1
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Hernández CM, Ellner SP, Snyder RE, Hooker G. The natural history of luck: A synthesis study of structured population models. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14390. [PMID: 38549267 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Chance pervades life. In turn, life histories are described by probabilities (e.g. survival and breeding) and averages across individuals (e.g. mean growth rate and age at maturity). In this study, we explored patterns of luck in lifetime outcomes by analysing structured population models for a wide array of plant and animal species. We calculated four response variables: variance and skewness in both lifespan and lifetime reproductive output (LRO), and partitioned them into contributions from different forms of luck. We examined relationships among response variables and a variety of life history traits. We found that variance in lifespan and variance in LRO were positively correlated across taxa, but that variance and skewness were negatively correlated for both lifespan and LRO. The most important life history trait was longevity, which shaped variance and skew in LRO through its effects on variance in lifespan. We found that luck in survival, growth, and fecundity all contributed to variance in LRO, but skew in LRO was overwhelmingly due to survival luck. Rapidly growing populations have larger variances in LRO and lifespan than shrinking populations. Our results indicate that luck-induced genetic drift may be most severe in recovering populations of species with long mature lifespan and high iteroparity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Hernández
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Stephen P Ellner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Robin E Snyder
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Giles Hooker
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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2
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Cassini MH. Role of sexual and natural selection in the evolution of sexual size dimorphism in primates. J Zool (1987) 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. H. Cassini
- Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental Buenos Aires Argentina
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3
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Gergely R, Tökölyi J. Resource availability modulates the effect of body size on reproductive development. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9722. [PMID: 36620418 PMCID: PMC9817193 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Within-species variation in animal body size predicts major differences in life history, for example, in reproductive development, fecundity, and even longevity. Purely from an energetic perspective, large size could entail larger energy reserves, fuelling different life functions, such as reproduction and survival (the "energy reserve" hypothesis). Conversely, larger body size could demand more energy for maintenance, and larger individuals might do worse in reproduction and survival under resource shortage (the "energy demand" hypothesis). Disentangling these alternative hypotheses is difficult because large size often correlates with better resource availability during growth, which could mask direct effects of body size on fitness traits. Here, we used experimental body size manipulation in the freshwater cnidarian Hydra oligactis, coupled with manipulation of resource (food) availability to separate direct effects of body size from resource availability on fitness traits (sexual development time, fecundity, and survival). We found significant interaction between body size and food availability in sexual development time in both males and females, such that large individuals responded less strongly to variation in resource availability. These results are consistent with an energy reserve effect of large size in Hydra. Surprisingly, the response was different in males and females: small and starved females delayed their reproduction, while small and starved males developed reproductive organs faster. In case of fecundity and survival, both size and food availability had significant effects, but we detected no interaction between them. Our observations suggest that in Hydra, small individuals are sensitive to fluctuations in resource availability, but these small individuals are able to adjust their reproductive development to maintain fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réka Gergely
- MTA‐DE “Momentum” Ecology, Evolution and Developmental Biology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary ZoologyUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary,Pál Juhász‐Nagy Doctoral SchoolUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary
| | - Jácint Tökölyi
- MTA‐DE “Momentum” Ecology, Evolution and Developmental Biology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary ZoologyUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary
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4
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Stepkovitch B, Kingsford RT, Moseby KE. A comprehensive review of mammalian carnivore translocations. Mamm Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Stepkovitch
- Centre for Ecosystem Science School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences UNSW Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Richard T. Kingsford
- Centre for Ecosystem Science School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences UNSW Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Katherine E. Moseby
- Centre for Ecosystem Science School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences UNSW Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
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5
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Cassini MH. Evolution of sexual size dimorphism and sexual segregation in artiodactyls: the chicken or the egg? Mamm Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42991-021-00193-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Bradshaw CJ, Johnson CN, Llewelyn J, Weisbecker V, Strona G, Saltré F. Relative demographic susceptibility does not explain the extinction chronology of Sahul's megafauna. eLife 2021; 10:63870. [PMID: 33783356 PMCID: PMC8043753 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The causes of Sahul’s megafauna extinctions remain uncertain, although several interacting factors were likely responsible. To examine the relative support for hypotheses regarding plausible ecological mechanisms underlying these extinctions, we constructed the first stochastic, age-structured models for 13 extinct megafauna species from five functional/taxonomic groups, as well as 8 extant species within these groups for comparison. Perturbing specific demographic rates individually, we tested which species were more demographically susceptible to extinction, and then compared these relative sensitivities to the fossil-derived extinction chronology. Our models show that the macropodiformes were the least demographically susceptible to extinction, followed by carnivores, monotremes, vombatiform herbivores, and large birds. Five of the eight extant species were as or more susceptible than the extinct species. There was no clear relationship between extinction susceptibility and the extinction chronology for any perturbation scenario, while body mass and generation length explained much of the variation in relative risk. Our results reveal that the actual mechanisms leading to the observed extinction chronology were unlikely related to variation in demographic susceptibility per se, but were possibly driven instead by finer-scale variation in climate change and/or human prey choice and relative hunting success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Ja Bradshaw
- Global Ecology Partuyarta Ngadluku Wardli Kuu, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Tarndanya (Adelaide), Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Christopher N Johnson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, Australia.,Dynamics of Eco-Evolutionary Pattern, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - John Llewelyn
- Global Ecology Partuyarta Ngadluku Wardli Kuu, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Tarndanya (Adelaide), Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Vera Weisbecker
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Giovanni Strona
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Frédérik Saltré
- Global Ecology Partuyarta Ngadluku Wardli Kuu, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Tarndanya (Adelaide), Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, Australia
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7
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Traill LW, Plard F, Gaillard JM, Coulson T. Can we use a functional trait to construct a generalized model for ungulate populations? Ecology 2021; 102:e03289. [PMID: 33484576 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ecologists have long desired predictive models that allow inference on population dynamics, where detailed demographic data are unavailable. Integral projection models (IPMs) allow both demographic and phenotypic outcomes at the level of the population to be predicted from the distribution of a functional trait, like body mass. In species where body mass markedly influences demographic rates, as is the rule among mammals, then IPMs provide not only opportunity to assess the population responses to a given environment, but also improve our understanding of the complex interplay between traits and demographic outcomes. Here, we develop a body-mass-based approach to constructing generalized, predictive IPMs for species of ungulates covering a broad range of body size (25-400 kg). Despite our best efforts, we found that a reliable and general, functional, trait-based model for ungulates was unattainable even after accounting for among-species variation in both age at first reproduction and litter size. We attribute this to the diversity of reproductive tactics among similar-sized species of ungulates, and to the interplay between density-dependent and environmental factors that shape demographic parameters independent of mass at the local scale. These processes thus drive population dynamics and cannot be ignored. Environmental context generally matters in population ecology, and our study shows this may be the case for functional traits in vertebrate populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lochran W Traill
- Schoool of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, United Kingdom.,School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Floriane Plard
- Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, UMR-CNRS 5558, Université de Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jean-Michel Gaillard
- Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, UMR-CNRS 5558, Université de Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Tim Coulson
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
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8
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Ngo KS, R-Almási B, Barta Z, Tökölyi J. Experimental manipulation of body size alters life history in hydra. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:728-738. [PMID: 33606896 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Body size has fundamental impacts on animal ecology and physiology but has been strongly influenced by recent climate change and human activities, such as size-selective harvesting. Understanding the ecological and life history consequences of body size has proved difficult due to the inseparability of direct effects of body size from processes connected to it (such as growth rate and individual condition). Here, we used the cnidarian Hydra oligactis to directly manipulate body size and understand its causal effects on reproduction and senescence. We found that experimentally reducing size delayed sexual development and lowered fecundity, while post-reproductive survival increased, implying that smaller individuals can physiologically detect their reduced size and adjust life history decisions to achieve higher survival. Our experiment suggests that ecological or human-induced changes in body size will have immediate effects on life history and population dynamics through a growth-independent link between body size, reproduction and senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kha Sach Ngo
- MTA-DE Behavioral Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology, Univ. of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Berta R-Almási
- MTA-DE Behavioral Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology, Univ. of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Barta
- MTA-DE Behavioral Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology, Univ. of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Jácint Tökölyi
- MTA-DE Behavioral Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology, Univ. of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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9
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Meiri S, Murali G, Zimin A, Shak L, Itescu Y, Caetano G, Roll U. Different solutions lead to similar life history traits across the great divides of the amniote tree of life. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:3. [PMID: 33557958 PMCID: PMC7869468 DOI: 10.1186/s40709-021-00134-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Amniote vertebrates share a suite of extra-embryonic membranes that distinguish them from anamniotes. Other than that, however, their reproductive characteristics could not be more different. They differ in basic ectothermic vs endothermic physiology, in that two clades evolved powered flight, and one clade evolved a protective shell. In terms of reproductive strategies, some produce eggs and others give birth to live young, at various degrees of development. Crucially, endotherms provide lengthy parental care, including thermal and food provisioning—whereas ectotherms seldom do. These differences could be expected to manifest themselves in major differences between clades in quantitative reproductive traits. We review the reproductive characteristics, and the distributions of brood sizes, breeding frequencies, offspring sizes and their derivatives (yearly fecundity and biomass production rates) of the four major amniote clades (mammals, birds, turtles and squamates), and several major subclades (birds: Palaeognathae, Galloanserae, Neoaves; mammals: Metatheria and Eutheria). While there are differences between these clades in some of these traits, they generally show similar ranges, distribution shapes and central tendencies across birds, placental mammals and squamates. Marsupials and turtles, however, differ in having smaller offspring, a strategy which subsequently influences other traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Meiri
- School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel. .,The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Gopal Murali
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion, Israel
| | - Anna Zimin
- School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lior Shak
- School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yuval Itescu
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), 12587, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriel Caetano
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion, Israel
| | - Uri Roll
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion, Israel
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10
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Hamel S, Gaillard JM, Yoccoz NG, Bassar RD, Bouwhuis S, Caswell H, Douhard M, Gangloff EJ, Gimenez O, Lee PC, Smallegange IM, Steiner UK, Vedder O, Vindenes Y. General conclusion to the special issue Moving forward on individual heterogeneity. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.05223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hamel
- Dept of Arctic and Marine Biology; UiT The Arctic Univ. of Norway; Tromsø Norway
| | | | - Nigel G. Yoccoz
- Dept of Arctic and Marine Biology; UiT The Arctic Univ. of Norway; Tromsø Norway
| | - Ron D. Bassar
- Dept of Biology; Williams College; Williamstown MA USA
| | - Sandra Bouwhuis
- Inst of Avian Research ‘Vogelwarte Helgoland’; Wilhelmshaven Germany
| | - Hal Caswell
- Inst. for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics; Univ. of Amsterdam; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | | | - Eric J. Gangloff
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS; Moulis France
| | - Olivier Gimenez
- CEFE UMR 5175; CNRS, Univ. de Montpellier, Univ. Paul-Valéry Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - Phylis C. Lee
- Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences; Univ. of Stirling; Stirling UK
| | - Isabel M. Smallegange
- Inst. for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics; Univ. of Amsterdam; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Ulrich K. Steiner
- Max-Planck Odense Centre on the Biodemography of Aging, and Dept of Biology; Odense Denmark
| | - Oscar Vedder
- Inst of Avian Research ‘Vogelwarte Helgoland’; Wilhelmshaven Germany
- Groningen Inst. for Evolutionary Life Sciences; Univ. of Groningen; Groningen the Netherlands
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11
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Johnson PJ, Noonan MJ, Kitchener AC, Harrington LA, Newman C, Macdonald DW. Rensching cats and dogs: feeding ecology and fecundity trends explain variation in the allometry of sexual size dimorphism. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170453. [PMID: 28680689 PMCID: PMC5493931 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The tendency for sexual size dimorphism (SSD) to increase with body mass in taxa where males are larger, and to decrease when females are larger, is known as Rensch's rule. In mammals, where the trend occurs, it is believed to be the result of a competitive advantage for larger males, while female mass is constrained by the energetics of reproduction. Here, we examine the allometry of SSD within the Felidae and Canidae, demonstrating distinctly different patterns: in felids, there is positive allometric scaling, while there is no trend in canids. We hypothesize that feeding ecology, via its effect on female spacing patterns, is responsible for the difference; larger male mass may be advantageous only where females are dispersed such that males can defend access to them. This is supported by the observation that felids are predominately solitary, and all are obligate carnivores. Similarly, carnivorous canids are more sexually dimorphic than insectivores and omnivores, but carnivory does not contribute to a Rensch effect as dietary variation occurs across the mass spectrum. The observed inter-familial differences are also consistent with reduced constraints on female mass in the canids, where litter size increases with body mass, versus no observable allometry in the felids.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. J. Johnson
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology Department, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, University of Oxford, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Abingdon OX13 5QL, UK
| | - M. J. Noonan
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology Department, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, University of Oxford, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Abingdon OX13 5QL, UK
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - A. C. Kitchener
- Department of Natural Sciences, National Museums Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh EH1 1JF, UK
- Institute of Geography, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Drummond Street, Edinburgh EH9 3PX, UK
| | - L. A. Harrington
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology Department, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, University of Oxford, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Abingdon OX13 5QL, UK
| | - C. Newman
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology Department, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, University of Oxford, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Abingdon OX13 5QL, UK
| | - D. W. Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology Department, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, University of Oxford, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Abingdon OX13 5QL, UK
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12
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Noonan MJ, Johnson PJ, Kitchener AC, Harrington LA, Newman C, Macdonald DW. Sexual size dimorphism in musteloids: An anomalous allometric pattern is explained by feeding ecology. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:8495-8501. [PMID: 28031801 PMCID: PMC5167046 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rensch's rule states that sexual size dimorphism (SSD) increases with body size in taxa where males are larger, and decreases when females are larger. The dominant explanation for the trend is currently that competitive advantage for males is greater in larger individuals, whereas female size is constrained by the energetics of rearing offspring. This rule holds for a variety of vertebrate taxa, and opposing trends are rare. We examine the allometry of SSD within the Musteloidea and demonstrate a hypo-allometry contrary to Rensch's rule, with lower SSD associated with larger body size. We provide evidence that feeding ecology is involved. Where diet promotes group-living, the optimal strategy for the males of larger species is often not to attempt to defend access to multiple females, obviating any competitive advantage of relatively greater size. We conclude that the effect of feeding ecology on mating systems may be a hitherto neglected factor explaining variation in SSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Noonan
- Wildlife Conservation Research UnitZoology DepartmentThe Recanati‐Kaplan CentreUniversity of OxfordTubneyAbingdonUK
| | - Paul J. Johnson
- Wildlife Conservation Research UnitZoology DepartmentThe Recanati‐Kaplan CentreUniversity of OxfordTubneyAbingdonUK
| | - Andrew C. Kitchener
- Department of Natural SciencesNational Museums ScotlandEdinburghUK
- Institute of GeographySchool of GeosciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Lauren A. Harrington
- Wildlife Conservation Research UnitZoology DepartmentThe Recanati‐Kaplan CentreUniversity of OxfordTubneyAbingdonUK
| | - Chris Newman
- Wildlife Conservation Research UnitZoology DepartmentThe Recanati‐Kaplan CentreUniversity of OxfordTubneyAbingdonUK
| | - David W. Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research UnitZoology DepartmentThe Recanati‐Kaplan CentreUniversity of OxfordTubneyAbingdonUK
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13
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Gamelon M, Focardi S, Gaillard JM, Gimenez O, Bonenfant C, Franzetti B, Choquet R, Ronchi F, Baubet E, Lemaître JF. Do age-specific survival patterns of wild boar fit current evolutionary theories of senescence? Evolution 2014; 68:3636-43. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marlène Gamelon
- Department of Biology; Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; N-7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Stefano Focardi
- Istituto per i Sistemi Complessi; CNR; via Madonna del Piano 10 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Jean-Michel Gaillard
- Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS, UMR 5558; Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive; F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Olivier Gimenez
- Centre d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive; UMR 5175; Campus CNRS; 1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Christophe Bonenfant
- Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS, UMR 5558; Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive; F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Barbara Franzetti
- Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale; Via Ca’ Fornacetta 9 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia Bologna Italy
| | - Rémi Choquet
- Centre d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive; UMR 5175; Campus CNRS; 1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Francesca Ronchi
- Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale; Via Ca’ Fornacetta 9 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia Bologna Italy
| | - Eric Baubet
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage; 2 Bis Rue des Religieuses, BP 19 52120 Châteauvillain France
| | - Jean-François Lemaître
- Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS, UMR 5558; Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive; F-69622 Villeurbanne France
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14
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Diversification of the eutherian placenta is associated with changes in the pace of life. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:7760-5. [PMID: 23610401 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1305018110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Few mammalian organs vary as dramatically among species as the placenta. This variation is remarkable considering that the placenta's primary function--transfer of nutrients and waste between mother and offspring--does not differ among species. Evolutionary changes in placental morphology remain poorly understood, with suggestions that parent-offspring conflict or evolutionary changes in life history might drive placental evolution. Here we demonstrate that life history differences among eutherian mammals are associated with major transitions in maternofetal interdigitation and placental invasiveness. We show that the repeated evolution of villous interdigitation is associated with reduced offspring production early in life and an increased lifespan. Further changes in placental morphology that reestablish a larger surface area are also associated with a change back to greater offspring production. After controlling for these differences in interdigitation, we also show that the least invasive placental type is associated with a fast pace of life. We predict that selection for a faster pace of life intensifies parent-offspring conflict, and that the repeated evolution of less-invasive placental structures might have allowed mothers to wrest back control of gestation from the fetus and alter their relative allocation to offspring production across life.
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15
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Stranded on an island: consequences of forest fragmentation for body size variations in an arboreal mammal, the edible dormouse (Glis glis). POPUL ECOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-012-0310-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Gilbert JDJ, Manica A. Parental care trade-offs and life-history relationships in insects. Am Nat 2010; 176:212-26. [PMID: 20528469 DOI: 10.1086/653661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Insect parental care is extensive and varied, but its life-history implications have never been comparatively tested. Using original and literature data, we tested predictions about egg size, egg number (lifetime fecundity), and body size under different parental care modes across a phylogeny of 287 insect species. Life-history theory and both comparative and intraspecific evidence from ectotherms suggest parental care should select for bigger, fewer eggs, but that allometric scaling of egg size and lifetime fecundity may depend on whether care consists of provisioning (density-dependent offspring survival) or merely guarding (density-independent offspring survival). Against expectation, egg size was indistinguishable among parental care modes, covarying only with body size. This refutes most theory of egg size evolution under parental care. Lifetime fecundity scaled differently depending on parental investment-positively under no care and guarding, as in most ectotherms, but negatively under provisioning. Reproductive allocation in provisioning insects resembled that in mammals and birds, also groups with obligate provisioning. We propose that the metabolic demands of multiple offspring must scale with species body size more steeply than the parent's provisioning capacity, resulting in larger females laying fewer eggs. These patterns lay the groundwork for a more general understanding of parental care and life history.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D J Gilbert
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom.
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Nilsen EB, Gaillard JM, Andersen R, Odden J, Delorme D, van Laere G, Linnell JDC. A slow life in hell or a fast life in heaven: demographic analyses of contrasting roe deer populations. J Anim Ecol 2009; 78:585-94. [PMID: 19379139 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01523.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Environmental conditions shape population growth through their impact on demographic parameters. While knowledge has accumulated concerning the effects of population density and climatic conditions, a topical question now concerns how predation and harvest influence demographic parameters and population growth (lambda). 2. We performed a comparative demographic analysis based on projection matrix models for female roe deer. Population-specific matrices were parameterized based on longitudinal data from five intensively monitored populations in Norway and France, spanning a large variability in environmental characteristics such as densities of large predators, hunter harvest and seasonality. 3. As expected for a large iteroparous vertebrate, temporal variation was invariably higher in recruitment than in adult survival, and the elasticity of adult survival was consistently higher than that of recruitment. However, the relative difference in elasticity of lambda to recruitment and adult survival varied strongly across populations, and was closely correlated with adult survival. 4. Different traits accounted for most of the variance in lambda in different ecological settings. Adult survival generally contributed more in populations with low mean adult survival and low mean growth rate during the study period. Hunters and predators (Eurasian lynx and red foxes) occurred in two of our study populations and contributed substantially to the variance in lambda, accounting for a total of 35% and 70% in the two populations respectively. 5. Across populations, we did not find any evidence that roe deer increased their reproductive output when faced with harsh conditions, resulting in some populations having negative growth rates. 6. Generation time, a measure of the speed of the life-history cycle, increased from less than 4 years in the most productive population ('roe deer heaven') to more than 6 years in declining populations facing predation from lynx, red fox and hunters ('roe deer hell'), and was tightly and inversely correlated with lambda. Such a deceleration of the life cycle in declining populations might be a general feature in large herbivores. 7. Our results shows that the plethora of environmental conditions faced by populations of large herbivores also induce high intraspecific variation in their ranking along the 'fast-slow' continuum of life-history tactics.
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MacLeod CD, MacLeod RC. The relationship between body mass and relative investment in testes mass in amniotes and other vertebrates. OIKOS 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2008.17426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Olson VA, Webb TJ, Freckleton RP, Székely T. Are parental care trade-offs in shorebirds driven by parental investment or sexual selection? J Evol Biol 2009; 22:672-82. [PMID: 19320793 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01701.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sexual selection, mating systems and parental behaviour are closely linked, although the exact nature of their relationship is controversial. The parental investment hypothesis (PIH) states that parental care disparity drives sexual selection intensity, because the sex providing less care competes for the sex that provides more. In contrast, the sexual selection hypothesis (SSH) asserts that more intense sexual selection on males leads to reduced male parental investment. We tested these hypotheses using directional phylogenetic comparative methods in shorebirds, which have an unusually diverse array of breeding systems. Changes in parental care and sexual selection intensity were tightly correlated, and we carried out three sets of analyses focusing on changes in male behaviour, female behaviour and in either sex. The results from the analyses were consistent with both PIH and SSH, although the patterns in male transition were sensitive to model values. We propose two explanations for these results. First, phylogenetic transitions may be idiosyncratic so that they depend on the ecological circumstances of individual species. Second, transitions in social traits, such as breeding systems, may be rapid and take place in ecological time, so directional phylogenetic methods that work through longer time scales may not infer accurately the timing and direction of all changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Olson
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, UK.
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Nilsen EB, Gaillard JM, Andersen R, Odden J, Delorme D, van Laere G, Linnell JDC. A slow life in hell or a fast life in heaven: demographic analyses of contrasting roe deer populations. J Anim Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01523.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Allometry and variability of resource allocation to reproduction in a wild reindeer population. Behav Ecol 2005. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ari037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
Albatrosses exhibit extremely low reproductive rates, each pair brooding only one egg and subsequent chick at a time. Furthermore, in several of the species, the majority of successful pairs breed only once every second year (termed 'biennial' breeding). Thus, on average, these latter species have an annual fecundity of about half an offspring per year, while other albatrosses produce an egg and chick every year. Using our 40-year bank of demographic data, we compared 12 species of albatrosses according to these two breeding strategies to examine potential causes of biennial breeding. Biennial breeding could be due to physiological constraints, larger animals breeding more slowly, or ecological constraints, more distant pelagic feeding trips being energetically costly, or both. We tested these hypotheses by looking for predicted associations between the duration of the rearing period, the distance to the oceanic feeding zone and breeding frequency. We also looked for associations of these variables with other life-history traits. Body size had a strong influence on the duration of the rearing period, but not on the distance that birds travelled to the feeding zone. Both the duration of the rearing period and distance to the feeding zone appeared to have direct influences on breeding frequency, as revealed by a path analysis, and thus both hypotheses to explain biennial breeding were supported. Finally, breeding frequency exhibited a strong trade-off with adult survival and age at maturity, indicating that slower breeders live through more breeding seasons, perhaps mitigating their lower annual reproductive output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Jouventin
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UPR 9056 du CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Hashimoto T, Abe M. Body size and reproductive schedules in two parapatric moles, Mogera tokudae and Mogera imaizumii, in the Echigo Plain. MAMMAL STUDY 2001. [DOI: 10.3106/mammalstudy.26.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Green WCH, Rothstein A. Trade-offs between growth and reproduction in female bison. Oecologia 1991; 86:521-527. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00318318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/1990] [Accepted: 12/31/1990] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Postnatal growth rate and adult body weight in mammals: a new approach. Oecologia 1989; 80:390-394. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00379041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/1988] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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