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Wu K, Xu H, Gao X, Fu X. New insights into gibberellin signaling in regulating plant growth-metabolic coordination. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:102074. [PMID: 34217918 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Green Revolution of the 1960s boosted cereal crop yields in part through widespread adoption of semi-dwarf plant varieties, many of which were later found to have mutations in either gibberellins (GAs) homeostasis or DELLA proteins. GA is essential for plant growth and developmental regulation and plays an important role in improving crop plant architecture for enhanced grain yield under high nitrogen conditions. A complex regulatory network governs the spatially and temporally controlled genes expression through integrative GA signaling in response to multiple endogenous and environmental cues. In this review, we summarize current advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of DELLA-dependent and DELLA-independent GA signaling pathways and their contributions to plant developmental and metabolic adaptations to changes in nitrogen availability. The progress in molecular understanding of the plant growth-metabolic coordination will facilitate breeding strategies for future sustainable agriculture and a new Green Revolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiuhua Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiangdong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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2
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Kowalik P, Lipa T, Michałojć Z, Chwil M. Ultrastructure of Cells and Microanalysis in Malus domestica Borkh. 'Szampion' Fruit in Relation to Varied Calcium Foliar Feeding. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204622. [PMID: 33050647 PMCID: PMC7587194 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium is one of the most poorly reutilized nutrients. Its deficiencies cause various physiological disturbances and, consequently, reduce the quantity and quality of yields. Reduced content of Ca2+ ions in cells leads to development of, e.g., bitter pit in apples. Efficient and instantaneous mitigation of Ca2+ deficiencies is provided by foliar feeding. There are no detailed data on the effect of foliar feeding with various calcium forms on the cell structure or on the microanalysis and mapping of this element in apple fruit cells. Therefore, we carried out comparative studies of the ultrastructure of epidermis and hypodermis cells, to assess the content and distribution of calcium in the cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm, and precipitates of Malus domestica Borkh. 'Szampion' fruit exposed to four Ca treatments, including the control with no additional Ca supplementation (I) and foliar applications of Ca(NO3)2 (II), CaCl2 (III), and Ca chelated with EDTA (IV). Light and transmission electron microscopy and an X-ray microanalyzer were used and showed a beneficial effect of calcium preparations on the ultrastructure of fruit epidermis and hypodermis cells, manifested in the presence of a normally developed cell wall with a regular middle lamella, preserved continuity of cytoplasmic membranes, and stabilized cell structure. In the selected elements of apical epidermis cells, the highest level of Ca2+ ions was detected in the middle lamella, cell wall, plasmalemma, and cytoplasm. The highest increase in the Ca2+ content in these cell constituents was recorded in treatment IV, whereas the lowest value of the parameters was noted in variant III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kowalik
- Institute of Horticulture Production, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (P.K.); (T.L.); (Z.M.)
| | - Tomasz Lipa
- Institute of Horticulture Production, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (P.K.); (T.L.); (Z.M.)
| | - Zenia Michałojć
- Institute of Horticulture Production, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (P.K.); (T.L.); (Z.M.)
| | - Mirosława Chwil
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Role of Proton Motive Force in Photoinduction of Cytoplasmic Streaming in Vallisneria Mesophyll Cells. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9030376. [PMID: 32197471 PMCID: PMC7154820 DOI: 10.3390/plants9030376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In mesophyll cells of the aquatic monocot Vallisneria, red light induces rotational cytoplasmic streaming, which is regulated by the cytoplasmic concentration of Ca2+. Our previous investigations revealed that red light induces Ca2+ efflux across the plasma membrane (PM), and that both the red light-induced cytoplasmic streaming and the Ca2+ efflux are sensitive to vanadate, an inhibitor of P-type ATPases. In this study, pharmacological experiments suggested the involvement of PM H+-ATPase, one of the P-type ATPases, in the photoinduction of cytoplasmic streaming. We hypothesized that red light would activate PM H+-ATPase to generate a large H+ motive force (PMF) in a photosynthesis-dependent manner. We demonstrated that indeed, photosynthesis increased the PMF and induced phosphorylation of the penultimate residue, threonine, of PM H+-ATPase, which is a major activation mechanism of H+-ATPase. The results suggested that a large PMF generated by PM H+-ATPase energizes the Ca2+ efflux across the PM. As expected, we detected a putative Ca2+/H+ exchange activity in PM vesicles isolated from Vallisneria leaves.
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Mohanta TK, Yadav D, Khan AL, Hashem A, Abd Allah EF, Al-Harrasi A. Molecular Players of EF-hand Containing Calcium Signaling Event in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1476. [PMID: 30909616 PMCID: PMC6471108 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ is a universal second messenger that plays a pivotal role in diverse signaling mechanisms in almost all life forms. Since the evolution of life from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment, Ca2+ signaling systems have expanded and diversified enormously. Although there are several Ca2+ sensing molecules found in a cell, EF-hand containing proteins play a principal role in calcium signaling event in plants. The major EF-hand containing proteins are calmodulins (CaMs), calmodulin like proteins (CMLs), calcineurin B-like (CBL) and calcium dependent protein kinases (CDPKs/CPKs). CaMs and CPKs contain calcium binding conserved D-x-D motifs in their EF-hands (one motif in each EF-hand) whereas CMLs contain a D-x₃-D motif in the first and second EF-hands that bind the calcium ion. Calcium signaling proteins form a complex interactome network with their target proteins. The CMLs are the most primitive calcium binding proteins. During the course of evolution, CMLs are evolved into CaMs and subsequently the CaMs appear to have merged with protein kinase molecules to give rise to calcium dependent protein kinases with distinct and multiple new functions. Ca2+ signaling molecules have evolved in a lineage specific manner with several of the calcium signaling genes being lost in the monocot lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Kumar Mohanta
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman.
| | - Dhananjay Yadav
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea.
| | - Abdul Latif Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman.
| | - Abeer Hashem
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Mycology and Plant Survey Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, ARC, Giza 12511, Egypt.
| | - Elsayed Fathi Abd Allah
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman.
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Charpentier M. Calcium Signals in the Plant Nucleus: Origin and Function. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4986421. [PMID: 29718301 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The universality of calcium as an intracellular messenger depends on the dynamics of its spatial and temporal release from calcium stores. Accumulating evidence over the past two decades supports an essential role for nuclear calcium signalling in the transduction of specific stimuli into cellular responses. This review focusses on mechanisms underpinning changes in nuclear calcium concentrations and discusses what is known so far, about the origin of the nuclear calcium signals identified, primarily in the context of microbial symbioses and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Charpentier
- John Innes Centre, Department of Cell and developmental Biology, Colney Lane, Norwich, UK
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Ito T, Okada K, Fukazawa J, Takahashi Y. DELLA-dependent and -independent gibberellin signaling. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2018; 13:e1445933. [PMID: 29485381 PMCID: PMC5927702 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1445933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
DELLA proteins act as negative regulators in gibberellin (GA) signal transduction. GA-induced DELLA degradation is a central regulatory system in GA signaling pathway. Intensive studies have revealed the degradation mechanism of DELLA and the functions of DELLA as a transcriptional regulator. Meanwhile, recent studies suggest the existence of a DELLA-independent GA signaling pathway. In this review, we summarized the DELLA-independent GA signaling pathway together with the well-analyzed DELLA-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Ito
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
- CONTACT Takeshi Ito Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama 1-3-1, Higashi-Hiroshima City, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Kanako Okada
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Jutarou Fukazawa
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yohsuke Takahashi
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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Design and synthesis of a second-generation ligand-tethered calcium indicator for plant cell biology based on the fundamental analyses of the structure and physical property. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Calcium imaging perspectives in plants. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:3842-59. [PMID: 24599077 PMCID: PMC3975371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15033842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcium ion (Ca2+) is a versatile intracellular messenger. It provides dynamic regulation of a vast array of gene transcriptions, protein kinases, transcription factors and other complex downstream signaling cascades. For the past six decades, intracellular Ca2+ concentration has been significantly studied and still many studies are under way. Our understanding of Ca2+ signaling and the corresponding physiological phenomenon is growing exponentially. Here we focus on the improvements made in the development of probes used for Ca2+ imaging and expanding the application of Ca2+ imaging in plant science research.
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Hodick D, Gilroy S, Fricker MD, Trewavas AJ. Cytosolic Ca2+-Concentrations and Distributions in Rhizoids ofChara fragilisDesv. Determined by Ratio Analysis of the Fluorescent Probe Indo-1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1991.tb00221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Kinzel H, Lechner I. The Specific Mineral Metabolism of Selected Plant Species and its Ecological Implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1992.tb00312.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Okungbowa J, Obeta JAN, Ezeogu LI. Sorghum β-Amylase Production: Relationship With Grain Cultivar, Steep Regime, Steep Liquor Composition and Kilning Temperature. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2002.tb00562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Sutter JU, Denecke J, Thiel G. Synthesis of vesicle cargo determines amplitude of Ca(2+)-sensitive exocytosis. Cell Calcium 2012; 52:283-8. [PMID: 22683200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Here we examine the potential coupling between the synthesis of secretory proteins and the sensitivity of exocytosis to the concentration of free Ca(2+) in the cytosol ([Ca(2+)](i)) in plant cell. We therefore monitor in tobacco protoplasts the excursion of the membrane capacitance in response to an elevation of [Ca(2+)](i) as a measure for exocytotic activity. The data show that a ramp like elevation of [Ca(2+)](i) generates in protoplasts from wild type plants and from transgenic plants, which overexpress the secreted α-amylase, an exocytotic burst with an initial steep and a subsequent slow phase. The largest capacitive burst is obtained in α-amylase producing plants and the amplitude of the [Ca(2+)](i) evoked C(m) excursion is a function of the amylase synthesis of the plants. The data support a model according to which plant cells have at least two serial [Ca(2+)](i) sensitive processes in the final steps of their exocytotic pathway. The overproduction of a secreted cargo does not affect the kinetics of this process but the number of vesicles in pools upstream of the [Ca(2+)](i) sensitive steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens-Uwe Sutter
- University of Strathclyde, 107 Rottenrow East, Glasgow G4 0NG, UK
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Obeta JAN, Okungbowa J, Ezeogu LI. Malting of Sorghum: Further Studies on Factors influencing α-Amylase Activity. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2000.tb00069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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Analysis of calcium signaling pathways in plants. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1820:1283-93. [PMID: 22061997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcium serves as a versatile messenger in many adaptation and developmental processes in plants. Ca2+ signals are represented by stimulus-specific spatially and temporally defined Ca2+ signatures. These Ca2+ signatures are detected, decoded and transmitted to downstream responses by a complex toolkit of Ca2+ binding proteins that function as Ca2+ sensors. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review will reflect on advancements in monitoring Ca2+ dynamics in plants. Moreover, it will provide insights in the extensive and complex toolkit of plant Ca2+ sensor proteins that relay the information presented in the Ca2+ signatures into phosphorylation events, changes in protein-protein interaction or regulation of gene expression. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Plants' response to signals is encoded by different Ca2+ signatures. The plant decoding Ca2+ toolkit encompasses different families of Ca2+ sensors like Calmodulins (CaM), Calmodulin-like proteins (CMLs), Ca2+-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs), Calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs) and their interacting kinases (CIPKs). These Ca2+ sensors are encoded by complex gene families and form intricate signaling networks in plants that enable specific, robust and flexible information processing. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This review provides new insights about the biochemical regulation, physiological functions and of newly identified target proteins of the major plant Ca2+ sensor families. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Biochemical, biophysical and genetic approaches to intracellular calcium signaling.
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15
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Read ND, Allan WTG, Knight H, Knight MR, Malhó R, Russell A, Shacklock PS, Trewavas AJ. Imaging and measurement of cytosolic free calcium in plant and fungal cells. J Microsc 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.1992.tb01507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Choudhury B, Mitra S, Biswas AK. Regulation of sugar metabolism in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings under arsenate toxicity and its improvement by phosphate. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 16:59-68. [PMID: 23572955 PMCID: PMC3550626 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-010-0008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The effect of arsenate with or without phosphate on the growth and sugar metabolism in rice seedlings cv. MTU 1010 was studied. Arsenate was found to be more toxic for root growth than shoot growth and water content of the seedlings gradually decreased with increasing concentrations. Arsenate exposure at 20 μM and 100 μM resulted in an increase in reducing sugar content and decrease in non-reducing sugar content. There was a small increase in starch content, the activity of starch phosphorylase was increased but α-amylase activity was found to be decreased. Arsenate toxicity also affected the activities of different carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes. The activities of sucrose degrading enzymes viz., acid invertase and sucrose synthase were increased whereas, the activity of sucrose synthesizing enzyme, viz. sucrose phosphate synthase declined. The combined application of arsenate with phosphate exhibited significant alterations of all the parameters tested under the purview of arsenate treatment alone which was congenial to better growth and efficient sugar metabolism in rice seedlings. Thus, the use of phosphorus enriched fertilizers may serve to ensure the production of healthy rice plants in arsenic contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Choudhury
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700 019 West Bengal India
| | - Souvik Mitra
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700 019 West Bengal India
| | - Asok K. Biswas
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700 019 West Bengal India
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Nie X, Durnin DC, Igamberdiev AU, Hill RD. Cytosolic calcium is involved in the regulation of barley hemoglobin gene expression. PLANTA 2006; 223:542-9. [PMID: 16177910 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-0094-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2005] [Accepted: 07/23/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Hemoglobin gene expression is upregulated during hypoxia. To determine whether the induction occurs via similar mechanisms that have been proposed for other hypoxically induced proteins, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) aleurone layers were treated with various agents that interfere with known components of signal transduction. Ruthenium red, an organelle calcium channel blocker, inhibited anoxia-induced hemoglobin (Hb) and alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1) (Adh) gene expression in a dose-dependent manner. The divalent ionophore, A23187, combined with EGTA also dramatically reduced anoxia-induced Hb and Adh expression. Normal induction of Hb by anoxia in EGTA-treated cells was restored by adding exogenous Ca2+ but not Mg2+, suggesting that cytosolic calcium is involved in Hb and Adh regulation. W-7, a calmodulin antagonist, did not affect anaerobically induced Hb and Adh expression even though it induced Hb under aerobiosis. A3, a protein kinase inhibitor, did not significantly affect anaerobically induced Hb, but did significantly upregulate the gene under aerobic conditions. The results indicate that calmodulin-independent anaerobic alteration in cytosolic Ca2+ and protein dephosphorylation are factors in Hb induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhou Nie
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, R3T 2N2, MB, Winnipeg, Canada
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18
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Vissenberg K, Feijó JA, Weisenseel MH, Verbelen JP. Ion fluxes, auxin and the induction of elongation growth in Nicotiana tabacum cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2001; 52:2161-7. [PMID: 11604455 DOI: 10.1093/jexbot/52.364.2161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Immobilized cultured tobacco cells become polarized upon the addition of naphthalene-1-acetic acid and start to elongate from an initial spherical shape. The question as to how a diffuse-growing cell forms a polar axis is addressed here with approaches successfully applied to the study of tip growth. With two kinds of vibrating probes the electric current flow and proton fluxes were mapped around such elongating cells. No consistent polar pattern of ion fluxes, which is typical for actively tip-growing cells, was detected. Therefore, other signals must provide the positional information needed for polar axis formation. Furthermore, neither a specific pattern of intracellular Ca(2+) concentration nor a polar distribution of putative ion-channel antagonist-binding sites were found in elongating tobacco cells. Auxin flux, on the other hand, was found to be important as TIBA, an inhibitor of polar auxin transport, clearly inhibited elongation in a concentration-dependent way. Cross-linking of arabinogalactan-proteins with the beta-Yariv reagent also resulted in inhibition of elongation. A model is proposed for the induction of polar growth where localized auxin efflux starts a signal cascade that triggers molecules that reorient microtubules. These then guide cellulose deposition in the cell wall, which in turn alters cell wall mechanics and leads to elongation. In this scheme, arabinogalactan-proteins are not causal agents but are probably important regulators of growth and survival of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vissenberg
- Department of Biology, Plant Physiology/Morphology, University of Antwerp (UIA), Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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Martinec J, Feltl T, Scanlon CH, Lumsden PJ, Machácková I. Subcellular localization of a high affinity binding site for D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate from Chenopodium rubrum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2000; 124:475-83. [PMID: 10982460 PMCID: PMC59160 DOI: 10.1104/pp.124.1.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2000] [Accepted: 06/05/2000] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
It is now generally accepted that a phosphoinositide cycle is involved in the transduction of a variety of signals in plant cells. In animal cells, the binding of D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP(3)) to a receptor located on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) triggers an efflux of calcium release from the ER. Sites that bind InsP(3) with high affinity and specificity have also been described in plant cells, but their precise intracellular locations have not been conclusively identified. In contrast to animal cells, it has been suggested that in plants the vacuole is the major intracellular store of calcium involved in signal induced calcium release. The aim of this work was to determine the intracellular localization of InsP(3)-binding sites obtained from 3-week-old Chenopodium rubrum leaves. Microsomal membranes were fractionated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation in the presence and absence of Mg(2+) and alternatively by free-flow electrophoresis. An ER-enriched fraction was also prepared. The following enzymes were employed as specific membrane markers: antimycin A-insensitive NADH-cytochrome c reductase for ER, cytochrome c oxidase for mitochondrial membrane, pyrophosphatase for tonoplast, and 1,3-beta-D-glucansynthase for plasma membrane. In all membrane separations, InsP(3)-binding sites were concentrated in the fractions that were enriched with ER membranes. These data clearly demonstrate that the previously characterized InsP(3)-binding site from C. rubrum is localized on the ER. This finding supports previous suggestions of an alternative non-vacuolar InsP(3)-sensitive calcium store in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Martinec
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 135, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Geisler M, Axelsen KB, Harper JF, Palmgren MG. Molecular aspects of higher plant P-type Ca(2+)-ATPases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1465:52-78. [PMID: 10748247 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(00)00131-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent genomic data in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana reveal the existence of at least 11 Ca(2+)-ATPase genes, and an analysis of expressed sequence tags suggests that the number of calcium pumps in this organism might be even higher. A phylogenetic analysis shows that 11 Ca(2+)-ATPases clearly form distinct groups, type IIA (or ECA for ER-type Ca(2+)-ATPase) and type IIB (ACA for autoinhibited Ca(2+)-ATPase). While plant IIB calcium pumps characterized so far are localized to internal membranes, their animal homologues are exclusively found in the plasma membrane. However, Arabidopsis type IIB calcium pump isoforms ACA8, ACA9 and ACA10 form a separate outgroup and, based on the high molecular masses of the encoded proteins, are good candidates for plasma membrane bound Ca(2+)-ATPases. All known plant type IIB calcium ATPases seem to employ an N-terminal calmodulin-binding autoinhibitor. Therefore it appears that the activity of type IIB Ca(2+)-ATPases in plants and animals is controlled by N-terminal and C-terminal autoinhibitory domains, respectively. Possible functions of plant calcium pumps are described and - beside second messenger functions directly linked to calcium homeostasis - new data on a putative involvement in secretory and salt stress functions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Geisler
- Department of Plant Biology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Yokoyama T, Kobayashi N, Kouchi H, Minamisawa K, Kaku H, Tsuchiya K. A lipochito-oligosaccharide, Nod factor, induces transient calcium influx in soybean suspension-cultured cells. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2000; 22:71-8. [PMID: 10792822 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2000.00713.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Lipochito-oligosaccharides (Nod factors) produced by Rhizobium or Bradyrhizobium are the key signal molecules for eliciting nodulation in their corresponding host legumes. To elucidate the signal transduction events mediated by Nod factors, we investigated the effects of Nod factors on the cytosolic [Ca2+] of protoplasts prepared from roots and suspension-cultured cells of soybean (Glycine max and G. soja) using a fluorescent Ca2+ indicator, Fura-PE3. NodBj-V (C18:1, MeFuc), which is a major component of Nod factors produced by Bradyrhizobium japonicum, induces transient elevation of cytosolic [Ca2+] in the cells of soybean within a few minutes. This effect is specific to soybean cells and was not observed in the tobacco BY-2 cells. Furthermore, NodBj-V without MeFuc did not induce any cytosolic [Ca2+] elevation in soybean cells. Exclusion of Ca2+ from the medium, as well as pre-treatment of the cells with an external Ca2+ chelator or with a plasma membrane voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel inhibitor, suppressed the Nod factor-dependent cytosolic [Ca2+] elevation. These results indicate that transient Ca2+ influx from extracellular fluid is one of the earliest responses of soybean cells to NodBj-V (C18:1, MeFuc) in a host-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yokoyama
- National Institute of Agrobiological Resources, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan.
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22
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Evans DE, Williams LE. P-type calcium ATPases in higher plants - biochemical, molecular and functional properties. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1376:1-25. [PMID: 9666057 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4157(97)00009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D E Evans
- School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy lane, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK.
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23
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Abstract
Since its inception, light microscopy has shown the elegance and subtlety with which function is expressed in the form of the cells, tissues, and organs of the plant. Recently, light microscopy has seen a resurgence in use fueled by advances in microscope design and computer-based image analysis. The structural resolution afforded by static, fixed samples is being increasingly supplemented by approaches using fluorescent analogs and selective fluorescent indicators, which visualize the dynamic processes in living, functioning cells. This review describes some of these approaches and discusses how they are taking us a step closer to viewing the intricate complexity with which plants organize and regulate their functions down to the subcellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Gilroy
- Biology Department, The Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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24
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Wang M, Oppedijk BJ, Lu X, Van Duijn B, Schilperoort RA. Apoptosis in barley aleurone during germination and its inhibition by abscisic acid. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1996; 32:1125-1134. [PMID: 9002611 DOI: 10.1007/bf00041396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
During germination of barley grains, DNA fragmentation was observed in the aleurone. The appearance of DNA fragmentation in the aleurone layer, observed by TUNEL staining in aleurone sections, started near the embryo and extended to the aleurone cells far from the embryo in a time dependent manner. The same spatial temporal activities of hydrolytic enzymes such as alpha-amylase were observed in aleurone. DNA fragmentation could also be seen in vitro under osmotic stress, in isolated aleurone. During aleurone protoplast isolation, a very enhanced and strong DNA fragmentation occurred which was not seen in protoplast preparations of tobacco leaves. ABA was found to inhibit DNA fragmentation occurring in barley aleurone under osmotic stress condition and during protoplast isolation, while the plant growth regulator gibberellic acid counteracted the effect of ABA. Addition of auxin or cytokinin had no significant effect on DNA fragmentation in these cells. To study the role of phosphorylation in ABA signal transduction leading to control of DNA fragmentation (apoptosis), the effects of the phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid and of phenylarisine oxide on apoptosis were studied. We hypothesize that the regulation of DNA fragmentation in aleurone plays a very important role in spatial and temporal control of aleurone activities during germination. The possible signal transduction pathway of ABA leading to the regulation of DNA fragmentation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Center for Phytotechnology, Leiden University/Netherlands Organization for Applied Research
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25
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Hooley R. Gibberellins: perception, transduction and responses. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1994; 26:1529-1555. [PMID: 7858203 DOI: 10.1007/bf00016489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Hooley
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bristol, Long Ashton, UK
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26
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Abstract
The supposition that all eukaryotic cell types contain a plasma membrane (PM)-type Ca pump (i.e. a Ca pump which is directly-stimulated by calmodulin and located exclusively at the PM) has been questioned by recent data from higher plant cells. These studies suggest the presence of Ca pumps directly stimulated by calmodulin associated with an intracellular membrane (probably the endoplasmic reticulum, ER) in a variety of monocotelydonous and dicotelydonous species. Thus plants have a 'PM-type' Ca pump at an intracellular membrane. The evidence for this includes studies on isolated membranes, purification and functional reconstitution and phosphorylated intermediate formation. Plant cells also contain a homologue of the sarcoplasmic reticulum/endoplasmic reticulum (SR/ER) Ca pump, probably located at the ER. The implications of these new data for our appreciation of the structure, function and location of eukaryotic Ca pumps are discussed, together with recent data from the use of inhibitors specific to mammalian ER/SR Ca pumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Evans
- School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, UK
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gilroy
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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28
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Messiaen J, Read NDV, Cutsem P, Trewavas A. Cell wall oligogalacturonides increase cytosolic free calcium in carrot protoplasts. J Cell Sci 1993. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.104.2.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mode of action of cell wall elicitors in the induction of various plant cell responses, such as the activation of host defence mechanisms, is unknown, but signal transduction through cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]i) has been suggested. This paper shows that polygalacturonic acid or oligogalacturonides cause a prolonged increase in [Ca2+]i of carrot protoplasts within 20 min of induction. Our data support the view that a special conformation of the oligogalacturonides possessing >9 residues is necessary to induce an elevation in [Ca2+]i. The localization of [Ca2+]i elevation around the periphery of protoplast cytoplasm and the inhibition of the response with verapamil suggest that exogenous Ca2+ is the major source for the rise in [Ca2+]i.
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29
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Abstract
Many legumes respond to Rhizobium inoculation by developing unique structures known as nodules on their roots. The development of a legume nodule in which rhizobia convert atmospheric N2 into ammonia is a finely tuned process. Gene expression from both partners of the symbiosis must be temporally and spatially coordinated. Exactly how this coordination takes place is an area of intense study. Nodule morphogenesis appears to be elicited by at least two distinct signals: one from Rhizobium, a product of the nod genes (Nod factor), and a second signal, which is generated within plant tissues after treatment with Nod factor. The identity of the second signal is unknown but changes in the balance of endogenous plant hormones or the sensitivity of plant tissues to these hormones are likely to be involved. These hormonal changes may be triggered by endogenous flavonoids produced by the root in response to inoculation with Rhizobium. There is some controversy as to whether the legume nodule is an organ sui generis or a highly derived lateral root. A resolution of this question may become more critical as attempts to induce nodules on non-legume hosts, such as rice or maize, increase in number and scope. CONTENTS Summary 211 I. Introduction 211 II. Nodule development 213 III. Nodule initiation 220 IV. The second signal for nodule morphogenesis: role for the plant hormones ? 225 V. Lateral root development 229 VI. Are nodules modified lateral roots ? 229 VII. Conclusions and future prospects 231 Acknowledgements and dedication 232 References 232.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Hirsch
- Department of Biology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1606, USA
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31
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32
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Bush DS. The role of Ca2+in the action of GA in the barley aleurone. PROGRESS IN PLANT GROWTH REGULATION 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-2458-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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33
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Kusaba M, Kobayashi O, Yamaguchi I, Takahashi N, Takeda G. Effects of gibberellin on genetic variations in α-amylase production in germinating barley seeds. J Cereal Sci 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0733-5210(09)80136-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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34
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Fairley K, Laver D, Walker NA. Whole-cell and single-channel currents across the plasmalemma of corn shoot suspension cells. J Membr Biol 1991; 121:11-22. [PMID: 2051473 DOI: 10.1007/bf01870647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Whole-cell sealed-on pipettes have been used to measure electrical properties of the plasmalemma surrounding protoplasts isolated from Black Mexican sweet corn shoot cells from suspension culture. In these protoplasts the membrane resting potential (Vm) was found to be -59 +/- 23 mV (n = 23) in 1 mM Ko+. The mean Vm became more negative as [K+]o decreased, but was more positive than the K+ equilibrium potential. There was no evidence of electrogenic pump activity. We describe four features of the current-voltage characteristic of the plasmalemma of these protoplasts which show voltage-gated channel activity. Depolarization of the whole-cell membrane from the resting potential activates time- and voltage-dependent outward current through K(+)-selective channels. A local minimum in the outward current-voltage curve near Vm = 150 mV suggests that these currents are mediated by two populations of K(+)-selective channels. The absence of this minimum in the presence of verapamil suggests that the activation of one channel population depends on the influx of Ca2+ into the cytoplasm. We identify unitary currents from two K(+)-selective channel populations (40 and 125 pS) which open when the membrane is depolarized; it is possible that these mediate the outward whole-cell current. Hyperpolarization of the membrane from the resting potential produces time- and voltage-dependent inward whole-cell current. Current activation is fast and follows an exponential time course. The current saturates and in some cases decreases at membrane potentials more negative than -175 mV. This current is conducted by poorly selective K+ channels, where PCl/PK = 0.43 +/- 0.15. We describe a low conductance (20 pS) channel population of unknown selectivity which opens when the membrane is hyperpolarized. It is possible that these channels mediate inward whole-cell current. When the membrane is hyperpolarized to potentials more negative than -250 mV large, irregular inward current is activated. A third type of inward whole-cell current is briefly described. This activates slowly and with a U-shaped current-voltage curve over the range of membrane potentials -90 less than Vm less than 0 mV.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fairley
- Biophysics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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35
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Jones RL, Jacobsen JV. Regulation of synthesis and transport of secreted proteins in cereal aleurone. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1991; 126:49-88. [PMID: 2050500 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60682-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R L Jones
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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37
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Bush DS, Sticher L, van Huystee R, Wagner D, Jones RL. The calcium requirement for stability and enzymatic activity of two isoforms of barley aleurone α-amylase. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)47314-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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38
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Abstract
Protein secretion is an ubiquitous but poorly understood process in plants. Secreted proteins are synthesized on the membranes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and transported to the cell surface by secretary vesicles formed at the Golgi apparatus. Whereas many of the structural details of this process are known the mechanisms underlying secretion are just beginning to be understood, in this article we review some of the recent developments in this field, and we compare the progress made with animal and plant cells. CONTENTS Summary 567 I. Introduction 568 II. Proteins secreted by plants 568 III. Synthesis and post-translational modification of secreted proteins 571 IV. Molecular requirements for secretion 576 V. Vehicles of secretory transport 581 VI. Regulation of secretion 585 VII. Conclusions and Perspective 587 Acknowledgements 588 References 588.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell L Jones
- Department of Botany, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - David G Robinson
- Pflanzenphysiologisches Institut, Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, FRG
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