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Misra A, Chaudhary MK, Rawat P, Tripathi D, Barik SK, Srivastava S. Benzyl-isoquinoline alkaloids rich extract of Coptis teeta Wall., exhibit potential efficacy in calcium-oxalate and uric-acid linked metabolic disorders. Fitoterapia 2024; 177:106050. [PMID: 38838823 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.106050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Coptis teeta Wall., an endangered but valuable medicinal species having various folklore uses in Indian and Chinese Traditional system of medicine. Its distribution is restricted to India, China and Tibet. In India, C. teeta is traditionally used in joint disorders, urinary infections and inflammatory diseases, however the scientific validation is missing. Thus, the present study aims to validate the anti-lithiatic and anti-gout activity of C. teeta rhizome extract (CTME) through in-vitro biological assays. The metabolic fingerprinting of CTME through reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (RP-HPLC-PDA) showed the presence of five benzyl-isoquinoline alkaloids, namely berberine (2.59%), coptisine (0.746%) jatrorrhizine (0.133%), palmatine (0.03%) and tetrahydropalmatine (0.003%). The anti-gout potency analysed via in-vitro xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibition assay, followed by HPTLC (High performance thin layer chromatography) mediated bio-autographic inhibition of XOD signifies that CTME exhibit strong inhibition of XOD (IC50: 3.014 μg/ml), insignificantly different (p > 0.05) from allopurinol (IC50: 2.47 μg/ml). The XOD bioautographic assay advocates that the efficacy is primarily due to berberine and coptisine alkaloids. The CTME has significant anti-lithiatic activity, and thereby limiting the progression of crystal nidus formation, mediated via inhibition of calcium oxalate crystals nucleation and aggregation. Additionally, the extract also exhibits potential effect on inhibition of oxidative stress associated inflammation, which plays crucial role in alleviating urolithiasis and gouty conditions. Validating the traditional claims of C. teeta will not only confirm its medicinal benefits for targeted pathological conditions but also enhance its industrial demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Misra
- Pharmacognosy Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Mridul Kant Chaudhary
- Pharmacognosy Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Poonam Rawat
- Pharmacognosy Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Deepali Tripathi
- FEST Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicological Research, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Saroj Kanta Barik
- Department of Botany, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
| | - Sharad Srivastava
- Pharmacognosy Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India.
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Tripathi D, Misra A, Chaudhary MK, Srivastava S. Evaluation of Coscinium fenestratum (Goetgh.) Colebr. stem extracts for urolithiasis and quantification of bioactive alkaloids to validate the traditional claims. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:2894-2899. [PMID: 36260052 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2134863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Coscinium fenestratum (Goetgh.) Colebr. is widely used for urinary disorders and kidney stones by ethnic communities in southern India. The species is documented in various ancient Indian Ayurvedic literatures having therapeutic use in 'Ashmari' i.e., urolithiasis. The present study aims at validation of in-vitro anti-urolithiatic potential of various extracts of C. fenestratum stem along with identification and quantification of major bioactive alkaloids, i.e., berberine and palmatine through HPTLC and LC-MS/MS. Water extract showed maximum anti-urolithiatic activity which on further kinetic analysis, showed concentration dependent inhibitory delay in nucleation and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals. Berberine and palmatine were quantified with maximum content in methanolic extract (0.478 ± 0.003 and 0.0358 ± 0.001) followed by chloroform and petroleum ether extracts. The study validates ethnobotanical use of C. fenestratum as anti-urolithiatic agent. Further, species can also be explored as a substitute for Berberis spp. for the alkaloid metabolites i.e., berberine and palmatine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Tripathi
- Pharmacognosy Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Ankita Misra
- Pharmacognosy Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Mridul Kant Chaudhary
- Pharmacognosy Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Sharad Srivastava
- Pharmacognosy Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India
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Khan A, Gilani AH. An insight investigation to the antiurolithic activity of Trachyspermum ammi using the in vitro and in vivo experiments. Urolithiasis 2023; 51:43. [PMID: 36867274 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-023-01415-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
The crude extract of Trachyspermum ammi seeds (Ta.Cr) was studied for its antiurolithic activity using the in vivo and in vitro experiments. In the in vivo experiments, Ta.Cr treatment showed a diuretic activity at the dose of 30 and 100 mg/kg and exhibited curative effect in male hyperoxaluric Wistar rats, which received 0.75% ethylene glycol (EG) in drinking water given for 3 weeks, with 1% ammonium chloride (AC) for initial three days. In the in vitro experiments, Ta.Cr delayed the slopes of nucleation and inhibited the calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystal aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner like that of potassium citrate. Ta.Cr also inhibited DPPH free radicals like standard antioxidant drug butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and significantly reduced cell toxicity and LDH release in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, exposed to oxalate (0.5 mM) and COM (66 µg/cm2) crystals. In isolated rabbit urinary bladder strips, Ta.Cr relaxed high K+ (80 mM) and CCh (1 µM)-induced contractions, showing antispasmodic activity. The findings of this study suggest that the antiurolithic activity of crude extract of Trachyspermum ammi seeds may be mediated by a number of mechanisms, including a diuretic, an inhibitor of CaOx crystal aggregation, an antioxidant, renal epithelial cell protection, and an antispasmodic, thus, showing the therapeutic potential in urolithiasis, for which there is no viable non-invasive option in modern medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslam Khan
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, 13 KM Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan. .,Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan.
| | - Anwar H Gilani
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan. .,Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Constitution Avenue, G-5, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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El oumari FE, Mammate N, Imtara H, Lahrichi A, Elhabbani R, El mouhri G, Alqahtani AS, Noman OM, Ibrahim MN, Grafov A, Bousta D, Sqalli Houssaini T. Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Potentials, and Calcium Oxalate Anticrystallization Activity of Polyphenol and Saponin Fractions from Argania spinosa L. Press Cake. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11141852. [PMID: 35890486 PMCID: PMC9317695 DOI: 10.3390/plants11141852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of biological properties and a potent therapeutic and prophylactic effect on chronic diseases are all present in Argania spinosa L. press cake. The aim of this research is to valorize the anticrystallization properties against calcium oxalate crystals of Argania spinosa L. press cake fractions and identify its bioactive components. Chemical species identification was performed using GC–MS analysis. The turbidimetric model was used to investigate crystallization inhibition in vitro. Infrared spectroscopy technique was used to characterize the synthesized crystals. Furthermore, both DPPH and FRAP methods were used to assess antioxidant activity. The results show that the fractions are equally important in crystallization inhibition percentages of calcium oxalate crystals. For saponin and polyphenol fractions, the inhibition percentages are in the orders of 83.49% and 82.83%, respectively. The results of the antioxidant activity by DPPH method show that the two fractions are equally important in the elimination of free radicals; the inhibition percentages were 77.87 ± 4.21 and 89.92 ± 1.39 for both polyphenols and saponins, respectively. FRAP method showed that the absorbance increases proportionally with concentration, and the absorbance are almost similar for both fractions and reach maximum values in the orders of 0.52 ± 0.07 and 0.42 ± 0.03, respectively, for saponins and polyphenols. These findings demonstrate that both fractions are rich in bioactive chemicals and have an anticrystallization capacity, allowing them to be employed for the curative and prophylactic effects against urolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Ezzahra El oumari
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fez 30070, Morocco; (N.M.); (R.E.); (T.S.H.)
- Correspondence: (F.E.E.o.); (H.I.)
| | - Naima Mammate
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fez 30070, Morocco; (N.M.); (R.E.); (T.S.H.)
| | - Hamada Imtara
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Arab American University Palestine, Jenin 44862, Palestine
- Correspondence: (F.E.E.o.); (H.I.)
| | - Anissa Lahrichi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, BP 1893, Km 22, Road of Sidi Harazem, Fez 30070, Morocco; (A.L.); (G.E.m.)
| | - Radouane Elhabbani
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fez 30070, Morocco; (N.M.); (R.E.); (T.S.H.)
| | - Ghita El mouhri
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, BP 1893, Km 22, Road of Sidi Harazem, Fez 30070, Morocco; (A.L.); (G.E.m.)
| | - Ali S. Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.A.); (O.M.N.)
| | - Omar M. Noman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.A.); (O.M.N.)
| | - Mansour N. Ibrahim
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Andriy Grafov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Dalila Bousta
- Morocco Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Agri-Food, and Health (LBEAS), Faculty of Sciences, University of Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fez 30070, Morocco;
| | - Tarik Sqalli Houssaini
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fez 30070, Morocco; (N.M.); (R.E.); (T.S.H.)
- Department of Nephrology, University of Hospital Hassan II, BP 1835, Atlas, Road of Sidi Harazem, Fez 30700, Morocco
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Peeters L, Foubert K, Breynaert A, Schreurs G, Verhulst A, Pieters L, Hermans N. Effects of medicagenic acid metabolites, originating from biotransformation of an Herniaria hirsuta extract, on calcium oxalate crystallization in vitro. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 285:114860. [PMID: 34822955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Herniaria hirsuta is traditionally used in Moroccan folk medicine for treatment of urinary stones and as a diuretic. It is rich in saponins, which are known to be deglycosylated in the colon, whereafter aglycones such as medicagenic acid are absorbed and further metabolized in the liver. AIM OF THE STUDY A sample of hepatic metabolites of medicagenic acid, with medicagenic acid glucuronide as the most abundant one, was evaluated for in vitro activity against urinary stones. A crystallization assay and a crystal-cell interaction assay were used to evaluate in vitro activity of hepatic metabolites of medicagenic acid on CaC2O4 (calciumoxalate) crystals, present in the majority of urinary stones. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the crystallization assay the effects on nucleation of Ca2+ and C2O42- and aggregation of the CaC2O4 crystals are studied. In the crystal-cell interaction assay crystal retention is investigated by determining the amount of Ca2+ bound to injured monolayers of MDCK I cells. RESULTS Results of the crystallization assay showed a tentative effect on crystal aggregation. The crystal-cell interaction assay showed a significant inhibition of crystal binding, which may reduce crystal retention in the urinary tract. CONCLUSIONS As both formation of crystals by inhibiting aggregation and retention of crystals is affected, the beneficial effect of H. hirsuta against urinary stones may at least in part be attributed to medicagenic acid metabolites, indicating that saponins containing medicagenic acid may act as prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Peeters
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Kenn Foubert
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annelies Breynaert
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gerd Schreurs
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anja Verhulst
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Luc Pieters
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nina Hermans
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
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Jappie D, Rodgers A, Ravenscroft N, Webber D, Danny I Gohel M. Composition and inhibitory properties of endogenous urinary GAGS are different in subjects from two race groups with different occurrence rates of kidney stones: pilot studies provide unique evidence in support of an inhibitory role for this group of compounds. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 525:84-90. [PMID: 34933002 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcium oxalate (CaOx) kidney stone disease is common in South African whites (W) but is rare in the black population (B). The possible role of endogenous urinary glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) has not been previously investigated in this context. AIM To determine concentration, composition, structure and CaOx crystal-inhibiting properties of this group of compounds in ultrafiltered urine of healthy subjects from both groups MATERIALS AND METHODS: GAGS were isolated from 24h urine samples and were quantified and characterized by sequential precipitation, Bradford protein assay, high performance liquid chromatography, and anion exchange high performance chromatography. CaOx crystal inhibition was determined in ultrafiltered urinary fractions to which purified GAGS (PG) from each group (PGB and PGW) had been added. Nucleation, growth and aggregation were measured by Coulter particle counting, spectrophotometric assay and [14C]-oxalate deposition. RESULTS Higher concentrations of chondroitin sulfate (CS) were found in PGB than in PGW. PGB inhibited crystallization to a greater extent than PGW. CONCLUSIONS We attribute the stronger inhibitory effect of PGB to its higher content of CS and suggest that the superior inhibition of CaOx crystallization by PGB relative to PGW might be a contributory factor in accounting for the lower stone occurrence rate in B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalielah Jappie
- Department of Chemistry University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Allen Rodgers
- Department of Chemistry University of Cape Town, South Africa.
| | | | - Dawn Webber
- Department of Chemistry University of Cape Town, South Africa
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Singh A, Tandon S, Nandi SP, Kaur T, Tandon C. Downregulation of inflammatory mediators by ethanolic extract of Bergenia ligulata (Wall.) in oxalate injured renal epithelial cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 275:114104. [PMID: 33836258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In the Indian traditional system of medicine, Bergenia ligulata (Wall.) Engl. has been used for treatment of urolithiasis. Its efficacious nature has led to its incorporation in various commercial herbal formulations such as Cystone and Neeri which are prescribed for kidney related ailments. AIM OF THE STUDY To assess whether ethanolic extract of B. ligulata can mitigate the cascade of inflammatory responses that cause oxidative stress and ultimately cell death in renal epithelial cells exposed to hyperoxaluric conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS Bioactivity guided fractionation using solvents of varying polarities was employed to evaluate the potential of the extracts of B. ligulata to inhibit the crystallization process. Modulation of crystal morphology was visualized through Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Cell death was assessed using flow cytometry based assays. Alteration in the inflammatory mediators was evaluated using real time PCR and immunocytochemistry. Phytochemical characterization of the ethanolic extract was carried out using FTIR, LC-MS and GC-MS. RESULTS Bioactivity guided fractionation for the assessment of antilithiatic activity revealed dose dependent inhibition of nucleation and aggregation process of calcium oxalate crystals in the presence of various extracts, however ethanolic extract showed maximum inhibition and was chosen for further experiments. Studies on renal epithelial NRK-52E cells showed, cytoprotective efficacy of B. ligulata extract against oxalate injury. SEM anaysis further revealed the potential of the extract to modulate the crystal structure and adhesion to renal cell surface. Exposure of the renal cells to the extract led to conversion of the calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals to the less injurious calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) form. Expression analysis for oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in NRK-52E cells revealed up-regulation of Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), Osteopontin (OPN) and Nuclear factor- ĸB (NF-ĸB), in response to calcium oxalate insult; which was drastically reduced in the presence of B. ligulata extract. Flow cytometric evaluation pointed to caspase 3 mediated apoptotic cell death in oxalate injured cells, which was attenuated by B. ligulata extract. CONCLUSION Considering the complex multifactorial etiology of urolithiasis, ethanolic extract from B. ligulata can be a promising option for the management of kidney stones, as it has the potential to limit inflammation and the subsequent cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubha Singh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Simran Tandon
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Shoma Paul Nandi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Tanzeer Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Khan A, Bashir S, Khan SR. Antiurolithic effects of medicinal plants: results of in vivo studies in rat models of calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis-a systematic review. Urolithiasis 2021; 49:95-122. [PMID: 33484322 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-020-01236-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Urolithiasis is one of the oldest diseases affecting humans, while plants are one of our oldest companions providing food, shelter, and medicine. In spite of substantial progress in understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms, treatment options are still limited, often expensive for common people in most parts of the world. As a result, there is a great interest in herbal remedies for the treatment of urinary stone disease as an alternative or adjunct therapy. Numerous in vivo and in vitro studies have been carried out to understand the efficacy of herbs in reducing stone formation. We adopted PRISMA guidelines and systematically reviewed PubMed/Medline for the literature, reporting results of various herbal products on in vivo models of nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis. The Medical Subject Heading Terms (Mesh term) "Urolithiasis" was used with Boolean operator "AND" and other related Mesh Unique terms to search all the available records (July 2019). A total of 163 original articles on in vivo experiments were retrieved from PubMed indexed with the (MeshTerm) "Urolithiasis" AND "Complementary Therapies/Alternative Medicine, "Urolithiasis" AND "Plant Extracts" and "Urolithiasis" AND "Traditional Medicine". Most of the studies used ethylene glycol (EG) to induce hyperoxaluria and nephrolithiasis in rats. A variety of extraction methods including aqueous, alcoholic, hydro-alcoholic of various plant parts ranging from root bark to fruits and seeds, or a combination thereof, were utilized. All the investigations did not study all aspects of nephrolithiasis making it difficult to compare the efficacy of various treatments. Changes in the lithogenic factors and a reduction in calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystal deposition in the kidneys were, however, considered favorable outcomes of the various treatments. Less than 10% of the studies examined antioxidant and diuretic activities of the herbal treatments and concluded that their antiurolithic activities were a result of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and/or diuretic effects of the treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslam Khan
- College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samra Bashir
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saeed R Khan
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Kachkoul R, Houssaini TS, Mohim M, El Habbani R, Lahrichi A. Chemical Compounds Identification and Antioxidant and Calcium Oxalate Anticrystallization Activities of Punica granatum L. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2020; 2020:9424510. [PMID: 32184900 PMCID: PMC7060406 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9424510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The plant Punica granatum L. has several biological activities and a great curative and preventive power against chronic diseases. For this purpose, the objective of this work is to valorize the fruit peel of this plant in the field of phytomedicine, by quantifying and identifying its bioactive compounds and by evaluating their antioxidant and anticrystallization activities against calcium oxalate. This comparative study has been carried out by hydroalcoholic extract (E.PG) and infusion (I.PG) of the plant. The quantification of the phenolic compounds has been performed by spectrophotometric methods, and the chemical species identification has been performed by UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS. Moreover, the examination of the antioxidant activity has been executed by both methods of DPPH and FRAP. The crystallization inhibition has been studied in vitro by the turbidimetric model. The characterization of the synthesized crystals has been accomplished by microscopic observation and by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The results found show the comparable importance of the two plant extracts in the elimination of free radicals; the values of the half maximal inhibitory concentration "IC50" obtained are in the order of 60.87 ± 0.27 and 59.91 ± 0.83 μg/mL by the DPPH method and in the order of 42.17 ± 7.46 and 79.77 ± 6.91 μg/mL by the FRAP method, for both E.PG and I.PG, respectively. Furthermore, the inhibition percentages of calcium oxalate crystallization are in the range of 98.11 ± 0.17 and 98.22 ± 0.71% against the nucleation and in the order of 88.98 ± 0.98 and 88.78 ± 2.48% against the aggregation, for E.PG and I.PG, respectively. These results prove the richness of the plant in bioactive compounds, offering an antioxidant and anticrystallization capacity; therefore, it can be used in the treatment and/or the prevention of stone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabie Kachkoul
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, BP 1893, Km 22, Road of Sidi Harazem, Fez, Morocco
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, BP 2202, Road of Imouzzer, Fez, Morocco
| | - Tarik Squalli Houssaini
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases in Human Pathology and Therapeutic Tools, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, BP 1893, Km 22, Road of Sidi Harazem, Fez, Morocco
- Department of Nephrology, University of Hospital Hassan II, BP 1835, Atlas, Road of Sidi Harazem, Fez, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Mohim
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, BP 2202, Road of Imouzzer, Fez, Morocco
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases in Human Pathology and Therapeutic Tools, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, BP 1893, Km 22, Road of Sidi Harazem, Fez, Morocco
| | - Radouane El Habbani
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, BP 1893, Km 22, Road of Sidi Harazem, Fez, Morocco
| | - Anissa Lahrichi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, BP 1893, Km 22, Road of Sidi Harazem, Fez, Morocco
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Fakier S, Rodgers A, Jackson G. Potential thermodynamic and kinetic roles of phytate as an inhibitor of kidney stone formation: theoretical modelling and crystallization experiments. Urolithiasis 2019; 47:493-502. [PMID: 30767040 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-019-01117-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Kidney stone formation is governed by thermodynamic (supersaturation) and kinetic (crystal nucleation, growth, aggregation) mechanisms. We adopted a dual theoretical and experimental approach to investigate the potential role of urinary phytate in this regard. Thermodynamic constants for eight protonated phytate species and seven calcium-phytate complexes were determined by potentiometry and incorporated into the speciation program JESS. Urine was collected from 16 heathy males and their urine compositions were used as input for JESS. Phytate concentration was varied during modelling. No statistically significant decreases in Ca2+ concentrations or in supersaturation values were predicted by JESS. Crystallization experiments were then performed in pooled urine. Endogenous phytate concentration was determined using a metal-dye assay. The pool was dosed with various concentrations of phytate to achieve final concentrations equivalent to those used for modelling. Experiments showed that phytate had no effects on Ca2+ concentrations (as predicted by our theoretical modelling), metastable limits or crystal nucleation and growth kinetics. However, crystal aggregation kinetics was inhibited. We speculate that HPhy-11, small amounts of which were revealed by modelling, may bind to crystal surfaces and inhibit aggregation. We conclude that phytate exerts a kinetic, but not a thermodynamic inhibitory effect on crystallization in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saajidah Fakier
- 1Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Private Bag, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| | - Allen Rodgers
- 1Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Private Bag, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa.
| | - Graham Jackson
- 1Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Private Bag, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
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Phytochemical screening and inhibitory activity of oxalocalcic crystallization of Arbutus unedo L. leaves. Heliyon 2018; 4:e01011. [PMID: 30560210 PMCID: PMC6290092 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e01011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study is focused on the experimental verification of the efficiency of Arbutus unedo L. leaves against the crystallization of calcium oxalate. The inhibition of crystallization has been studied in vitro with the absence and the presence of the different concentrations of the infusion and hydroalcoholic extract of the plant. This study consists of measuring, using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer, the temporal evolution of the optical density at λ = 620 nm corresponding to the crystals formation. The latter have been characterized by microscopic observation using an optical microscope, and by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results suggest a greater effectiveness of the plant infusion with respect to the hydroalcoholic extract against crystallization or nucleation at percentages of 69.41 ± 0.24 or 19.76 ± 0.27% and at 93.92 ± 2.61 and 45.16 ± 3.06% against the aggregation, for both the infusion and the hydroalcoholic extract respectively. A. unedo leaves is a very promising and effective remedy against the crystallization of calcium oxalate and especially in the aggregation stage.
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Abstract
Preclinical animal research has greatly contributed and will continue to contribute in our understanding of various disease states and provided methods for more understanding of disease states and designs to test novel pharmaco-therapeutic interventions against these diseases. For urolithiasis, scientists have developed numerous in vitro and in vivo models that attempt to replicate human urolithiasis. In this review, I have explained in vitro and in vivo models that are more common, affordable, and easy to replicate. In the in vitro models, I have focused on the CaOx crystallization models and in the in vivo models, hyperoxaluric rat model has been explained along with other available option such as Knockout (KO) mice and fly models. Each model has been explained stepwise along with its pros and cons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslam Khan
- Basic Sciences Department, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Sohgaura AK, Bigoniya P, Shrivastava B. In Vitro Antilithiatic Potential of Kalanchoe pinnata, Emblica officinalis, Bambusa nutans, and Cynodon dactylon. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2018; 10:83-89. [PMID: 29962797 PMCID: PMC5998695 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_18_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aims at the exploration of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystal growth inhibition potential of Cynodon dactylon, Emblica officinalis, Kalanchoe pinnata, and Bambusa nutans ethyl acetate fraction rich in polyphenol and flavonoid. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethyl acetate fraction was separated from the hydromethanolic extract of C. dactylon, E. officinalis, K. pinnata, and B. nutans followed by quantitative analysis for total polyphenol and flavonoid content. Ethyl acetate fraction of all the plants were subjected to in vitro screening for the inhibition of CaO x crystals growth induced by sodium oxalate. RESULTS The results signify rich presence of polyphenols and flavonoids in K. pinnata and E. officinalis ethyl acetate fractions followed by C. dactylon and B. nutans. Ethyl acetate fractions of B. nutans shoot, E. officinalis fruit, and K. pinnata leaf have excellent in vitro CaO x crystal growth inhibition potential based on both the comparative concentration and the time level to achieve IC50. CONCLUSION The study outcome substantiates potential in vitro CaO x crystal dissolution and crystal growth inhibition properties of E. officinalis, B. nutans, C. dactylon, and K. pinnata. Rich presence of caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and luteolin in ethyl acetate fraction of B. nutans leaf, and chebulinic acid, chebulagic acid, gallic acid, ellagic acid, and quercetin of E. officinalis may have produced prominent crystal aggregation inhibition response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul K. Sohgaura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Papiya Bigoniya
- Dr. Satyendra Kumar Memorial (DKSM) College of Pharmacy, Ram Krishna Dharmarth Foundation (RKDF) University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - B. Shrivastava
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Kachkoul R, Sqalli Houssaini T, Miyah Y, Mohim M, El Habbani R, Lahrichi A. The study of the inhibitory effect of calcium oxalate monohydrate's crystallization by two medicinal and aromatic plants: Ammi visnaga and Punica granatum. Prog Urol 2018; 28:156-165. [PMID: 29325926 DOI: 10.1016/j.purol.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Urinary lithiasis is a recurrent disease defined by the presence of calculi in the urinary tract. Most urinary calculi have as a major component calcium oxalate which occurs mainly in two crystalline forms: Calcium oxalate monohydrate (whewellite) and calcium oxalate dihydrate (weddellite). The target behind, this work is to study the inhibiting effect of the calcium oxalate's crystallization by the extract of the Ammi visnaga and the Punica granatum. METHODS The inhibition of crystallization has been studied in vitro with both the absence and the presence of the different concentrations of the extracts of the two plants. This study consists in measurement, with the UV-Visible spectrophotometer, the temporal evolution of the optical density at λ equal to 620nm corresponding to the formation of the crystals due to the mixing of metastable solutions of calcium and oxalate. The characterization of the crystals is carried out in parallel by both the Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR) and the observation of the crystals with the help of an optical microscope. In this respect, the inhibition percentages were calculated from the turbidity slopes in the presence and absence of the extract. RESULTS The results obtained were more effective, especially for Punica granatum with percentages of 97.8±0.12 and 83.46±1.34% against nucleation and aggregation, respectively, the order of Ammi visnaga was as follow: 73.25±0.81 and 59.44±3.3%. Thus, all correlation coefficients are greater than 0.95 and all coefficients of variation are less than 10%. CONCLUSIONS The prevention and treatment of urinary lithiasis and especially in the case of recurrence by plants remains an alternative choice for medical methods. This study justified the efficacy of the plants Ammi visnaga and in particular Punica granatum against the crystallization of calcium oxalate. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kachkoul
- Laboratory of biochemistry, faculty of medicine and pharmacy, university Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, BP 1893, Km 22, Road of Sidi Harazem, Fez, Morocco.
| | - T Sqalli Houssaini
- Department of nephrology, university hospital Hassan II, BP 1835, Atlas, Road of Sidi Harazem, Fez, Morocco; Laboratory of molecular bases in human pathology and therapeutic tools, faculty of medicine and pharmacy, university Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, BP 1893, Km 22, Road of Sidi Harazem, Fez, Morocco
| | - Y Miyah
- Laboratory of catalysis, materials and environment, school of technology, university Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, BP 2427 Road of Imouzzer, Fez, Morocco
| | - M Mohim
- Laboratory of molecular bases in human pathology and therapeutic tools, faculty of medicine and pharmacy, university Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, BP 1893, Km 22, Road of Sidi Harazem, Fez, Morocco
| | - R El Habbani
- Laboratory of material engineering and environment, faculty of sciences dhar mahraz, university Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, BP 1796, Fèz-Atlas, Morocco
| | - A Lahrichi
- Laboratory of biochemistry, faculty of medicine and pharmacy, university Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, BP 1893, Km 22, Road of Sidi Harazem, Fez, Morocco
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Chaiyarit S, Thongboonkerd V. Defining and Systematic Analyses of Aggregation Indices to Evaluate Degree of Calcium Oxalate Crystal Aggregation. Front Chem 2017; 5:113. [PMID: 29270403 PMCID: PMC5725413 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2017.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystal aggregation is one of the most crucial steps in kidney stone pathogenesis. However, previous studies of crystal aggregation were rarely done and quantitative analysis of aggregation degree was handicapped by a lack of the standard measurement. We thus performed an in vitro assay to generate aggregation of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals with various concentrations (25–800 μg/ml) in saturated aggregation buffer. The crystal aggregates were analyzed by microscopic examination, UV-visible spectrophotometry, and GraphPad Prism6 software to define a total of 12 aggregation indices (including number of aggregates, aggregated mass index, optical density, aggregation coefficient, span, number of aggregates at plateau time-point, aggregated area index, aggregated diameter index, aggregated symmetry index, time constant, half-life, and rate constant). The data showed linear correlation between crystal concentration and almost all of these indices, except only for rate constant. Among these, number of aggregates provided the greatest regression coefficient (r = 0.997; p < 0.001), whereas the equally second rank included aggregated mass index and optical density (r = 0.993; p < 0.001 and r = −0.993; p < 0.001, respectively) and the equally forth were aggregation coefficient and span (r = 0.991; p < 0.001 for both). These five indices are thus recommended as the most appropriate indices for quantitative analysis of COM crystal aggregation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakdithep Chaiyarit
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital; and Center for Research in Complex Systems Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Visith Thongboonkerd
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital; and Center for Research in Complex Systems Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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16
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Effect of Diazotated Sulphonated Polystyrene Films on the Calcium Oxalate Crystallization. CRYSTALS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst7030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Wang Y, Liang Z. Growth mechanism study of clustered aggregates of dirithromycin crystals in N,N-dimethylformamide solvent. CrystEngComm 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ce01233k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A growth mechanism of novel clusters of the pharmaceutical compound dirithromycin was investigated by combining experimental crystallization and computational simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
- Xidian University
- Xi'an 710126
- China
| | - Zuozhong Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an 710119
- China
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18
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Robertson WG. Do "inhibitors of crystallisation" play any role in the prevention of kidney stones? A critique. Urolithiasis 2016; 45:43-56. [PMID: 27900407 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-016-0953-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A critical examination of data in the literature and in as yet unpublished laboratory records on the possible role of so-called inhibitors of crystallisation in preventing the formation of calcium-containing kidney stones leads to the following conclusions. So-called inhibitors of spontaneous "self-nucleation" are unlikely to play any role in the initiation of the crystallisation of CaOx or CaP in urine because excessive urinary supersaturation of urine with respect to these salts dominates the onset of "self-nucleation" within the normal time frame of the transit of tubular fluid through the nephron (3-4 min). Inhibitors of the crystal growth of CaOx crystals may or may not play a significant role in the prevention of CaOx stone-formation since once again excessive supersaturation of urine can overwhelm any potential effect of the inhibitors on the growth process. However, they may play a role as inhibitors of crystal growth at lower levels of metastable supersaturation when the balance between supersaturation and inhibitors is more equal. Inhibitors of CaOx crystal aggregation may play a significant role in the prevention of stones, since they do not appear to be strongly affected by excessive supersaturation, either in vitro or in vivo. Inhibitors of CaOx crystal binding to renal tubular epithelium may exist but further studies are necessary to elucidate their importance in reducing the risk of initiating stones in the renal tubules. Inhibitors of CaOx crystal binding to Randall's Plaques and Randall's Plugs may exist but further studies are necessary to elucidate their importance in reducing the risk of initiating stones on renal papillae. There may be an alternative explanation other than a deficiency in the excretion of inhibitors for the observations that there is a difference between CaOx crystal size and degree of aggregation in the fresh, warm urines of normal subjects compared those in urine from patients with recurrent CaOx stones. This difference may depend more on the site of "self-nucleation" of CaOx crystals in the renal tubule rather than on a deficiency in the excretion of so-called inhibitors of crystallisation by patients with CaOx stones. The claim that administration of potassium citrate, potassium magnesium citrate or magnesium hydroxide reduces the rate of stone recurrence may be due to the effect of these forms of medication on the supersaturation of urine with respect to CaOx and CaP rather than to any increase in "inhibitory activity" attributed to these forms of treatment. In summary, there is a competition between supersaturation and so-called inhibitors of crystallisation which ultimately determines the pattern of crystalluria in stone-formers and normals. If the supersaturation of urine with respect to CaOx reaches or exceeds the 3-4 min formation product of that salt, then it dominates the crystallisation process both in terms of "self-nucleation" and crystal growth but appears to have little or no effect on the degree of aggregation of the crystals produced. At supersaturation levels of urine with respect to CaOx well below the 3-4 min formation product of that salt, the influence of inhibitors increases and some may affect not only the degree of aggregation but also the crystal growth of any pre-formed crystals of CaOx at these lower levels of metastability.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Robertson
- Visiting Professor at the University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
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19
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Mittal A, Tandon S, Singla SK, Tandon C. Mechanistic Insights into the Antilithiatic Proteins from Terminalia arjuna: A Proteomic Approach in Urolithiasis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162600. [PMID: 27649531 PMCID: PMC5029924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney stone formation during hyperoxaluric condition is inherently dependent on the interaction between renal epithelial cells and calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals. Although modern medicine has progressed in terms of removal of these stones, recurrence and persistent side effects restricts their use. Strategies involving plant based agents which could be used as adjunct therapy is an area which needs to be explored. Plant proteins having antilithiatic activity is a hitherto unexplored area and therefore, we conducted a detailed identification and characterization of antilithiatic proteins from Terminalia arjuna (T. arjuna). Proteins were isolated from the dried bark of T. arjuna and those having molecular weights > 3 kDa were subjected to anion exchange chromatography followed by gel filtration chromatography. Four proteins were identified exhibiting inhibitory activity against CaOx crystallization and crystal growth kinetics The cytoprotective and anti-apoptotic efficacy of these purified proteins was further investigated on oxalate injured renal epithelial cells (MDCK and NRK-52E) wherein, injury due to oxalate was significantly attenuated and led to a dose dependent increase in viability of these cells. These proteins also prevented the interaction of the CaOx crystals to the cell surface and reduced the number of apoptotic cells. Identification of these 4 anionic proteins from the bark of T. arjuna was carried out by Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight Mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). This was followed by database search with the MASCOT server and sequence similarity was found with Nuclear pore anchor, DEAD Box ATP-dependent RNA helicase 45, Lon protease homolog 1 and Heat shock protein 90–3. These novel proteins isolated from T. arjuna have the potential to inhibit CaOx crystallization and promote cell survival and therefore, offer novel avenues which need to be explored further for the medical management of urolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amisha Mittal
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Simran Tandon
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Chanderdeep Tandon
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- * E-mail:
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Mittal A, Tandon S, Singla SK, Tandon C. In vitro studies reveal antiurolithic effect of Terminalia arjuna using quantitative morphological information from computerized microscopy. Int Braz J Urol 2016; 41:935-44. [PMID: 26689519 PMCID: PMC4756970 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2014.0547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE For most cases, urolithiasis is a condition where excessive oxalate is present in the urine. Many reports have documented free radical generation followed by hyperoxaluria as a consequence of which calcium oxalate (CaOx) deposition occurs in the kidney tissue. The present study is aimed to exam the antilithiatic potency of the aqueous extract (AE) of Terminalia arjuna (T. arjuna). MATERIALS AND METHODS The antilithiatic activity of Terminalia arjuna was investigated in vitro nucleation, aggregation and growth of the CaOx crystals as well as the morphology of CaOx crystals using the inbuilt software 'Image-Pro Plus 7.0' of Olympus upright microscope (BX53). Antioxidant activity of AE of Terminalia arjuna bark was also determined in vitro. RESULTS Terminalia arjuna extract exhibited a concentration dependent inhibition of nucleation and aggregation of CaOx crystals. The AE of Terminalia arjuna bark also inhibited the growth of CaOx crystals. At the same time, the AE also modified the morphology of CaOx crystals from hexagonal to spherical shape with increasing concentrations of AE and reduced the dimensions such as area, perimeter, length and width of CaOx crystals in a dose dependent manner. Also, the Terminalia arjuna AE scavenged the DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radicals with an IC50 at 13.1µg/mL. CONCLUSIONS The study suggests that Terminalia arjuna bark has the potential to scavenge DPPH radicals and inhibit CaOx crystallization in vitro. In the light of these studies, Terminalia arjuna can be regarded as a promising candidate from natural plant sources of antilithiatic and antioxidant activity with high value.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mittal
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan 173234, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - S Tandon
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida
| | - S K Singla
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh - 160014, India
| | - C Tandon
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector - 125, Noida, U.P., 201313 India
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Do teas rich in antioxidants reduce the physicochemical and peroxidative risk factors for calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis in humans? Pilot studies with Rooibos herbal tea and Japanese green tea. Urolithiasis 2015; 44:299-310. [PMID: 26721697 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-015-0855-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several experimental and animal studies have demonstrated that substances rich in antioxidants can reduce the physicochemical and peroxidative risk factors for calcium oxalate (CaOx) renal stone formation in urine and blood. However, there are very few such investigations in humans. In the present pilot study, two varieties of tea, a green one from Japan (JGT) and a herbal one from South Africa (Rooibos) (RT), both rich in antioxidants, were administered to a group of CaOx stone formers (SF) (n = 8) for 30 days. Both teas were analysed for polyphenols by high-performance liquid chromatography and for minerals by plasma atomic and optical emission spectroscopy. 24 h urines (baseline and day 30) were analysed for lithogenic factors. CaOx metastable limits and crystal nucleation and growth kinetics were also determined in each urine sample. Deposited crystals were inspected by scanning electron microscopy. Blood samples were collected (baseline and day 30). Biomarkers of oxidative stress including plasma and urinary thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) were also determined. Urinary physicochemical risk factors were also investigated after ingestion of RT for 30 days in two control groups (CG1 and CG2), the latter one of which consisted of habitual JGT drinkers. Statistical analyses were performed using Wilcoxon signed rank tests and Mann-Whitney tests for paired and independent measurements, respectively. Several flavonoids and catechins were quantified in RT and JGT, respectively, confirming that both teas are rich sources of antioxidants. Mineral content was found to be far below dietary reference intakes. There were no significant changes in any of the urinary physicochemical or peroxidative risk factors in the control groups or in SF, except for the supersaturation (SS) of brushite (Bru) which decreased in the latter group after ingestion of JGT. Crystal morphology showed a tendency to change from mixed CaOx mono- and di-hydrate to monohydrate after ingestion of each tea. Since the latter form has a stronger binding affinity for epithelial cells, this effect is not protective. Analysis of the physicochemical and peroxidative risk factors in CG1 and CG2 did not reveal any evidence of a synergistic effect between the two teas. Paradoxically, baseline risk factors in the habitual JGT control group were significantly raised relative to those in CG1. Our preliminary results suggest that ingestion of RT and JGT does not reduce the risk factors for CaOx stone formation in humans, but these findings need to be tested in further studies involving much larger sample sizes.
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Mittal A, Tandon S, Singla SK, Tandon C. In vitro inhibition of calcium oxalate crystallization and crystal adherence to renal tubular epithelial cells by Terminalia arjuna. Urolithiasis 2015; 44:117-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00240-015-0822-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Aggarwal KP, Narula S, Kakkar M, Tandon C. Nephrolithiasis: molecular mechanism of renal stone formation and the critical role played by modulators. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:292953. [PMID: 24151593 PMCID: PMC3787572 DOI: 10.1155/2013/292953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Urinary stone disease is an ailment that has afflicted human kind for many centuries. Nephrolithiasis is a significant clinical problem in everyday practice with a subsequent burden for the health system. Nephrolithiasis remains a chronic disease and our fundamental understanding of the pathogenesis of stones as well as their prevention and cure still remains rudimentary. Regardless of the fact that supersaturation of stone-forming salts in urine is essential, abundance of these salts by itself will not always result in stone formation. The pathogenesis of calcium oxalate stone formation is a multistep process and essentially includes nucleation, crystal growth, crystal aggregation, and crystal retention. Various substances in the body have an effect on one or more of the above stone-forming processes, thereby influencing a person's ability to promote or prevent stone formation. Promoters facilitate the stone formation while inhibitors prevent it. Besides low urine volume and low urine pH, high calcium, sodium, oxalate and urate are also known to promote calcium oxalate stone formation. Many inorganic (citrate, magnesium) and organic substances (nephrocalcin, urinary prothrombin fragment-1, osteopontin) are known to inhibit stone formation. This review presents a comprehensive account of the mechanism of renal stone formation and the role of inhibitors/promoters in calcium oxalate crystallisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanu Priya Aggarwal
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173234, India
| | - Shifa Narula
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173234, India
| | - Monica Kakkar
- Department of Biochemistry, Himalyan Institute Hospital Trust, Swami Ram Nagar, Dehradun, Uttrakhand 248140, India
| | - Chanderdeep Tandon
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173234, India
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Studies on the in vitro and in vivo antiurolithic activity of Holarrhena antidysenterica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 40:671-81. [PMID: 22622371 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-012-0483-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Holarrhena antidysenterica has a traditional use in the treatment of urolithiasis, therefore, its crude extract has been investigated for possible antiurolithic effect. The crude aqueous-methanolic extract of Holarrhena antidysenterica (Ha.Cr) was studied using the in vitro and in vivo methods. In the in vitro experiments, Ha.Cr demonstrated a concentration-dependent (0.25-4 mg/ml) inhibitory effect on the slope of aggregation. It decreased the size of crystals and transformed the calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) to calcium oxalate dehydrate (COD) crystals, in calcium oxalate metastable solutions. It also showed concentration-dependent antioxidant effect against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals and lipid peroxidation induced in rat kidney tissue homogenate. Ha.Cr (0.3 mg/ml) reduced (p < 0.05) the cell toxicity and LDH release in renal epithelial cells (MDCK) exposed to oxalate (0.5 mM) and COM (66 μg/cm(2)) crystals. In male Wistar rats, receiving 0.75 % ethylene glycol (EG) for 21 days along with 1 % ammonium chloride (AC) in drinking water, Ha.Cr treatment (30-100 mg/kg) prevented the toxic changes caused by lithogenic agents; EG and AC, like loss of body weight, polyurea, oxaluria, raised serum urea and creatinine levels and crystal deposition in kidneys compared to their respective controls. These data indicate that Holarrhena antidysenterica possesses antiurolithic activity, possibly mediated through the inhibition of CaOx crystal aggregation, antioxidant and renal epithelial cell protective activities and may provide base for designing future studies to establish its efficacy and safety for clinical use.
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Zhang CY, Wu WH, Wang J, Lan MB. Antioxidant properties of polysaccharide from the brown seaweed Sargassum graminifolium (Turn.), and its effects on calcium oxalate crystallization. Mar Drugs 2012; 10:119-130. [PMID: 22363225 PMCID: PMC3280541 DOI: 10.3390/md10010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of polysaccharides from the brown seaweed Sargassum graminifolium (Turn.) (SGP) on calcium oxalate crystallization, and determined its antioxidant activities. To examine the effects of SGP on calcium oxalate crystallization, we monitored nucleation and aggregation of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals, using trisodium citrate as a positive control. We assessed antioxidant activities of SGP by determining its reducing power, its ability to scavenge superoxide radicals, and its activity in the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The nucleation inhibition ratio of trisodium citrate and SGP was 58.5 and 69.2%, respectively, and crystal aggregation was inhibited by 71.4 and 76.8%, respectively. Increasing concentrations of SGP resulted in increased scavenging of superoxide anions and DPPH radicals (IC₅₀ = 1.9 and 0.6 mg/mL, respectively). These results suggest that SGP could be a candidate for treating urinary stones because of its ability to inhibit calcium oxalate crystallization and its antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Research Center of Analysis and Testing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Institutes of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (C.-Y.Z.); (W.-H.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Wen-Hui Wu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Institutes of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (C.-Y.Z.); (W.-H.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Jue Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Institutes of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (C.-Y.Z.); (W.-H.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Min-Bo Lan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Research Center of Analysis and Testing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Khan A, Bashir S, Khan SR, Gilani AH. Antiurolithic activity of Origanum vulgare is mediated through multiple pathways. Altern Ther Health Med 2011; 11:96. [PMID: 22004514 PMCID: PMC3222619 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-11-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Origanum vulgare Linn has traditionally been used in the treatment of urolithiasis. Therefore, we investigated the crude extract of Origanum vulgare for possible antiurolithic effect, to rationalize its medicinal use. Methods The crude aqueous-methanolic extract of Origanum vulgare (Ov.Cr) was studied using the in vitro and in vivo methods. In the in vitro experiments, supersaturated solution of calcium and oxalate, kidney epithelial cell lines (MDCK) and urinary bladder of rabbits were used, whereas, in the in vivo studies, rat model of urolithiasis was used for the study of preventive and curative effect. Results In the in vitro experiments, Ov.Cr exhibited a concentration-dependent (0.25-4 mg/ml) inhibitory effect on the slope of nucleation and aggregation and also decreased the number of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals (COM) produced in calcium oxalate metastable solutions. It also showed concentration-dependent antioxidant effect against DPPH free radical and lipid peroxidation induced in rat kidney tissue homogenate. Ov.Cr reduced the cell toxicity using MTT assay and LDH release in renal epithelial cells (MDCK) exposed to oxalate (0.5 mM) and COM (66 μg/cm2) crystals. Ov.Cr relaxed high K+ (80 mM) induced contraction in rabbit urinary bladder strips, and shifted the calcium concentration-response curves (CRCs) towards right with suppression of the maximum response similar to that of verapamil, a standard calcium channel blocker. In male Wistar rats receiving lithogenic treatment comprising of 0.75% ethylene glycol in drinking water given for 3 weeks along with ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) for the first 5 days, Ov.Cr treatment (10-30 mg/kg) prevented as well as reversed toxic changes including loss of body weight, polyurea, crystalluria, oxaluria, raised serum urea and creatinine levels and crystal deposition in kidneys compared to their respective controls. Conclusion These data indicating the antiurolithic activity in Ov.Cr, possibly mediated through inhibition of CaOx crystallization, antioxidant, renal epithelial cell protective and antispasmodic activities, rationalizes its medicinal use in urolithiasis.
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Prophylactic role of Boerhaavia diffusa in ethylene glycol induced calcium oxalate urolithiasis. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF UROLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12301-011-0007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Reverse engineering the kidney: modelling calcium oxalate monohydrate crystallization in the nephron. Med Biol Eng Comput 2010; 48:649-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-010-0617-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Grohe B, Taller A, Vincent PL, Tieu LD, Rogers KA, Heiss A, Sørensen ES, Mittler S, Goldberg HA, Hunter GK. Crystallization of calcium oxalates is controlled by molecular hydrophilicity and specific polyanion-crystal interactions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:11635-11646. [PMID: 19725562 DOI: 10.1021/la901145d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
To gain more insight into protein structure-function relationships that govern ectopic biomineralization processes in kidney stone formation, we have studied the ability of urinary proteins (Tamm-Horsfall protein, osteopontin (OPN), prothrombin fragment 1 (PTF1), bikunin, lysozyme, albumin, fetuin-A), and model compounds (a bikunin fragment, recombinant-, milk-, bone osteopontin, poly-L-aspartic acid (poly asp), poly-L-glutamic acid (poly glu)) in modulating precipitation reactions of kidney stone-related calcium oxalate mono- and dihydrates (COM, COD). Combining scanning confocal microscopy and fluorescence imaging, we determined the crystal faces of COM with which these polypeptides interact; using scanning electron microscopy, we characterized their effects on crystal habits and precipitated volumes. Our findings demonstrate that polypeptide adsorption to COM crystals is dictated first by the polypeptide's affinity for the crystal followed by its preference for a crystal face: basic and relatively hydrophobic macromolecules show no adsorption, while acidic and more hydrophilic polypeptides adsorb either nonspecifically to all faces of COM or preferentially to {100}/{121} edges and {100} faces. However, investigating calcium oxalates grown in the presence of these polypeptides showed that some acidic proteins that adsorb to crystals do not affect crystallization, even if present in excess of physiological concentrations. These proteins (albumin, bikunin, PTF1, recombinant OPN) have estimated total hydrophilicities from 200 to 850 kJ/mol and net negative charges from -9 to -35, perhaps representing a "window" in which proteins adsorb and coat urinary crystals (support of excretion) without affecting crystallization. Strongest effects on crystallization were observed for polypeptides that are either highly hydrophilic (>950 kJ/mol) and highly carboxylated (poly asp, poly glu), or else highly hydrophilic and highly phosphorylated (native OPN isoforms), suggesting that highly hydrophilic proteins strongly affect precipitation processes in the urinary tract. Therefore, the level of hydrophilicity and net charge is a critical factor in the ability of polypeptides to affect crystallization and to regulate biomineralization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Grohe
- CIHR Group in Skeletal Development and Remodeling, School of Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Bashir S, Gilani AH. Antiurolithic effect of Bergenia ligulata rhizome: an explanation of the underlying mechanisms. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 122:106-116. [PMID: 19118615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Revised: 11/15/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Bergenia ligulata is widely used plant in South Asia, mainly India and Pakistan, as a traditional medicine for treatment of urolithiasis. AIM OF THE STUDY To rationalize the Bergenia ligulata use in kidney stones and to explain the underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS The crude aqueous-methanolic extract of Bergenia ligulata rhizome (BLR) was studied using in vitro and in vivo methods. RESULTS BLR inhibited calcium oxalate (CaC(2)O(4)) crystal aggregation as well as crystal formation in the metastable solutions and exhibited antioxidant effect against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical and lipid peroxidation in the in vitro. BLR caused diuresis in rats accompanied by a saluretic effect. In an animal model of urolithiasis, developed in male Wistar rats by adding 0.75% ethylene glycol (EG) in drinking water, BLR (5-10 mg/kg) prevented CaC(2)O(4) crystal deposition in the renal tubules. The lithogenic treatment caused polyuria, weight loss, impairment of renal function and oxidative stress, manifested as increased malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl contents, depleted reduced glutathione and decreased antioxidant enzyme activities of the kidneys, which were prevented by BLR. Unlike the untreated animals, EG intake did not cause excessive hyperoxaluria and hypocalciuria in BLR treated groups and there was a significant increase in the urinary Mg(2+), instead of a slight decrease. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate the antiurolithic activity in Bergenia ligulata mediated possibly through CaC(2)O(4) crystal inhibition, diuretic, hypermagneseuric and antioxidant effects and this study rationalizes its medicinal use in urolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samra Bashir
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
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Chen WC, Lai CC, Lai CC, Tsai Y, Tsai YH, Lin WY, Tsai FJ. Mass spectroscopic characteristics of low molecular weight proteins extracted from calcium oxalate stones: preliminary study. J Clin Lab Anal 2008; 22:77-85. [PMID: 18200570 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
It is believed that boundary compositions of matrix proteins might play a role in stone formation; however, few proteomic studies concerning matrix proteins in urinary stones have been conducted. In this study, we extracted low molecular weight proteins from calcium oxalate stones and measured their characteristic patterns by mass spectroscopy. A total of 10 stones were surgically removed from patients with urolithiasis. Proteins were extracted from the stones and identified by one-dimensional electrophoresis (sodium dodecyl sulfate buffer [SDS]-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis [SDS-PAGE]). After in-gel digest, samples were analyzed by the surface-enhanced laser desorption ionization-time of flight (SELDI-TOF) technique. The peptide sequences were analyzed from the data of mass spectroscopy. Proteins were identified from Database Search (SwissProt Protein Database; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics; http://www.expasy.org/sprot) on a MASCOT server (Matrix Science Ltd.; http://www.matrixscience.com). A total of three bands of proteins (27, 18, and 14 kDa) were identified from SDS-PAGE in each stone sample. A database search (SwissProt) on a MASCOT server revealed that the most frequently seen proteins from band 1 (27 kDa) were leukocyte elastase precursor, cathepsin G precursor, azurocidin precursor, and myeloblastin precursor (EC 3.4.21.76) (leukocyte proteinase 3); band 2 (18 kDa) comprised calgranulin B, eosinophil cationic protein precursor, and lysozyme C precursor; band 3 (14 kDa) showed neutrophil defensin 3 precursor, calgranulin A, calgranulin C, and histone H4. The modifications and deamidations found from the mass pattern of these proteins may provide information for the study of matrix proteins. Various lower molecular weight proteins can be extracted from calcium oxalate stones. The characteristic patterns and their functions of those proteins should be further tested to investigate their roles in stone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chi Chen
- Department of Urology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Webber D, Rodgers AL, Sturrock ED. Glycosylation of prothrombin fragment 1 governs calcium oxalate crystal nucleation and aggregation, but not crystal growth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 35:277-85. [PMID: 17987287 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-007-0119-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Urinary glycoproteins play an important role in the modulation of calcium oxalate crystallisation. In several cases, this has been attributed to glycosylation of the proteins as evidenced by urinary prothrombin fragment 1 where there is a correlation between sialylation and calcium oxalate kidney stone disease. In the present study, plasma-derived prothrombin fragment 1 (PTF1) was enzymatically modified in order to generate its asialo and aglyco forms. The parent glycoprotein and its two glycoforms were used in calcium oxalate crystallisation studies to assess the role of the carbohydrate moeity in PTF1's potent inhibitory activity. The glycans inhibited crystal aggregation and promoted crystal nucleation, but had no effect on crystal growth. The terminal sialic acid residues had a small effect on inhibition of crystal aggregation whereas they contributed significantly to promotion of nucleation. These results indicate that glycosylation of PTF1 governs calcium oxalate crystal nucleation and aggregation but it does not affect the protein's role in inhibiting crystal growth. Since promotion of nucleation and inhibition of aggregation are both regarded as protective mechanisms against calcium oxalate urinary stone formation, the kringle domain on which the glycans are located is implicated in PTF1's inhibitory activity. It is speculated that modifications in the glycosylation of urinary PTF1 in stone-formers may regulate its capacity to protect against calcium urolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Webber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa.
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Gohel MDI, Wong SP. Chinese herbal medicines and their efficacy in treating renal stones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 34:365-72. [PMID: 16972062 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-006-0068-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2005] [Accepted: 08/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In herbal treatment of kidney stones, antilithics are used to "dissolve" the stones or aid their passing to guard against further retention. Diuretic action is also needed to increase the amount of fluid going through the kidneys and flush out the deposits. Previous clinical studies have shown that herbal medicines and their concoctions could be used to inhibit calcium oxalate crystallization. However, the pharmacodynamics and in-vitro effects of such medicines have not been established. Five Chinese herbal medicines were selected based on their usefulness in treating stone disease. A 96-well plate oxalate-induced turbidity in artificial urine was used to evaluate the efficacies of the different herbal medicines on calcium oxalate crystallization. The metastable limit was determined and the nucleation rate was derived from 12-min time-course measurement of turbidity at 405 nm. Phase-contrast microscopy was used to visualize the crystals. The results showed that with increasing concentrations of herbal extracts, smaller calcium oxalate crystal sizes were observed. Overall, the five herbal medicinal extracts tested were able to promote nucleation of calcium oxalate crystals while at the same time decreasing the size. This in-vitro crystallization confirms that prophylaxis of renal stones could be achieved by reducing overall supersaturation through promotion of small crystal nucleates and concomitant pharmacological diuretic action of herbal medicines. Clinical studies will provide more definitive conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayur Danny I Gohel
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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Rodgers AL, Mensah PD, Schwager SL, Sturrock ED. Inhibition of calcium oxalate crystallization by commercial human serum albumin and human urinary albumin isolated from two different race groups: evidence for possible molecular differences. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 34:373-80. [PMID: 17072609 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-006-0070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2006] [Accepted: 09/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate the inhibitory activity of urine-derived (as opposed to serum-derived) albumin towards calcium oxalate crystallization and to compare the relative inhibitory strengths of this protein in subjects from South Africa's black and white population groups. Albumin was purified from the urines of 20 males in each race group using immunoaffinity chromatography. The purified proteins, as well as commercial human serum albumin were tested for their inhibition of calcium oxalate crystallization in ultra-filtered urines from both groups. Irrespective of its origin, albumin was found to be an inhibitor of calcium oxalate aggregation. Albumin derived from black subjects was superior to that from white subjects in this regard while urine-derived albumin was superior to that derived from serum. The composition of the urine in which the experiments were conducted influenced the inhibitory activity of the individual proteins. The different inhibitory activity of the proteins under identical conditions provides evidence that suggests molecular differences exist between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen L Rodgers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This work focuses on the behavior of in vitro calcium oxalate crystallization. The effects of several compounds on the kinetics of calcium oxalate crystallization were examined. METHODS Rates of nucleation and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals were derived from 30-min time-course measurements of optic density at 620 nm after mixing solutions containing calcium chloride and sodium oxalate at 37 degrees C, pH 5.7. The maximum increase of optic density with time, termed S(N), mainly reflects maximum rate of formation of new particles and thus crystal nucleation. After equilibrium has been reached, optic density decreases. No new particles were formed due to crystal aggregation. S(A) (the maximum slope of decrease of optic density at 620 nm with time, representing crystal aggregation) is derived from the maximum decrease in optic density. RESULTS Among the modifiers studied, citrate decreased both S(N) and S(A) (P < 0.001). Magnesium was also found to inhibit the rate of nucleation and crystal aggregation, but it appeared in a non-concentrated manner. Nucleation and aggregation inhibition ratios were related inversely to concentration of albumin (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The growth and agglomeration of calcium oxalate crystals are differently modulated by various compounds. The treatments aiming at inhibiting crystallization of calcium oxalate can be better defined by these findings. And new treatment modalities can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevsen Kulaksizoglu
- Başkent University, School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Merkez, 42080 Konya, Turkey.
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Srinivasan S, Kalaiselvi P, Varalakshmi P. Epitaxial deposition of calcium oxalate on uric acid rich stone matrix is induced by a 29 kDa protein. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 364:267-74. [PMID: 16139257 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2005.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Revised: 07/19/2005] [Accepted: 07/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Association of macromolecules particularly the role of proteins in urolithiasis has been studied for last few centuries, but still a complete profile of stone matrix proteins that mediate co-precipitation of uric acid and calcium oxalate has not been characterized. We isolated and characterize proteins from uric acid rich stone matrix, which have oxalate binding activity. METHODS Matrix proteins were isolated from uric acid rich stone matrix using EDTA as a demineralizing agent. The radiolabelled solubilized proteins were fractionated with increasing ionic concentration by DEAE cellulose column chromatography to identify the oxalate binding protein. It was purified using Sephadex G-200 column chromatography. Amino acid composition was determined and monoclonal antibody was produced against the oxalate binding uric acid rich stone matrix protein. Urinary uric acid binding proteins were isolated from stone formers urine, their oxalate binding activity assayed and cross reactivity with the produced monoclonal antibody were checked using ELISA and Western blotting. RESULTS Matrix on DEAE column chromatography elution yielded 3 protein peaks and they were named as fraction I, II and III among which fraction I had higher oxalate binding activity which was further purified with Sephadex G-200 column which yielded 2 protein peaks designated as Ia and Ib. Fraction Ib with molecular weight 29 kDa exhibited the maximum oxalate binding activity. Forty percent of this 29 kDa protein is comprised of basic amino acids. Monoclonal antibody (IgG1) was produced against the 29 kDa stone matrix protein. Urinary uric acid binding proteins were isolated from stone formers, 4 protein peaks were obtained named as fraction I to IV. Among them, fraction IV having molecular weight of approximately 29 kDa cross reacted up to 85.6% with 29 kDa stone matrix protein. Moreover, urinary 29 kDa protein exhibited oxalate binding activity of 94.16 +/- 6.08 pmol/mg protein at pH 5.5. CONCLUSION The 29 kDa protein isolated from uric acid rich stone matrix and urine are one and the same, thereby insinuating that 29 kDa protein might play a major role in epitaxial deposition of calcium oxalate over uric acid core, consequently favoring the lithogenic events like uric acid and calcium oxalate nucleation, aggregation and retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Srinivasan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. A.L. Mudaliar, Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai 600 113, India.
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Clinical value of crystalluria and quantitative morphoconstitutional analysis of urinary calculi. Nephron Clin Pract 2005; 98:p31-6. [PMID: 15499212 DOI: 10.1159/000080261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphoconstitutional analysis of urinary calculi, i.e. morphologic examination combined with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), is of decisive interest for the diagnosis of rare but severe inherited or acquired stone diseases such as cystine, 2,8-dihydroxyadenine, xanthine, struvite, ammonium urate or drug-containing calculi as well as primary hyperoxalurias. In the absence of early diagnosis and proper management, these diseases may lead to progressive loss of renal function. Among common forms of calcium oxalate (CaOx) stones, predominant CaOx monohydrate (whewellite) is mainly associated with hyperoxaluric conditions whereas predominant CaOx dihydrate (weddellite) is mainly associated with hypercalciuria, and this distinction is of interest to orient metabolic evaluation and preventive measures. Crystalluria examination, also based on morphology and FTIR, is a valuable diagnostic method when no stone is available for analysis. Presence of specific crystals (cystine, 2,8-dihydroxyadenine, struvite, ammonium urate) is diagnostic by itself. In all types of nephrolithiasis, serial crystalluria determination appears as a simple, cheap and reliable method to evaluate the risk of stone formation and assess the effectiveness of preventive measures. Determination of urinary crystal volume was in our experience a useful tool in the management of patients with cystinuria or primary hyperoxaluria in the post-transplantation period. In conclusion, both accurate morphologic and FTIR analysis of stones and serial crystalluria determination should be more largely used, in view of their value in the diagnosis and management of renal stone formers.
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Sumitra K, Pragasam V, Sakthivel R, Kalaiselvi P, Varalakshmi P. Beneficial effect of vitamin E supplementation on the biochemical and kinetic properties of Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein in hypertensive and hyperoxaluric patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005; 20:1407-15. [PMID: 15855216 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfh794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to assess the therapeutic efficacy of oral vitamin E supplementation on the biochemical and kinetic properties of Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (THP) in hypertensive and hyperoxaluric patients. METHODS Newly detected hypertensives (n = 200) and stone formers (n = 200) were each subdivided into two groups. One group (n = 100) was administered the antioxidant vitamin E at 400 mg/day given as an oral supplement along with standard therapeutic drugs for hypertension and hyperoxaluria and the patients were followed for a period of 9 months. The other group (n = 100) did not receive vitamin E (placebo controls). Age and sex-matched controls (n = 100) were monitored simultaneously. THP was isolated from 24 h urine samples before and at the end of every third month during a period of 9 months from the vitamin E-treated hypertensive and hyperoxaluric groups. THP samples were also collected from control subjects, and at the end of the ninth month from placebo controls. The isolated protein was assessed for purity by SDS-PAGE. The purity-checked proteins were subjected to spectrophotometric crystallization assay, calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystal interaction studies, and biochemical analysis of sialic acid, thiol and carbonyl content. Plasma superoxide, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide and vitamin E levels as well as superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were also monitored. RESULTS The THP from the hypertensive and hyperoxaluric subjects exhibited a significant promoting effect on the nucleation and aggregation phases and caused a concomitant increase in CaOx crystal interaction. The altered kinetic properties of THP in these subjects were strongly associated with increased carbonyl content and with decreased thiol and sialic acid contents. Oral administration of vitamin E to these patients caused near normalization of these biochemical alterations and satisfactorily restored the kinetic properties of THP to near normal activity. At the end of 9 months, THP isolated from placebo controls (hypertensive and hyperoxaluric) showed highly aggregated calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals as observed by light microscopy. In contrast, vitamin E-supplemented patients showed CaOx dihydrate crystals that were similar to control THP. There was an imbalance in the oxidant and antioxidant levels. For the oxidants, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical levels were increased, and for the antioxidants, there was loss of antioxidant enzyme activities and a decline in plasma vitamin E level in both hypertensive and hyperoxaluric patients. Supplementary antioxidant (vitamin E) corrected this imbalance to near normal conditions. CONCLUSION We hypothesize that the loss of THP inhibitory activity in the hypertensive and hyperoxaluric patients in a crystallizing medium is mediated primarily by oxidative damage to this protein. The possible occurrence of renal stones in essential hypertensive subjects, and the risk of recurrence in hyperoxaluric subjects, may be explained by oxidative damage to renal tissues that remained unchecked by standard drug therapies. The normalization of the kinetic properties of THP following vitamin E supplementation is in support of our hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalanathan Sumitra
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Taramani, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India, PIN-600 113.
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Daudon M, Hennequin C, Boujelben G, Lacour B, Jungers P. Serial crystalluria determination and the risk of recurrence in calcium stone formers. Kidney Int 2005; 67:1934-43. [PMID: 15840041 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00292.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary crystal precipitation is the necessary initial step in kidney stone formation. However, clinical relevance of crystalluria in the evaluation of stone formers is disputed. METHODS We serially determined crystalluria in first-voided morning urine samples, together with full 24-hour urine biochemistry, in 181 patients with idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis who had formed at least one calcium-oxalate stone and were followed for at least 3 years under our care. All stone events which occurred prior to referral, then after entry in the study were recorded. RESULTS As compared with 109 patients who had no evidence of stone recurrence during follow-up, the 72 patients who experienced >/= one recurrent stone event had a lower daily urine volume (1.74 +/- 0.06 vs. 2.26 +/- 0.05 L/day (mean +/- SEM) (P < 0.0001), higher urine calcium and oxalate concentrations, and daily calcium excretion, and they had more frequent crystalluria (68% vs. 23% of urine samples) (P < 0.0001). By multivariate Cox regression analysis, the hazard ratio for stone recurrence was 0.32 (95% CI 0.16-0.62) for 1 L increase in daily urine volume, 1.12 (1.09-1.24) for 1 mmol/L increase in urine calcium concentration, 1.24 (1.02-1.50) for 0.1 mmol/L increase in urine oxalate concentration and 27.8 (10.2-75.6) for crystalluria index. CONCLUSION These data provide evidence that crystalluria, when repeatedly found in early morning urine samples, is highly predictive of the risk of stone recurrence in calcium stone formers. Serial search for crystalluria, a simple and cheap method, may be proposed as a useful tool for the monitoring of calcium stone formers, in addition to urine biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Daudon
- Department of Biochemistry A, Necker Hosptial, Paris, France.
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Effects of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine monolayers to the crystallization of calcium oxalate monohydrate from the solution containing chondroitin sulfate C. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2004.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Pragasam V, Kalaiselvi P, Subashini B, Sumitra K, Varalakshmi P. Structural and functional modification of THP on nitration: comparison with stone formers THP. NEPHRON. PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 99:p28-34. [PMID: 15637470 DOI: 10.1159/000081800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2003] [Accepted: 06/15/2004] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The crucial steps involved in the lithogenic process are governed by the macromolecular components of urine, of which proteins play a major role. Structurally abnormal proteins have been reported to be present in the urine of stone formers. Free radical injury has come a long way in explaining some of the pathophysiological events of renal lithiasis. Thus, our present work was designed to study the impact of the potent oxidant peroxynitrite on the biochemical components of the urinary Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (THP). MATERIALS AND METHODS Nitration on THP was carried out using peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)). After nitration, biochemical components like thiols, S-nitrosothiol, hexose, hexosamine and sialic acid were determined and these factors were compared with those of stone formers and normal THP. Crystallization behavior of control, nitrated NS-THP and stone formers THP was studied. RESULTS There was a significant decrease in thiol, hexose, hexosamine and sialic acid contents in stone formers and nitrated NS-THP, when compared to that of the control THP. In contrast to this, S-nitrosothiol content was significantly increased in stone formers and nitrated NS-THP (p < 0.001) when compared with the control THP. NO(x) metabolites were significantly elevated in stone formers THP when compared with that of control THP. When subjected to CaOx crystallization, stone formers THP and nitrated NS-THP promoted both CaOx nucleation and aggregation, while normal THP was found to be an inhibitor of the above processes. CONCLUSION From our results we conclude that nitration of THP could represent one of the prime events in modifying kinetic behavior of THP, thus converting THP into a heterogeneous nucleator of renal calculi formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswanathan Pragasam
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Madras, Dr. ALM PGIBMS, Taramani, Chennai, India
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Asokan D, Kalaiselvi P, Varalakshmi P. Modulatory Effect of the 23-kD Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate Binding Protein on Calcium Oxalate Stone Formation during Oxalate Stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 97:p23-30. [PMID: 15153748 DOI: 10.1159/000077599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2003] [Accepted: 02/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To isolate, characterize, and quantify the 23-kD calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) binding protein in the urine of controls and calcium oxalate stone formers and to study its role in kidney stone formation. METHODS Calcium oxalate crystals were prepared and allowed to interact with human control kidney homogenate as well as urine of controls and calcium oxalate stone formers. EDTA extract was used for the separation of the 23-kD COM-binding protein (partially purified). This partially purified 23-kD COM-binding protein was further separated by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. SDS-PAGE confirmed the molecular weight. An antibody was raised against the renal 23-kD COM-binding protein in rabbits. The 23-kD COM-binding protein was quantified in the urine from controls and stone formers by ELISA. Thiol group quantification, oxalate-binding assay, and calcium oxalate crystal nucleation and aggregation were performed. Morphological changes of the calcium oxalate crystals induced by the urinary 23-kDa protein were determined using scanning electron microscopy. The expression of this protein using different concentrations of oxalate was also determined in an in vitro model. RESULTS The urinary excretion of the 23-kD COM-binding protein varies between 0.5 and 1.5 mg/24 h in controls, while in stone former its excretion was found to range from 5 to 7 mg/24 h. The protein isolated from urine was found to inhibit crystal nucleation and aggregation in controls, while the protein isolated from stone formers exhibited less inhibitory activity with reduced thiol groups. The 23-kD COM-binding protein derived from control urine formed COM crystals and intertwined calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals in a crystal growth system, while protein isolated from stone formers' urine induced aggregation of COM crystals. This protein expression was found to be increased with increasing concentration of oxalate in renal epithelial cells of the African green monkey kidney (VERO) cell line. CONCLUSIONS Increased expression and excretion of the 23-kD protein was observed in oxalate stress conditions, and in stone formers this protein exhibited a promoting activity. The increased excretion of this protein with promoting activity favors the lithogenic process in stone formers.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Asokan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, India
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Abstract
A careful and individualized evaluation of risk factors is a fundamental part of the management of patients with urinary tract stone disease. Identification and correction of important abnormalities provide the basis for designing an efficient and rational treatment program, aiming at an arrest or at least reduction of recurrent stone formation. It is beyond doubt that appropriate therapeutic steps in this regard are of great benefit for the patient. It needs to be emphasized, however, that no success will be obtained unless the patient is willing and able to follow the ensuing dietary recommendations and medical advice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Göran Tiselius
- Department of Urology, Huddinge University Hospital, Division of Urology, Center for Surgical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Carvalho M, Mulinari RA, Nakagawa Y. Role of Tamm-Horsfall protein and uromodulin in calcium oxalate crystallization. Braz J Med Biol Res 2002; 35:1165-72. [PMID: 12424489 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2002001000009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the defenses against nephrolithiasis is provided by macromolecules that modulate the nucleation, growth, aggregation and retention of crystals in the kidneys. The aim of the present study was to determine the behavior of two of these proteins, Tamm-Horsfall and uromodulin, in calcium oxalate crystallization in vitro. We studied a group of 10 male stone formers who had formed at least one kidney stone composed of calcium oxalate. They were classified as having idiopathic nephrolithiasis and had no well-known metabolic risk factors involved in kidney stone pathogenesis. Ten normal men were used as controls, as was a group consisting of five normal women and another consisting of five pregnant women. Crystallization was induced by a fixed supersaturation of calcium oxalate and measured with a Coulter Counter. All findings were confirmed by light and scanning electron microscopy. The number of particulate material deposited from patients with Tamm-Horsfall protein was higher than that of the controls (P<0.001). However, Tamm-Horsfall protein decreased the particle diameter of the stone formers when analyzed by the mode of the volume distribution curve (P<0.002) (5.64 +/- 0.55 microm compared to 11.41 +/- 0.48 microm of uromodulin; 15.94 +/- 3.93 microm and 12.45 +/- 0.97 microm of normal men Tamm-Horsfall protein and uromodulin, respectively; 8.17 +/- 1.57 microm and 9.82 +/- 0.95 microm of normal women Tamm-Horsfall protein and uromodulin, respectively; 12.17 +/- 1.41 m and 12.99 +/- 0.51 microm of pregnant Tamm-Horsfall protein and uromodulin, respectively). Uromodulin produced fewer particles than Tamm-Horsfall protein in all groups. Nonetheless, the total volume of the crystals produced by uromodulin was higher than that produced by Tamm-Horsfall protein. Our results indicate a different effect of Tamm-Horsfall protein and uromodulin. This dual behavior suggests different functions. Tamm-Horsfall protein may act on nucleation and inhibit crystal aggregation, while uromodulin may promote aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carvalho
- Kidney Stone Program, Division of Biological Sciences and the Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Govindaraj A, Selvam R. An oxalate-binding protein with crystal growth promoter activity from human kidney stone matrix. BJU Int 2002; 90:336-44. [PMID: 12133075 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2002.02849.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To fractionate renal-stone matrix proteins, identify the presence of oxalate-binding protein and assess its effect in a calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystal growth system. MATERIALS AND METHODS Proteins were isolated from the matrix of kidney stones containing CaOx as the major constituent, using EDTA as a demineralizing agent. The solubilized proteins were subjected to cellulose-column chromatography by eluting with increasing sodium chloride concentrations in Tris-HCl buffer. Three protein fraction peaks were eluted, i.e. fraction I in buffer, fraction II in 0.05 mol/L NaCl in buffer and fraction III in 0.3 mol/L NaCl in buffer. The protein fractions were tested for their effects on CaOx crystal growth. RESULTS All three fractions had maximum CaOx binding activity at pH 7.4 but fraction II also had activity at pH 4.5. Fraction I promoted in vitro CaOx crystal growth, while fractions II and III were inhibitory. When fraction I was further separated on a Sephadex G-200 column, two protein fractions (Ia and Ib) were obtained. Fraction Ia protein had high and fraction Ib low CaOx-binding activity. Fraction Ia had a molecular weight of 48 kDa on gel electrophoresis and Western blotting. The 48 kDa protein did not cross-react with crystal matrix protein antibody, band-3 protein antibody, or albumin. The protein promoted CaOx crystal growth, with an optimum temperature of 37 degrees C and pH 6.5. The inhibitory effect of citrate on crystal growth was significantly lower in the presence of the 48 kDa protein. The protein promoted nucleation and aggregation of CaOx crystals in the in vitro crystallization system at pH 6.5, whereas fraction Ib (29 kDa) inhibited both nucleation and aggregation. Using the 48 kDa antibody, the yield of the protein from the stone matrix was 32% by EDTA extraction and only 3% with other methods. The protein was also detected in the nucleus and mitochondria, and in other matrix fractions of calcium phosphate and uric acid stones. CONCLUSION The 48 kDa protein isolated from stone matrix is a potent promoter of CaOx crystal growth with high oxalate-binding activity; it is enriched in the nucleus and mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Govindaraj
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr A.L.M. PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai, India
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Chen WC, Lin HS, Chen HY, Shih CH, Li CW. Effects of Tamm-Horsfall protein and albumin on calcium oxalate crystallization and importance of sialic acids. MOLECULAR UROLOGY 2002; 5:1-5. [PMID: 11689144 DOI: 10.1089/109153601750124186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tamm-Horsfall protein and human serum albumin are common urinary proteins that show uncertain inhibitory action on the crystallization of calcium oxalate monohydrate. MATERIALS AND METHODS Batch experiments on crystal nucleation, growth, and aggregation were performed using purified Tamm-Horsfall protein and albumin before and after enzymatic removal of sialic acids from the proteins. RESULTS At a concentration of 100 nM, both Tamm-Horsfall protein and albumin promoted the time of crystal nucleation by 18.4% and 8.9%, respectively, relative to the control. However, both of the proteins exerted an inhibitory effect on crystal growth, with the IC(50) being 7.27 nM for Tamm-Horsfall protein and 37.5 nM for albumin. The inhibition of crystal aggregation was 81.82% by Tamm-Horsfall protein 100 nM but only 54.55% at 50 nM after enzymatic removal of the sialic acid. Instead of increasing the inhibition, the effect was changed to promotion after an increase in the concentration of Tamm-Horsfall protein to more than 500 nM for native protein and to more than 100 nM for the enzymatic digest. Albumin showed little change after enzymatic treatment and maintained a maximal inhibitory effect of 72.73% on crystal aggregation when the concentration reached to 100 nM. CONCLUSION Because the promotion of nucleation could lessen the subsequent saturation of a calcium oxalate solution, it is concluded that Tamm-Horsfall protein and albumin show an overall effect of inhibition on crystallization in vitro. The inhibitory effect of Tamm-Horsfall protein is partly related to sialic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Chen
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Hess B, Jordi S, Zipperle L, Ettinger E, Giovanoli R. Citrate determines calcium oxalate crystallization kinetics and crystal morphology-studies in the presence of Tamm-Horsfall protein of a healthy subject and a severely recurrent calcium stone former. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000; 15:366-74. [PMID: 10692522 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/15.3.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to measure the effects of normal (nTHP) and abnormal stone former Tamm-Horsfall protein (SF-THP) on calcium oxalate (CaOx) nucleation and aggregation as well as on crystal morphology, in presence or absence of citrate. METHODS Nucleation and aggregation of CaOx crystals from a supersaturated, stirred solution (200 mM NaCl, 10 mM Na-acetate, pH 5.70, 5 mM Ca and 0.5 mM Ox) were studied by spectrophotometric time-course measurements of OD at 620 nm (OD(620)). Measured parameters were induction time t(I) (time to induce formation of detectable particles), S(N), (slope of increase of OD(620), mainly due to crystal nucleation), and S(A), (slope of decrease of OD(620) after equilibrium has been reached, due to crystal aggregation). Effects of citrate, nTHP and SF-THP on these parameters were measured, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed. RESULTS At 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 mM, citrate increased t(I) and inhibited crystal nucleation (by 78-87%) as well as aggregation (by 63-70%), and smaller CaOx crystals (length/width ratio 1.7+/-0.1) than under standard conditions (length/width 3.9+/-0.5) were visible (P<0.001). Normal THP at 30 and 40 mg/l inhibited crystal nucleation and, more strongly, aggregation (inhibition 76-81%). SEM revealed a decrease in length/width ratio to 2.6+/-0.4 (P=0.051 vs standard conditions) and less aggregation than without nTHP. At all concentrations tested, SF-THP reduced t(I) (P=0.0001 vs standard conditions) and promoted aggregation (inhibition -48 to -33%); crystals were elongated with a length/width ratio of 4.3+/-0.6 (P<0. 05 vs nTHP). When simultaneously present with nTHP, citrate enhanced the inhibitory effects of nTHP, producing the smallest (length/width 1.5+/-0.1) and least aggregated crystals. Finally, 3.5 mM citrate turned promotory SF-THP into a crystallization inhibitor with abundant small and clustered, but not aggregated crystals. CONCLUSION Citrate appears to be the main determinant of CaOx crystallization rates and crystal morphology in the presence of nTHP as well as SF-THP. Its effects appear to predominate over those of THP, since even promotory SF-THP is turned into a crystallization inhibitor in the presence of citrate. This re-emphasizes at a morphological level what has been concluded from functional as well from clinical studies, namely that citrate is needed in urine at equimolar concentrations to calcium in order to prevent the formation of large crystal aggregates in presence of abnormal THP.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hess
- Department of Medicine and Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
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Kalaiselvi P, Udayapriya KL, Selvam R. Uric acid-binding proteins in calcium oxalate stone formers and their effect on calcium oxalate crystallization. BJU Int 1999; 83:919-23. [PMID: 10368229 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.00084.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the effect of urinary uric acid-binding proteins of controls and stone formers on calcium oxalate crystal nucleation and aggregation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Urine samples were collected over 24 h from 20 stone formers and from 20 age-matched normal controls. Uric acid crystallization was induced by adding equal volumes of 2.5 mmol/L uric acid. The bound proteins were separated on a cellulose column, and by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The effect of the separated fractions on calcium oxalate crystal nucleation and aggregation was assessed. RESULTS The protein bound to unit mass of uric acid crystals was higher in hyperoxaluric urine than in control urine. On cellulose-column separation, the uric acid-crystal binding proteins produced three major protein peaks, i.e. fraction I (buffer), fraction II (0.05 mol/L sodium chloride in Tris-HCl buffer) and fraction III (0.3 mol/L sodium chloride in buffer), with a minor peak obtained on elution with increasing concentrations of sodium chloride in Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.0). Fraction I derived from either stone formers or controls promoted calcium oxalate crystallization. Fraction II from the control samples was a strong inhibitor, whereas hyperoxaluric fraction II was less inhibitory. CONCLUSION Uric acid-binding proteins isolated either from the urine of stone formers or controls modulated calcium oxalate crystal growth. Proteins isolated from stone formers were less inhibitory of crystal nucleation and aggregation. These proteins may act as a bridge, leading to the epitaxial deposition of calcium oxalate over a urate core.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kalaiselvi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, India
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Cerini C, Geider S, Dussol B, Hennequin C, Daudon M, Veesler S, Nitsche S, Boistelle R, Berthézène P, Dupuy P, Vazi A, Berland Y, Dagorn JC, Verdier JM. Nucleation of calcium oxalate crystals by albumin: involvement in the prevention of stone formation. Kidney Int 1999; 55:1776-86. [PMID: 10231440 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.00426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urine is supersaturated in calcium oxalate, which means that it will contain calcium oxalate crystals that form spontaneously. Their size must be controlled to prevent retention in ducts and the eventual development of a lithiasis. This is achieved, in part, by specific inhibitors of crystal growth. We investigated whether promoters of crystal nucleation could also participate in that control, because for the same amount of salt that will precipitate from a supersaturated solution, increasing the number of crystals will decrease their average size and facilitate their elimination. METHODS Albumin was purified from commercial sources and from the urine of healthy subjects or idiopathic calcium stone formers. Its aggregation properties were characterized by biophysical and biochemical techniques. Albumin was then either attached to several supports or left free in solution and incubated in a metastable solution of calcium oxalate. Kinetics of calcium oxalate crystallization were determined by turbidimetry. The nature and efficiency of nucleation were measured by examining the type and number of neoformed crystals. RESULTS Albumin, one of the most abundant proteins in urine, was a powerful nucleator of calcium oxalate crystals in vitro, with the polymers being more active than monomers. In addition, nucleation by albumin apparently led exclusively to the formation of calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals, whereas calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals were formed in the absence of albumin. An analysis of calcium oxalate crystals in urine showed that the dihydrate form was present in healthy subjects and stone formers, whereas the monohydrate, which is thermodynamically more stable and constitutes the core of most calcium oxalate stones, was present in stone formers only. Finally, urinary albumin purified from healthy subjects contained significantly more polymers and was a stronger promoter of calcium oxalate nucleation than albumin from idiopathic calcium stone formers. CONCLUSIONS Promotion by albumin of calcium oxalate crystallization with specific formation of the dihydrate form might be protective, because with rapid nucleation of small crystals, the saturation levels fall; thus, larger crystal formation and aggregation with subsequent stone formation may be prevented. We believe that albumin may be an important factor of urine stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cerini
- INSERM U315, Physiologie et Pathologie Digestives, Hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, Marseille, France
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Achilles W. In vitro crystallisation systems for the study of urinary stone formation. World J Urol 1997; 15:244-51. [PMID: 9280053 DOI: 10.1007/bf01367662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Various methods and techniques are aimed at modelling crystallisation processes of urinary stone formation in vitro. There are considerable differences between them in technical and physico-chemical principles, quantification of crystal nucleation, growth and agglomeration and the parameters measured. In this paper, some important in vitro systems are described as examples. They are compared with regard to some of their features and capabilities. Emphasis has been placed on evaluation of the physiological relevance of the methods. For that reason, the different in vitro models have been related to current views on intrarenal in vivo, mechanisms underlying stone formation and other independent experimental results. Crystallisation procedures carried out in aqueous solutions are likely to mimic crystalluria, corresponding to a free-particle mechanism. However, a specifically tailored flow technique of crystallisation in gels seems to be a reasonable model of stone formation, in accordance with the generally accepted fixed-particle theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Achilles
- Institut für Rehabilitationsmedizin und Balneologie, Bad Wildungen, Germany
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