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Singh P, Stevenson SR, Dickinson PJ, Reyna-Llorens I, Tripathi A, Reeves G, Schreier TB, Hibberd JM. C 4 gene induction during de-etiolation evolved through changes in cis to allow integration with ancestral C 3 gene regulatory networks. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade9756. [PMID: 36989352 PMCID: PMC10058240 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade9756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
C4 photosynthesis has evolved by repurposing enzymes found in C3 plants. Compared with the ancestral C3 state, accumulation of C4 cycle proteins is enhanced. We used de-etiolation of C4 Gynandropsis gynandra and C3 Arabidopsis thaliana to understand this process. C4 gene expression and chloroplast biogenesis in G. gynandra were tightly coordinated. Although C3 and C4 photosynthesis genes showed similar induction patterns, in G. gynandra, C4 genes were more strongly induced than orthologs from A. thaliana. In vivo binding of TGA and homeodomain as well as light-responsive elements such as G- and I-box motifs were associated with the rapid increase in transcripts of C4 genes. Deletion analysis confirmed that regions containing G- and I-boxes were necessary for high expression. The data support a model in which accumulation of transcripts derived from C4 photosynthesis genes in C4 leaves is enhanced because modifications in cis allowed integration into ancestral transcriptional networks.
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Abstract
Tremendous progress has been made on molecular aspects of plant phosphorus (P) nutrition, often without heeding information provided by soil scientists, ecophysiologists, and crop physiologists. This review suggests ways to integrate information from different disciplines. When soil P availability is very low, P-mobilizing strategies are more effective than mycorrhizal strategies. Soil parameters largely determine how much P roots can acquire from P-impoverished soil, and kinetic properties of P transporters are less important. Changes in the expression of P transporters avoid P toxicity. Plants vary widely in photosynthetic P-use efficiency, photosynthesis per unit leaf P. The challenge is to discover what the trade-offs are of different patterns of investment in P fractions. Less investment may save P, but are costs incurred? Are these costs acceptable for crops? These questions can be resolved only by the concerted action of scientists working at both molecular and physiological levels, rather than pursuing these problems independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Lambers
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia;
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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3
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Metabolomics and Molecular Approaches Reveal Drought Stress Tolerance in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179108. [PMID: 34502020 PMCID: PMC8431676 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic regulation is the key mechanism implicated in plants maintaining cell osmotic potential under drought stress. Understanding drought stress tolerance in plants will have a significant impact on food security in the face of increasingly harsh climatic conditions. Plant primary and secondary metabolites and metabolic genes are key factors in drought tolerance through their involvement in diverse metabolic pathways. Physio-biochemical and molecular strategies involved in plant tolerance mechanisms could be exploited to increase plant survival under drought stress. This review summarizes the most updated findings on primary and secondary metabolites involved in drought stress. We also examine the application of useful metabolic genes and their molecular responses to drought tolerance in plants and discuss possible strategies to help plants to counteract unfavorable drought periods.
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Weigle AT, Carr M, Shukla D. Impact of Increased Membrane Realism on Conformational Sampling of Proteins. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:5342-5357. [PMID: 34339605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The realism and accuracy of lipid bilayer simulations through molecular dynamics (MD) are heavily dependent on the lipid composition. While the field is pushing toward implementing more heterogeneous and realistic membrane compositions, a lack of high-resolution lipidomic data prevents some membrane protein systems from being modeled with the highest level of realism. Given the additional diversity of real-world cellular membranes and protein-lipid interactions, it is still not fully understood how altering membrane complexity affects modeled membrane protein functions or if it matters over long-timescale simulations. This is especially true for organisms whose membrane environments have little to no computational study, such as the plant plasma membrane. Tackling these issues in tandem, a generalized, realistic, and asymmetric plant plasma membrane with more than 10 different lipid species is constructed herein. Classical MD simulations of pure membrane constructs were performed to evaluate how altering the compositional complexity of the membrane impacted the plant membrane properties. The apo form of a plant sugar transporter, OsSWEET2b, was inserted into membrane models where lipid diversity was calculated in either a size-dependent or size-independent manner. An adaptive sampling simulation regime validated by Markov-state models was performed to capture the gating dynamics of OsSWEET2b in each of these membrane constructs. In comparison to previous OsSWEET2b simulations performed in a pure POPC bilayer, we confirm that simulations performed within a native-like membrane composition alter the stabilization of apo OsSWEET2b conformational states by ∼1 kcal/mol. The free-energy barriers of intermediate conformational states decrease when realistic membrane complexity is simplified, albeit roughly within sampling error, suggesting that protein-specific responses to membranes differ due to altered packing caused by compositional fluctuations. This work serves as a case study where a more realistic bilayer composition makes unbiased conformational sampling easier to achieve than with simplified bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin T Weigle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Matthew Carr
- Independent Software Development Provider310 East Marlette Avenue, Phoenix, Arizona 85012, United States
| | - Diwakar Shukla
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Center for Digital Agriculture, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,NIH Center for Macromolecular Modeling and Bioinformatics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Shahbazy M, Moradi P, Ertaylan G, Zahraei A, Kompany-Zareh M. FTICR mass spectrometry-based multivariate analysis to explore distinctive metabolites and metabolic pathways: A comprehensive bioanalytical strategy toward time-course metabolic profiling of Thymus vulgaris plants responding to drought stress. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 290:110257. [PMID: 31779919 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this research, metabolic profiling/pathways of Thymus vulgaris (thyme) plant were assessed during a water deficit stress using an FTICR mass spectrometry-based metabolomics strategy incorporating multivariate data analysis and bioinformatics techniques. Herein, differences of MS signals in specific time courses after water deficit stress and control cases without any timing period were distinguished significantly by common pattern recognition techniques, i.e., PCA, HCA-Heatmap, and PLS-DA. Subsequently, the results were compared with supervised Kohonen neural network (SKN) ones as a non-linear data visualization and capable mapping tool. The classification models showed excellent performance to predict the level of drought stress. By assessing variances contribution on the PCA-loadings of the MS data, the discriminant variables related to the most critical metabolites were identified and then confirmed by ANOVA. Indeed, FTICR MS-based multivariate analysis strategy could explore distinctive metabolites and metabolic pathways/profiles, grouped into three metabolism categories including amino acids, carbohydrates (i.e., galactose, glucose, fructose, sucrose, and mannose), and other metabolites (rosmarinic acid and citrate), to indicate biological mechanisms in response to drought stress for thyme. It was achieved and approved through the MS signals, genomics databases, and transcriptomics factors to interpret and predict the plant metabolic behavior. Eventually, a comprehensive pathway analysis was used to provide a pathway enrichment analysis and explore topological pathway characteristics dealing with the remarkable metabolites to demonstrate that galactose metabolism is the most significant pathway in the biological system of thyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shahbazy
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), 45137-66731, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Parviz Moradi
- Research Division of Natural Resources, Zanjan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Centre, AREEO, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Gokhan Ertaylan
- Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology (MaCSBio), Maastricht University. Universiteitssingel 60, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ali Zahraei
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), 45137-66731, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Kompany-Zareh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), 45137-66731, Zanjan, Iran; Trace Analysis Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, PO Box 15000, Halifax, N.S, B3H 4R2, Canada.
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Sharmin F, Atsuzawa K, Jung S, Schubert S, Kaneko Y. Para-crystalline membrane structures resembling prolamellar bodies in the invasion zones of indeterminate root nodules of Vicia faba L. Microscopy (Oxf) 2019; 68:379-384. [PMID: 31340024 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfz027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel para-crystalline structures resembling prolamellar bodies in etioplasts were found in the invasion zones of indeterminate root nodules of Vicia faba, which possess persistent meristems and exhibit sequential developmental stages. The para-crystalline structures existed in most cells in the area of the invasion zone and a hexagonal arrangement of tubular membranes was recognized. Extensive membranes, apparently procured from the structures, were often in contact with the bacteria in young infected cells. We propose that the para-crystalline structures serve as a reservoir of membranes for the formation of the numerous symbiosomes that propagate and fill the infected cells, and suggest naming them pro-symbiosome membrane bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Sharmin
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Kimie Atsuzawa
- Comprehensive Analysis Center for Science, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Stephan Jung
- Institute of Plant Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sven Schubert
- Institute of Plant Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Yasuko Kaneko
- Biology Section in the Faculty of Education, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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Xu L, Pan R, Zhou M, Xu Y, Zhang W. Lipid remodelling plays an important role in wheat (Triticum aestivum) hypoxia stress. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2019; 47:58-66. [PMID: 31816273 DOI: 10.1071/fp19150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Membrane lipid remodelling is one of the strategies that plants have developed to combat abiotic stress. In this study, physiological, lipidomic and proteome analyses were conducted to investigate the changes in glycerolipid and phospholipid concentrations in the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars CIGM90.863 and Seri M82 under hypoxia treatment. The growth of CIGM90.863 remained unaffected, whereas Seri M82 was significantly stunted after 8 days of hypoxia treatment. The concentrations of all lipids except lysophosphatidylglycerol were significantly higher in the leaves of Seri M82 than in CIGM90.863 under normal growth conditions. The lipid profile changed significantly under hypoxia stress and varied between genotypes for some of the lipids. Phosphatidic acids remained unchanged in Seri M82 but they were gradually induced in CIGM90.863 in response to hypoxia stress because of the higher phospholipase D expression and lower expression of diglycerol kinase and phosphatidate phosphatases. In contrast, digalactosyldiacylglycerol content was highly stable in CIGM90.863 following hypoxia treatment, although it decreased significantly in Seri M82. Phosphatidylglycerol and lipoxygenase showed a stronger and faster response in CIGM90.863 than in Seri M82 under hypoxia stress. Different membrane lipid adjustments in wheat under oxygen deficiency conditions could be partly responsible for the differing tolerance of Seri M82 and CIGM90.863. This study will help us to better understand how wheat tolerates hypoxia stress by regulating lipid remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Xu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Grain Industry/ Engineering Research Centre of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Rui Pan
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Grain Industry/ Engineering Research Centre of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Meixue Zhou
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Grain Industry/ Engineering Research Centre of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; and Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 1375, Prospect, Tas. 7250, Australia
| | - Yanhao Xu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Grain Industry/ Engineering Research Centre of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Wenying Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Grain Industry/ Engineering Research Centre of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; and Corresponding author.
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8
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Lipidomics Unravels the Role of Leaf Lipids in Thyme Plant Response to Drought Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102067. [PMID: 28956853 PMCID: PMC5666749 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymus is one of the best known genera within the Labiatae (Lamiaceae) family, with more than 200 species and many medicinal and culinary uses. The effects of prolonged drought on lipid profile were investigated in tolerant and sensitive thyme plants (Thymus serpyllum L. and Thymus vulgaris L., respectively). Non-targeted non-polar metabolite profiling was carried out using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry with one-month-old plants exposed to drought stress, and their morpho-physiological parameters were also evaluated. Tolerant and sensitive plants exhibited clearly different responses at a physiological level. In addition, different trends for a number of non-polar metabolites were observed when comparing stressed and control samples, for both sensitive and tolerant plants. Sensitive plants showed the highest decrease (55%) in main lipid components such as galactolipids and phospholipids. In tolerant plants, the level of lipids involved in signaling increased, while intensities of those induced by stress (e.g., oxylipins) dramatically decreased (50–60%), in particular with respect to metabolites with m/z values of 519.3331, 521.3488, and 581.3709. Partial least square discriminant analysis separated all the samples into four groups: tolerant watered, tolerant stressed, sensitive watered and sensitive stressed. The combination of lipid profiling and physiological parameters represented a promising tool for investigating the mechanisms of plant response to drought stress at non-polar metabolome level.
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Kuroe M, Kamogawa H, Hosokawa M, Miyashita K. Dietary ALA from Spinach Enhances Liver n-3 Fatty Acid Content to Greater Extent than Linseed Oil in Mice Fed Equivalent Amounts of ALA. Lipids 2015; 51:39-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Lung SC, Smith MD, Weston JK, Gwynne W, Secord N, Chuong SDX. The C-terminus of Bienertia sinuspersici Toc159 contains essential elements for its targeting and anchorage to the chloroplast outer membrane. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:722. [PMID: 25566294 PMCID: PMC4274882 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Most nucleus-encoded chloroplast proteins rely on an N-terminal transit peptide (TP) as a post-translational sorting signal for directing them to the organelle. Although Toc159 is known to be a receptor for specific preprotein TPs at the chloroplast surface, the mechanism for its own targeting and integration into the chloroplast outer membrane is not completely understood. In a previous study, we identified a novel TP-like sorting signal at the C-terminus (CT) of a Toc159 homolog from the single-cell C4 species, Bienertia sinuspersici. In the current study, we have extended our understanding of the sorting signal using transient expression of fluorescently-tagged fusion proteins of variable-length, and with truncated and swapped versions of the CT. As was shown in the earlier study, the 56 residues of the CT contain crucial sorting information for reversible interaction of the receptor with the chloroplast envelope. Extension of this region to 100 residues in the current study stabilized the interaction via membrane integration, as demonstrated by more prominent plastid-associated signals and resistance of the fusion protein to alkaline extraction. Despite a high degree of sequence similarity, the plastid localization signals of the equivalent CT regions of Arabidopsis thaliana Toc159 homologs were not as strong as that of the B. sinuspersici counterparts. Together with computational and circular dichroism analyses of the CT domain structures, our data provide insights into the critical elements of the CT for the efficient targeting and anchorage of Toc159 receptors to the dimorphic chloroplasts in the single-cell C4 species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiu-Cheung Lung
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong KongHong Kong SAR, China
| | - Matthew D. Smith
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier UniversityWaterloo, ON, Canada
| | - J. Kyle Weston
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier UniversityWaterloo, ON, Canada
| | - William Gwynne
- Department of Biology, University of WaterlooWaterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Nathan Secord
- Department of Biology, University of WaterlooWaterloo, ON, Canada
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Solymosi K, Aronsson H. Etioplasts and Their Significance in Chloroplast Biogenesis. PLASTID DEVELOPMENT IN LEAVES DURING GROWTH AND SENESCENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5724-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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12
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Lambers H, Cawthray GR, Giavalisco P, Kuo J, Laliberté E, Pearse SJ, Scheible WR, Stitt M, Teste F, Turner BL. Proteaceae from severely phosphorus-impoverished soils extensively replace phospholipids with galactolipids and sulfolipids during leaf development to achieve a high photosynthetic phosphorus-use-efficiency. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 196:1098-1108. [PMID: 22937909 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04285.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Proteaceae species in south-western Australia occur on severely phosphorus (P)-impoverished soils. They have very low leaf P concentrations, but relatively fast rates of photosynthesis, thus exhibiting extremely high photosynthetic phosphorus-use-efficiency (PPUE). Although the mechanisms underpinning their high PPUE remain unknown, one possibility is that these species may be able to replace phospholipids with nonphospholipids during leaf development, without compromising photosynthesis. For six Proteaceae species, we measured soil and leaf P concentrations and rates of photosynthesis of both young expanding and mature leaves. We also assessed the investment in galactolipids, sulfolipids and phospholipids in young and mature leaves, and compared these results with those on Arabidopsis thaliana, grown under both P-sufficient and P-deficient conditions. In all Proteaceae species, phospholipid levels strongly decreased during leaf development, whereas those of galactolipids and sulfolipids strongly increased. Photosynthetic rates increased from young to mature leaves. This shows that these species extensively replace phospholipids with nonphospholipids during leaf development, without compromising photosynthesis. A considerably less pronounced shift was observed in A. thaliana. Our results clearly show that a low investment in phospholipids, relative to nonphospholipids, offers a partial explanation for a high photosynthetic rate per unit leaf P in Proteaceae adapted to P-impoverished soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Lambers
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Gregory R Cawthray
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Patrick Giavalisco
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - John Kuo
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Etienne Laliberté
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Stuart J Pearse
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Wolf-Rüdiger Scheible
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - François Teste
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Turner
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
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Andersson MX, Dörmann P. Chloroplast Membrane Lipid Biosynthesis and Transport. PLANT CELL MONOGRAPHS 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-68696-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Blomqvist LA, Ryberg M, Sundqvist C. Proteomic analysis of highly purified prolamellar bodies reveals their significance in chloroplast development. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2008; 96:37-50. [PMID: 18071923 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-007-9281-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 11/29/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The prolamellar body (PLB) proteome of dark-grown wheat leaves was characterized. PLBs are formed not only in etioplasts but also in chloroplasts in young developing leaves during the night, yet their function is not fully understood. Highly purified PLBs were prepared from 7-day-old dark-grown leaves and identified by their spectral properties as revealed by low-temperature fluorescence spectroscopy. The PLB preparation had no contamination of extra-plastidal proteins, and only two envelope proteins were found. The PLB proteome was analysed by a combination of 1-D SDS-PAGE and nano-LC FTICR MS. The identification of chlorophyll synthase in the PLB fraction is the first time this enzyme protein was found in extracts of dark-grown plants. This finding is in agreement with its previous localization to PLBs using activity studies. NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase A (PORA), which catalyses the reduction of protochlorophyllide to chlorophyllide, dominates the proteome of PLBs. Besides the identification of the PORA protein, the PORB protein was identified for the first time in dark-grown wheat. Altogether 64 unique proteins, representing pigment biosynthesis, photosynthetic light reaction, Calvin cycle proteins, chaperones and protein synthesis, were identified. The in number of proteins' largest group was the one involved in photosynthetic light reactions. This fact strengthens the assumption that the PLB membranes are precursors to the thylakoids and used for the formation of the photosynthetic membranes during greening. The present work is important to enhance our understanding of the significance of PLBs in chloroplast development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Blomqvist
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Göteborg University, P.O. Box 461, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
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15
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Andersson MX, Dörmann P. Chloroplast Membrane Lipid Biosynthesis and Transport. PLANT CELL MONOGRAPHS 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/7089_2008_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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16
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Murphy DJ. The importance of non-planar bilayer regions in photosynthetic membranes and their stabilisation by galactolipids. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(82)81297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Duval J, Tremolieres A, Dubacq J. The possible role of transhexadecenoic acid and phosphatidylglycerol in light reactions of photosynthesis. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(79)80544-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Andersson MX, Kjellberg JM, Sandelius AS. Chloroplast biogenesis. Regulation of lipid transport to the thylakoid in chloroplasts isolated from expanding and fully expanded leaves of pea. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 127:184-93. [PMID: 11553746 PMCID: PMC117974 DOI: 10.1104/pp.127.1.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2001] [Revised: 05/14/2001] [Accepted: 06/06/2001] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To study the regulation of lipid transport from the chloroplast envelope to the thylakoid, intact chloroplasts, isolated from fully expanded or still-expanding pea (Pisum sativum) leaves, were incubated with radiolabeled lipid precursors and thylakoid membranes subsequently were isolated. Incubation with UDP[(3)H]Gal labeled monogalactosyldiacylglycerol in both envelope membranes and digalactosyldiacylglycerol in the outer chloroplast envelope. Galactolipid synthesis increased with incubation temperature. Transport to the thylakoid was slow below 12 degrees C, and exhibited a temperature dependency closely resembling that for the previously reported appearance and disappearance of vesicles in the stroma (D.J. Morré, G. Selldén, C. Sundqvist, A.S. Sandelius [1991] Plant Physiol 97: 1558-1564). In mature chloroplasts, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol transport to the thylakoid was up to three times higher than digalactosyldiacylglycerol transport, whereas the difference was markedly lower in developing chloroplasts. Incubation of chloroplasts with [(14)C]acyl-coenzyme A labeled phosphatidylcholine (PC) and free fatty acids in the inner envelope membrane and phosphatidylglycerol at the chloroplast surface. PC and phosphatidylglycerol were preferentially transported to the thylakoid. Analysis of lipid composition revealed that the thylakoid contained approximately 20% of the chloroplast PC. Our results demonstrate that lipids synthesized at the chloroplast surface as well as in the inner envelope membrane are transported to the thylakoid and that lipid sorting is involved in the process. Furthermore, the results also indicate that more than one pathway exists for galactolipid transfer from the chloroplast envelope to the thylakoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- M X Andersson
- Göteborg University, Department of Plant Physiology, P.O. Box 461, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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19
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Härtel H, Essigmann B, Lokstein H, Hoffmann-Benning S, Peters-Kottig M, Benning C. The phospholipid-deficient pho1 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana is affected in the organization, but not in the light acclimation, of the thylakoid membrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1415:205-18. [PMID: 9858733 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(98)00197-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The pho1 mutant of Arabidopsis has been shown to respond to the phosphate deficiency in the leaves by decreasing the amount of phosphatidylglycerol (PG). PG is thought to be of crucial importance for the organization and function of the thylakoid membrane. This prompted us to ask what the consequences of the PG deficiency may be in the pho1 mutant when grown under low or high light. While in the wild-type, the lipid pattern was almost insensitive to changes in the growth light, PG was reduced to 45% under low light in the mutant, and it decreased further to 35% under high light. Concomitantly, sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol (SQDG) and to a lesser extent digalactosyl diacylglycerol (DGDG) increased. The SQDG increase correlated with increased amounts of the SQD1 protein, an indicator for an actively mediated process. Despite of alterations in the ultrastructure, mutant thylakoids showed virtually no effects on photosynthetic electron transfer, O2 evolution and excitation energy allocation to the reaction centers. Our results support the idea that PG deficiency can at least partially be compensated for by the anionic lipid SQDG and the not charged lipid DGDG. This seems to be an important strategy to maintain an optimal thylakoid lipid milieu for vital processes, such as photosynthesis, under a restricted phosphate availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Härtel
- Department of Biochemistry, Michigan State University, 224 Biochemistry Building, East Lansing, MI 48824-1319, USA.
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20
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Biochemical and biophysical properties of thylakoid acyl lipids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(09)91002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Oils from Wild, Micropropagated Plants, Calli, and Suspended Cells ofEuphorbia characias L. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02922598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Kesselmeier J, Laudenbach U. Prolamellar-body structure, composition of molecular species and amount of galactolipids in etiolated, greening and reetiolated primary leaves of oat, wheat and rye. PLANTA 1986; 168:453-460. [PMID: 24232321 DOI: 10.1007/bf00392264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/1986] [Accepted: 05/14/1986] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The greening and reetiolation process of etiolated leaves of oat, wheat and rye, possessing different types of prolamellar bodies (PLBs), was observed by electron microscopy. Oat is known to possess unusual crystalline PLBs (so-called 'narrow type'). Rye and what, which normally show PLBs with more loosely packed tubules ('wide type') during etiolation, exhibited PLBs of the narrow type after illumination and subsequent reincubation in the dark (=reetiolation). Thus the reetiolated PLBs of wheat and rye did not differ from etiolated or reetiolated oat PLBs. In parallel with the microscopic analysis, intact leaves of all developmental stages were analysed for their galactolipid content and composition of molecular species using a newly developed high-performance liquid chromatography procedure. When oat, wheat and rye were compared, differences in the molecular species and the molar ratio of the two galactolipids monogalactosyldiacylglyceride (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglyceride (DGDG) were found. However, no parameter showed a correlation with PLB construction, disintegration or reconstruction. The results presented in this paper are not consistent with the hypothesis that the molar ratio of MGDG/DGDG is responsible for the tubular structure of prolamellar bodies in etioplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kesselmeier
- Botanisches Institut der Universität zu Köln, Gyrhofstrasse 15, D-5000, Köln 41, Federal Republic of Germany
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23
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Chapman DJ, De Felice J, Barber J. Polar lipid composition of chloroplast thylakoids isolated from leaves grown under different lighting conditions. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1986; 8:257-265. [PMID: 24443263 DOI: 10.1007/bf00037133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/1985] [Revised: 07/26/1985] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The polar acyl lipid composition was determined for samples of chloroplast thylakoids isolated from Pisum sativum plants grown at light intensities of 50 and 300 μE·m(-2)·s(-1) and from Aesculus hippocastanum leaves taken from shade or sun environments. Lighting conditions had no major effect on lipid class composition except for a small increase in the amount of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol relative to other lipids in low compared with high light and shade compared with sun conditions. The thylakoids from low light and shade environments also had, relative to those from high light and sun conditions, a substantial decrease in the level of trans-hexadecenoic acid in phosphatidyglycerol. In parallel with this there were lower lipid to chlorophyll ratios, higher overall fatty acid unsaturation, lower chlorophyll a to b ratios and increased relative levels of light harvesting chlorophyll a/b polypeptides as expected for an increase in the degree of thylakoid appression. With this in mind, our results on lipid class composition and content of trans-hexadecenoic acid are discussed in the context of the lateral distribution of lipids within the plane of membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Chapman
- AFRC Photosynthesis Research Group, Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Imperial College of Science and Technology, SW7 2BB, London, UK
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24
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Lechowicz W, Maternicka K, Faltynowicz M, Poskuta J. Effect of light intensity on pigments and main acyl lipids during 'natural' chloroplast development in wheat seedlings. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1986; 8:133-147. [PMID: 24443210 DOI: 10.1007/bf00035244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/1985] [Revised: 05/11/1985] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The content and composition of pigments and acyl lipids (monogalactosyl diacylglycerol, digalactosyl diacylglycerol and phosphatidyl glycerol) have been investigated in developing chloroplasts isolated from successive 2-cm sections along the leaves of wheat seedlings grown either under 100, 30 or 3 W·m(-2). In all examined stages of plastid development chlorophyll a/b and chlorophyll/carotenoid ratios were higher with increasing irradiance, whereas chlorophyll content expressed on fresh weight basis gradually decreased.Concentrations of monogalactosyl diacylglycerol, digalactosyl diacylglycerol and phosphatidyl glycerol decreased per chlorophyll unit with increasing plastid maturity. The higher was the light intensity applied during plant growth, the higher were galactolipid and phosphatidyl glycerol contents in developing chloroplasts. During plastid development the percentage of α-linolenic acid markedly increased in total and individual acyl lipids. Under high light conditions, the accumulation of this fatty acid proceeded more rapidly. Significantly higher proportion of α-linolenic acid was found in acyl lipid fraction of chloroplasts differentiating in high light grown plants, than in those from plants exposed to lower light intensities. The differences in the double bond index may indicate higher fluidity of thylakoid membranes in sun-type chloroplasts.Trans-3Δ-hexadecenoic acid, virtually absent in the youngest plastids, was found in much higher concentration (per chlorophyll unit and as mol % of phosphatidyl glycerol fatty acids) in chloroplasts developing at high light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Lechowicz
- Department of Plant Physiology II, Faculty of Biology, Warsaw University, Krakowskle Przedmiescie 26/28, 00-927, Warszawa
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25
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Tevini M, Steinmüller D. Composition and function of plastoglobuli : II. Lipid composition of leaves and plastoglobuli during beech leaf senescence. PLANTA 1985; 163:91-6. [PMID: 24249273 DOI: 10.1007/bf00395902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/1984] [Accepted: 06/16/1984] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The lipid composition of whole leaves and isolated plastoglobul of beech (Fagus sylvatica) has been studied during four natural autumnal senescence stages. Chlorophylls, glycolipids, and phospholipids were extensively degraded in leaves. About 20% of the glycolipids found in leaves during summer, however, remained in the last stage of leaf senescence. Triacylglycerols, also detected in large amounts in summer leaves, were hydrolyzed during senescence. The content of free fatty acids derived from degradation of glycerolipids therefore increased. The total carotenoid and prenyl quinone content was largely unchanged during senescence, except during the last stage investigated, but the reduced forms of prenyl quinones decreased while the oxidized prenyl quinones increased. Plastoglobuli isolated from summer leaves mainly contained triacylglycerols, plastohydroquinone, and α-tocopherol. The triacylglycerol content declined in plastoglobuli during senescence. Most of the triacylglycerols must be located outside the plastoglobuli throughout the stages investigated. Carotenoids liberated from thylakoids were esterified and increasingly deposited in plastoglobuli during senescence. In the last senescence stage, carotenoid esters were the main component of plastoglobuli. Prenyl quinones were also transferred into plastoglobuli. Reduced prenyl quinones were sucessively oxidized during senescence and plastoquinone (oxidized) was the predominant prenyl quinone in plastoglobuli isolated from the last senescence stage. The carotenoid and prenyl quinone distribution was identical in leaves and plastoglobuli during late senescence. The main constituents of thylakoids, glycolipids and proteins, were not deposited in plastoglobuli and therefore did not play an important role in plastoglobuli metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tevini
- Botanisches Institut II der Universität, Kaiserstrasse 12, D-7500, Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany
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26
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Knacker T, Schaub H. The effect of low oxygen concentration on the acyl-lipid and fatty-acid composition of the C4 plant Amaranthus paniculatus L. PLANTA 1984; 162:441-9. [PMID: 24253226 DOI: 10.1007/bf00393457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/1984] [Accepted: 05/23/1984] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Acyl lipids and their constituent fatty acids were studied in leaves, chloroplasts and bundle-sheath strands of the C4 plant Amaranthus paniculatus L. grown under normal and 4%-oxygen-containing atmospheres. In all fractions the major lipids were found to be monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, digalactosyldiacylglycerol, sulphoquinovo-syldiacylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. Significant quantities of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were restricted to leaves and bundle-sheath strands. All lipids, except phosphatidylglycerol where 3-trans-hexadecenoic acid was also present, contained palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid. On a chlorophyll basis and compared with whole leaves, the amounts of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in bundle-sheath strands were considerably reduced. Three weeks after the change from a normal to a 4% atmospheric O2 level, the galactolipid content, particularly in the bundlesheath strands, was enhanced. There were no significant differences in the degrees of saturationunsaturation of total acyl lipid for the plants grown in the low oxygen and normal atmospheres, although under 4% O2 the phosphatidylglycerol contained an increased proportion of 3-trans-hexadecenoic acid at the expense of palmitic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Knacker
- Fachbereich Biologie-Botanik, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität, Siesmayerstrasse 70, D-6000, Frankfurt a.M., Federal Republic of Germany
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27
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Lateral heterogeneity in the distribution of thylakoid membrane lipid and protein components and its implications for the molecular organisation of photosynthetic membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(83)90229-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Henry LEA, Mikkelsen JD, Møller BL. Pigment and acyl lipid composition of photosystem I and II vesicles and of photosynthetic mutants in barley. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02906174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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29
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Frost Resistance in Spruce [Picea abies(L.) Karst.]: IV, The Lipid Composition of Frost Resistant and Frost Sensitive Spruce Chloroplasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0044-328x(82)80018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Wellburn A. Bioenergetic and Ultrastructural Changes Associated with Chloroplast Development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60369-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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31
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Lütz C. Distribution of Carotenoids and Lipids in Separated Prolamellar Bodies and Prothylakoids of Etioplasts from Avena sativa L. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0044-328x(81)80094-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Galey J, Francke B, Bahl J. Ultrastructure and lipid composition of etioplasts in developing dark-grown wheat leaves. PLANTA 1980; 149:433-439. [PMID: 24306469 DOI: 10.1007/bf00385744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/1979] [Accepted: 03/30/1980] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the ultrastructure and lipid composition of etioplasts have been evaluated in three regions from the base to the tip of 8-day-old darkgrown wheat leaves and in the upper-2/3 region of etiolated leaves of different ages. In developing darkgrown tissues, the main morphological changes that etioplasts undergo consist of an increase in the amount of thylakoïds which, in the most mature etioplasts, align in parallel arrays. Concomitantly, galactolipids and sulfolipid form an increasing proportion of the total lipids. Trans-3-hexadecenoic acid was not detectable in phosphatidylglycerol (PG) of etioplasts showing appressed thylakoïds isolated from 5-day-old leaves, but was present in significant amounts in etioplasts in the basal part of 8-day-ols leaves in which membrane appression was barely visible. The proportions of this acid increase as etioplasts develop, reaching 25% of the PG fatty acids (1.2% of the total fatty acids) in the most differentiated etioplasts. In wheat etioplasts, it appears that trans-3-hexadecenoic acid may accumulate in considerable amounts in darkgrown tissues and that its accumulation is not directly involved in membrane appression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Galey
- Laboratoire de Régulations Métaboliques et Différenciation des Plastes, Institut de Biologie Végétale, Université Paris 6, Tour 53, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75230, Paris Cedex 05, France
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33
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Laval-Martin D, Tremolières A. Three chloroplast membrane models corresponding to different photosynthetic potentialities in the same plant. PLANTA 1980; 149:34-43. [PMID: 24306189 DOI: 10.1007/bf00386224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/1979] [Accepted: 01/03/1980] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The biochemical characteristics and photosynthetic activities of chloroplast membranes of the two regions of the green tomato fruit were compared to those of the leaves which were taken as controls. Membranes may have qualitatively (and even quantitatively) identical components, such as lipids and chlorophylls, and yet have different photosynthetic abilities. Three models then are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Laval-Martin
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Tour 53-43, 3° Étage, Université P. et. M. Curie, UER 59, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France
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34
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Feierabend J, Meschede D, Vogel KD. Comparison of the Polypeptide Compositions of the Internal Membranes of Chloroplasts, Etioplasts and Ribosome-Deficient Heat-Bleached Plastids from Rye Leaves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0044-328x(80)80220-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Pilwat G, Hampp R, Zimmermann U. Electrical field effects induced in membranes of developing chloroplasts. PLANTA 1980; 147:396-404. [PMID: 24311160 DOI: 10.1007/bf00380179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/1979] [Accepted: 09/20/1979] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Etioplasts, etiochloroplasts, and chloroplasts of Avena sativa L. purified on a Percoll gradient were subjected to increasing electric field strengths in the orifice of a hydrodynamically focussing Coulter Counter. The change in resistance of the orifice when an organelle is present correlates well with the size of the plastid for field strengths up to about 3.5 kV cm(-1). Beyond this field strength, depending on the size of the organelle, the size is underestimated. The underestimation of the size is caused by the dielectric breakdown of the envelope membranes once a critical membrane potential has been exceeded. Beyond breakdown the signal of the particle is predominately determined both by the internal conductivity and the increased membrane conductivity. Measurements of the breakdown voltage of different developmental stages of the plastids reveal that the breakdown voltage decreases from 1.2 V in etioplasts to about 0.9 V in chloroplasts after 48 h illumination. The decrease in breakdown voltage can be explained in terms of increasing incorporation of proteins into the inner envelope membrane during development.This view is consistent with conclusions drawn by other authors from transport and biochemical studies. The underestimation of the size beyond breakdown is about 20% and increases to a constant value of about 40% during the first 3 h of illumination. The underestimation decreases again to about 10% when the chloroplast stage is reached. This result is consistent with the current view of chloroplast development. Mobilisation of glucans, the transformation of the prolamellar body of etioplasts into thylacoid membranes as well as an intensive synthesis of pigments and enhanced rates of ions transport in the first hour of illumination gives rise to an increased pool of ionic compounds within the plastid stroma.It should be noted that purification of the plastids on Percoll gradient leads to size distributions which are almost normally distributed over the whole field range, suggesting that the preparations are also electrically homogeneous (U. Zimmermann, F. Riemann and G. Pilwat: Biochim. Biophys. Acta 436, 460-474 (1976)). In contrast with results of Lürssen, K., Z. Naturforsch. 25b, 1113-1119 (1970) only a slight increase of the modal volume from the etioplast stage to the chloroplast stage is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pilwat
- Institut für Chemie, Biophysikalische Chemie, Kernforschungsanlage Jülich GmbH, Postfach 1913, D-5170, Jülich
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36
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Mackender R. Galactolipid and chlorophyll synthesis and changes in fatty acid composition during the greening of etiolated maize leaf segments of different ages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4211(79)90014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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37
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Kesselmeier J, Ruppel H. Relations between Saponin Concentration and Prolamellar Body Structure in Etioplasts of Avena sativa during Greening and Re-Etiolating and in Etioplasts of Hordeum vulgare and Pisum sativum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0044-328x(79)80056-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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38
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Kesselmeier J, Budzikiewicz H. Identification of Saponins as Structural Building Units in Isolated Prolamellar Bodies from Etioplasts of Avena sativa L. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0044-328x(79)80045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
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39
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40
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41
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Ahlquist L, Bergström G, Liljenberg C. Acyclic diterpene alcohols: occurrence and synthesis of geranylcitronellol, phytol and geranylgeraniol. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF FATS AND OTHER LIPIDS 1978; 16:231-55. [PMID: 358266 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6832(78)90046-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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42
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Kleinig H, Kopp C. Lipids, lipid turnover, and phospholipase D in plant suspension culture cells (Daucus carota). PLANTA 1978; 139:61-65. [PMID: 24414107 DOI: 10.1007/bf00390811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/1977] [Accepted: 11/02/1977] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The lipid pattern of Daucus carota L. suspension culture cells and other plant cell strains was analyzed. Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, and triacylglycerol were the main components. The characteristic plastidal and mitochondrial lipids could also be identified. All strains tested exhibited a phospholipase D activity. Several lipid precursors were found to be well utilized by the cells and to be special markers for certain lipids or parts of the lipid molecules. The half life times of the major lipids ranged at about half a generation time of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kleinig
- Lehrstuhl für Zellbiologie, Institut für Biologie II, Schänzlestr. 1, D-7800, Freiburg i.Br., Federal Republic of Germany
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43
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Wellburn AR, Quail PH, Gunning BE. Examination of ribosome-like particles in isolated prolamellar bodies. PLANTA 1977; 134:45-52. [PMID: 24419578 DOI: 10.1007/bf00390093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/1976] [Accepted: 10/12/1976] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Potential methods for the preparation of fractions enriched in prolamellar bodies (PLBs) were examined in detail. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation methods gave fractions consisting almost exclusively of PLBs whilst those methods employing differential centrifugation were quite successful but contained greater quantities of lamellar membranes. Greater difficulty was experienced in obtaining detached PLBs which retained their "ribosome-like" lattice particles. No modification to density gradient procedures was found which retained these particles but the omission of ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) from all media including that of lysis gave a hint that this was possible with differential centrifugal methods. This was developed to produce a successful method for the preparation of PLBs which retain the "ribosome-like" particles of the lattice. Such fractions from Avena sativa L. and Hordeum vulgare L. were treated with ribonuclease which completely removed these particles from the lattice structures implying that they may be "ribosomal" in nature. EDTA apparently has a critical effect on PLB structure at concentration lower than those that effect the chloroplast coupling factor particles but it is not known if it is a direct effort of PLB membranes, on the lattice particles or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Wellburn
- Department of Developmental Biology, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, P.O. Box 475, 2601, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia
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44
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Bahl J. Chlorophyll, carotenoid, and lipid content in Triticum sativum L. plastid envelopes, prolamellar bodies, stroma lamellae, and grana. PLANTA 1977; 136:21-24. [PMID: 24420221 DOI: 10.1007/bf00387919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/1977] [Accepted: 04/25/1977] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The pigment and lipid content, expressed on a protein basis, is compared in wheat etioplast and chloroplast membrane fractions. Chloroplast envelopes contain less carotenoid and 1/3 more lipid than etioplast envelopes. The minute amount of chlorophyll and carotenoid found in chloroplast envelopes could be due to thylakoid contamination. Prolamellar bodies and grana have nearly the same amount of total lipid and total carotenoid per mg of protein although their respective compositions differ. On a protein basis, the lipid, chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents are lower (2.3, 10, and 20 times, respectively) in stroma lamellae than in grana membranes, but the latter contains a higher proportion of β-carotene, chlorophyll a, and sulfolipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bahl
- Laboratoire de Régulations Métaboliques et Différenciation des Plastes , Institut de Biologie Végétale, Université Paris VI, Tour 53, 4, Place Jussieu, F-75230, Paris Cedex 05, France
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