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Abstract
Although delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) possesses many pharmacologic activities, attempts to define sites of biochemical action for the natural cannabinoids have been hampered by their low solubility, their low potency, and their relative lack of biologic selectivity. We have recently described a potent, cannabinoid-related analgetic, levonantradol, which acts stereospecifically in animals to produce analgesia qualitatively similar to morphine but at 1/9 to 1/34 the dose. While levonantradol does not act at or through the opiate receptor, the finding of one-way cross tolerance in animals suggests that morphine and levonantradol influence common nociceptive pathways. This report describes a striking structural homology between PGE1 and levonantradol as elucidated by x-ray and conformational studies. This observation is consistent with the generally recognized involvement of prostaglandins in pain and emesis and may have relevance to the site of levonantradol's analgetic actions. More importantly, it provides an ongoing, heuristic basis for exploring, in depth, the role of prostaglandins in the action of levonantradol and cannabinoids.
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Kettenes-van den Bosch JJ, Salemink CA, van Noordwijk J, Khan I. Biological activity of the tetrahydrocannabinols. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 1980; 2:197-231. [PMID: 6251315 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(80)81002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Revuelta AV, Cheney DL, Costa E, Lander N, Mechoulam R. Reduction of hippocampal acetylcholine turnover in rats treated with (-)-delta 8-tetrahydrocannabinol and its 1',2'-dimethyl-heptyl homolog. Brain Res 1980; 195:445-52. [PMID: 6249445 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(80)90078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The effects of (-)-delta 8-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), (+)-delta 8-THC, and the dimethyl-heptyl (DMH) homolog of (-)-delta 8-THC (delta 8-THC-DMH) have been compared with the action of (-)-delta 9-THC on the turnover rate of acetylcholine in various brain areas. The data demonstrate that (-)-delta 8-THC-DMH, (-)-delta 9-THC and (-)- delta 8-THC all specifically reduce ther turnover rate of acetylcholine in the hippocampus in a dose-dependent manner ((-)-delta 8-THC-DMH > (-)-delta 9-THC > (-)-delta 8-THC) without altering the acetylcholine or choline content (except for high doses of (-)-delta 8-THC-DMH). The (+)-isomer of delta 8-THC fails to change any cholinergic parameter. The selectivity of action suggests that the tetrahydrocannabinoids may activate specific transmitter receptors which indirectly modulate the activity of the cholinergic neurons in the septal-hippocampal pathway.
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Duncan GE, Dagirmanjian R. Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol sensitization of the rat brain to direct cholinergic stimulation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1979; 60:237-40. [PMID: 108700 DOI: 10.1007/bf00426661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to define the nature of the involvement of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) with central cholinergic neurotransmission, the effects of THC on direct cholinergic stimulation of the rat brain were investigated. THC, in doses of 3 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg, administered intraperitoneally (i.p.), potentiated the effects of carbachol injection into the lateral septal nucleus, as manifested by enhancement of the drinking response elicited by the septal carbachol injection and by potentiation of the tendency of this carbachol injection to induce abnormal motor responses. Although atropine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) completely blocked the carbachol induced drinking, the atropine did not completely block the drinking response when THC was given with carbachol. The results indicate an apparent sensitization, by THC, of a limbic cholinergic system.
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Revuelta AV, Moroni F, Cheney DL, Costa E. Effect of cannabinoids on the turnover rate of acetylcholine in rat hippocampus, striatum and cortex. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 1978; 304:107-10. [PMID: 703853 DOI: 10.1007/bf00495546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC), the major psychoactive compound of marijuana, and cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive component, on the acetylcholine (ACh) concentration and the turnover rate of ACh (TRACh) have been studied in various regions of the rat brain. Neither delta9-THC doses from 0.2 to 10 mg/kg nor CBD (10 OR 20 MG/KG) alter the ACh concentration in the brain areas examined 30 min, after the intravenous injection. However, delta9-THC (doses from 0.2 to 10 mg/kg) causes a marked dose-related decrease in the TRACh in hippocampus whereas CBD is without effect in this brain region even when 20 mg/kg is given. Furthermore, high doses of delta9-THC (5 mg/kg) and CBD (20 mg/kg) that produce a significant decrease in the TRACh of striatum fail to change the TRACh in parietal cortex. The low doses of delta9-THC required to reduce hippocampal TRACh suggest that an action on these cholinergic mechanisms may play a role in the psychotomimetic activity of delta9-THC.
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Miller LL. Cannabis and the brain with special reference to the limbic system. ADVANCES IN THE BIOSCIENCES 1978; 22-23:539-66. [PMID: 389695 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-023759-6.50047-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Pryor GT, Larsen FF, Husain S, Braude MC. Interactions of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol with d-amphetamine, cocaine, and nicotine in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1978; 8:295-318. [PMID: 652837 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(78)90320-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The acute, reciprocal dose-response interactions between delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC; 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg; IG) and each of three stimulants - d-amphetamine (dA; 1, 2 and 4 mg/kg; IP), cocaine (COC; 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg; IP), and nicotine (NIC; 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg; IP) were studied for their effects on performance of a conditioned avoidance response (CAR), photocell activity, heart rate, body temperature, and rotarod performance. delta9-THC impaired CAR and rotarod performance, depressed photocell activity, and decreased heart rate and body temperature. None of the three stimulants influenced CAR performance, but dA and COC increased the number of intertrial responses, and this latter effect was partially antagonized by delta9-THC. dA and COC, but not NIC, stimulated photocell activity. delta9-THC completely blocked this effect of dA, whereas there was mutual antagonism between delta9-THC and COC on this measure and NIC markedly potentiated the depression caused by delta9-THC. dA and COC tended to offset the impairment of rotarod performance caused by delta9-THC, whereas NIC augmented it. The bradycardia and hypothermia caused by delta9-THC tended to be augmented by these stimulants, especially NIC. The interactions were also studied after subacute treatment for six days with delta9-THC and/or each of the three stimulants. There was evidence for tolerance to the effects of delta9-THC on all measures and this tolerance generally resulted in less interactive effects between delta9-THC and the stimulants. Little or no tolerance was seen for the effects of the three stimulants or their interaction with delta9-THC. The time course of radioactivity derived from 14C-delta9-THC and each of the radiolabelled stimulants was determined in plasma and brain. Only minor interactive effects were found and, in general, they could not account for the functional interactions.
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Bhargava HN. Effect of some cannabinoids on naloxone-precipitated abstinence in morphine-dependent mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1976; 49:267-70. [PMID: 826944 DOI: 10.1007/bf00426828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mice were rendered morphine-dependent by the subcutaneous implantation of a pellet containing 75 mg of morphine base; 72 h after the implantation, the animals were injected intraperitoneally either with vehicle or with various doses of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, cannabinol, or 11-hydroxy-delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol. Thirty minutes after injection of the cannabinoids, the antagonist, naloxone HC1, was administered to induce the stereotyped withdrawal jumping syndrome. The dose of naloxone needed to induce withdrawal jumping in 50% of the animals (ED50) was determined for each dose of the cannabinoids. All of the cannabinoids inhibited the naloxone-precipitated morphine abstinence as evidenced by an increase in the naloxone ED50. Two additional signs of morphine abstinence, defecation and rearing behavior, were also suppressed by the cannabinoids. The relative effectiveness of the cannabinoids in inhibiting morphine abstinence appeared to be in the following order: delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol greater than delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol greater than 11-hydroxy-delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol greater than cannabidiol greater than cannabinol. These data suggest that cannabinoids may be useful in facilitating narcotic detoxification.
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Carder B, Deikel SM. Similarities between delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) and reserpine-like drugs. BEHAVIORAL BIOLOGY 1976; 17:313-32. [PMID: 971187 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6773(76)90675-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Ely DL, Henry JP, Jarosz CJ. Effects of marihuana (delta9-THC) on behavior patterns and social roles in colonies of CBA mice. BEHAVIORAL BIOLOGY 1975; 13:263-76. [PMID: 1168047 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6773(75)91290-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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13
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Albin MS, Orr MD, Bunegin L, Henderson PA. Tetrahydroaminoacridine antagonism to narcotic addiction. Exp Neurol 1975; 46:644-8. [PMID: 1167514 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(75)90132-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Sanger DJ, Steinberg H. Inhibition of scopolamine-induced stimulation of Y-maze activity by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine and by lithium. Eur J Pharmacol 1974; 28:344-9. [PMID: 4418163 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(74)90288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Askew WE, Ho BT. Effects of tetrahydrocannabinols on cyclic AMP levels in rat brain areas. EXPERIENTIA 1974; 30:879-80. [PMID: 4369974 DOI: 10.1007/bf01938335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Albin MS, Bunegin L, Massopust LC, Jannetta PJ. Ketamine-induced postanesthetic delirium attenuated by tetrahydroaminoacridine. Exp Neurol 1974; 44:126-9. [PMID: 4857761 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(74)90052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Järbe TU, Henriksson BG. Discriminative response control produced with hashish, tetrahydrocannabinols (delta 8-THC and delta 9-THC), and other drugs. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1974; 40:1-16. [PMID: 4445444 DOI: 10.1007/bf00429443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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El-Yousef MK, Janowsky DS, Davis JM, Rosenblatt JE. Induction of severe depression by physostigmine in marihuana intoxicated individuals. THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF ADDICTION TO ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUGS 1973; 68:321-5. [PMID: 4528602 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1973.tb01264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Feeney DM, Wagner HR, McNamara MC, Weiss G. Effects of tetrahydrocannabinol on hippocampal evoked afterdischarges in cats. Exp Neurol 1973; 41:357-65. [PMID: 4746199 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(73)90276-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Kilbey MM, Moore JW. Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol induced inhibition of predatory aggression in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1973; 31:157-66. [PMID: 4737311 DOI: 10.1007/bf00419815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Sofia RD, Kubena RK, Barry H. Inactivity of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in antidepressant screening tests. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1973; 31:121-30. [PMID: 4722206 DOI: 10.1007/bf00419812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Järbe TU, Henriksson BG. Acute effects of two tetrahydrocannabinols (delta9-THC and delta8-THC) on water intake in water deprived rats: implications for behavioral studies on marijuana compounds. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1973; 30:315-22. [PMID: 4722202 DOI: 10.1007/bf00429190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Miller LL, Drew WG. Letter: Impairment of latent learning in the rat by a marihuana component. Nature 1973; 243:473-4. [PMID: 4743643 DOI: 10.1038/243473a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Kilbey MM, Forbes WB, Olivetti CC. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannnabinol: inhibition of deprivation- and carbachol-induced water consumption in the rat after central and peripheral administration. BEHAVIORAL BIOLOGY 1973; 8:679-85. [PMID: 4705440 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6773(73)80152-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Miller LL, Drew WG, Joyce P. 9 -THC: effect on acquisition and retention of a one-trial passive avoidance response. BEHAVIORAL BIOLOGY 1973; 8:421-6. [PMID: 4705983 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6773(73)80082-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Miller LL, Drew WG, Wikler A. Comparison of 9 -THC, LSD-25 and scopolamine on non-spatial single alternation performance in the runway. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1973; 28:1-11. [PMID: 4714677 DOI: 10.1007/bf00413952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Mills L, Brawley P. The psychopharmacology of "cannabis sativa": a review. AGENTS AND ACTIONS 1972; 2:201-15. [PMID: 4629765 DOI: 10.1007/bf02087044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Kilbey MM, Fritchie GE, McLendon DM, Johnson KM. Attack behaviour in mice inhibited by -9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Nature 1972; 238:463-5. [PMID: 4561858 DOI: 10.1038/238463a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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31
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Brown H. Possible anticholinesterase-like effects of trans(-) 8 and - 9 tetrahydrocannabinol as observed in the general motor activity of mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1972; 27:111-6. [PMID: 4638205 DOI: 10.1007/bf00439369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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32
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Shannon ME, Fried PA. The macro- and microdistribution and polymorphic electroencephalographic effects of 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1972; 27:141-56. [PMID: 4638209 DOI: 10.1007/bf00439373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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