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Holtum JAM. The diverse diaspora of CAM: a pole-to-pole sketch. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:597-625. [PMID: 37303205 PMCID: PMC10800000 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis is a successful adaptation that has evolved often in angiosperms, gymnosperms, ferns and lycophytes. Present in ~5 % of vascular plants, the CAM diaspora includes all continents apart from Antarctica. Species with CAM inhabit most landscapes colonized by vascular plants, from the Arctic Circle to Tierra del Fuego, from below sea level to 4800 m a.s.l., from rainforests to deserts. They have colonized terrestrial, epiphytic, lithophytic, palustrine and aquatic systems, developing perennial, annual or geophyte strategies that can be structurally arborescent, shrub, forb, cladode, epiphyte, vine or leafless with photosynthetic roots. CAM can enhance survival by conserving water, trapping carbon, reducing carbon loss and/or via photoprotection. SCOPE This review assesses the phylogenetic diversity and historical biogeography of selected lineages with CAM, i.e. ferns, gymnosperms and eumagnoliids, Orchidaceae, Bromeliaceae, Crassulaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Aizoaceae, Portulacineae (Montiaceae, Basellaceae, Halophytaceae, Didiereaceae, Talinaceae, Portulacaceae, Anacampserotaceae and Cactaceae) and aquatics. CONCLUSIONS Most extant CAM lineages diversified after the Oligocene/Miocene, as the planet dried and CO2 concentrations dropped. Radiations exploited changing ecological landscapes, including Andean emergence, Panamanian Isthmus closure, Sundaland emergence and submergence, changing climates and desertification. Evidence remains sparse for or against theories that CAM biochemistry tends to evolve before pronounced changes in anatomy and that CAM tends to be a culminating xerophytic trait. In perennial taxa, any form of CAM can occur depending upon the lineage and the habitat, although facultative CAM appears uncommon in epiphytes. CAM annuals lack strong CAM. In CAM annuals, C3 + CAM predominates, and inducible or facultative CAM is common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A M Holtum
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD4811, Australia
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Chmara R, Pronin E, Szmeja J. Functional macrophyte trait variation as a response to the source of inorganic carbon acquisition. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12584. [PMID: 34917426 PMCID: PMC8643105 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to compare variation in a range of aquatic macrophyte species leaf traits into three carbon acquisition groups: HCO3 -, free CO2 and atmospheric CO2. METHODS The leaf functional traits were measured for 30 species from 30 softwater lakes. Macrophyte species were classified into (1) free CO2, (2) atmospheric CO2 and (3) bicarbonate HCO3 - groups. In each lake we collected water samples and measured eight environmental variables: depth, Secchi depth, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), pH of water, conductivity, calcium concentration, total nitrogen and total phosphorus. In this study we applied the RLQ analysis to investigate the relationships between species functional traits (Q) and their relationship with environmental variables (R) constrained by species abundance (L). RESULTS The results showed that: (1) Aquatic macrophytes exhibited high leaf trait variations as a response to different inorganic carbon acquisition; (2) Traits of leaves refer to the acquisition of carbon for photosynthesis and serve to maximise this process; (3) In the wide softwater habitat, macrophyte species exhibited an extreme range of leaf economic spectrum (leaf area, leaf dry weight and specific leaf area) and wide range of shape trait expressed as circularity; (4) Macrophyte leaf traits are the result of adaptation to carbon acquisition in ambient environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Chmara
- Department of Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Eugeniusz Pronin
- Department of Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Józef Szmeja
- Department of Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Suissa JS, Green WA. CO2 starvation experiments provide support for the carbon-limited hypothesis on the evolution of CAM-like behaviour in Isoëtes. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 127:135-141. [PMID: 32827211 PMCID: PMC7750728 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is an adaptation to increase water use efficiency in dry environments. Similar biochemical patterns occur in the aquatic lycophyte genus Isoëtes. It has long been assumed and accepted that CAM-like behaviour in these aquatic plants is an adaptation to low daytime carbon levels in aquatic ecosystems, but this has never been directly tested. METHODS To test this hypothesis, populations of Isoëtes engelmannii and I. tuckermanii were grown in climate-controlled chambers and starved of atmospheric CO2 during the day while pH was measured for 24 h. KEY RESULTS We demonstrate that terrestrial plants exposed to low atmospheric CO2 display diel acidity cycles similar to those in both xerophytic CAM plants and submerged Isoëtes. CONCLUSIONS Daytime CO2 starvation induces CAM-like nocturnal acid accumulation in terrestrial Isoëtes, substantiating the hypothesis that carbon starvation is a selective pressure for this physiological behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Suissa
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Walton A Green
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Lenzewski N, Mueller P, Meier RJ, Liebsch G, Jensen K, Koop-Jakobsen K. Dynamics of oxygen and carbon dioxide in rhizospheres of Lobelia dortmanna - a planar optode study of belowground gas exchange between plants and sediment. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:131-141. [PMID: 29314005 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Root-mediated CO2 uptake, O2 release and their effects on O2 and CO2 dynamics in the rhizosphere of Lobelia dortmanna were investigated. Novel planar optode technology, imaging CO2 and O2 distribution around single roots, provided insights into the spatiotemporal patterns of gas exchange between roots, sediment and microbial community. In light, O2 release and CO2 uptake were pronounced, resulting in a distinct oxygenated zone (radius: c. 3 mm) and a CO2 -depleted zone (radius: c. 2 mm) around roots. Simultaneously, however, microbial CO2 production was stimulated within a larger zone around the roots (radius: c. 10 mm). This gave rise to a distinct pattern with a CO2 minimum at the root surface and a CO2 maximum c. 2 mm away from the root. In darkness, CO2 uptake ceased, and the CO2 -depleted zone disappeared within 2 h. By contrast, the oxygenated root zone remained even after 8 h, but diminished markedly over time. A tight coupling between photosynthetic processes and the spatiotemporal dynamics of O2 and CO2 in the rhizosphere of Lobelia was demonstrated, and we suggest that O2 -induced stimulation of the microbial community in the sediment increases the supply of inorganic carbon for photosynthesis by building up a CO2 reservoir in the rhizosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Lenzewski
- Applied Plant Ecology, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Universität Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Mueller
- Applied Plant Ecology, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Universität Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Gregor Liebsch
- PreSens, Precision Sensing GmbH, Am BioPark 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kai Jensen
- Applied Plant Ecology, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Universität Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ketil Koop-Jakobsen
- MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse 8, 28359, Bremen, Germany
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Shao H, Gontero B, Maberly SC, Jiang HS, Cao Y, Li W, Huang WM. Responses of Ottelia alismoides, an aquatic plant with three CCMs, to variable CO2 and light. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:3985-3995. [PMID: 28369629 PMCID: PMC5853927 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Ottelia alismoides is a constitutive C4 plant and bicarbonate user, and has facultative crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) at low CO2. Acclimation to a factorial combination of light and CO2 showed that the ratio of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) to ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) (>5) is in the range of that of C4 plants. This and short-term response experiments showed that the activity of PEPC and pyruvate phosphate dikinase (PPDK) was high even at the end of the night, consistent with night-time acid accumulation and daytime carbon fixation. The diel acidity change was maximal at high light and low CO2 at 17-25 µequiv g-1 FW. Decarboxylation proceeded at ~2-3 µequiv g-1 FW h-1, starting at the beginning of the photoperiod, but did not occur at high CO2; the rate was greater at high, compared with low light. There was an inverse relationship between starch formation and acidity loss. Acidity changes account for up to 21% of starch production and stimulate early morning photosynthesis, but night-time accumulation of acid traps <6% of respiratory carbon release. Ottelia alismoides is the only known species to operate CAM and C4 in the same tissue, and one of only two known aquatic species to operate CAM and bicarbonate use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Brigitte Gontero
- Aix Marseille Univ CNRS, BIP UMR, IMM, FR, Chemin Joseph Aiguier, Marseille Cedex, France
| | - Stephen C Maberly
- Lake Ecosystems Group, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, UK
| | - Hong Sheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Aix Marseille Univ CNRS, BIP UMR, IMM, FR, Chemin Joseph Aiguier, Marseille Cedex, France
| | - Yu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wetland Evolution & Ecological Restoration, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wetland Evolution & Ecological Restoration, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen Min Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wetland Evolution & Ecological Restoration, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Spierenburg P, Lucassen ECHET, Pulido C, Smolders AJP, Roelofs JGM. Massive uprooting of Littorella uniflora (L.) Asch. during a storm event and its relation to sediment and plant characteristics. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2013; 15:955-962. [PMID: 23252890 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00707.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
During spring storms massive uprooting of Littorella uniflora occurred in a shallow Dutch softwater lake. The aim of this study was to test whether changes in plant morphology and sediment characteristics could explain the observed phenomenon. Uprooting was expected to occur in plants having a high shoot biomass and low root to shoot ratio (R:S), growing on sediments with a high organic matter content. Normally, uprooting of the relative buoyant L. uniflora is prevented by an extensive root system, expressed as a high R:S. This was studied by sampling floating and still rooted L. uniflora plants, as well as sediment and sediment pore water, along a gradient of increasing sediment organic matter content. Increasing organic matter content was related to increasing L. uniflora shoot biomass and consequently decreasing R:S. Furthermore, the results indicated that uprooting indeed occurred in plants growing on very organic sediments and was related to a low R:S. The increased shoot biomass on more organic sediments could be related to increased sediment pore water total inorganic carbon (TIC; mainly CO2 ) availability. Additionally, increased phosphorus availability could also have played a role. The disappearance of L. uniflora might lead to higher nutrient availability in the sediments. It is suggested that this could eventually promote the expansion of faster-growing macrophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Spierenburg
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Raven JA. The evolution of autotrophy in relation to phosphorus requirement. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:4023-46. [PMID: 24123454 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of autotrophy is considered in relation to the availability of phosphorus (P), the ultimate elemental resource limiting biological productivity through Earth's history. Work on microbes and plants is emphasized, dealing in turn with the main uses for P in cells, namely nucleic acids, phospholipids, and water-soluble low molecular mass phosphate esters plus metabolically active inorganic orthophosphate. There is a greater minimum gene number and minimum DNA content in autotrophic than in osmochemoorganotrophic archaea and bacteria, as well as a lower rate of biomass increase per unit P (P-use efficiency) in autotrophs than in osmochemoorganotrophs, in eukaryotes as well as bacteria. This may be due to the diversion of rRNA from producing proteins common to all organisms to producing highly expressed proteins specific to autotrophs. The P requirement for phospholipids is decreased in oxygenic photolithotrophs, and some anoxygenic photolithotrophs, by substituting galactolipids and sulpholipids for phospholipids in the photosynthetic, and some other, membranes. The six different autotrophic inorganic carbon assimilation pathways have varying requirements for low molecular mass water-soluble phosphate esters. In oxygenic photolithotrophs, there is no clear evidence of a different P requirement for growth in the absence (diffusive CO2 entry) relative to the presence of CO2-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs). P limitation increases the expression of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in facultative CAM plants, decreases the extent of inorganic carbon accumulation in algae with CCMs, and (usually) their inorganic carbon affinity and the water-use efficiency of growth of terrestrial plants, and the light-use efficiency of photolithotrophs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Raven
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
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Pedersen O, Colmer TD, Sand-Jensen K. Underwater photosynthesis of submerged plants - recent advances and methods. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:140. [PMID: 23734154 PMCID: PMC3659369 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe the general background and the recent advances in research on underwater photosynthesis of leaf segments, whole communities, and plant dominated aquatic ecosystems and present contemporary methods tailor made to quantify photosynthesis and carbon fixation under water. The majority of studies of aquatic photosynthesis have been carried out with detached leaves or thalli and this selectiveness influences the perception of the regulation of aquatic photosynthesis. We thus recommend assessing the influence of inorganic carbon and temperature on natural aquatic communities of variable density in addition to studying detached leaves in the scenarios of rising CO2 and temperature. Moreover, a growing number of researchers are interested in tolerance of terrestrial plants during flooding as torrential rains sometimes result in overland floods that inundate terrestrial plants. We propose to undertake studies to elucidate the importance of leaf acclimation of terrestrial plants to facilitate gas exchange and light utilization under water as these acclimations influence underwater photosynthesis as well as internal aeration of plant tissues during submergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Pedersen
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of CopenhagenHillerød, Denmark
- Institute of Advanced Studies, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, Australia
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, Australia
| | - Timothy D. Colmer
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, Australia
| | - Kaj Sand-Jensen
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of CopenhagenHillerød, Denmark
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Klavsen SK, Madsen TV, Maberly SC. Crassulacean acid metabolism in the context of other carbon-concentrating mechanisms in freshwater plants: a review. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2011; 109:269-279. [PMID: 21308411 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-011-9630-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic carbon can be in short supply in freshwater relative to that needed by freshwater plants for photosynthesis because of a large external transport limitation coupled with frequent depleted concentrations of CO(2) and elevated concentrations of O(2). Freshwater plants have evolved a host of avoidance, exploitation and amelioration strategies to cope with the low and variable supply of inorganic carbon in water. Avoidance strategies rely on the spatial variation in CO(2) concentrations within and among lakes. Exploitation strategies involve anatomical and morphological features that take advantage of sources of CO(2) outside of the water column such as the atmosphere or sediment. Amelioration strategies involve carbon-concentrating mechanisms based on uptake of bicarbonate, which is widespread, C(4)-fixation, which is infrequent, and crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), which is of intermediate frequency. CAM enables aquatic plants to take up inorganic carbon in the night. Furthermore, daytime inorganic carbon uptake is generally not inhibited and therefore CAM is considered to be a carbon-conserving mechanism. CAM in aquatic plants is a plastic mechanism regulated by environmental variables and is generally downregulated when inorganic carbon does not limit photosynthesis. CAM is regulated in the long term (acclimation during growth), but is also affected by environmental conditions in the short term (response on a daily basis). In aquatic plants, CAM appears to be an ecologically important mechanism for increasing inorganic carbon uptake, because the in situ contribution from CAM to the C-budget generally is high (18-55%).
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Urban RA, Titus JE, Zhu WX. An invasive macrophyte alters sediment chemistry due to suppression of a native isoetid. Oecologia 2006; 148:455-63. [PMID: 16518632 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-006-0393-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2005] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The submersed macrophyte Utricularia inflata (inflated bladderwort) is a recent invader of Adirondack Mountain lakes (NY, USA). A 15-week greenhouse experiment and a 7-week field experiment were conducted to test the hypothesis that this rootless species fundamentally changes sediment chemistry through its suppression of the native short-statured species, Eriocaulon aquaticum. E. aquaticum has an extensive root system that releases oxygen into the sediment. In greenhouse conditions, E. aquaticum raised the porewater redox potential of otherwise bare sediment from 25 to 324 mV, lowered the sediment porewater pH from 5.7 to 4.6, and depleted the dissolved inorganic carbon and ammonium concentrations in the sediment porewater by 68.4 and 96.0%, respectively (P<0.001 for all four parameters). A cover of U. inflata over E. aquaticum, however, greatly reduced the latter's effect on redox potential (P<0.001), dissolved solutes (P<0.001), and pH (P<0.05). E. aquaticum biomass increased during the greenhouse experiment in the absence of U. inflata, but decreased in its presence (P<0.001). Redox and growth rate results from the field experiment paralleled those from the greenhouse experiment. Our data suggest that U. inflata may change nutrient cycling in Adirondack lake ecosystems by reducing the growth of native isoetid macrophytes, such as E. aquaticum, and consequently altering key features of sediment chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Urban
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Box 6000, Binghamton, NY, 13902-6000, USA
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Jackson MB. Plant Survival in Wet Environments: Resilience and Escape Mediated by Shoot Systems. WETLANDS: FUNCTIONING, BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION, AND RESTORATION 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-33189-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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BAGGER J, MADSEN TV. Morphological acclimation of aquatic Littorella uniflora to sediment CO2 concentration and wave exposure. Funct Ecol 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0269-8463.2004.00919.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Photosynthetic carbon assimilation by Crassula helmsii. Oecologia 1995; 101:494-499. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00329429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/1994] [Accepted: 10/30/1994] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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The impact of NO inf3sup- loading on the freshwater macrophyte Littorella uniflora: N utilization strategy in a slow-growing species from oligotrophic habitats. Oecologia 1994; 100:368-378. [PMID: 28306924 DOI: 10.1007/bf00317857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/1994] [Accepted: 08/20/1994] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The decline and disappearance of Littorella uniflora from oligotrophic waters which have become eutrophic has been associated with shading or reduced CO2 supply. However NO inf3sup- concentrations can reach very high levels (100-2000 mmol m-3 compared with <1-3 in oligotrophic habitats). To investigate the impact of NO inf3sup- loading alone, plants were grown under three NO inf3sup- regimes (very low, near-natural and high). The interactive effects of NO inf3sup- and photon flux density (low and high regimes) on N assimilation and accumulation, CO2 concentrating mechanisms, C3 photosynthesis and growth were also examined. The results were unexpected. Increased NO inf3sup- supply had very little effect on photosynthetic capacity, crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) or lacunal CO2 concentrations ([CO2]i), although there was considerable plasticity with respect to light regime. In contrast, increased NO inf3sup- supply resulted in a marked accumulation of NO inf3sup- , free amino acids and soluble protein in shoots and roots (up to 25 mol m-3, 30 mol m-3 and 9 mg g-1 fresh weight respectively in roots), while fresh weight and relative growth rate were reduced. Total N content even under the very low NO inf3sup- regime (1.6-2.3%) was mid-range for aquatic and terrestrial species (and 3.1-4.3% under the high NO inf3sup- regime). These findings, together with field data, suggest that L. uniflora is not growth limited by low NO inf3sup- supply in natural oligotophic habitats, due not to an efficient photosynthetic nitrogen use but to a slow growth rate, a low N requirement and to the use of storage to avoid N stress. However the increased NO inf3sup- concentrations in eutrophic environments seem likely have detrimental effects on the long-term survival of L. uniflora, possibly as a consequence of N accumulation.
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Robe WE, Griffiths H. Photosynthesis of Littorella uniflora grown under two PAR regimes: C3 and CAM gas exchange and the regulation of internal CO2 and O2 concentrations. Oecologia 1990; 85:128-136. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00317353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/1990] [Accepted: 06/29/1990] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Carbon Dioxide Concentrating Mechanisms and the Evolution of CAM in Vascular Epiphytes. ECOLOGICAL STUDIES 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-74465-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Raven JA, Handley LL, Macfarlane JJ, McInroy S, McKenzie L, Richards JH, Samuelsson G. The role of CO 2 uptake by roots and CAM in acquisition of inorganic C by plants of the isoetid life-form: a review, with new data on Eriocaulon decangulare L. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 1988; 108:125-148. [PMID: 33874162 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1988.tb03690.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The isoetid life-form was originally defined on morphological grounds; subsequent physiological investigations showed that all of the isoetids examined took up a large fraction of the inorganic C fixed in their leaves from the root medium under natural conditions, and that some of them carried out much of their assimilation of inorganic C via a CAM-like mechanism. Root-dominated uptake of inorganic C appeared to be unique to, and ubiquitous in, the isoetids. I However, a large capacity for CAM-like metabolism in submerged vascular plants is not universal in isoetids, nor is it restricted to this life-form, being also found in Crassulaa aquatica. The work described here shows that submerged specimens of the North American Eriocaulon decangulare have a high fraction of their dry weight in the root system, a trait characteristic of isoetids but uncommon in other submerged vascular plants. E. decangulare has vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas, as do other flowering plant isoetids hut not, generally, submerged Isoetes spp. Under conditions of natural supply of inorganic C, E. decangulare, like other isoetids, takes up most of its inorganic C through its roots. Uptake of inorganic C by both roots and shoots involves CO2 rather than HCO3 : photosynthesis at high external pH values does not exceed the rate of uncatalysed HCO3 - to CO2 conversion in the medium and there is no detectable extracellular carbonic anhydrase activity. Measurements of titratable acidity and of malate content of leaves sampled at dawn and at dusk showed that E. decangulare, growing and tested under either emersed or submersed conditions, did not exhibit CAM-like behaviour. CAM was also absent from three non-isoetid aquatic macrophytes (Amphibolic antarctica, Eeklonia radiata and Vallisneria spiralis) which were examined. E. decangulare thus resembles all other isoetids tested in acquiring much of its inorganic C via the root system. E. decangulare also resembles most of the isoetids which are not members of the Isoetaceae (e.g.) E. septangulare, Lobelia dortmanna and Subularia aquatica) but differs from submerged Isoetaceae and Littorella uniflora in lacking CAM. The ecological significance of uptake of CO2 via the roots and, where it occurs, of CAM in isoetids may be related to either inorganic C or, via improved N use efficiency, inorganic C as a limiting resource. The isoetid life-forms has evolved independently in at last five different families of vascular plants; it probably derived fairly immediately from terrestrial or amphibious ancestors with a similar rosette form. Emergent Isoetaceae with acquisition of CO2 via roots and CAM probably evolved from submerged isoetids. CONTENTS Summary 123 I. Introduction 126 II. Material and Methods 127 III. Results and Discussion 129 IV. Conclusions 142 Acknowledgements 142 References 143.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Raven
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Tamiami Campus, Miami, Florida 33176, U.S.A
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland, U.K
| | - Linda L Handley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Tamiami Campus, Miami, Florida 33176, U.S.A
- Drinking Water Research Center, Florida International University, Tamiami Campus, Miami, Florida 33176, U.S.A
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland, U.K
| | - Jeffrey J Macfarlane
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland, U.K
- Roseworthy Agricultural College, Roseworthy, S.A. 5371, Australia†
| | - Shona McInroy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland, U.K
| | - Lewis McKenzie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland, U.K
| | - Jennifer H Richards
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Tamiami Campus, Miami, Florida 33176, U.S.A
| | - Goran Samuelsson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland, U.K
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Umea, S-91087 Umea, Sweden‡
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Surif MB, Raven JA. The Occurrence of diel changes in titratable acidity of plant Cell Contents: indications of CAM-like metabolism in plants native to Scotland and comparisons with plants from elsewhere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1080/03746608808684964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Rørslett B. Niche Extension of Aquatic Macrophytes in Hydrolakes: Predictive Assessment of Environmental Impacts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1002/iroh.19880730202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lüttge U. CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER DEMAND: CRASSULACEAN ACID METABOLISM (CAM), A VERSATILE ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION EXEMPLIFYING THE NEED FOR INTEGRATION IN ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL WORK. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 1987; 106:593-629. [PMID: 33874076 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1987.tb00163.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants having crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) tend to occupy habitats where the prevailing environmental stress is scarcity of water. These are semi-arid or arid regions, salinas or epiphytic sites. CAM plants manage the dilemma of desiccation or starvation by nocturnal malic acid accumulation in the vacuoles. Malic acid serves as a form of CO2 storage and as an osmoticum. In this way malic acid accumulation allows, firstly, separation of uptake and assimilation of atmospheric CO2 with water-saving daytime stomatal closure and, secondly, osmotic acquisition of water. There is no very special trait which is specific for CAM. An array of biophysical and biochemical functional elements, which are also found in other plants, is integrated in CAM performance. This leads to a large diversity of behaviour which makes CAM plants highly versatile in their response to environmental variables. Besides CO2 dark fixation, transport of malic acid across the tonoplast is one of the key elements in CAM function. This is examined in detail at the level of membrane biophysics and biochemistry. The versatility of CAM is illustrated by examples from field work, with comparisons involving different species, seasons, modes of photosynthesis (CAM vs C3 ), kinds of stress and ways of stress imposition. Contents Summary 593 I. Studies of CAM: an example for the ecophysiological approach 594 II. Malic acid transport at the tonoplast 602 III. Regulation 605 IV. Desiccation or starvation 610 V. Comparative autecology 614 VI. Ecology: promise of integration 621 Acknowledgements 622 References 622.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Lüttge
- Institut fuUr Botanik, Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, D-6100 Darmstadt, FRG
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Boston HL, Adams MS. The contribution of crassulacean acid metabolism to the annual productivity of two aquatic vascular plants. Oecologia 1986; 68:615-622. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00378781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/1985] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Tanner C, Clayton J. Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza studies with a submerged aquatic plant. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1536(85)80264-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Cockburn W. TANSLEY REVIEW No 1.: VARIATION IN PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACID METABOLISM IN VASCULAR PLANTS: CAM AND RELATED PHENOMENA. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 1985; 101:3-24. [PMID: 33873823 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1985.tb02815.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The term, photosynthetic acid metabolism (PAM), encompasses processes which involve four-carbon (C4 ) acids as carbon-carrying intermediates between the carboxylations catalysed by phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase and ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase. These carboxylations may be separated either spatially, as in C4 photosynthesis which is not covered here, or temporally. Separation in time is referred to as diel PAM (DPAM) and the variations on this particular theme are the subject of this review. DPAM includes stomatal and astomatal types. The former types, usually described as crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), are referred to here as stomatal CAM (SCAM). Astomatal PAM includes both aquatic and terrestrial forms; aquatic acid metabolism (AAM) and terrestrial astomatal acid metabolism (TAAM). Physiological, biochemical, structural, ecological and evolutionary aspects of these mechanisms of acquisition of carbon dioxide are reviewed. CONTENTS Summary 3 I. General Introduction to Photosynthetic Acid Metabolism (PAM) 4 II. Stomatal Crassulacean (Diel Photosynthetic) Acid Metabolism (SCAM) 5 III. Astomatal Photosynthetic Acid Metabolism 13 IV. Idling 18 V. Structural Variation in Plants Exhibiting Diel PAM (DPAM) 18 VI. The Mechanism of the Switch between C3 Photosynthesis and DPAM 19 VII. The Cost of DPAM 19 VIII. The Evolution of DPAM 20 IX. Concluding Comment 22 Acknowledgements 22 References 22.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Cockburn
- Botany Department, University of Leicester, Leicester LEI 7RH, UK
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Seasonal diurnal acid rhythms in two aquatic crassulacean acid metabolism plants. Oecologia 1985; 65:573-579. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00379675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/1984] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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