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Melara EG, Avellaneda MC, Valdivié M, García-Hernández Y, Aroche R, Martínez Y. Probiotics: Symbiotic Relationship with the Animal Host. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12060719. [PMID: 35327116 PMCID: PMC8944810 DOI: 10.3390/ani12060719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Intestinal health directly influences the profitability of animal production, and so growth-promoting antibiotics have been used in the feed or drinking water to reduce the impact of enteric diseases and improve production parameters. However, these have generated long-term bacterial resistance. In the search for natural alternatives to antibiotics, various probiotic strains have been developed to improve intestinal health and biological indicators in farm animals, which is important to provide the consumer with safe food. This review describes the main probiotic bacteria and yeasts, their in vitro properties and their impact on the antioxidant capacity and intestinal environment of animals. Furthermore, this review outlines the role of probiotics in apparently healthy ruminants, pigs and poultry, including animals with digestive diseases. Abstract Antibiotic growth-promoters in animal feeding are known to generate bacterial resistance on commercial farms and have proven deleterious effects on human health. This review addresses the effects of probiotics and their symbiotic relationship with the animal host as a viable alternative for producing healthy meat, eggs, and milk at present and in the future. Probiotics can tolerate the conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, such as the gastric acid, pH and bile salts, to exert beneficial effects on the host. They (probiotics) may also have a beneficial effect on productivity, health and wellbeing in different parameters of animal performance. Probiotics stimulate the native microbiota (microbes that are present in their place of origin) and production of short-chain fatty acids, with proven effects such as antimicrobial, hypocholesterolemic and immunomodulatory effects, resulting in better intestinal health, nutrient absorption capacity and productive responses in ruminant and non-ruminant animals. These beneficial effects of probiotics are specific to each microbial strain; therefore, the isolation and identification of beneficial microorganisms, as well as in vitro and in vivo testing in different categories of farm animals, will guarantee their efficacy, replicability and sustainability in the current production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvia Guadalupe Melara
- Master Program in Sustainable Tropical Agriculture, Graduate Department, Zamorano University, P.O. Box 93, Valle de Yeguare, San Antonio de Oriente 11101, Honduras;
| | - Mavir Carolina Avellaneda
- Plant Pathology, Diagnosis and Molecular Research Lab, Agricultural Sciences and Production Department, Zamorano University, P.O. Box 93, San Antonio de Oriente 11101, Honduras;
| | - Manuel Valdivié
- National Center for Laboratory Animal Production, P.O. Box 6240, Santiago de las Vegas, Rancho Boyeros, Havana 10900, Cuba;
| | - Yaneisy García-Hernández
- Departamento de Animales Monogástricos, Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Carretera Central km 47 ½, San José de las Lajas 32700, Cuba;
| | - Roisbel Aroche
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Granma, Bayamo 85100, Cuba;
| | - Yordan Martínez
- Poultry Research and Teaching Center, Agricultural Science and Production Department, Zamorano University, P.O. Box 93, Valle de Yeguare, San Antonio de Oriente 11101, Honduras
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +504-94422496
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Effect pf Fermented Rapeseed Meal as a Feed Component on the Redox and Immune System of Pregnant Sows and their Offspring. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2021-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the effect of dried fermented rapeseed meal (FRSM) in diets for sows on blood redox and immunological parameters, taking into account the physiological period (pregnancy or lactation) and age (primiparous vs multiparous sows). The experiment also aimed to determine how FRSM administered to pregnant sows, affects the antioxidant and immune systems of piglets. The animals were divided into 4 groups of 15 animals each. Control groups of primiparous (CG) and multiparous sows (CS) received a standard diet for pregnant or lactating sows. Experimental groups of primiparous (EG) and multiparous sows (ES) received feed with a 4% share of FRSM in place of soybean meal up to day 100 of gestation, 9% share of FRSM from day 100 of gestation to day 7 of lactation, and then again 4% share of FRSM until the end of lactation. In the blood plasma of pregnant sows fed diet with FRSM addition, higher FRAP value and vitamin C, uric acid (UA), immunoglobulin IgG content, lymphocytes (LYM) count and a lower content of malondialdehyde (MDA), lipid hydroperoxides (LOH), immunoglobulin IgM was noted than in the blood plasma of control sows. Both primiparous and multiparous lactation sows whose feed included FRSM had higher catalase (CAT) activity, higher FRAP, vitamin C, immunoglobulin IgG and IL-6 content, and lower UA content than the control sows. Piglets born to sows fed diet with FRSM addition had significantly higher FRAP values, vitamin C, IgG, and IL-6 content and white blood cells (WBC) count and lower MDA and UA content in the blood plasma than piglets born to sows from control group. Multiparous sows compared to primiparous sows had higher CAT activity, and higher vitamin C, LOH, creatinine (CREAT), and IgM content. Elevated FRAP, and CREAT levels and reduced MDA content were also observed in the plasma of the multiparous sows compared to primiparous sows during lactation. Multiparous lactation sows compared to primiparous sows had lower WBC count, and IgG and IgM content. Piglets born to multiparous sows had higher FRAP values, LOH content and IgA content while lower MDA content compared to piglets born to primiparous sows. The inclusion of dried fermented rapeseed meal in feed for sows significantly stimulates antioxidant processes in primiparous and multiparous sows and in their piglets. The inclusion of dried fermented rapeseed meal in the diet of sows stimulates antioxidant processes in primiparous and multiparous sows and in their piglets. This is responsible for stimulation of the immune system (increased LYM counts and IgG titres in the blood plasma). The improved antioxidant status in the plasma suggests that dried fermented rapeseed meal stimulated the immune system of pregnant and lactating sows and their newborn offspring.
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Sharma H, Ozogul F, Bartkiene E, Rocha JM. Impact of lactic acid bacteria and their metabolites on the techno-functional properties and health benefits of fermented dairy products. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-23. [PMID: 34845955 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2007844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
After conversion of lactose to lactic acid, several biochemical changes occur such as enhanced protein digestibility, fatty acids release, and production of bioactive compounds etc. during the fermentation process that brings nutritional and quality improvement in the fermented dairy products (FDP). A diverse range of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is being utilized for the development of FDP with specific desirable techno-functional attributes. This review contributes to the knowledge of basic pathways and changes during fermentation process and the current research on techniques used for identification and quantification of metabolites. The focus of this article is mainly on the metabolites responsible for maintaining the desired attributes and health benefits of FDP as well as their characterization from raw milk. LAB genera including Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus and Lactococcus are involved in the fermentation of milk and milk products. LAB species accrue these benefits and desirable properties of FDP producing the bioactive compounds and metabolites using homo-fermentative and heterofermentative pathways. Generation of metabolites vary with incubation and other processing conditions and are analyzed and quantified using highly advanced and sophisticated instrumentation including nuclear magnetic resonance, mass-spectrometry based techniques. Health benefits of FDP are mainly possible due to the biological roles of such metabolites that also cause technological improvements desired by dairy manufacturers and consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heena Sharma
- Food Technology Lab, Dairy Technology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Fatih Ozogul
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, University of Cukurova, Adana, Turkey
| | - Elena Bartkiene
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - João Miguel Rocha
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), Department of Chemical Engineering (DEQ), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto FEUP), Porto, Portugal
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Microbiological and Metagenomic Characterization of a Retail Delicatessen Galotyri-Like Fresh Acid-Curd Cheese Product. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation7020067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the microbial quality, safety, and ecology of a retail delicatessen Galotyri-like fresh acid-curd cheese traditionally produced by mixing fresh natural Greek yogurt with ‘Myzithrenio’, a naturally fermented and ripened whey cheese variety. Five retail cheese batches (mean pH 4.1) were analyzed for total and selective microbial counts, and 150 presumptive isolates of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were characterized biochemically. Additionally, the most and the least diversified batches were subjected to a culture-independent 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. LAB prevailed in all cheeses followed by yeasts. Enterobacteria, pseudomonads, and staphylococci were present as <100 viable cells/g of cheese. The yogurt starters Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii were the most abundant LAB isolates, followed by nonstarter strains of Lactiplantibacillus, Lacticaseibacillus, Enterococcus faecium, E. faecalis, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides, whose isolation frequency was batch-dependent. Lactococcus lactis isolates were sporadic, except for one cheese batch. However, Lactococcus lactis, Enterobacteriaceae, Vibrionaceae, Salinivibrio, and Shewanellaceae were detected at fairly high relative abundances culture-independently, despite the fact that their viable counts in the cheeses were low or undetectable. Metagenomics confirmed the prevalence of S. thermophilus and Lb. delbrueckii. Overall, this delicatessen Galotyri-like cheese product was shown to be a rich pool of indigenous nonstarter LAB strains, which deserve further biotechnological investigation.
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Sun Y, Peng C, Wang J, Sun H, Guo S, Zhang H. Metabolic footprint analysis of volatile metabolites to discriminate between different key time points in the fermentation and storage of starter cultures and probiotic Lactobacillus casei Zhang milk. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:2553-2563. [PMID: 33455777 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Interest has been growing in the co-fermentation of starter cultures with probiotic bacteria in milk. However, the representative metabolites and metabolic changes at different key time points during milk fermentation and storage in starter cultures and probiotic bacteria are still unclear. In this study, we used gas chromatography/mass spectrometry-based metabolomics to identify volatile metabolites and discriminate between 6 different time points [fermentation initiation (FI), fermentation curd (FC), fermentation termination (FT), storage 1 d (S1d), storage 7 d (S7d), and storage 14 d (S14d)] during the fermentation and storage of starter cultures and Lactobacillus casei Zhang milk. Of the 52 volatile metabolites identified, 15 contributed to discrimination of the 6 time points. Then, using the profile from the different time points, we analyzed pairwise comparisons (FI vs. FC; FC vs. FT; FT vs. S1d; S1d vs. S7d; S7d vs. S14d); these time-lapse comparisons showed metabolic progressions from one fermentation stage to the next. We found representative and exclusive metabolites at specific fermentation and storage time points. The greatest difference in metabolites occurred between FC and FT, and the metabolic profiles between S7d and S14d were most similar. Interestingly, decanoic acid, octanoic acid, and hexanoic acid reached their highest level at storage 14 d, indicating that the post-fermentation storage of fermented milk with L. casei Zhang may add more probiotic functions. This work provides detailed insight into the time-specific profiles of volatile metabolites and their dynamic changes; these data may be used for understanding and eventually predicting metabolic changes in milk fermentation and storage, where probiotic strains may be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Sun
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Chuantao Peng
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Jicheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Haotian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Shuai Guo
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Heping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China.
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High-density cultivation of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium using an automatic feedback feeding method. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.05.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Aleksandrzak-Piekarczyk T, Szatraj K, Kosiorek K. GlaR (YugA)-a novel RpiR-family transcription activator of the Leloir pathway of galactose utilization in Lactococcus lactis IL1403. Microbiologyopen 2018; 8:e00714. [PMID: 30099846 PMCID: PMC6528599 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria can utilize diverse sugars as carbon and energy source, but the regulatory mechanisms directing the choice of the preferred substrate are often poorly understood. Here, we analyzed the role of the YugA protein (now designated GlaR—Galactose–lactose operon Regulatory protein) of the RpiR family as a transcriptional activator of galactose (gal genes) and lactose (lac genes) utilization genes in Lactococcus lactis IL1403. In this bacterium, gal genes forming the Leloir operon are combined with lac genes in a single so‐called gal–lac operon. The first gene of this operon is the lacS gene encoding galactose permease. The glaR gene encoding GlaR lies directly upstream of the gal–lac gene cluster and is transcribed in the same direction. This genetic layout and the presence of glaR homologues in the closest neighborhood to the Leloir or gal–lac operons are highly conserved only among Lactococcus species. Deletion of glaR disabled galactose utilization and abrogated or decreased expression of the gal–lac genes. The GlaR‐dependent regulation of the gal–lac operon depends on its specific binding to a DNA region upstream of the lacS gene activating lacS expression and increasing the expression of the operon genes localized downstream. Notably, expression of lacS‐downstream genes, namely galMKTE, thgA and lacZ, is partially independent of the GlaR‐driven activation likely due to the presence of additional promoters. The glaR transcription itself is not subject to catabolite control protein A (CcpA) carbon catabolite repression (CRR) and is induced by galactose. Up to date, no similar mechanism has been reported in other lactic acid bacteria species. These results reveal a novel regulatory protein and shed new light on the regulation of carbohydrate catabolism in L. lactis IL1403, and by similarity, probably also in other lactococci.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katarzyna Szatraj
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences (IBB PAS), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kosiorek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences (IBB PAS), Warsaw, Poland
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Shah AA, Yuan X, Khan RU, Shao T. Effect of lactic acid bacteria-treated King grass silage on the performance traits and serum metabolites in New Zealand white rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 102:e902-e908. [PMID: 29243316 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus acidilactici-treated silage of King grass (Pennisetum purpureophoides) on the productive traits and blood biochemistry of New Zealand white (NZW) rabbits. King grass was ensiled without or with L. plantarum (T1), P. acidilactici (T2) and P. acidilactici + L. plantarum (T3). A total of 72 male NZW rabbits (6 weeks) of similar weight and appearance were housed in groups in metallic cages in a completely randomized design. The performance traits, daily feed intake, body weight gain and feed convention ratio were not affected by the silage treatment. Triglyceride and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentration was increased (p < .05) in T2 (0.92 mmol/L) compared to the other treatments. The superoxide dismutase (SOD), phosphorous (P) and magnesium (Mg) increased (p < .05) in T1 (658.01 nmol/ml, 5.1 mg/kg and 2.43 mg/kg, respectively) compared to the control and other experimental groups. Cu and Mn decreased (p < .05), while Zn increased (p < .05) in the treated groups compared to the control. The CP decreased (p < .05) in the treatment groups compared to the control. Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) increased (p < .05) in T2 (54.40%) compared to the other treatments. The inoculation of lactic acid bacteria-treated King grass silage supplementation positively affected rabbit performance and improved blood cholesterol profile, antioxidant status and improve nutrients digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Shah
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - X Yuan
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - R U Khan
- Department of Animal Health Faculty of Animal Husbandary & Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - T Shao
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Bosma EF, Forster J, Nielsen AT. Lactobacilli and pediococci as versatile cell factories - Evaluation of strain properties and genetic tools. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:419-442. [PMID: 28396124 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses opportunities and bottlenecks for cell factory development of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB), with an emphasis on lactobacilli and pediococci, their metabolism and genetic tools. In order to enable economically feasible bio-based production of chemicals and fuels in a biorefinery, the choice of product, substrate and production organism is important. Currently, the most frequently used production hosts include Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but promising examples are available of alternative hosts such as LAB. Particularly lactobacilli and pediococci can offer benefits such as thermotolerance, an extended substrate range and increased tolerance to stresses such as low pH or high alcohol concentrations. This review will evaluate the properties and metabolism of these organisms, and provide an overview of their current biotechnological applications and metabolic engineering. We substantiate the review by including experimental results from screening various lactobacilli and pediococci for transformability, growth temperature range and ability to grow under biotechnologically relevant stress conditions. Since availability of efficient genetic engineering tools is a crucial prerequisite for industrial strain development, genetic tool development is extensively discussed. A range of genetic tools exist for Lactococcus lactis, but for other species of LAB like lactobacilli and pediococci such tools are less well developed. Whereas lactobacilli and pediococci have a long history of use in food and beverage fermentation, their use as platform organisms for production purposes is rather new. By harnessing their properties such as thermotolerance and stress resistance, and by using emerging high-throughput genetic tools, these organisms are very promising as versatile cell factories for biorefinery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elleke F Bosma
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet B220, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jochen Forster
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet B220, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alex Toftgaard Nielsen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet B220, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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Dowarah R, Verma AK, Agarwal N. The use of Lactobacillus as an alternative of antibiotic growth promoters in pigs: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 3:1-6. [PMID: 29767055 PMCID: PMC5941084 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics, often supplemented in feed, used as a growth promoter, may cause their residual effect in animal produce and also trigger antibiotic resistance in bacteria, which is of serious concern among swine farming entrepreneurs. As an alternative, supplementing probiotics gained interest in recent years. Lactobacillus being the most commonly used probiotic agent improves growth performance, feed conversion efficiency, nutrient utilization, intestinal microbiota, gut health and regulates immune system in pigs. The characteristics of Lactobacillus spp. and their probiotic effects in swine production are reviewed here under.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runjun Dowarah
- CAFT in Animal Nutrition, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - A K Verma
- CAFT in Animal Nutrition, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Neeta Agarwal
- CAFT in Animal Nutrition, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
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Cutrim CS, Barros RFD, Costa MPD, Franco RM, Conte-Junior CA, Cortez MAS. Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 during manufacture and storage of traditional and low lactose yogurt. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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13
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Liu K, Zeng X, Qiao L, Li X, Yang Y, Dai C, Hou A, Xu D. The sensitivity and significance analysis of parameters in the model of pH regulation on lactic acid production by Lactobacillus bulgaricus. BMC Bioinformatics 2014; 15 Suppl 13:S5. [PMID: 25434877 PMCID: PMC4248659 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-15-s13-s5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The excessive production of lactic acid by L. bulgaricus during yogurt storage is a phenomenon we are always tried to prevent. The methods used in industry either control the post-acidification inefficiently or kill the probiotics in yogurt. Genetic methods of changing the activity of one enzyme related to lactic acid metabolism make the bacteria short of energy to growth, although they are efficient ways in controlling lactic acid production. Results A model of pH-induced promoter regulation on the production of lactic acid by L. bulgaricus was built. The modelled lactic acid metabolism without pH-induced promoter regulation fitted well with wild type L. bulgaricus (R2LAC = 0.943, R2LA = 0.942). Both the local sensitivity analysis and Sobol sensitivity analysis indicated parameters Tmax, GR, KLR, S, V0, V1 and dLR were sensitive. In order to guide the future biology experiments, three adjustable parameters, KLR, V0 and V1, were chosen for further simulations. V0 had little effect on lactic acid production if the pH-induced promoter could be well induced when pH decreased to its threshold. KLR and V1 both exhibited great influence on the producing of lactic acid. Conclusions The proposed method of introducing a pH-induced promoter to regulate a repressor gene could restrain the synthesis of lactic acid if an appropriate strength of promoter and/or an appropriate strength of ribosome binding sequence (RBS) in lacR gene has been designed.
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Chen Y, Zhao W, Wu R, Sun Z, Zhang W, Wang J, Bilige M, Zhang H. Proteome analysis of Lactobacillus helveticus H9 during growth in skim milk. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:7413-25. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Polak-Berecka M, Choma A, Waśko A, Górska S, Gamian A, Cybulska J. Physicochemical characterization of exopolysaccharides produced by Lactobacillus rhamnosus on various carbon sources. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 117:501-509. [PMID: 25498664 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The impact of five carbohydrate sources (glucose, maltose, galactose, sucrose, and lactose) on the chemical composition, structure, morphology, and physicochemical properties, as well as, viscosity of exopolysaccharides (EPSs) produced by Lactobacillus rhamnosus E/N was investigated. GLC-MS analysis and 2DNMR spectroscopy showed that the EPSs had the same primary structure independently of the carbon source used in the growth medium. The following EPS composition was elucidated: four rhamnose, two glucose, and one galactose residue with a pyruvate substituent. Molecular masses (M(w)) were determined by gel permeation chromatography, which revealed differences in M(w) distribution. EPS-Gal, EPS-Suc, and EPS-Lac showed heterogenic fractions of a high and low molecular weight, while EPS-Mal and EPS-Glc contained only a high-molecular-weight fraction. AFM microscopy revealed morphological differences in chain length, thickness, and branching. Differences in the Mw ratio and thickness of the polymer chain were correlated with high viscosity of EPS solutions. Our results indicate that a single bacterial strain, depending on the carbon source in the medium, can produce EPSs of different rheological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Polak-Berecka
- Department of Biotechnology, Human Nutrition and Science of Food Commodities, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Adam Choma
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Adam Waśko
- Department of Biotechnology, Human Nutrition and Science of Food Commodities, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland; Institute of Agrophysics of Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Sabina Górska
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrzej Gamian
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Justyna Cybulska
- Institute of Agrophysics of Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
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Savakis PE, Angermayr SA, Hellingwerf KJ. Synthesis of 2,3-butanediol by Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 via heterologous expression of a catabolic pathway from lactic acid- and enterobacteria. Metab Eng 2013; 20:121-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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17
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From physiology to systems metabolic engineering for the production of biochemicals by lactic acid bacteria. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:764-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Akyol I. Proteomics analysis of the Flp regulon in Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2218-28. [PMID: 23712609 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris MG1363 genome sequence was completed and encodes two flp genes flpA and flpB. Research carried out has suggested that the flpB proteins are transcriptional regulators that respond to the environmental oxygen level. A variety of flp deletion mutant strains with single and double mutation were created. Wild-type (MG1363) and its flp(-) derivatives were compared by 2DE to identify changes in protein intensity under different aerobic/anaerobic growth conditions. In total, 416 ± 20 and 444 ± 32 protein spots were quantified from anaerobic and aerobic cells, respectively, on pH 4-7 gels. Forty-five protein spots that changed were excised from 2DE gel, digested with trypsin and identified from their MALDI-TOF MS Peptide Mass Fingerprint. A variety of proteins were affected by the flp mutations and oxygen level. Some proteins were controlled by FlpA and FlpB independently and some required both FlpA and B for regulation. The identified proteins that are regulated by the Flp proteins can be grouped by biochemical function. These groups are oxidative stress, electron transfer, sugars, cell wall, ABC transporters, arginine metabolism, and pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Akyol
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey.
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Wang AN, Cai CJ, Zeng XF, Zhang FR, Zhang GL, Thacker PA, Wang JJ, Qiao SY. Dietary supplementation with Lactobacillus fermentum I5007 improves the anti-oxidative activity of weanling piglets challenged with diquat. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 114:1582-91. [PMID: 23480628 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the effects of Lactobacillus fermentum I5007 on the redox state of piglets oxidatively stressed with diquat. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-four, 28-day-old barrows were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design experiment with the main effects being Lact. fermentum supplementation and diquat challenge. Half of the pigs (n = 12) were orally administered with 20 ml of a solution containing 10(8 ) CFU ml(-1) of Lact. fermentum each morning of the 21-day trial, while the remainder received saline. On day 8, these two groups were further subdivided so that half of the pigs in each group (n = 6) were intraperitoneally injected with 10 mg kg(-1) BW diquat, while the remainder received saline. The diquat-injected pigs had significantly poorer performance and increased levels of plasma cortisol, adrenaline, carbonyl and malondialdehyde. Lactobacillus fermentum supplementation significantly increased superoxide dismutase and glutathione and increased the ability to inhibit superoxide anion production in liver and muscle. CONCLUSIONS Lactobacillus fermentum improved the anti-oxidative defence system and alleviated damage caused by diquat. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Lactobacillus fermentum has the potential to alleviate oxidative stress and improve weaning pig performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Weifang Business Vocational College, Zhucheng, China
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Shiby VK, Mishra HN. Fermented Milks and Milk Products as Functional Foods—A Review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 53:482-96. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2010.547398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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21
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De Vuyst L, Degeest B. Expolysaccharides from lactic acid bacteria: Technological bottlenecks and practical solutions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.19991400105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Transcriptome analysis of the phytobacterium Xylella fastidiosa growing under xylem-based chemical conditions. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:781365. [PMID: 20625415 PMCID: PMC2896883 DOI: 10.1155/2010/781365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is a xylem-limited bacterium responsible for important plant diseases, like citrus-variegated chlorosis (CVC) and grapevine Pierce's disease (PD). Interestingly, in vitro growth of X. fastidiosa in chemically defined media that resemble xylem fluid has been achieved, allowing studies of metabolic processes used by xylem-dwelling bacteria to thrive in such nutrient-poor conditions. Thus, we performed microarray hybridizations to compare transcriptomes of X. fastidiosa cells grown in 3G10-R, a medium that resembles grape sap, and in Periwinkle Wilt (PW), the complex medium traditionally used to cultivate X. fastidiosa. We identified 299 transcripts modulated in response to growth in these media. Some 3G10R-overexpressed genes have been shown to be upregulated in cells directly isolated from infected plants and may be involved in plant colonization, virulence and environmental competition. In contrast, cells cultivated in PW show a metabolic switch associated with increased aerobic respiration and enhanced bacterial growth rates.
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Yadav AK, Chaudhari AB, Kothari RM. Bioconversion of renewable resources into lactic acid: an industrial view. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2010; 31:1-19. [DOI: 10.3109/07388550903420970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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24
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Koskenniemi K, Koponen J, Kankainen M, Savijoki K, Tynkkynen S, de Vos WM, Kalkkinen N, Varmanen P. Proteome Analysis of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Using 2-D DIGE and Mass Spectrometry Shows Differential Protein Production in Laboratory and Industrial-Type Growth Media. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:4993-5007. [DOI: 10.1021/pr9003823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerttu Koskenniemi
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland, Valio Ltd., Helsinki, Finland, and Department of Food Technology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Koponen
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland, Valio Ltd., Helsinki, Finland, and Department of Food Technology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Kankainen
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland, Valio Ltd., Helsinki, Finland, and Department of Food Technology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi Savijoki
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland, Valio Ltd., Helsinki, Finland, and Department of Food Technology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Soile Tynkkynen
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland, Valio Ltd., Helsinki, Finland, and Department of Food Technology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Willem M. de Vos
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland, Valio Ltd., Helsinki, Finland, and Department of Food Technology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nisse Kalkkinen
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland, Valio Ltd., Helsinki, Finland, and Department of Food Technology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Varmanen
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland, Valio Ltd., Helsinki, Finland, and Department of Food Technology, University of Helsinki, Finland
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25
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Wang AN, Yi XW, Yu HF, Dong B, Qiao SY. Free radical scavenging activity of Lactobacillus fermentum in vitro and its antioxidative effect on growing-finishing pigs. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 107:1140-8. [PMID: 19486423 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04294.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the free radical-scavenging capacity of Lactobacillus fermentum and its effects on antioxidant enzyme levels in finishing pigs. METHODS AND RESULTS The free radical-scavenging activity of Lact. fermentum was analysed in vitro. The tested Lactobacillus showed a high scavenging ability against DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), superoxide and hydroxyl radicals which was dose dependent. Subsequently, 108 crossbred pigs weighing 20.67 BW, were allotted to dietary treatments including a basal diet or the basal diet supplemented with either aureomycin or 10.2 x 10(7) Lact. fermentum CFU g(-1) diet. Supplementation of Lact. fermentum increased total antioxidant capacity (P < 0.01) in serum from 50 kg pigs, while serum superoxide dismutase (P = 0.01) and glutathione peroxidase (P < 0.01) increased, and malondialdehyde levels decreased (P < 0.01) in 90 kg pigs. Hepatic catalase (P = 0.04), muscle superoxide dismutase (P < 0.01) and copper-zinc-superoxide dismutase were enhanced (P = 0.01), whereas malondialdehyde levels were reduced (P = 0.05) by Lact. fermentum. CONCLUSIONS The free radical-scavenging capacity of Lact. fermentum was dose dependent and its supplementation improved the antioxidant status of pigs. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Lactobacillus fermentum could be used to alleviate oxidative stress and increase pig performance and improve pork quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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26
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Gerber SD, Solioz M. Efficient transformation of Lactococcus lactis IL1403 and generation of knock-out mutants by homologous recombination. J Basic Microbiol 2007; 47:281-6. [PMID: 17518422 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.200610297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Lactococcus lactis IL1403 is a Gram-positive bacterium of great biotechnological interest for food grade applications. Its use is however hampered by the difficulty to efficiently transform this strain. We here describe a detailed, optimized electrotransformation protocol which yields a transformation efficiency of 10(6) cfu/microg of DNA with the two E. coli Gram-positive shuttle vectors pC3 and pVA838. The utility of the protocol was demonstrated by the generation of single- and double-knock-out mutants by homologous recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Gerber
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
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27
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Abstract
Acetoin is an important physiological metabolite excreted by many microorganisms. The excretion of acetoin, which can be diagnosed by the Voges Proskauer test and serves as a microbial classification marker, has its vital physiological meanings to these microbes mainly including avoiding acification, participating in the regulation of NAD/NADH ratio, and storaging carbon. The well-known anabolism of acetoin involves alpha-acetolactat synthase and alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase; yet its catabolism still contains some differing views, although much attention has been focused on it and great advances have been achieved. Current findings in catabolite control protein A (CcpA) mediated carbon catabolite repression may provide a fuller understanding of the control mechanism in bacteria. In this review, we first examine the acetoin synthesis pathways and its physiological meanings and relevancies; then we discuss the relationship between the two conflicting acetoin cleavage pathways, the enzymes of the acetoin dehydrogenase enzyme system, major genes involved in acetoin degradation, and the CcpA mediated acetoin catabolite repression pathway; in the end we discuss the genetic engineering progresses concerning applications. To date, this is the first integrated review on acetoin metabolism in bacteria, especially with regard to catabolic aspects. The apperception of the generation and dissimilation of acetoin in bacteria will help provide a better understanding of microbial strategies in the struggle for resources, which will consequently better serve the utilization of these microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, People's Republic of China
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28
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Cogan TM, Beresford TP, Steele J, Broadbent J, Shah NP, Ustunol Z. Invited Review: Advances in Starter Cultures and Cultured Foods. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90:4005-21. [PMID: 17699017 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2006-765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
With 2005 retail sales close to $4.8 million, cultured dairy products are driving the growth of dairy foods consumption. Starter cultures are of great industrial significance in that they play a vital role in the manufacturing, flavor, and texture development of fermented dairy foods. Furthermore, additional interest in starter bacteria has been generated because of the data accumulating on the potential health benefits of these organisms. Today, starter cultures for fermented foods are developed mainly by design rather than by the traditional screening methods and trial and error. Advances in genetics and molecular biology have provided opportunities for genomic studies of these economically significant organisms and engineering of cultures that focuses on rational improvement of the industrially useful strain. Furthermore, much research has been published on the health benefits associated with ingesting cultured dairy foods and probiotics, particularly their role in modulating immune function. The aim of this review is to describe some of the major scientific advances made in starter and non-starter lactic acid bacteria during the past 10 yr, including genomic studies on dairy starter cultures, engineering of culture attributes, advances in phage control, developments in methods to enumerate lactic acid bacteria and probiotics in dairy foods, and the potential role of cultured dairy foods in modulation of immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Cogan
- Moorepark Food Reseach Centre, Teagasc, Fermoy, Ireland
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29
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Salzano AM, Arena S, Renzone G, D'Ambrosio C, Rullo R, Bruschi M, Ledda L, Maglione G, Candiano G, Ferrara L, Scaloni A. A widespread picture of theStreptococcus thermophilus proteome by cell lysate fractionation and gel-based/gel-free approaches. Proteomics 2007; 7:1420-33. [PMID: 17407180 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200601030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Among the group of lactic acid bacteria, Streptococcus thermophilus has found a wide application in industrial processes used for the manufacture of dairy products. Taking advantage of different proteome extraction and subfractionation protocols, bacterial cytosolic and membrane proteins were isolated and resolved by independent gel-free and gel-based separation procedures. Whole cytosolic fraction and its acid, basic and low molecular mass protein components were separated by different resolutive 2-DE and tricine 1-DE gels and identified by MALDI-TOF PMF and/or microLC-ESI-IT-MS/MS. Membrane proteins were resolved by 2-DE and SDS-PAGE gels and similarly identified by PMF and TMS analysis. In parallel, whole extract was trypsinized and resulting peptides were identified by shotgun 2-D LC-ESI-IT-MS/MS analysis. Using this combined approach, expression products corresponding to 458 different genes were identified, which cover almost a third of the predicted vegetative proteome. Relative protein concentration and hydrophobicity affected protein detection. Broad recognition was obtained for enzymes involved in carbohydrate, fatty acid, amino acid and nucleotide metabolism, replication, transcription, translation, cell wall synthesis, as well as for proteins affecting bacterial functions important for industrial applications, i.e. milk sugar import and exopolysaccharide biosynthesis. By providing detailed reference electrophoretic/chromatographic maps to be used in future comparative proteomic investigations on bacteria grown under various experimental conditions or on different bacterial strains, our results will favour dedicated studies on S. thermophilus metabolism and its regulation or on detection of biomarkers for selection of optimal strains for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Salzano
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Istituto per il Sistema Produzione Animale in Ambiente Mediterraneo, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
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30
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Cohen DPA, Renes J, Bouwman FG, Zoetendal EG, Mariman E, de Vos WM, Vaughan EE. Proteomic analysis of log to stationary growth phase Lactobacillus plantarum cells and a 2-DE database. Proteomics 2007; 6:6485-93. [PMID: 17115453 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus plantarum is part of the natural microbiota of many food fermentations as well as the human gastro-intestinal tract. The cytosolic fraction of the proteome of L. plantarum WCFS1, whose genome has been sequenced, was studied. 2-DE was used to investigate the proteins from the cytosolic fraction isolated from mid- and late-log, early- and late-stationary phase cells to generate reference maps of different growth conditions offering more knowledge of the metabolic behavior of this bacterium. From this fraction, a total of 200 protein spots were identified by MALDI-MS and a proteome production map was constructed to facilitate further studies such as detection of suitable biomarkers for specific growth conditions. More than half (57%) of the identified proteins were predicted to be involved in metabolic pathways of the bacterium. The protein profile changed during the growth of the bacteria such that 29% of the identified proteins involved in anabolic pathways were at least twofold up-regulated throughout the mid- and late-exponential and early-stationary phases. In the late-stationary phase, six proteins involved in stress or with a potential role for survival during starvation were up-regulated significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P A Cohen
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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31
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Bouazzaoui K, LaPointe G. Use of antisense RNA to modulate glycosyltransferase gene expression and exopolysaccharide molecular mass in Lactobacillus rhamnosus. J Microbiol Methods 2006; 65:216-25. [PMID: 16112763 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2005.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2005] [Revised: 07/11/2005] [Accepted: 07/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Discovery of gene function requires inactivation in order to demonstrate the effect of the absence of gene expression on cell phenotype. As gene inactivation can be lethal, such mutations are often unattainable. Antisense RNA provides a method of reducing transcript and protein levels without totally inactivating the targeted gene, thus providing information on the gene's possible function. This study demonstrates the use of antisense RNA to modulate polysaccharide size in Lactobacillus rhamnosus, a bacterial species with technological and health applications in fermented milk products. Production of antisense RNA coding for a glycosyltransferase leads to reduced sense RNA transcript. While the total amount of polysaccharide produced was not significantly affected, size exclusion chromatography showed that polysaccharides of different molecular mass were produced in the presence of antisense RNA. Conditional control over gene expression could thus be useful for metabolic engineering strategies, where gene inactivation is not practicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bouazzaoui
- STELA Dairy Research Centre, Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods Institute (INAF), 2440 Hochelaga Blvd., Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1K 7P4
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Arena S, D'Ambrosio C, Renzone G, Rullo R, Ledda L, Vitale F, Maglione G, Varcamonti M, Ferrara L, Scaloni A. A study ofStreptococcus thermophilus proteome by integrated analytical procedures and differential expression investigations. Proteomics 2006; 6:181-92. [PMID: 16281183 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200402109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus thermophilus is a Gram-positive bacterium belonging to the group of lactic acid bacteria, among which several genera play an essential role in manufacture of food products. Recently, a genomic consortium sequenced and annotated its entire genome, which has been demonstrated to contain 1900 coding sequences. In this study, we have revealed the expression products of almost 200 different genes using a proteomic strategy combining 2-DE plus MALDI-TOF PMF and differential 1-DE plus muLC-ESI-IT-MS/MS. Thus, a number of cellular pathways related to important physiological processes were described at the proteomic level. Almost 50 genes were related to multiple electrophoretic species, whose heterogeneity was mainly due to variability in pI values. A 2-DE reference map obtained for lactose-grown cells was compared with those obtained after heat, cold, acid, oxidative and starvation stresses. Protein up/down-regulation measurements demonstrated that adaptation to different environmental challenges may involve the contribution of unique as well as combined physiological mechanisms. Common regulatory sites in the promoter region of genes whose expression was induced after stress were identified. These results provide a better comprehension of biochemical processes related to stress resistance in S. thermophilus, allowing defining the molecular bases of adaptative responses or markers for the identification of strains with potential industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Arena
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, I.S.P.A.A.M., National Research Council, via Argine 1085, 80147 Naples, Italy
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Gitton C, Meyrand M, Wang J, Caron C, Trubuil A, Guillot A, Mistou MY. Proteomic signature of Lactococcus lactis NCDO763 cultivated in milk. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:7152-63. [PMID: 16269754 PMCID: PMC1287624 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.11.7152-7163.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have compared the proteomic profiles of L. lactis subsp. cremoris NCDO763 growing in the synthetic medium M17Lac, skim milk microfiltrate (SMM), and skim milk. SMM was used as a simple model medium to reproduce the initial phase of growth of L. lactis in milk. To widen the analysis of the cytoplasmic proteome, we used two different gel systems (pH ranges of 4 to 7 and 4.5 to 5.5), and the proteins associated with the cell envelopes were also studied by two-dimensional electrophoresis. In the course of the study, we analyzed about 800 spots and identified 330 proteins by mass spectrometry. We observed that the levels of more than 50 and 30 proteins were significantly increased upon growth in SMM and milk, respectively. The large redeployment of protein synthesis was essentially associated with an activation of pathways involved in the metabolism of nitrogenous compounds: peptidolytic and peptide transport systems, amino acid biosynthesis and interconversion, and de novo biosynthesis of purines. We also showed that enzymes involved in reactions feeding the purine biosynthetic pathway in one-carbon units and amino acids have an increased level in SMM and milk. The analysis of the proteomic data suggested that the glutamine synthetase (GS) would play a pivotal role in the adaptation to SMM and milk. The analysis of glnA expression during growth in milk and the construction of a glnA-defective mutant confirmed that GS is an essential enzyme for the development of L. lactis in dairy media. This analysis thus provides a proteomic signature of L. lactis, a model lactic acid bacterium, growing in its technological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Gitton
- Unité Biochimie et Structure des Protéines, INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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de Vin F, Rådström P, Herman L, De Vuyst L. Molecular and biochemical analysis of the galactose phenotype of dairy Streptococcus thermophilus strains reveals four different fermentation profiles. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:3659-67. [PMID: 16000774 PMCID: PMC1168995 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.7.3659-3667.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2004] [Accepted: 02/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactose-limited fermentations of 49 dairy Streptococcus thermophilus strains revealed four distinct fermentation profiles with respect to galactose consumption after lactose depletion. All the strains excreted galactose into the medium during growth on lactose, except for strain IMDOST40, which also displayed extremely high galactokinase (GalK) activity. Among this strain collection eight galactose-positive phenotypes sensu stricto were found and their fermentation characteristics and Leloir enzyme activities were measured. As the gal promoter seems to play an important role in the galactose phenotype, the galR-galK intergenic region was sequenced for all strains yielding eight different nucleotide sequences (NS1 to NS8). The gal promoter played an important role in the Gal-positive phenotype but did not determine it exclusively. Although GalT and GalE activities were detected for all Gal-positive strains, GalK activity could only be detected for two out of eight Gal-positive strains. This finding suggests that the other six S. thermophilus strains metabolize galactose via an alternative route. For each type of fermentation profile obtained, a representative strain was chosen and four complete Leloir gene clusters were sequenced. It turned out that Gal-positive strains contained more amino acid differences within their gal genes than Gal-negative strains. Finally, the biodiversity regarding lactose-galactose utilization among the different S. thermophilus strains used in this study was shown by RAPD-PCR. Five Gal-positive strains that contain nucleotide sequence NS2 in their galR-galK intergenic region were closely related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip de Vin
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology, Fermentation Technology and Downstream Processing (IMDO), Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Oliveira AP, Nielsen J, Förster J. Modeling Lactococcus lactis using a genome-scale flux model. BMC Microbiol 2005; 5:39. [PMID: 15982422 PMCID: PMC1185544 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-5-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-scale flux models are useful tools to represent and analyze microbial metabolism. In this work we reconstructed the metabolic network of the lactic acid bacteria Lactococcus lactis and developed a genome-scale flux model able to simulate and analyze network capabilities and whole-cell function under aerobic and anaerobic continuous cultures. Flux balance analysis (FBA) and minimization of metabolic adjustment (MOMA) were used as modeling frameworks. RESULTS The metabolic network was reconstructed using the annotated genome sequence from L. lactis ssp. lactis IL1403 together with physiological and biochemical information. The established network comprised a total of 621 reactions and 509 metabolites, representing the overall metabolism of L. lactis. Experimental data reported in the literature was used to fit the model to phenotypic observations. Regulatory constraints had to be included to simulate certain metabolic features, such as the shift from homo to heterolactic fermentation. A minimal medium for in silico growth was identified, indicating the requirement of four amino acids in addition to a sugar. Remarkably, de novo biosynthesis of four other amino acids was observed even when all amino acids were supplied, which is in good agreement with experimental observations. Additionally, enhanced metabolic engineering strategies for improved diacetyl producing strains were designed. CONCLUSION The L. lactis metabolic network can now be used for a better understanding of lactococcal metabolic capabilities and potential, for the design of enhanced metabolic engineering strategies and for integration with other types of 'omic' data, to assist in finding new information on cellular organization and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Oliveira
- Fluxome Sciences A/S, Søltofts Plads, Building 223, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Fluxome Sciences A/S, Søltofts Plads, Building 223, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Center for Microbial Biotechnology, BioCentrum-DTU, Technical University of Denmark, Building 223, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jochen Förster
- Fluxome Sciences A/S, Søltofts Plads, Building 223, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Sánchez C, Mayo B. General and specialized vectors derived from pBM02, a new rolling circle replicating plasmid of Lactococcus lactis. Plasmid 2004; 51:265-71. [PMID: 15109833 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2003.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2003] [Revised: 12/23/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the construction of several general cloning vectors and a specialized depurative vector based on a new lactococcal plasmid that replicates by the rolling circle mechanism [pBM02; Plasmid 49 (2003) 118]. Most vectors are shuttle vectors for Escherichia coli-Lactococcus lactis and carry replicons of both ColE1 and pBM02 plasmids (ColE1 is used even though the pBM02 replicon is fully active in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms). Segregational and structural studies indicated that the new vectors were stable enough for the majority of applications. Further, since the basic replicon is compatible with plasmid derivatives of pWV01 and pSH71, they can be maintained in the same cell with members of the two largest vector series for L. lactis and other lactic acid bacteria, the pGK, and the pNZ series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sánchez
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (CSIC), Carretera de Infiesto s/n, Villaviciosa, 33300, Spain
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de Vos WM, Hugenholtz J. Engineering metabolic highways in Lactococci and other lactic acid bacteria. Trends Biotechnol 2004; 22:72-9. [PMID: 14757041 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2003.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are widely used in industrial food fermentations and are receiving increased attention for use as cell factories for the production of food and pharmaceutical products. Glycolytic conversion of sugars into lactic acid is the main metabolic highway in these Gram-positive bacteria and Lactococcus lactis has become the model organism because of its small genome, genetic accessibility and simple metabolism. Here we discuss the metabolic engineering of L. lactis and the value of metabolic models compared with other LAB, with a particular focus on the food-grade production of metabolites involved in flavour, texture and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem M de Vos
- Wageningen Center for Food Sciences, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Welman AD, Maddox IS, Archer RH. Screening and selection of exopolysaccharide-producing strains of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. J Appl Microbiol 2004; 95:1200-6. [PMID: 14632992 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02122.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The selection of exopolysaccharide (EPS)-producing strains of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. METHODS AND RESULTS Improved EPS-overproducing strains of L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus were derived by chemical mutagenesis and selection. Initial screening of the chemically induced mutant pool relied primarily on the selection of strains with raised levels of lactic acid and reduced biomass formation. Supporting selection criteria used were ropiness and colonial mucoidy. Final screening of candidate strains undertaken in a semi-defined medium in batch culture, resulted in the selection of a mutant with a 35% improvement in specific EPS yield relative to the parent strain. CONCLUSIONS Initial selection of mutants of L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus on the basis of enhanced formation of lactate and reduced biomass formation, coupled with a ropy or mucoid phenotype, proved to be a satisfactory means of isolating strains with the potential for a higher level of specific EPS production than the parent strain. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The assay protocol allowed for the selection of an EPS-overproducing strain of L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. Such strains are useful for the purposes of metabolic studies related to EPS-production.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Welman
- Institute of Technology and Engineering, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Péant B, LaPointe G. Identification and characterization of a conserved nuclease secreted by strains of the Lactobacillus casei group. J Appl Microbiol 2004; 96:367-74. [PMID: 14723698 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2004.02160.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Nuclease secretion was evaluated for five species of Lactobacillus and the activity was characterized in terms of thermal resistance, molecular weight and mode of action on plasmid DNA. METHODS AND RESULTS Assays of nuclease from L. rhamnosus ATCC 9595 on DNA of different origins indicates a broad activity spectrum. Secreted nuclease from this strain resists a thermal treatment of 20 min at 100 degrees C, is not sensitive to a treatment for disruption of disulphide bonds nor to EDTA treatment under 10 mM l(-1). Nuclease production is not growth linked and seems to be constitutive. Extracellular nuclease of L. rhamnosus ATCC 9595 introduces a single-stranded nick in supercoiled DNA, thus potentially reducing the transformability of plasmid DNA. In seven of eight tested strains, SDS-PAGE revealed a major protein with a molecular weight of ca 35 kDa. Minor degradation products also showed nuclease activity. CONCLUSIONS A comparative analysis of the extracellular fractions of 14 different Lactobacillus strains indicate that nuclease secretion seems to be a widely distributed function among species of milk-related lactobacilli. The production of secreted nuclease may contribute to the low ability of Lactobacillus spp. to be transformed and maintain exogenous DNA. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Determination of the characteristics and distribution of nuclease activity contribute to developing strategies to overcome this barrier to efficient transformation of milk lactobacilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Péant
- STELA Dairy Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
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Cochu A, Vadeboncoeur C, Moineau S, Frenette M. Genetic and biochemical characterization of the phosphoenolpyruvate:glucose/mannose phosphotransferase system of Streptococcus thermophilus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:5423-32. [PMID: 12957931 PMCID: PMC194979 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.9.5423-5432.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2003] [Accepted: 06/29/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In most streptococci, glucose is transported by the phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP):glucose/mannose phosphotransferase system (PTS) via HPr and IIAB(Man), two proteins involved in regulatory mechanisms. While most strains of Streptococcus thermophilus do not or poorly metabolize glucose, compelling evidence suggests that S. thermophilus possesses the genes that encode the glucose/mannose general and specific PTS proteins. The purposes of this study were to determine (i) whether these PTS genes are expressed, (ii) whether the PTS proteins encoded by these genes are able to transfer a phosphate group from PEP to glucose/mannose PTS substrates, and (iii) whether these proteins catalyze sugar transport. The pts operon is made up of the genes encoding HPr (ptsH) and enzyme I (EI) (ptsI), which are transcribed into a 0.6-kb ptsH mRNA and a 2.3-kb ptsHI mRNA. The specific glucose/mannose PTS proteins, IIAB(Man), IIC(Man), IID(Man), and the ManO protein, are encoded by manL, manM, manN, and manO, respectively, which make up the man operon. The man operon is transcribed into a single 3.5-kb mRNA. To assess the phosphotransfer competence of these PTS proteins, in vitro PEP-dependent phosphorylation experiments were conducted with purified HPr, EI, and IIAB(Man) as well as membrane fragments containing IIC(Man) and IID(Man). These PTS components efficiently transferred a phosphate group from PEP to glucose, mannose, 2-deoxyglucose, and (to a lesser extent) fructose, which are common streptococcal glucose/mannose PTS substrates. Whole cells were unable to catalyze the uptake of mannose and 2-deoxyglucose, demonstrating the inability of the S. thermophilus PTS proteins to operate as a proficient transport system. This inability to transport mannose and 2-deoxyglucose may be due to a defective IIC domain. We propose that in S. thermophilus, the general and specific glucose/mannose PTS proteins are not involved in glucose transport but might have regulatory functions associated with the phosphotransfer properties of HPr and IIAB(Man).
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelle Cochu
- Groupe de Recherche en Ecologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, Québec G1K 7P4, Canada
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Kullisaar T, Songisepp E, Mikelsaar M, Zilmer K, Vihalemm T, Zilmer M. Antioxidative probiotic fermented goats' milk decreases oxidative stress-mediated atherogenicity in human subjects. Br J Nutr 2003; 90:449-56. [PMID: 12908907 DOI: 10.1079/bjn2003896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The increasing interest in a healthy diet is stimulating innovative development of novel scientific products in the food industry. The viable lactic acid bacteria in fermented milk products, such as yoghurt, have been associated with increased lactose tolerance, a well-balanced intestinal microflora, antimicrobial activity, stimulation of the immune system and antitumoural, anticholesterolaemic and antioxidative properties in human subjects. Recently, we have studied a human Lactobacillus spp. strain that possesses antioxidative activity. The aim of the present pilot study was to develop goats' milk fermented with the human antioxidative lactobacilli strain, Lactobacillus fermentum ME-3, and to test the effect of the fermented probiotic goats' milk on oxidative stress markers (including markers for atherosclerosis) in human blood and urine and on the gut microflora. Twenty-one healthy subjects were assigned to two treatment groups: goats' milk group and fermented goats' milk group (150 g/d) for a period of 21 d. Consumption of fermented goats' milk improved anti-atherogenicity in healthy subjects: it prolonged resistance of the lipoprotein fraction to oxidation, lowered levels of peroxidized lipoproteins, oxidized LDL, 8-isoprostanes and glutathione redox ratio, and enhanced total antioxidative activity. The consumption of fermented goats' milk also altered both the prevalence and proportion of lactic acid bacteria species in the gut microflora of the subjects. We conclude that the goats' milk fermented with our special antioxidative lactobacilli strain Lactobacillus fermentum ME-3 exhibits anti-atherogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiiu Kullisaar
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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Forde A, Fitzgerald GF. Molecular organization of exopolysaccharide (EPS) encoding genes on the lactococcal bacteriophage adsorption blocking plasmid, pCI658. Plasmid 2003; 49:130-42. [PMID: 12726766 DOI: 10.1016/s0147-619x(02)00156-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The lactococcal plasmid pCI658 (58 kb) isolated from Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris HO2 encodes the production of a hydrophilic exopolysaccharide (EPS) which consists primarily of galactose and glucuronic acid and which interferes with adsorption of phages ø712 and øc2 to cell surface receptors. Examination of the nucleotide sequence of a 21.8-kb region of the plasmid revealed a large genetic cluster consisting of at least 23 putative EPS biosynthetic determinants in addition to the presence of insertion sequences at the 5(') and 3(') ends. According to homology searches, the genes were organized in specific regions involved in regulation, synthesis and export of the EPS. The predicted products of individual genes exhibited significant homology to exopolysaccharide, capsular polysaccharide (CPS), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) gene products from a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Evidence of a gene encoding UDP-glucose dehydrogenase is also presented and this is the first description of such a gene in Lactococcus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Forde
- Department of Microbiology, University College, Cork, Ireland
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Boels IC, Kleerebezem M, de Vos WM. Engineering of carbon distribution between glycolysis and sugar nucleotide biosynthesis in Lactococcus lactis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:1129-35. [PMID: 12571039 PMCID: PMC143634 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.2.1129-1135.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the effects of modulating the activities of glucokinase, phosphofructokinase, and phosphoglucomutase on the branching point between sugar degradation and the biosynthesis of sugar nucleotides involved in the production of exopolysaccharide biosynthesis by Lactococcus lactis. This was realized by using a described isogenic L. lactis mutant with reduced enzyme activities or by controlled expression of the well-characterized genes for phosphoglucomutase or glucokinase from Escherichia coli or Bacillus subtilis, respectively. The role of decreased metabolic flux was studied in L. lactis strains with decreased phosphofructokinase activities. The concomitant reduction of the activities of phosphofructokinase and other enzymes encoded by the las operon (lactate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase) resulted in significant changes in the concentrations of sugar-phosphates. In contrast, a >25-fold overproduction of glucokinase resulted in 7-fold-increased fructose-6-phosphate levels and 2-fold-reduced glucose-1-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate levels. However, these increased sugar-phosphate concentrations did not affect the levels of sugar nucleotides. Finally, an approximately 100-fold overproduction of phosphoglucomutase resulted in 5-fold-increased levels of both UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose. While the increased concentrations of sugar-phosphates or sugar nucleotides did not significantly affect the production of exopolysaccharides, they demonstrate the metabolic flexibility of L. lactis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg C Boels
- Wageningen Centre for Food Sciences, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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45
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Varcamonti M, Graziano MR, Pezzopane R, Naclerio G, Arsenijevic S, De Felice M. Impaired temperature stress response of a Streptococcus thermophilus deoD mutant. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:1287-9. [PMID: 12571059 PMCID: PMC143660 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.2.1287-1289.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An insertional deoD mutant of Streptococcus thermophilus strain SFi39 had a reduced growth rate at 20 degrees C and an enhanced survival capacity to heat shock compared to the wild type, indicating that the deoD product is involved in temperature shock adaptation. We report evidence that ppGpp is implicated in this dual response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Varcamonti
- Section of Microbiology, Department of General and Environmental Physiology, University Federico II, 80134 Naples, Italy.
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Grossiord BP, Luesink EJ, Vaughan EE, Arnaud A, de Vos WM. Characterization, expression, and mutation of the Lactococcus lactis galPMKTE genes, involved in galactose utilization via the Leloir pathway. J Bacteriol 2003; 185:870-8. [PMID: 12533462 PMCID: PMC142802 DOI: 10.1128/jb.185.3.870-878.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2002] [Accepted: 11/06/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A cluster containing five similarly oriented genes involved in the metabolism of galactose via the Leloir pathway in Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris MG1363 was cloned and characterized. The order of the genes is galPMKTE, and these genes encode a galactose permease (GalP), an aldose 1-epimerase (GalM), a galactokinase (GalK), a hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GalT), and a UDP-glucose 4-epimerase (GalE), respectively. This genetic organization reflects the order of the metabolic conversions during galactose utilization via the Leloir pathway. The functionality of the galP, galK, galT, and galE genes was shown by complementation studies performed with both Escherichia coli and L. lactis mutants. The GalP permease is a new member of the galactoside-pentose-hexuronide family of transporters. The capacity of GalP to transport galactose was demonstrated by using galP disruption mutant strains of L. lactis MG1363. A galK deletion was constructed by replacement recombination, and the mutant strain was not able to ferment galactose. Disruption of the galE gene resulted in a deficiency in cell separation along with the appearance of a long-chain phenotype when cells were grown on glucose as the sole carbon source. Recovery of the wild-type phenotype for the galE mutant was obtained either by genetic complementation or by addition of galactose to the growth medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît P Grossiord
- NIZO Food Research, 6710 BA Ede. Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, 6703 CT Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Kleerebezem M, Boels IC, Groot MN, Mierau I, Sybesma W, Hugenholtz J. Metabolic engineering of Lactococcus lactis: the impact of genomics and metabolic modelling. J Biotechnol 2002; 98:199-213. [PMID: 12141987 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(02)00132-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria display a relatively simple and well described metabolism where the sugar source is converted mainly to lactic acid. Here we will shortly describe metabolic engineering strategies that led to the efficient re-routing of the lactococcal pyruvate metabolism to end-products other than lactic acid, including diacetyl and alanine. Moreover, we will review current metabolic engineering approaches that aim at increasing the flux through complex biosynthetic pathways, leading to exopolysaccharides and folic acid. Finally, the (future) impact of the developments in the area of genomics and corresponding high-throughput technologies will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Kleerebezem
- Department of Flavour, Nutrition and Natural Ingredients, Wageningen Centre for Food Sciences, NIZO Food Research, P.O. Box 20, 6710 BA Ede, The Netherlands.
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Ricciardi A, Parente E, Crudele MA, Zanetti F, Scolari G, Mannazzu I. Exopolysaccharide production by Streptococcus thermophilus SY: production and preliminary characterization of the polymer. J Appl Microbiol 2002; 92:297-306. [PMID: 11849358 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the effect of yeast extract (YE) concentration, temperature and pH on growth and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production in a whey-based medium by Streptococcus thermophilus SY and to characterize the partially purified EPS. METHODS AND RESULTS Factorial experiments and empirical model building were used to optimize fermentation conditions and the chemical composition, average molecular weight (MW) and rheological properties of aqueous dispersions of the EPS were determined. Exopolysaccharide production was growth associated and was higher (152 mg l(-1)) at pH 6.4 and 36 degrees C with 4 g l(-1) YE. High performance size exclusion chromatography of the partially purified EPS showed two peaks, with a weight average MW of 2 x 10(6) and 5 x 10(4), respectively. The EPS was a heteropolysaccharide, with a glucose : galactose : rhamnose ratio of 2 : 4.5 : 1. Its water dispersions had a pseudoplastic behaviour and showed a higher viscosity of xanthan solutions. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The fermentation conditions and some properties of an EPS produced by Strep. thermophilus, a dairy starter organism, were described.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ricciardi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Difesa e Biotecnologie Agro-forestali, Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy.
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Laws A, Gu Y, Marshall V. Biosynthesis, characterisation, and design of bacterial exopolysaccharides from lactic acid bacteria. Biotechnol Adv 2001; 19:597-625. [PMID: 14550013 DOI: 10.1016/s0734-9750(01)00084-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are characterised by their conversion of a large proportion of their carbon feed, fermentable sugars, to lactic acid. However, in addition to lactic acid production, the LAB are able to divert a small proportion of fermentable sugars towards the biosynthesis of exopolysaccharides (EPSs) that are independent of the cell surface and cell wall material. These microbial EPSs when suspended or dissolved in aqueous solution provide thickening and gelling properties, and, as such, there is great interest in using EPSs from food grade microorganisms (such as the LAB that are traditionally used for food fermentations) for use as thickening agents. The current review includes a brief summary of the recent literature describing features of the biosynthetic pathways leading to EPS production. Many aspects of EPS biosynthesis in LAB are still not fully understood and a number of inferences are made regarding the similarity of the pathway to those involved in the synthesis of other cell polysaccharides, e.g., cell wall components. The main body of the review will cover practical aspects concerned with the isolation and characterisation of EPS structures. In the last couple of years, a substantial number of structures have been published and a summary of the common elements of these structures is included as is a suggestion for a system for representing structures. A brief highlight of the attempts that are being made to design 'tailor'-made polysaccharides using genetic modification and control of metabolic flux is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Laws
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, UK.
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Jensen NB, Melchiorsen CR, Jokumsen KV, Villadsen J. Metabolic behavior of Lactococcus lactis MG1363 in microaerobic continuous cultivation at a low dilution rate. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:2677-82. [PMID: 11375180 PMCID: PMC92924 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.6.2677-2682.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Minute amounts of oxygen were supplied to a continuous cultivation of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris MG1363 grown on a defined glucose-limited medium at a dilution rate of 0.1 h(-1). More than 80% of the carbon supplied with glucose ended up in fermentation products other than lactate. Addition of even minute amounts of oxygen increased the yield of biomass on glucose by more than 10% compared to that obtained under anaerobic conditions and had a dramatic impact on catabolic enzyme activities and hence on the distribution of carbon at the pyruvate branch point. Increasing aeration caused carbon dioxide and acetate to replace formate and ethanol as catabolic end products while hardly affecting the production of either acetoin or lactate. The negative impact of oxygen on the synthesis of pyruvate formate lyase was confirmed. Moreover, oxygen was shown to down regulate the protein level of alcohol dehydrogenase while increasing the enzyme activity levels of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, alpha-acetolactate synthase, and the NADH oxidases. Lactate dehydrogenase and glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme activity levels were unaffected by aeration.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Jensen
- Center for Process Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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