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Allen EA, Baehrecke EH. Autophagy in animal development. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:903-918. [PMID: 31988494 PMCID: PMC7206001 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-0497-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy (autophagy) delivers intracellular constituents to the lysosome to promote catabolism. During development in multiple organisms, autophagy mediates various cellular processes, including survival during starvation, programmed cell death, phagocytosis, organelle elimination, and miRNA regulation. Our current understanding of autophagy has been enhanced by developmental biology research during the last quarter of a century. Through experiments that focus on animal development, fundamental mechanisms that control autophagy and that contribute to disease were elucidated. Studies in embryos revealed specific autophagy molecules that mediate the removal of paternally derived mitochondria, and identified autophagy components that clear protein aggregates during development. Importantly, defects in mtDNA inheritance, or removal of paternal mtDNA via mitochondrial autophagy, can contribute to mitochondrial-associated disease. In addition, impairment of the clearance of protein aggregates by autophagy underlies neurodegenerative diseases. Experiments in multiple organisms also reveal conserved mechanisms of tissue remodeling that rely on the cooperation between autophagy and apoptosis to clear cell corpses, and defects in autophagy and apoptotic cell clearance can contribute to inflammation and autoimmunity. Here we provide an overview of key developmental processes that are mediated by autophagy in multiple animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Allen
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 423 Lazare Research Building, 364 Plantation St., Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Eric H Baehrecke
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 423 Lazare Research Building, 364 Plantation St., Worcester, MA, 01655, USA.
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2
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Chung KM, Park H, Jung S, Ha S, Yoo SJ, Woo H, Lee HJ, Kim SW, Kim EK, Moon C, Yu SW. Calpain Determines the Propensity of Adult Hippocampal Neural Stem Cells to Autophagic Cell Death Following Insulin Withdrawal. Stem Cells 2015; 33:3052-64. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Min Chung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences; Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST); Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunhee Park
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences; Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST); Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghee Jung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences; Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST); Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Shinwon Ha
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences; Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST); Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jun Yoo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences; Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST); Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Hanwoong Woo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences; Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST); Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang Ju Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Who Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences; Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST); Daegu Republic of Korea
- Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST); Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Cheil Moon
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences; Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST); Daegu Republic of Korea
- Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST); Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Woon Yu
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences; Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST); Daegu Republic of Korea
- Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST); Daegu Republic of Korea
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3
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Cheong H, Wu J, Gonzales LK, Guttentag SH, Thompson CB, Lindsten T. Analysis of a lung defect in autophagy-deficient mouse strains. Autophagy 2013; 10:45-56. [PMID: 24275123 DOI: 10.4161/auto.26505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeast Atg1 initiates autophagy in response to nutrient limitation. The Ulk gene family encompasses the mammalian orthologs of yeast ATG1. We created mice deficient for both Ulk1 and Ulk2 and found that the mice die within 24 h of birth. When found alive, pups exhibited signs of respiratory distress. Histological sections of lungs of the Ulk1/2 DKO pups showed reduced airspaces with thickened septae. A similar defect was seen in Atg5-deficient pups as both Ulk1/2 DKO and Atg5 KO lungs show numerous glycogen-laden alveolar type II cells by electron microscopy, PAS staining, and increased levels of glycogen in lung homogenates. No abnormalities were noted in expression of genes encoding surfactant proteins but the ability to incorporate exogenous choline into phosphatidylcholine, the major phospholipid component of surfactant, was increased in comparison to controls. Despite this, there was a trend for total phospholipid levels in lung tissue to be lower in Ulk1/2 DKO and Atg5 KO compared with controls. Autophagy was abundant in lung epithelial cells from wild-type mice, but lacking in Atg5 KO and Ulk1/2 DKO mice at P1. Analysis of the autophagy signaling pathway showed the existence of a negative feedback loop between the ULK1 and 2 and MTORC1 and 2, in lung tissue. In the absence of autophagy, alveolar epithelial cells are unable to mobilize internal glycogen stores independently of surfactant maturation. Together, the data suggested that autophagy plays a vital role in lung structural maturation in support of perinatal adaptation to air breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heesun Cheong
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; New York, NY USA
| | - Junmin Wu
- Department of Cancer Biology; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Linda K Gonzales
- Division of Neonatology; Department of Pediatrics; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Susan H Guttentag
- Division of Neonatology; Department of Pediatrics; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Craig B Thompson
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; New York, NY USA
| | - Tullia Lindsten
- Immunology Program; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; New York, NY USA
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Karaçalı S, Kırmızıgül S, Deveci R, Deveci O, Onat T, Gürcü B. Presence of sialic acid in prothoracic glands of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera). Tissue Cell 2012; 29:315-21. [PMID: 18627822 DOI: 10.1016/s0040-8166(97)80007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/1996] [Accepted: 02/14/1997] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The presence of sialic acid (SA) in prothoracic glands (PGs) of Galleria mellonella was determined by the methods of electron microscopy (EM), histochemistry, spectrophotometry (SP) and electronic ionization (EI)-mass spectroscopy. Histochemical observations were carried out by the cationic dye ruthenium red (RR), staining with and without neuraminidase digestion in the larval stage. Neuraminidase-sensitive SA was demonstrated by the decrease in the amount of RR-binding following neuraminidase digestion. The total amount of SA was found to be 0.09016 mg g(-1) in dry tissue by spectrophotometric determination. EI-mass spectroscopy results confirmed the EM and SP observations. The fragmentation scheme derived from EI-mass analysis exhibited the presence of the lactonized form of Neu5Gc7, 9Ac(2). On the basis of the various pieces of evidence described above, it was firmly concluded that Neu5Gc7, 9Ac(2) molecules were present in PGs of G. mellonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Karaçalı
- Department of Biology, University of Ege, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
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Abstract
Autophagy is important for the degradation of bulk cytoplasm, long-lived proteins, and entire organelles. In lower eukaryotes, autophagy functions as a cell death mechanism or as a stress response during development. However, autophagy's significance in vertebrate development, and the role (if any) of vertebrate-specific factors in its regulation, remains unexplained. Through careful analysis of the current autophagy gene mutant mouse models, we propose that in mammals, autophagy may be involved in specific cytosolic rearrangements needed for proliferation, death, and differentiation during embryogenesis and postnatal development. Thus, autophagy is a process of cytosolic "renovation," crucial in cell fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cecconi
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute at the Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Molecular Neuroembryology, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - Beth Levine
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Microbiology, Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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7
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Koropatnick TA, Kimbell JR, McFall-Ngai MJ. Responses of host hemocytes during the initiation of the squid-Vibrio symbiosis. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2007; 212:29-39. [PMID: 17301329 DOI: 10.2307/25066578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Within hours after colonization of the light organ of the squid Euprymna scolopes by its bacterial symbiont Vibrio fischeri, the symbiont triggers morphogenesis of the light organ. This process involves the induction of apoptosis in the cells of two superficial ciliated epithelial fields and the gradual regression of these surface structures over a 96-h period. In this study, microscopic examination of various squid tissues revealed that host hemocytes specifically migrate into the epithelial fields on the surface of the light organ, a process that begins before any other indication of symbiont-induced morphogenesis. Experimental manipulations of symbiont-signal delivery revealed that hemocyte infiltration alone is not sufficient to induce regression, and high numbers of hemocytes are not necessary for the induction of apoptosis or the initiation of regression. However, studies with mutant strains of V. fischeri that show a defect in the induction of hemocyte infiltration provided evidence that high numbers of hemocytes facilitate the regression of the epithelial fields. In addition, a change in hemocyte gene expression, as indicated by the up-regulation of the C8 subunit of the proteasome, correlates with the induction of light organ morphogenesis, suggesting that bacteria-induced molecular changes in the hemocytes are required for the participation of these host cells in the regression process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya A Koropatnick
- Pacific Biomedical Research Center, Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaii, USA
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8
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Yu L, Wan F, Dutta S, Welsh S, Liu Z, Freundt E, Baehrecke EH, Lenardo M. Autophagic programmed cell death by selective catalase degradation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:4952-7. [PMID: 16547133 PMCID: PMC1458776 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0511288103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 514] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays a central role in regulating important cellular functions such as cell survival during starvation and control of infectious pathogens. Recently, it has been shown that autophagy can induce cells to die; however, the mechanism of the autophagic cell death program is unclear. We now show that caspase inhibition leading to cell death by means of autophagy involves reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, membrane lipid oxidation, and loss of plasma membrane integrity. Inhibition of autophagy by chemical compounds or knocking down the expression of key autophagy proteins such as ATG7, ATG8, and receptor interacting protein (RIP) blocks ROS accumulation and cell death. The cause of abnormal ROS accumulation is the selective autophagic degradation of the major enzymatic ROS scavenger, catalase. Caspase inhibition directly induces catalase degradation and ROS accumulation, which can be blocked by autophagy inhibitors. These findings unveil a molecular mechanism for the role of autophagy in cell death and provide insight into the complex relationship between ROS and nonapoptotic programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yu
- *Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852
| | - Fengyi Wan
- *Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852
| | - Sudeshna Dutta
- Center for Biosystems Research, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Sarah Welsh
- *Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852
| | - ZhiHua Liu
- Harvard Center for Neurodegeneration and Repair and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Eric Freundt
- *Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Eric H. Baehrecke
- Center for Biosystems Research, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Michael Lenardo
- *Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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9
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Abstract
Autophagic programmed cell death occurs during the development of diverse animal groups, but the mechanisms that control this genetically regulated form of cell killing are poorly understood. Genetic studies of bulk protein degradation in yeast have provided important advances in our understanding of autophagy, and recent investigations of Drosophila autophagic cell death suggest that some of these mechanisms may be conserved. In Drosophila, several steroid-regulated genes that encode transcription regulators are required for autophagic cell death. These transcription regulators appear to activate a large number of genes that play a more direct role in cell killing, including genes that function in apoptosis such as caspases. While caspase function is required for autophagic cell death during Drosophila development, genes encoding proteins that are similar to the yeast autophagy regulators are also induced in dying salivary glands. Furthermore, numerous noncaspase proteases, cytoplasmic organizing factors, signaling molecules, and unknown factors are expressed in interesting patterns during autophagic cell death. This article reviews the current knowledge of the regulation of autophagic programmed cell death during development of Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Baehrecke
- Center for Biosystems Research, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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10
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KARAÇALI SABIRE, DEVECI REMZIYE, PEHLIVAN SACIDE, ÖZCAN ALI. Adhesion of hemocytes to desialylated prothoracic glands ofGalleria mellonella(Lepidoptera) in the larval stage. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 2000. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2000.9652415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Romer F, Martau T. Degeneration of moulting glands in male crickets. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 44:981-989. [PMID: 12770435 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1910(98)00021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The degeneration of the prothoracic glands of the male cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus, was analyzed by using an in vitro assay for ecdysteroid release from the moulting glands in last instar nymphs as well as in adult animals, and correlated with light and transmission electron microscopy. Apoptosis was examined by the TUNEL-reaction. The ability to synthesize ecdysteroids reached a peak at the 8th day of the last larval instar, identified as the moulting peak. After adult ecdysis it decreased to barely measurable values. Prothoracic gland degeneration was initiated at the time of the moulting peak, characterized by TUNEL positive reactions, nuclear and cytoplasmatic condensation, a striking abundance of residual basal laminae; besides a great amount of autophagic vacuoles are observed. The results reveal that apoptosis and autophagy are the basic mechanisms for programmed cell death in the prothoracic gland of Gryllus bimaculatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Romer
- Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Institut für Zoologie, Abteilung Biologie für Mediziner, Bentzelweg 3, D-55099, Mainz, Germany
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12
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Wissig SL. A tribute to Berta Scharrer. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1997; 249:1-5. [PMID: 9294643 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(199709)249:1<1::aid-ar1>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S L Wissig
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0452, USA
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13
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DAI JIDA, COSTELLO MJOSEPH, GILBERT LAWRENCEI. The prothoracic glands ofManduca sexta:a microscopic analysis of gap junctions and intercellular bridges. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.1994.9672375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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HARTFELDER KLAUS. Structure and function of the prothoracic gland in honey bee (Apis melliferaL.) development. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 1993. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.1993.9672294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Goudey-Perrière F, Porcheron P, Morinière M, Perrière C, Brousse-Gaury P. Decapitation or starvation raise haemolymph ecdysteroid titres in the ovoviviparous female cockroach, Blaberus craniifer burm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992; 101:121-7. [PMID: 1347721 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(92)90639-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
1. Decapitating newly emerged Blaberus craniifer females near the prothorax severs connections between the suboesophageal and prothoracic ganglia, thus depriving them of the neuroendocrine cephalic complex (including brain and suboesophageal ganglion) and the anterior end of prothoracic glands (PGs). 2. As demonstrated by enzyme immunoassay (EIA), headless females have higher levels of ecdysteroids (ECDs) in haemolymph than starved or fed females, indicating that the neuroendocrine cephalic complex influences circulating ECD levels. 3. The time course of hormonal peaks in decapitated females resembles that in starved females during the first post-ecdysial week, suggesting that some as yet unknown regulating mechanism of ECD production lies outside the head. 4. It is suggested that: (a) The PGs are sites for ECDs production in the early post-imaginal period, (b) the prothoracic and suboesophageal ganglia (linked by nerves to PGs) regulate PGs activity, possibly via neural inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Goudey-Perrière
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Contrôle des Organismes Parasites (Biologie animale), Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Paris-Sud, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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16
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Dai JD, Gilbert LI. Metamorphosis of the corpus allatum and degeneration of the prothoracic glands during the larval-pupal-adult transformation of Drosophila melanogaster: a cytophysiological analysis of the ring gland. Dev Biol 1991; 144:309-26. [PMID: 1901285 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(91)90424-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The degeneration of the prothoracic glands of Drosophila melanogaster during pupal-adult metamorphosis was analyzed by light microscopy, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. The ultrastructural observations were correlated with the ability of the ring gland to synthesize ecdysteroids in vitro. The ring gland is prominent during larval life and is identifiable until just before adult eclosion but undergoes dramatic changes in location, shape, size, ultrastructure, and function during pupal-adult development. Prothoracic gland degeneration is characterized by: a gradual decrease in its ability to synthesize ecdysteroids; a decreasing quantity of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and mitochondria; the absence of intercellular channels; cytoplasmic fragmentation; and the separation of the prothoracic gland from the corpus allatum and corpus cardiacum. An ultrastructural analysis of the corpus allatum during larval-pupal-adult metamorphosis and adult life was also correlated with function, i.e., juvenile hormone biosynthesis, using a radiochemical assay of ring glands and adult corpora allata in vitro. A relatively high concentration of SER, mitochondria, and mitochondrion-scalariform junction complexes are typical features of an active corpus allatum cell. The migration of the corpus allatum from the ring gland to its position as a separate gland in the adult fly was studied in detail. The capacity of the corpus allatum to synthesize juvenile hormone is at its peak in the ring gland of the early wandering third instar larva, whereas the corpus allatum of 2-day-old female adults displayed the greatest synthetic activity during adult life. The physiological significance of the alterations in gland activity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Dai
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599
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17
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Clarke PG. Developmental cell death: morphological diversity and multiple mechanisms. ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY 1990; 181:195-213. [PMID: 2186664 DOI: 10.1007/bf00174615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1097] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Physiological cell death is a widespread phenomenon in the development of both vertebrates and invertebrates. This review concentrates on an aspect of developmental cell death that has tended to be neglected, the manner in which the cells are dismantled. It is emphasized that the dying cells may adopt one of at least three different morphological types: "apoptotic", "autophagic", and "non-lysosomal vesiculate". These probably reflect a corresponding multiplicity of intracellular events. In particular, the destruction of the cytoplasm in these three types appears to be achieved primarily by heterophagy, by autophagy and by non-lysosomal degradation, respectively. The various mechanisms underlying both nuclear and cytoplasmic destruction are reviewed in detail. The multiplicity of destructive mechanisms needs to be born in mind in studies of other aspects of cell death such as the signals which trigger it, since different signals probably trigger different types of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Clarke
- Institut d'Anatomie, Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Dover B, Davies D, Vinson S. Degeneration of last instar Heliothis virescens prothoracic glands by Campoletis sonorensis polydnavirus. J Invertebr Pathol 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-2011(88)90091-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Liu T. Ultrastructure of the midgut of the worker honey bee Apis mellifera heavily infected with Nosema apis. J Invertebr Pathol 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-2011(84)90026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Smith WA, Nijhout HF. Ultrastructural changes accompanying secretion and cell death in the molting glands of an insect (Oncopeltus). Tissue Cell 1982; 14:243-52. [PMID: 7112532 DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(82)90022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
During the fifth (last) larval instar of Oncopeltus fasciatus, morphological changes in the molting glands associated with ecdysone secretion include a increase in cytoplasmic volume relative to that of the nucleus, increased amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, and the formation of deep infoldings of the plasma membrane. On the sixth day of the fifth instar large electron-lucent areas become apparent beneath the basement membrane; however, the glands remain intact until the seventh (last) day of the instar when a dramatic fragmentation of the cytoplasm, and condensation and fragmentation of the nucleus are observed. It is likely that such changes occur rapidly, just prior to the time of ecdysis to an adult. Cell death in the molting glands of Oncopeltus is markedly different from that described for the molting glands of other insect species in that autophagic vacuoles are not observed prior to a complete loss of cellular integrity.
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21
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Gray RH, Sokol M, Brabec RK, Brabec MJ. Characterization of chloroquine-induced autophagic vacuoles isolated from rat liver. Exp Mol Pathol 1981; 34:72-86. [PMID: 7193142 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(81)90037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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22
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Verger-Bocquet M. [Ultrastructural modification during the involution of the eye of the stolon Autolytus pictus (Annelida, Polychaeta)]. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1979; 67:243-54. [PMID: 458924 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(79)80025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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23
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Ooi EC, Youson JH. Regression of the larval opisthonephros during metamorphosis of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY 1979; 154:57-79. [PMID: 216256 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001540105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The opisthonephric kidney of larval anadromous sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L., undergoes a programmed regression during metamorphosis. Degeneration is initiated in the anterior end of each kidney and progresses posteriorly until the kidneys are reduced to short, pigmented strands by the end of metamorphosis. The first sign of degeneration in both the epithelium of the renal corpuscles and the tubules is a folding of the basal lamina. Autolysis then occurs throughout the entire epithelium of the nephron with the gradual accumulation of larger and greater numbers of acid phosphatase-containing autophagic vacuoles, cytosomes, and myelin figures. Cytoplasmic debris and electron-dense material accumulates in the tubular lumina and in the urinary space. Although no definitive evidence is provided for the method of removal of the tubular epithelium, macrophages play a large part in the phagocytosis of the components of the renal corpuscle. Mesangial cells appear to engulf debris from the capillaries while a second type of macrophage is involved in the destruction of podocytes and parietal epithelial cells. The method of programmed degeneration of the renal corpuscle closely resembles descriptions of the mammalian renal corpuscle in diseased conditions. The sole surviving element of the degeneration of the entire nephron epithelium is a pleated basal lamina. The regressing larval opisthonephros has potential as an alternative system for studying a normal developmental pattern such as tissue regression.
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24
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Carr VM, Simpson SB. Proliferative and degenerative events in the early development of chick dorsal root ganglia. I. Normal development. J Comp Neurol 1978; 182:727-39. [PMID: 721975 DOI: 10.1002/cne.901820410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Development of the chick dorsal root ganglia was examined in 4.5- to 9.5-day embryos. Tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) and autoradiography was used to analyze proliferative activity and the Feulgen procedure to analyze degenerative activity in ganglia 12-17. Proliferative activity was found to be elevated through 4.5 days of incubation when as many as 14% of the ganglionic cells become labelled following a one-hour exposure to 3H-TdR. By 6.5 to 7.5 days proliferative activity decreases to 2-4% in the lateroventral (LV) regions and to approximately 1% in the mediodorsal (MD) regions of the ganglia. However, there appears to be increased proliferative activity by the end of the experimental period at 9.5 days. Birthdate studies demonstrate that large-scale neuronal production occurs between 4.5 and 6.5 days in the LV regions and between 4.5 and 7.5 days in the MD regions. After those times ganglionic proliferative activity must be largely nonneuronal in nature. This nonneuronal proliferation is greater in LV than in MD regions and in brachial than in nonbrachial ganglia. Degenerative activiy was found to be absent from the ganglia until after 4.5 days of incubation. It then increases rapidly, and by 5.5 days 5% of the LV cells in nonbrachial ganglia are degenerating. Degenerative activity then declines but is still present at 9.5 days. In contrast to results of an earlier study (Hamburger and Levi-Montalcini, '49), degenerative activity was also found in the LV region of brachial ganglia and the MD regions of brachial and nonbrachial ganglia. The pattern of LV degenerative activity in brachial ganglia is similar to that in nonbrachial ganglia, but the level of activity is lower. In the MD regions degenerative activity increases throughout the experimental period, and by 9.5 days as many as 4% of the MD cells are degenerating.
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Joly R. [Influence of various external factors on the secretory activity of the cerebral glands of Lithobius forficatus L. (Myriapoda, Chilopoda). Photon and electron microscopic studies]. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1977; 32:167-78. [PMID: 892409 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(77)90148-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Pannese E, Luciano L, Iurato S, Reale E. Lysosomes in normal and degenerating neuroblasts of the chick embryo spinal ganglia. A cytochemical and quantitative study by electron microscopy. Acta Neuropathol 1976; 36:209-20. [PMID: 1007909 DOI: 10.1007/bf00685365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes were studied by both cytochemical and quantitative methods in normal and degenerating neuroblasts of the chick embryo spinal ganglia. In normal neuroblasts (primitive and intermediate neuroblasts) both primary lysosomes and autophagic vacuoles were found; these organelles were usually located in the region containing the Golgi complex. In degenerating neuroblasts lysosomes appeared sharply decreased in number with respect to normal neuroblasts. Moreover, lysosomes were always evident as intact organelles surrounded by a membrane and the acid phosphatase activity appeared localized exclusively within these bodies. A diffuse distribution of acid phosphatase activity was only found in a limited number of cases during the terminal stage of the process. Possibly in these cases the enzymatic activity depended on the cells which enveloped the degenerated neuroblast remnants. The present results indicate that lysosomes do not play a primary role in the degenerative process studied.
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Joly R. [Effect of various experimental interventions on the secretory activity of cerebral glands in Lithobius forficatus L. (Myriapoda Chilopoda)]. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1976; 30:301-12. [PMID: 992351 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(76)90081-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Quaglia A, Sabelli B, Villani L. Studies on the intestine of Daphnidae (Crustacea, Cladocera) ultrastructure of the midgut ofDaphnia magna andDaphnia obtusa. J Morphol 1976; 150:711-725. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051500306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Dorn A, Romer F. Structure and function of prothoracic glands and oenocytes in embryos and last larval instars of Oncopeltus fasciatus Dallas (Insecta, Heteroptera). Cell Tissue Res 1976; 171:331-50. [PMID: 975216 DOI: 10.1007/bf00224658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
1. Active prothoracic glands and oenocytes of last larval stage are both characteristized by well-developed smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Prothoracic glands also show plasma membrane infoldings, but not oenocytes which contain a large number of pleomorphic vesicles. 2. The fine structure of embryonic oenocytes corresponds after blastokinesis with that of active larval and adult cells. Thus, an activity in the late embryo can be assumed. Embryonic prothoracic glands reveal no signs of activity: smooth and rough ER are absent. The subcellular structure resembles that of organ anlagen, i.e. not yet fully differentiated tissue. Hormone synthesis is not likely. 3. Ecdysone titer was determined throughout embryonic development and in mature adults. Although prothoracic glands break down during adult ecdysis, imagines contain in the Calliphora-bioassay active factors: females 0.9 CU/g and males 0.5 CU/g. As sites of synthesis the oenocytes are suggested. 4. A relatively high ecdysone titer of 7 CU/g is measured in newly deposited eggs. The hormone is presumably of maternal origin. Subsequent to blastokinesis the hormone content increases dramatically up to about 180 CU/g, apparently due to endocrine function of the embryo. Oenocytes are proposed as the source of ecdysone during late embryonic development. 5. The function of ecdysone during early and advanced embryogenesis, especially in view of "embryonic molts", is discussed.
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Gas N, Noailliac-Depeyre J. Studies on intestinal epithelium involution during prolonged fasting. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1976; 56:137-51. [PMID: 957468 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(76)80161-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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von Gaudecker B, Schmale EM. Substrate-histochemical investigations and ultrahistochemical demonstrations of acid phosphatase in larval and prepupal salivary glands of Drosophila melanogaster. Cell Tissue Res 1974; 155:75-89. [PMID: 4141283 DOI: 10.1007/bf00220285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Krstić R, Pexieder T. Ultrastructure of cell death in bulbar cushions of chick embryo heart. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ANATOMIE UND ENTWICKLUNGSGESCHICHTE 1973; 140:337-50. [PMID: 4749137 DOI: 10.1007/bf00525060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Sohal RS. Fine structural alterations with age in the fat body of the adult male housefly, Musca domestica. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1973; 140:169-75. [PMID: 4353958 DOI: 10.1007/bf00306692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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36
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Evolution des glandes prothoraciques de larves permanentes de Locusta migratoria obtenues par irradiation s�lective du tissu h�matopo��tique. Cell Tissue Res 1973. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00307211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Butterworth FM. Adipose tissue of Drosophila melanogaster. V. Genetic and experimental studies of an extrinsic influence on the rate of cell death in the larval fat body. Dev Biol 1972; 28:311-25. [PMID: 4624228 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(72)90016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Tung AS, Pipa RL. Insect neurometamorphosis. V. Fine structure of axons and neuroglia in the transforming interganglionic connectives of Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepid optera). JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1972; 39:556-67. [PMID: 4338500 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(72)90121-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Wittman KS, Krupa PL, Pesetsky I, Hamburgh M. Electron microscopy and histochemistry of tail regression in the brachyury mouse. Dev Biol 1972; 27:419-24. [PMID: 5019137 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(72)90180-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Scharrer B. Cytophysiological features of hemocytes in cockroaches. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1972; 129:301-19. [PMID: 4339568 DOI: 10.1007/bf00307291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Etude ultrastructurale de la d�g�n�rescence cellulaire dans la glande androg�ne du Crabe Ocypode quadrata (Fabricius). Cell Tissue Res 1972. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00307294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Puffs and salivary gland function: The fine structure of the larval and prepupal salivary glands ofDrosophila melanogaster. Dev Genes Evol 1972; 169:216-238. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00582554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/1971] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Michaels JE, Albright JT, Patt DI. Fins structural observations on cell death in the epidermis of the external gills of the larval frog, Rana pipiens. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY 1971; 132:301-17. [PMID: 4107214 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001320303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Hildebrand C. Ultrastructural and light-microscopic studies of the developing feline spinal cord white matter. II. Cell death and myelin sheath disintegration in the early postnatal period. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1971; 364:109-44. [PMID: 4109392 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-201x.1971.tb10980.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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46
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47
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Recherches histophysiologiques sur le d�veloppement post-embryonnaire et le cycle annuel de Formica (Hym�nopt�re). Cell Tissue Res 1971. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00330636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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48
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Hourdry J. [Histochemical study of various lysosomal hydrolases of the intestinal epithelium during the development of the tadpole of Discoglossus pictus Otth, anuran amphibian. I. Light microscopy study]. HISTOCHEMIE. HISTOCHEMISTRY. HISTOCHIMIE 1971; 26:126-41. [PMID: 5559569 DOI: 10.1007/bf00293503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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49
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Hourdry J. [Histochemical study of some lysosomal hydrolases of the intestinal epithelium during the development of the tadpole of Discoglossus pictus Otth, anuran amphibian. II. Electron microscopy study]. HISTOCHEMIE. HISTOCHEMISTRY. HISTOCHIMIE 1971; 26:142-59. [PMID: 5559570 DOI: 10.1007/bf00293504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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50
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Gregoratti CL, Mills RR. Midgut epithelium of the American cockroach: Induced synthesis of acid phosphomonoesterase by starvation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/0010-406x(70)90176-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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