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Frenkel ES, Ribbeck K. Salivary mucins in host defense and disease prevention. J Oral Microbiol 2015; 7:29759. [PMID: 26701274 PMCID: PMC4689954 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v7.29759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucus forms a protective coating on wet epithelial surfaces throughout the body that houses the microbiota and plays a key role in host defense. Mucins, the primary structural components of mucus that creates its viscoelastic properties, are critical components of the gel layer that protect against invading pathogens. Altered mucin production has been implicated in diseases such as ulcerative colitis, asthma, and cystic fibrosis, which highlights the importance of mucins in maintaining homeostasis. Different types of mucins exist throughout the body in various locations such as the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and female genital tract, but this review will focus on mucins in the oral cavity. Salivary mucin structure, localization within the oral cavity, and defense mechanisms will be discussed. These concepts will then be applied to present what is known about the protective function of mucins in oral diseases such as HIV/AIDS, oral candidiasis, and dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Shapiro Frenkel
- Biological Sciences in Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Katharina Ribbeck
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA;
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2
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Derrien M, van Passel MWJ, van de Bovenkamp JHB, Schipper RG, de Vos WM, Dekker J. Mucin-bacterial interactions in the human oral cavity and digestive tract. Gut Microbes 2010; 1:254-268. [PMID: 21327032 PMCID: PMC3023607 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.1.4.12778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 06/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucins are a family of heavily glycosylated proteins that are the major organic components of the mucus layer, the protective layer covering the epithelial cells in many human and animal organs, including the entire gastro-intestinal tract. Microbes that can associate with mucins benefit from this interaction since they can get available nutrients, experience physico-chemical protection and adhere, resulting in increased residence time. Mucin-degrading microorganisms, which often are found in consortia, have not been extensively characterized as mucins are high molecular weight glycoproteins that are hard to study because of their size, complexity and heterogeneity. The purpose of this review is to discuss how advances in mucus and mucin research, and insight in the microbial ecology promoted our understanding of mucin degradation. Recent insight is presented in mucin structure and organization, the microorganisms known to use mucin as growth substrate, with a specific attention on Akkermansia muciniphila, and the molecular basis of microbial mucin degradation owing to availability of genome sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Derrien
- TI Food and Nutrition; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Wageningen, The Netherlands,Laboratory of Microbiology; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark WJ van Passel
- Laboratory of Microbiology; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen HB van de Bovenkamp
- TI Food and Nutrition; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Wageningen, The Netherlands,Laboratory of Food Chemistry; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Raymond G Schipper
- TI Food and Nutrition; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Wageningen, The Netherlands,Laboratory of Food Chemistry; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem M de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Wageningen, The Netherlands,Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences; University of Helsinki; Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jan Dekker
- TI Food and Nutrition; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Wageningen, The Netherlands
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3
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Ligtenberg AJM, Camp PJM, Van Der Hoeven JS, Veerman ECI, Nieuw Amerongen AV. Aggregation of Oral Streptococci Selected by Growth on Human Saliva from Different Glands. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/08910609109140261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. J. M. Ligtenberg
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam
| | - P. J. M. Camp
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Catholic University of Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J. S. Van Der Hoeven
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Catholic University of Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - E. C. I. Veerman
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam
| | - A. V. Nieuw Amerongen
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam
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4
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Willershausen B, Callaway A, Ernst CP, Stender E. The influence of oral bacteria on the surfaces of resin-based dental restorative materials--an in vitro study. Int Dent J 1999; 49:231-9. [PMID: 10858759 DOI: 10.1111/j.1875-595x.1999.tb00527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Three tooth-coloured, resin-based restorative materials (Charisma, Dyract, and Pertac) were exposed to typical oral bacteria (S. mutans, S. oralis and A. naeslundii) over a period of up to 35 days. The three strains of bacteria all colonised the resin-based materials within a few hours and formed thick bacterial films. Determination of the bacterial glucose consumption and lactate production during the incubation period showed no difference from the controls which contained no resin samples. Following the experimental exposure, the materials were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for possible surface damage and roughness was measured in a perthometer. Little damage to the resin-based composite material surfaces (Charisma, Pertac) could be observed, whereas the polyacid-modified composite material (Dyract) showed greater damage. There was a significant difference in the resin surface roughness after exposure to S. mutans and to A. naeslundii. The study clearly showed that the bacteria used strongly adhered to the resin-based restorative materials. As a consequence of bacterial colonisation and/or poor oral hygiene, damage to the restorative materials might develop. This suggests the need for dentists to evaluate personal oral hygiene, along with general indications and economic factors, in selecting materials for restorations, since the known anti-bacterial properties of amalgam are considerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Willershausen
- Poliklinik für Zahnerhaltungskunde und Parodontologie, Mainz, Germany
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5
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Mehrotra R, Thornton DJ, Sheehan JK. Isolation and physical characterization of the MUC7 (MG2) mucin from saliva: evidence for self-association. Biochem J 1998; 334 ( Pt 2):415-22. [PMID: 9716500 PMCID: PMC1219704 DOI: 10.1042/bj3340415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Saliva contains two major families of mucins (MG1 and MG2); the polypeptide of the smaller of these glycoproteins (MG2) has been assigned as the product of the MUC7 gene. In this study we have devised a rapid two-step procedure that recovers this glycoprotein essentially free of other components and in sufficient quantity to enable physical and self-interaction studies. Raw saliva was solubilized in 4 M guanidinium chloride and thereafter subjected to Sepharose CL-4B chromatography. The MG2-rich fraction was recovered free from the larger MG1 glycoproteins and also smaller proteins/glycoproteins (molecular mass less than 100 kDa). MG2 glycoproteins were finally purified by anion-exchange chromatography on Mono Q. The purity of the preparation was assessed by SDS/PAGE after radiolabelling of the molecules with [14C]acetic anhydride. Peptide mapping, N-terminal sequencing and amino acid analysis verified the polypeptide of the mucins as the MUC7 gene product. The isolated molecules were examined by electron microscopy and appeared as short flexible worm-like structures 30-120 nm in length. The distribution was heterogeneous, containing a major component with number-average and weight-average lengths of 52 and 55 nm respectively and a minor component with number-average and weight-average lengths of 94 and 98 nm respectively. We propose that the two differently sized populations represent monomeric and dimeric species of the mucins. Gel chromatography performed in 0.2 M NaCl indicated the presence of monomers, dimers and tetramers; an average molecular mass for the preparation was 192 kDa. However, in 4 M guanidinium chloride the molecular mass was 158 kDa and a similar molecular mass (155 kDa) was determined for the mucin preparation after reduction. These results suggest that the mucins might self-associate via a protein-mediated interaction. On the basis of the results a model is proposed for the self-association of the MUC7 mucin, which might be important for its biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mehrotra
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Biochemistry, 2.205 School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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6
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Chapter 11 Human mucosal mucins in diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60297-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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7
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Ligtenberg AJM, Walgreen-weterings E, Veerman ECI, De Soet JJ, Nieuw Amerongen AV. Attachment of Streptococcus gordoniiHG 222 to Streptococcus oralisNy 586 and the Influence of Saliva. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 1995. [DOI: 10.3109/08910609509140103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. J. M. Ligtenberg
- Departments of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081, BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E. Walgreen-weterings
- Departments of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081, BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E. C. I. Veerman
- Departments of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081, BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J. J. De Soet
- Departments of Oral Microbiology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081, BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. V. Nieuw Amerongen
- Departments of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081, BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Ciopraga J, Motas C, Doyle RJ. Inhibition of saliva-induced oral streptococcal aggregation by blood group glycoproteins. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1995; 10:145-9. [PMID: 7719283 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.1995.tb00024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The inhibition of saliva-induced oral streptococcal aggregation with anti-sera (anti-A, anti-B, anti-AB and anti-B treated with galactose), normal human serum (NHS), blood group-specific lectins (UEA-I, HBA, GPA, BSI-B4, GS-I), non-specific blood group lectins (MPA, SBA) and carbohydrates (galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine, L-fucose) was studied. Streptococcal species and strains included S. mutans 318, S. mutans 10449, S. mutans NG-8, S. salivarius and S. cricetus HS-6. The saliva was obtained from three subjects with secretor status (2 blood group B persons, 1 blood group A person). The data obtained from experiments performed with S. mutans 10449 and S. mutans NG-8 suggest the involvement of the H-antigenic determinant in the aggregation mechanism of the first strain and of the group B determinant for the second strain. The aggregation of S. salivarius only by B saliva might be related to a galactose-specific lectin on this strain and to some properties of its cell surface (hydrophobicity and the fibrillar surface layer). S. cricetus HS-6 aggregation was inhibited in different degrees by all the inhibitors used. The results demonstrate that interactions between oral streptococci and salivary components depend on the strain and species and on the individual saliva samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ciopraga
- Institute of Biochemistry, Bucharest, Romania
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Schenkels LC, Ligtenberg AJ, Veerman EC, Van Nieuw Amerongen A. Interaction of the salivary glycoprotein EP-GP with the bacterium Streptococcus salivarius HB. J Dent Res 1993; 72:1559-65. [PMID: 8254122 DOI: 10.1177/00220345930720120501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of the human salivary glycoprotein EP-GP with a number of oral bacterial species, following incubation with human whole saliva, has been investigated. EP-GP could be detected with a specific monoclonal antibody, by means of ELISA or by electrophoresis in combination with Western Transfer. The results indicated that EP-GP is bound only by Streptococcus salivarius, and not by the other tested strains of bacteria, Actinomyces viscosus, A. naeslundii, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Bacteroides fragilis, S. gordonii, S. oralis, S. sanguis, S. mitis, S. mutans, S. sobrinus, S. rattus, S. constellatus, and S. anginosus. Binding of EP-GP to S. salivarius is mediated by a protein-protein interaction, which was found to be pH-dependent with a maximum binding between pH 5 and 6. For further characterization of the binding of EP-GP to S. salivarius, four mutants were tested, each of them lacking different cell wall antigens. EP-GP was bound to all mutants in amounts comparable with the wildtype, in spite of the different surface antigen compositions. We were able to identify a 27-kD EP-GP binding protein, by extraction of S. salivarius-cell wall antigens and electrophoretic techniques. In addition to EP-GP, S. salivarius also bound two other salivary proteins, namely, secretory IgA and low-molecular-weight mucin (MG-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Schenkels
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit, The Netherlands
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10
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Rudney JD, Krig MA, Neuvar EK. Longitudinal study of relations between human salivary antimicrobial proteins and measures of dental plaque accumulation and composition. Arch Oral Biol 1993; 38:377-86. [PMID: 8392324 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(93)90208-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have attempted to relate levels of antimicrobial proteins in saliva to oral health; results have been inconsistent, and one reason might be inconsistency of measures of plaque and saliva within subjects. This study investigated associations between plaque and salivary variables in longitudinal data. Whole saliva, and 8-h plaque pooled from buccal first permanent molars, was obtained from 32 dental students on Tuesdays from 3:00-6:00 p.m. over 4 weeks. Salivary flow rate was determined, and samples were assayed for lysozyme, lactoferrin, total peroxidase, myeloperoxidase, OSCN-, sIgA and total protein. Colonies on mitis-salivarius agar were assigned to Streptococcus sanguis, Strep. mutans or Strep. salivarius on the basis of morphology, supplemented by the API Rapid Strep identification system. Consistency of values within subjects across weeks was evaluated by repeat-measures analysis of variance and intraclass correlation; data were transformed to reduce skewness. Pearson's r was used to determine associations between plaque and salivary variables. Significant intraclass correlations (alpha = 0.05) were found for all salivary variables except myeloperoxidase, and for total flora, total streptococci, Strep. sanguis and Strep. sanguis as a proportion of total streptococci. Significant Pearson correlations with Strep. sanguis as a proportion of total streptococci were found for total protein (r = -0.24), sIgA (r = -0.22), lactoferrin (r = -0.19) and OSCN- (r = 0.20) when data from all weeks were pooled (n = 128). Strep. sanguis proportions tended to be low in subjects with high values for salivary proteins; the range of proportions was wider in subjects with low salivary values. These findings suggest some consistency of weekly values for many plaque and salivary variables. They also support previous cross-sectional data which suggested that salivary antimicrobial proteins may have some effect on plaque composition. This study was made before recent revisions in streptococcal taxonomy, and further research is needed to clarify interactions of salivary proteins with currently defined species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Rudney
- Department of Oral Science, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455
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11
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Ligtenberg AJ, Walgreen-Weterings E, Veerman EC, de Soet JJ, de Graaff J, Amerongen AV. Influence of saliva on aggregation and adherence of Streptococcus gordonii HG 222. Infect Immun 1992; 60:3878-84. [PMID: 1500195 PMCID: PMC257402 DOI: 10.1128/iai.60.9.3878-3884.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of saliva on the aggregation and adherence of Streptococcus gordonii HG 222 was studied. The aggregation was measured spectrophotometrically, and the adherence of S. gordonii to microtiter plate wells was measured in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system. The aggregation of HG 222 was induced primarily by mucous saliva, whereas the adherence of HG 222 to microtiter plates was mediated by both mucous and serous saliva. Fractions of submandibular saliva, obtained by gel filtration and containing low-molecular-weight mucins (MG-2), induced both bacterial aggregation and adherence. Purified MG-2 induced aggregation and promoted adherence, whereas high-molecular-weight mucins (MG-1) did not. After incubating clarified human whole saliva with HG 222, only MG-2, and not MG-1, was bound by the bacteria. Proline-rich proteins (PRPs) and proline-rich glycoprotein (PRG) promoted the adherence of HG 222. These proteins in solution bound to HG 222 but did not induce aggregation of the bacterial cells. PRPs and PRG in solution were not able to inhibit adherence to microtiter plate wells coated with the same components. Purified alpha-amylase hardly promoted adherence to microtiter plates but, in the soluble state, readily bound to HG 222. In conclusion, these results indicate that the aggregation of S. gordonii HG 222 is mediated primarily by MG-2. These mucins also promote adherence. Several other salivary components, such as PRPs and PRG, are also involved in the adherence of HG 222.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Ligtenberg
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Nieuw Amerongen AV, Strooker H, Oderkerk CH, Bank RA, Henskens YM, Schenkels LC, Ligtenberg AJ, Veerman EC. Changes in saliva of epileptic patients. J Oral Pathol Med 1992; 21:203-8. [PMID: 1403835 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.1992.tb00102.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Unstimulated whole saliva samples of 27 indoor epileptic patients were studied on their protein composition using biochemical and immunochemical methods. A number of salivary proteins appeared at least partially to be hydrolyzed. In a number of saliva samples the concentration of carbohydrate-containing isoenzymes of amylase was reduced. In addition, the concentration of the 20 kD glycoprotein EP-GP was reduced by 60%. Sialic acid, the terminal sugar of the glycoproteins and mucins, was released for about 50% and in three salivas even nearly completely. Moreover, sialic acid- and fucose-containing epitopes could hardly be detected by monoclonal antibodies to human salivary mucins. As a consequence of this hydrolytic breakdown the saliva mediated aggregation of two S. sanguis strains had been reduced. In contrast, the aggregation of S. oralis had been maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Nieuw Amerongen
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Koop HM, Valentijn-Benz M, Nieuw Amerongen AV, Roukema PA, de Graaff J. Aggregation of oral bacteria by human salivary mucins in comparison to salivary and gastric mucins of animal origin. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1990; 58:255-63. [PMID: 2082812 DOI: 10.1007/bf00399337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Seventeen strains of oral bacteria of the genera Actinomyces (5), Bacteroides (3), and Streptococcus (9) were tested for aggregation by the human whole salivary mucin fraction (HWSM) in comparison to three types of animal mucin preparations from submandibular glands of cow (BSM) and sheep (OSM), and from the stomach of pig (PGM). Considerable variation was seen with respect to the rate and titer of aggregation induced by these mucins. The aggregating activity of HWSM varied widely among the different bacterial strains. The Bacteroides group showed hardly any induced aggregation, whereas the final aggregation titers varied for S. sanguis (3 strains) between 12 and 48, for S. oralis (3 strains) between 6 and 48, for the S. mutans group (3 strains) between 6 and 96, and for the five Actinomyces strains even between 6 and 192. For a particular strain, similar differences in titer were seen between the four mucins. For a human salivary mucin (MG-2) it has been described that sialic acid in the sequence NeuAc (alpha 2,3)Gal(beta 1,3)GalNac- was specifically involved in the interaction with S. sanguis strains, in contrast to S. rattus BHT. Our results, however, indicate that this sugar sequence is not a prerequisite for the aggregation of S. sanguis, as animal mucins, devoid of this structure, were equally well or even better capable of inducing aggregation. On the other hand, desialization of BSM and OSM largely abolished their aggregating capability towards S. rattus BHT. Moreover, it was found that BSM and OSM, which are comparable with respect to their major oligosaccharide structure, show considerable differences in aggregating activity towards the same bacterial strain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Koop
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Ligtenberg AJ, Veerman EC, de Graaff J, Nieuw Amerongen AV. Saliva-induced aggregation of oral streptococci and the influence of blood group reactive substances. Arch Oral Biol 1990; 35 Suppl:141S-143S. [PMID: 2088217 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(90)90145-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of strains of Streptococcus rattus, Strep. mutans and Strep. salivarius by saliva from individuals of blood groups A, B and O was investigated. Blood group A salivas had a significantly higher aggregation activity with Strep. rattus than blood group B salivas (P less than 0.05). However, Strep. mutans and Strep. salivarius were better aggregated by blood group B saliva and this was significant for Strep. mutans (P less than 0.05). For all three strains, the variance within blood group O was too large to give significant differences with either blood group A or B. The blood group A-specific carbohydrate, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, inhibited aggregation of Strep. rattus, but not of the other strains. The blood group B-specific carbohydrate, D-galactose, inhibited aggregation of Strep. mutans but not of Strep. rattus or Strep. salivarius. L-Fucose, specific for blood group O failed to inhibit aggregation of any of the three strains. These findings suggest that blood group-specific substances may be involved in bacterial aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Ligtenberg
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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