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Multi-Modal Regulation of Circadian Physiology by Interactive Features of Biological Clocks. BIOLOGY 2021; 11:biology11010021. [PMID: 35053019 PMCID: PMC8772734 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock is a fundamental biological timing mechanism that generates nearly 24 h rhythms of physiology and behaviors, including sleep/wake cycles, hormone secretion, and metabolism. Evolutionarily, the endogenous clock is thought to confer living organisms, including humans, with survival benefits by adapting internal rhythms to the day and night cycles of the local environment. Mirroring the evolutionary fitness bestowed by the circadian clock, daily mismatches between the internal body clock and environmental cycles, such as irregular work (e.g., night shift work) and life schedules (e.g., jet lag, mistimed eating), have been recognized to increase the risk of cardiac, metabolic, and neurological diseases. Moreover, increasing numbers of studies with cellular and animal models have detected the presence of functional circadian oscillators at multiple levels, ranging from individual neurons and fibroblasts to brain and peripheral organs. These oscillators are tightly coupled to timely modulate cellular and bodily responses to physiological and metabolic cues. In this review, we will discuss the roles of central and peripheral clocks in physiology and diseases, highlighting the dynamic regulatory interactions between circadian timing systems and multiple metabolic factors.
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Sallsten G, Barregard L. Variability of Urinary Creatinine in Healthy Individuals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18063166. [PMID: 33808539 PMCID: PMC8003281 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many urinary biomarkers are adjusted for dilution using creatinine or specific gravity. The aim was to evaluate the variability of creatinine excretion, in 24 h and spot samples, and to describe an openly available variability biobank. Urine and blood samples were collected from 60 healthy non-smoking adults, 29 men and 31 women. All urine was collected at six time points during two 24 h periods. Blood samples were also collected twice and stored frozen. Analyses of creatinine in urine was performed in fresh urine using an enzymatic method. For creatinine in urine, the intra-class correlation (ICC) was calculated for 24 h urine and spot samples. Diurnal variability was examined, as well as association with urinary flow rate. The creatinine excretion rate was lowest in overnight samples and relatively constant in the other five samples. The creatinine excretion rate in each individual was positively correlated with urinary flow rate. The creatinine concentration was highest in the overnight sample and at 09:30. For 24 h samples the ICC was 0.64, for overnight samples it was 0.5, and for all spot samples, it was much lower. The ICC for urinary creatinine depends on the time of day of sampling. Frozen samples from this variability biobank are open for researchers examining normal variability of their favorite biomarker(s).
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Itoh H, Wang RS, Maki S, Niu Q, Shang H, Su Y, Weng Z, Saito H, Miura N, Takahashi M. Effects of work schedule and period of exposure on changes in urinary chromium and nickel excretion among rotating shift workers in a stainless-steel plant. Chronobiol Int 2019; 36:1439-1446. [PMID: 31368363 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2019.1645159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the association between the period of exposure and changes in urinary excretion of chromium and nickel among rotating shift workers in a stainless-steel plant. The study participants were composed of two groups: the workers who were occupationally exposed to metals ("exposed group") and those who were not occupationally exposed to metals ("unexposed group"). The exposed and unexposed groups consisted of 56 and 40 male rotating shift workers, respectively. Urine samples were collected immediately before and immediately after the day shift, evening shift, and night shift. Urinary chromium and nickel were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. To correct for variations in urine dilution, urinary metal concentrations were expressed as a ratio to urinary creatinine concentration. In the exposed group, post-shift urinary excretion of chromium was significantly higher than pre-shift excretion. However, although urinary chromium excretion clearly increased after the day and night shift [63% (p < .0001) and 87% (p < .0001), respectively], urinary chromium excretion after the evening shift was only slightly higher than that measured before the evening shift (8%, p = .028). Similar patterns were found for urinary nickel excretion (p = .0001, 0.20, and 0.18 for the day, evening, and night shifts, respectively). Non-uniform urinary excretion of metals between the day shift, evening shift, and night shift were observed in the exposed group; specifically, urinary metal excretion increased only slightly during the evening shift. In the unexposed group, no significant increase or decrease was found in median urinary chromium or nickel excretion (p= .63-0.87). Work shift-specific permissible exposure level would be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Itoh
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan.,Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University , Yokohama , Japan.,National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health , Tama-ku, Kawasaki , Japan
| | - Rui-Sheng Wang
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health , Tama-ku, Kawasaki , Japan
| | - Syou Maki
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health , Tama-ku, Kawasaki , Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University , Osaka Pref , Japan
| | - Qiao Niu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan , China
| | - Huizhen Shang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan Steel and Iron Limited Co , Taiyuan , China
| | - Yougong Su
- General Hospital, Taiyuan Steel and Iron Limited Co , Taiyuan , China
| | - Zuquan Weng
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health , Tama-ku, Kawasaki , Japan.,College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University , Fuzhou , China
| | - Hiroyuki Saito
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health , Tama-ku, Kawasaki , Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Miura
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health , Tama-ku, Kawasaki , Japan
| | - Masaya Takahashi
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health , Tama-ku, Kawasaki , Japan
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Moreno LI, Tate CM, Knott EL, McDaniel JE, Rogers SS, Koons BW, Kavlick MF, Craig RL, Robertson JM. Determination of an Effective Housekeeping Gene for the Quantification of mRNA for Forensic Applications*. J Forensic Sci 2012; 57:1051-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2012.02086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead exposure in young children may have adverse neurodevelopmental effects. Currently, an increased blood lead concentration is defined as >or=10 microg/dl for males and females of all ages, including children younger than 6 years. Using a large hospital population (n=11145), we define more specific ranges for pediatric blood lead concentrations. METHODS Pediatric blood lead concentrations were determined (atomic absorption spectrophotometry) on patient samples accrued from January 2001 to June 2002, and the data was analyzed employing the Hoffman approach. RESULTS For lead, the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles for subjects aged 0 to 12 months were 2.3 to 4.7 microg/dl for females and 1.8 to 4.9 microg/dl for males. The 97.5th percentiles increased for the 1-2 years age group both for females (5.2 microg/dl) and males (5.6 microg/dl). There was a significant decrease in blood lead concentrations after age 10 years, the 97.5th percentile being 4.4 microg/dl in both female and male subjects. The values in all corresponding age groups were similar for females and for males. The medians of all age groups were similar for females and for male subjects. CONCLUSION The blood lead concentrations are much lower compared to previously published data.
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Sithisarankul P, Schwartz BS, Lee BK, Strickland PT. Urinary 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) adjusted by creatinine: a surrogate for plasma ALA? J Occup Environ Med 1998; 40:901-6. [PMID: 9800176 DOI: 10.1097/00043764-199810000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is the first intermediate substrate in the heme synthetic pathway and is the substrate of aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD, porphobilinogen synthase). Because lead effectively inhibits ALAD activity, resulting in accumulation of ALA in urine and blood, urinary ALA (ALAU) has been used as a biomarker for lead exposure or early biologic effect of lead. Intraindividual variation in urinary excretion of ALA requires the use of 24-hour urine samples or adjustment of single urine samples by other normalizing variables, such as urinary creatinine concentration. Previous studies of ALAU concentration have used various adjustment methods; however, few have compared creatinine-adjusted ALAU concentration with ALA concentration in plasma (ALAP) from subjects with low (< 30 micrograms/dL) to moderate (< 60 micrograms/dL) levels of blood lead. To determine if creatinine-adjusted ALAU is associated with ALAP, we measured ALAU, ALAP, and urinary creatinine in 65 Korean lead workers with blood lead concentrations in the range of 14-60 micrograms/dL. ALAU, ALAU/creatinine, or ALAU/log creatinine all correlated with ALAP. However, ALAU/creatinine correlated more closely with ALAP based on Spearman's r (rs = 0.40, P, = 0.0009), supporting the use of ALA/creatinine in single urine samples as a surrogate for ALAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sithisarankul
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Md. 21205, USA
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Lee RC, Kissel JC. Probabilistic prediction of exposures to arsenic contaminated residential soil. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 1995; 17:159-168. [PMID: 24194288 DOI: 10.1007/bf00661328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/1994] [Accepted: 05/01/1995] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Probabilistic modelling using Monte Carlo simulation has been proposed as a more scientifically valid method of estimating soil contaminant exposures than conservative deterministic methods currently used by regulatory agencies. A retrospective application of probabilistic modelling to an exposure scenario involving arsenic-contaminated residential soil near the former ASARCO smelter near Tacoma, Washington is presented. The population of interest is children, aged 2-6 years, living within one-half mile (0.3 km) of the smelter site. Models that predict urinary arsenic levels based on unintentional soil ingestion and inhalation exposure pathways are used. Distributions of exposure variables are based on site-specific data and previous exposure studies. Simulated urinary arsenic levels are compared with data from two biomonitoring studies performed during the late 1980s. Arsenic distributions produced by simulation and biomonitoring are significantly different, and likely contributors to this difference are discussed. However the probabilistic model provides closer estimations of urinary arsenic levels than conservative deterministic models similar to those used by regulatory agencies, and provides useful information regarding parameter uncertainty. Soil ingestion rate was a driving variable in the probabilistic models. Further quantification of soil ingestion rates is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Lee
- Golder Associates, Inc., 4104 148th Ave, NE., 98905, Redmond, Washington, USA
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