positional cloning, and found homozygous frameshifts in this gene in Puerto Rican, Swiss, Irish and Japanese HPS patients. The HPS polypeptide is a novel transmembrane protein that is likely to be a component of multiple cytoplasmic organelles and that is apparently crucial for their normal development and function. The different clinical phenotypes associated with the different HPS frameshifts we observed suggests that differentially truncated HPS polypeptides may have somewhat different consequences for subcellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Oh
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA
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Matouk C, Gosselin D, Malo D, Skamene E, Radzioch D. PCR-analyzed microsatellites for the inbred mouse strain 129/Sv, the strain most commonly used in gene knockout technology. Mamm Genome 1996; 7:603-5. [PMID: 8678982 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Matouk
- McGill Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, Montreal General Hospital, L11-218, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1A4
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20
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O'Brien EP, Zhen L, Jiang SY, Novak EK, Swank RT. High-resolution genetic mapping of the gunmetal gene which regulates platelet production. Mamm Genome 1996; 7:206-8. [PMID: 8833241 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E P O'Brien
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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Rusiniak ME, O'Brien EP, Novak EK, Barone SM, McGarry MP, Reddington M, Swank RT. Molecular markers near the mouse brachymorphic (bm) gene, which affects connective tissues and bleeding time. Mamm Genome 1996; 7:98-102. [PMID: 8835524 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Several inherited skeletal/connective tissue defects are associated with hemorrhagic disorders in humans. Accordingly, three mouse mutants (brachymorphic [bm], hemimelic extra toes [Hx], and ulnaless [Ul]), with inherited skeletal abnormalities, were analyzed for hemorrhagic tendencies. All three had prolonged bleeding times. Platelet numbers, size, and function, as well as common soluble plasma clotting factors, were not measurably affected. To further define the bm mutation, its chromosomal location relative to 19 other molecular markers was determined to a high resolution in a large interspecific backcross. Several microsatellite markers were found to be very closely linked to bm and should provide useful entry points for the eventual identification of this gene by positional/candidate cloning techniques. These results suggest that inherited skeletal abnormalities and bleeding tendencies are associated more frequently in both humans and animal models than is commonly recognized. Identification of these genes may reveal novel relationships between osteogenesis and hemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Rusiniak
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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22
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O'Brien EP, Novak EK, Zhen L, Manly KF, Stephenson D, Swank RT. Molecular markers near two mouse chromosome 13 genes, muted and pearl, which cause platelet storage pool deficiency (SPD). Mamm Genome 1995; 6:19-24. [PMID: 7719021 DOI: 10.1007/bf00350888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The recessive muted (mu) and pearl (pe) mutations on Chromosome (Chr) 13 cause pigment dilution and platelet storage pool deficiency (SPD) in mice. In addition, mu causes inner ear abnormalities and pe has symptoms associated with night blindness. Using an interspecific backcross involving the wild-derived Mus musculus musculus (PWK) stock, we have mapped 33 microsatellite markers and four cDNAs relative to mu, pe, and another recessive mutation, satin (sa). Analyzing a total of 528 backcross offspring, we found tight linkage between the pigment loci and several microsatellite markers (D13Mit87, D13Mit88, D13Mit137 with mu; and D13Mit104, D13Mit160, D13Mit161, and D13Mit169 with pe). These markers should aid the eventual molecular identification of these specific SPD genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P O'Brien
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
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