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Sato N, Endo M, Nishi H, Fujiwara S, Tsuzuki M. Polyphosphate-kinase-1 dependent polyphosphate hyperaccumulation for acclimation to nutrient loss in the cyanobacterium, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1441626. [PMID: 39145186 PMCID: PMC11322815 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1441626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Polyphosphate is prevalent in living organisms. To obtain insights into polyphosphate synthesis and its physiological significance in cyanobacteria, we characterize sll0290, a homolog of the polyphosphate-kinase-1 gene, in the freshwater cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. The Sll0290 protein structure reveals characteristics of Ppk1. A Synechocystis sll0290 disruptant and sll0290-overexpressing Escherichia coli transformant demonstrated loss and gain of polyphosphate synthesis ability, respectively. Accordingly, sll0290 is identified as ppk1. The disruptant (Δppk1) grows normally with aeration of ordinary air (0.04% CO2), consistent with its photosynthesis comparable to the wild type level, which contrasts with a previously reported high-CO2 (5%) requirement for Δppk1 in an alkaline hot spring cyanobacterium, Synechococcus OS-B'. Synechocystis Δppk1 is defective in polyphosphate hyperaccumulation and survival competence at the stationary phase, and also under sulfur-starvation conditions, implying that sulfur limitation is one of the triggers to induce polyphosphate hyperaccumulation in stationary cells. Furthermore, Δppk1 is defective in the enhancement of total phosphorus contents under sulfur-starvation conditions, a phenomenon that is only partially explained by polyphosphate hyperaccumulation. This study therefore demonstrates that in Synechocystis, ppk1 is not essential for low-CO2 acclimation but plays a crucial role in dynamic P-metabolic regulation, including polyP hyperaccumulation, to maintain physiological fitness under sulfur-starvation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Sato
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
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Qin W, Stärk HJ, Müller S, Reemtsma T. Exploring the Extent of Phosphorus and Heavy Metal Uptake by Single Cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Their Effects on Intrinsic Elements by SC-ICP-TOF-MS. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:870931. [PMID: 35547146 PMCID: PMC9082303 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.870931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of six heavy metals, namely, silver (Ag), lead (Pb), palladium (Pd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and chromium (Cr), on phosphorus (P) uptake by yeast was investigated by single-cell analysis using inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SC-ICP-TOF-MS). It was found that the P content in cells with 1.55 g L–1 P feeding after P starvation was increased by ∼70% compared to control cells. Heavy metals at 10 ppm, except Cu, had a negative impact on P accumulation by cells. Pd reduced the P content by 26% in single cells compared to control cells. Metal uptake was strongest for Ag and Pd (0.7 × 10–12 L cell–1) and weakest for Cr (0.05 × 10–12 L cell–1). Exposure to Cr markedly reduced (−50%) Mg in cells and had the greatest impact on the intrinsic element composition. The SC-ICP-TOF-MS shows the diversity of elemental content in single cells: for example, the P content under standard conditions varied between 12.4 and 890 fg cell–1. This technique allows studying both the uptake of elements and sublethal effects on physiology at a single-cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Qin
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Stärk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susann Müller
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Kharwar S, Bhattacharjee S, Chakraborty S, Mishra AK. Regulation of sulfur metabolism, homeostasis and adaptive responses to sulfur limitation in cyanobacteria. Biologia (Bratisl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00819-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Sanz-Luque E, Bhaya D, Grossman AR. Polyphosphate: A Multifunctional Metabolite in Cyanobacteria and Algae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:938. [PMID: 32670331 PMCID: PMC7332688 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Polyphosphate (polyP), a polymer of orthophosphate (PO4 3-) of varying lengths, has been identified in all kingdoms of life. It can serve as a source of chemical bond energy (phosphoanhydride bond) that may have been used by biological systems prior to the evolution of ATP. Intracellular polyP is mainly stored as granules in specific vacuoles called acidocalcisomes, and its synthesis and accumulation appear to impact a myriad of cellular functions. It serves as a reservoir for inorganic PO4 3- and an energy source for fueling cellular metabolism, participates in maintaining adenylate and metal cation homeostasis, functions as a scaffold for sequestering cations, exhibits chaperone function, covalently binds to proteins to modify their activity, and enables normal acclimation of cells to stress conditions. PolyP also appears to have a role in symbiotic and parasitic associations, and in higher eukaryotes, low polyP levels seem to impact cancerous proliferation, apoptosis, procoagulant and proinflammatory responses and cause defects in TOR signaling. In this review, we discuss the metabolism, storage, and function of polyP in photosynthetic microbes, which mostly includes research on green algae and cyanobacteria. We focus on factors that impact polyP synthesis, specific enzymes required for its synthesis and degradation, sequestration of polyP in acidocalcisomes, its role in cellular energetics, acclimation processes, and metal homeostasis, and then transition to its potential applications for bioremediation and medical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Sanz-Luque
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Devaki Bhaya
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Arthur R. Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, United States
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Voronkov A, Sinetova M. Polyphosphate accumulation dynamics in a population of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 cells under phosphate overplus. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:1153-1164. [PMID: 30972564 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01374-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a simple and rapid DAPI-based protocol was developed and optimized to visualize polyphosphates (polyPs) in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. The optimum dye concentration and incubation time were determined, and formaldehyde fixation was shown to significantly improve polyP detection in Synechocystis cells. Using the developed protocol, for the first time, it was shown that 80% of Synechocystis cells under phosphate overplus were able to accumulate phosphorus as polyP 3 min after the addition of K2HPO4. After 1 h, the number of cells with polyP began to decrease, and after 24 h, polyP granules were detected in only 30% of the cells. Thus, the Synechocystis cells appeared to be heterogeneous in their ability to accumulate and mobilize polyP. Like other photosynthetic organisms, Synechocystis synthesized less polyP in the dark than in the light. The accumulation of polyP was not inhibited under conditions of cold and heat stresses, and some cells were even able to synthesize polyP at a temperature of approximately 0 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Voronkov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, Botanicheskaya str., 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Maria Sinetova
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, Botanicheskaya str., 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia.
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Gao F, Wu H, Zeng M, Huang M, Feng G. Overproduction, purification, and characterization of nanosized polyphosphate bodies from Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:27. [PMID: 29463242 PMCID: PMC5819187 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0870-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inorganic polyphosphate bodies (PPB) have recently been linked to a variety of functions in mammalian cells. To improve the yield of PPB from Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 and characterize its form, in this study, a recombinant plasmid containing a polyphosphate kinase (ppk) gene was generated and transformed into Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. Results PPB separated by Sephadex G-100 was characterized and added to polarized human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells, and the absorption effect was assessed. The ppk gene was stably expressed by induction with 1 μM nickel, and the resulting PPB yield from Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 cells increased by 89.66%. Transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering analyses showed that PPB from these cells were nanosized, ranging from a few to approximately 100 nanometres in diameter. PPB can be taken up by Caco-2 cells and are mainly distributed around lipid droplets. Conclusions We determined that PPB can be overproduced in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 and that the resulting PPB were well absorbed by Caco-2 cells. Microalgae provide a promising “cell factory” for PPB production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzheng Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Haohao Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Mingyong Zeng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China.
| | - Min Huang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Guangxin Feng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
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Albi T, Serrano A. Two strictly polyphosphate-dependent gluco(manno)kinases from diazotrophic Cyanobacteria with potential to phosphorylate hexoses from polyphosphates. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:3887-900. [PMID: 25381489 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6184-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The single-copy genes encoding putative polyphosphate-glucose phosphotransferases (PPGK, EC 2.7.1.63) from two nitrogen-fixing Cyanobacteria, Nostoc sp. PCC7120 and Nostoc punctiforme PCC73102, were cloned and functionally characterized. In contrast to their actinobacterial counterparts, the cyanobacterial PPGKs have shown the ability to phosphorylate glucose using strictly inorganic polyphosphates (polyP) as phosphoryl donors. This has proven to be an economically attractive reagent in contrast to the more costly ATP. Cyanobacterial PPGKs had a higher affinity for medium-long-sized polyP (greater than ten phosphoryl residues). Thus, longer polyP resulted in higher catalytic efficiency. Also in contrast to most their homologs in Actinobacteria, both cyanobacterial PPGKs exhibited a modest but significant polyP-mannokinase activity as well. Specific activities were in the range of 180-230 and 2-3 μmol min(-1) mg(-1) with glucose and mannose as substrates, respectively. No polyP-fructokinase activity was detected. Cyanobacterial PPGKs required a divalent metal cofactor and exhibited alkaline pH optima (approx. 9.0) and a remarkable thermostability (optimum temperature, 45 °C). The preference for Mg(2+) was noted with an affinity constant of 1.3 mM. Both recombinant PPGKs are homodimers with a subunit molecular mass of ca. 27 kDa. Based on database searches and experimental data from Southern blots and activity assays, closely related PPGK homologs appear to be widespread among unicellular and filamentous mostly nitrogen-fixing Cyanobacteria. Overall, these findings indicate that polyP may be metabolized in these photosynthetic prokaryotes to yield glucose (or mannose) 6-phosphate. They also provide evidence for a novel group-specific subfamily of strictly polyP-dependent gluco(manno)kinases with ancestral features and high biotechnological potential, capable of efficiently using polyP as an alternative and cheap source of energy-rich phosphate instead of costly ATP. Finally, these results could shed new light on the evolutionary origin of sugar kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Albi
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja, CSIC y Universidad de Sevilla, Av. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
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Seki Y, Nitta K, Kaneko Y. Observation of polyphosphate bodies and DNA during the cell division cycle of Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2014; 16:258-263. [PMID: 23574545 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Although most cyanobacterial cells contain prominent polyphosphate bodies in the central cytoplasmic area enclosed by the peripheral thylakoid membranes, their roles are not fully understood. Storing phosphate for nucleotide production might be one of their important roles in survival of the cells. As a step towards identifying a possible contribution of the polyphosphate bodies to DNA synthesis, the relationship between polyphosphate bodies and DNA throughout cell division cycle of Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 cells cultured under light/dark cycles was investigated with light and electron microscopy. During the dark period, the average size of polyphosphate bodies increased gradually without significant change in their number and distribution. However, during the light period, the number of polyphosphate bodies increased, while the size of each polyphosphate body decreased and cells elongated until the end of the light period, when most cells divided. The ratio of the content of polyphosphate bodies to cell length increased gradually during the dark period and decreased during the light period. Hoechst 33342-stained DNA appeared diffuse during the dark period, but in the light period it became condensed and eventually formed a wavy, rope-like structure prior to cell division. Close association between fibres containing DNA and polyphosphate bodies was demonstrated by TEM using DNA-specific staining and BrdU labelling. These regular coordinated changes of polyphosphate bodies and DNA shape during the cell division cycle, together with their intimate interaction, imply a role of polyphosphate bodies in supplying material for DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Seki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - K Nitta
- Analysis Technology Center, Research and Developmental Management Headquarters, Fuji Photo Film Co. Ltd., Minamiashigara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Y Kaneko
- Biology Section in the Faculty of Education; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Institute for Environmental Science and Technology, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
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Role of polyphosphate in thermophilic Synechococcus sp. from microbial mats. J Bacteriol 2013; 195:3309-19. [PMID: 23687278 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00207-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Synechococcus OS-B', a thermophilic unicellular cyanobacterium, recently isolated from the microbial mats in Octopus Spring (Yellowstone National Park), induces a suite of genes, including phosphatases and transporters, in response to phosphorus (P) starvation. Here we describe two different approaches to examine the ability of Synechococcus OS-B' to synthesize and break down polyphosphate (poly P), a key storage compound in many prokaryotes. First, we developed a transformation protocol to create mutants in the polyphosphate kinase (ppk), the major enzyme responsible for the synthesis of poly P. The ppk mutant exhibited a pleiotropic phenotype with defects in poly P accumulation, aberrant levels of Pho regulon transcripts, growth defects, and changes in cell size and exopolysaccharide levels, among others. Second, we measured transcripts of ppk and ppx (encoding the polyphosphatase) directly from mat samples and found that the levels varied dramatically over a diel cycle. We also used Western blot analysis to quantify levels of PPK and PPX and found that these enzymes differentially accumulated during the diel cycle. Levels of polyphosphate kinase peaked at night, while polyphosphatase levels were highest during the early morning hours. We hypothesize that the opposing activities of these two enzymes allow cells to store and utilize poly P to optimize growth over a diel cycle.
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Bellinger BJ, Van Mooy BAS. NONPHOSPHORUS LIPIDS IN PERIPHYTON REFLECT AVAILABLE NUTRIENTS IN THE FLORIDA EVERGLADES, USA(1). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2012; 48:303-311. [PMID: 27009720 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2012.01125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Algal and plant production of nonphosphorus lipids in place of phospholipids is a physiological response to low phosphorus (P) availability. This response has been shown in culture and in marine plankton studies, but examples from freshwater algae remain minimal. Herein, we analyzed the nutrient contents and lipid composition of periphyton communities across the Florida Everglades ecosystem. We hypothesized that in phosphate-poor areas, periphyton in high- and low-sulfate waters would vary the proportion of sulfolipids (SLs) and betaine lipids (BLs), respectively. In phosphate-enriched areas, periphyton would produce more phospholipids (PLs). We observed that at low-P sites, PLs were a minor lipid component. In cyanobacteria-dominated periphyton where sulfate was abundant, BLs were only slightly more abundant than SLs. However, in the low-P, low-sulfate area, periphyton were comprised to a greater degree green algae and diatoms, and BLs represented the majority of the total lipids. Even in a P-rich area, PLs were a small component of periphyton lipid profiles. Despite the phosphorus limitations of the Everglades, periphyton can develop tremendous biomass. Our results suggest a physiological response by periphyton to oligotrophic conditions whereby periphyton increase abundances of nonphosphorus lipids and have reduced proportions of PLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent J Bellinger
- Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, West Palm Beach, Florida 33417, USADepartment of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MS#4, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
| | - Benjamin A S Van Mooy
- Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, West Palm Beach, Florida 33417, USADepartment of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MS#4, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
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Brock J, Rhiel E, Beutler M, Salman V, Schulz-Vogt HN. Unusual polyphosphate inclusions observed in a marine Beggiatoa strain. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2011; 101:347-57. [PMID: 21909788 PMCID: PMC3261416 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-011-9640-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sulfide-oxidizing bacteria of the genus Beggiatoa are known to accumulate phosphate intracellularly as polyphosphate but little is known about the structure and properties of these inclusions. Application of different staining techniques revealed the presence of unusually large polyphosphate inclusions in the marine Beggiatoa strain 35Flor. The inclusions showed a co-occurrence of polyphosphate, calcium and magnesium when analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Similar to polyphosphate-enriched acidocalcisomes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the polyphosphate inclusions in Beggiatoa strain 35Flor are enclosed by a lipid layer and store cations. However, they are not notably acidic. 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic reconstruction showed an affiliation of Beggiatoa strain 35Flor to a monophyletic branch, comprising other narrow vacuolated and non-vacuolated Beggiatoa species. The polyphosphate inclusions represent a new type of membrane surrounded storage compartment within the genus Beggiatoa, distinct from the mostly nitrate-storing vacuoles known from other marine sulfide-oxidizing bacteria of the family Beggiatoaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Brock
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, 28359, Bremen, Germany.
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12
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Shibagaki N, Grossman A. The State of Sulfur Metabolism in Algae: From Ecology to Genomics. SULFUR METABOLISM IN PHOTOTROPHIC ORGANISMS 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6863-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Nicholson ML, Gaasenbeek M, Laudenbach DE. Two enzymes together capable of cysteine biosynthesis are encoded on a cyanobacterial plasmid. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1995; 247:623-32. [PMID: 7603442 DOI: 10.1007/bf00290354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 contains two endogenous, genetically cryptic plasmids of 8.0 and 48.5 kb, which have been designated pANS and pANL, respectively. Characterization of the 3.8 kb Ba6 BamHI fragment of pANL identified three open reading frames which were transcriptionally regulated by sulfur availability and the protein CysR. One of these genes, designated srpG, encodes a protein which exhibits 67% amino acid identity to the Escherichia coli enzyme O-acetyl-L-serine (thio)-lyase A. Overlapping the 3' end of srpG is a second gene, designated srpH, which encodes a protein with similarity to the amino-terminal region of serine acetyltransferase enzymes. DNA hybridization results indicate that there is second copy of srpG in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942, which is consistent with previous isoenzyme studies on O-acetyl-L-serine (thiol)-lyase in cyanobacteria. The introduction of srpG and srpH into E. coli cysKcysM and cysE mutant strains, respectively, results in the complementation of the lesion in cysteine biosynthesis. Additionally, the E. coli cysK cysM strain containing srpG is able to utilize sulfate more efficiently than thiosulfate, indicating that SrpG is probably a type A O-acetyl-L-serine (thiol)-lyase. The possible function of these genes in the adaptation of cyanobacteria to sulfur stress is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Nicholson
- University of Western Ontario, Department of Plant Sciences, London, Canada
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14
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Ari�o X, Ortega-Calvo JJ, Hernandez-Marine M, Saiz-Jimenez C. Effect of sulfur starvation on the morphology and ultrastructure of the cyanobacterium Gloeothece sp. PCC 6909. Arch Microbiol 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00272134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Collier JL, Grossman AR. Chlorosis induced by nutrient deprivation in Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942: not all bleaching is the same. J Bacteriol 1992; 174:4718-26. [PMID: 1624459 PMCID: PMC206268 DOI: 10.1128/jb.174.14.4718-4726.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell coloration changes from normal blue-green to yellow or yellow-green when the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942 is deprived of an essential nutrient. We found that this bleaching process (chlorosis) in cells deprived of sulfur (S) was similar to that in cells deprived of nitrogen (N), but that cells deprived of phosphorus (P) bleached differently. Cells divided once after N deprivation, twice after S deprivation, and four times after P deprivation. Chlorophyll (Chl) accumulation stopped almost immediately upon N or S deprivation but continued for several hours after P deprivation. There was no net Chl degradation during N, S, or P deprivation, although cellular Chl content decreased because cell division continued after Chl accumulation ceased. Levels of the light-harvesting phycobiliproteins declined dramatically in a rapid response to N or S deprivation, reflecting an ordered breakdown of the phycobilisomes (PBS). In contrast, P-deprived cultures continued to accumulate PBS for several hours. Whole PBS were not extensively degraded in P-deprived cells, although the PBS contents of P-deprived cells declined because of continued cell division after PBS accumulation ceased. Levels of mRNAs encoding PBS polypeptides declined by 90 to 95% in N- or S-deprived cells and by 80 to 85% in P-deprived cells. These changes in both the synthesis and stability of PBS resulted in a 90% decline in the PC/Chl ratio of N- or S-deprived cells and a 40% decline in the PC/Chl ratio of P-deprived cells. Therefore, although bleaching appears to be a general response to nutrient deprivation, it is not the same under all nutrient-limited conditions and is probably composed of independently controlled subprocesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Collier
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, California 94305
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Laudenbach DE, Grossman AR. Characterization and mutagenesis of sulfur-regulated genes in a cyanobacterium: evidence for function in sulfate transport. J Bacteriol 1991; 173:2739-50. [PMID: 1708375 PMCID: PMC207853 DOI: 10.1128/jb.173.9.2739-2750.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A sulfur-regulated gene (cysA) that encodes the membrane-associated ATP-binding protein of the sulfate transport system of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942 was recently isolated and sequenced. Adjacent to cysA and transcribed in the opposite direction is a gene encoding the sulfate-binding protein (sbpA). Two other genes, cysT and cysW, encode proteins that may form a channel for the transport of sulfate across the cytoplasmic membrane. A fourth gene, cysR, located between cysT, and cysW, encodes a polypeptide that has some homology to a family of prokaryotic regulatory proteins. Mutant strains in which cysA, cysT, or cysW was interrupted by a drug resistance marker were not viable when grown with sulfate as the sole sulfur source and exhibited essentially no sulfate uptake. In contrast, sbpA and cysR mutants grew on sulfate, although they did not exhibit the 20-fold increase in the Vmax (concentration of sulfate at half-maximal transport rate) for sulfate transport characteristic of wild-type cells grown under sulfur-limiting conditions. Three of the sulfur-regulated genes in Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942 are similar to genes encoded by the chloroplast genome of the primitive plant Marchantia polymorpha. These data suggest that a sulfate transport system similar to that of Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942 may exist in the chloroplast envelope of photosynthetic eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Laudenbach
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, California 94305
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Laudenbach DE, Ehrhardt D, Green L, Grossman A. Isolation and characterization of a sulfur-regulated gene encoding a periplasmically localized protein with sequence similarity to rhodanese. J Bacteriol 1991; 173:2751-60. [PMID: 1708376 PMCID: PMC207854 DOI: 10.1128/jb.173.9.2751-2760.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
During sulfur-limited growth, the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942 loses most of its photosynthetic pigments and develops an increased capacity to acquire sulfate. Sulfur deprivation also triggers the synthesis of several soluble polypeptides. We have isolated a prominent polypeptide of 33 kDa that accumulates specifically under sulfur-limiting conditions. This polypeptide was localized to the periplasmic space. The gene for this protein (designated rhdA) was isolated and discovered to lie within a region of the Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942 genome that encodes components of the sulfate permease system. The mRNA for the 33-kDa protein accumulates to high levels within an hour after the cells are deprived of sulfur and drops rapidly when sulfur is added back to the cultures. The amino acid sequence of the protein has similarity to bovine liver rhodanese, an enzyme that transfers the thiol group of thiosulfate to a thiophilic acceptor molecule, and a rhodaneselike protein of Saccharopolyspora erythraea. A strain in which rhdA was interrupted by a drug resistance marker exhibited marginally lower levels of rhodanese activity but was still capable of efficiently utilizing a variety of inorganic sulfur sources. The possible role of this protein in the transport of specific sulfur compounds is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Laudenbach
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, California 94305
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Verma SK, Singh SP, Singh RK. Nutritional control of copper uptake in the cyanobacteriumNostoc calcicola Br�b. Biometals 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01141314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Takahashi A, Kawakami H, Bada A, Okonogi Y, Matsuto S. Effects of phosphate on arsenate inhibition in a marine cyanobacterium,Phormidium sp. Appl Organomet Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.590040316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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Bioenergetic characterization of transient state phosphate uptake by the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans. Arch Microbiol 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00425173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Simultaneous heterolactic and acetate fermentation in the marine cyanobacterium Oscillatoria limosa incubated anaerobically in the dark. Arch Microbiol 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00454875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Riethman H, Bullerjahn G, Reddy KJ, Sherman LA. Regulation of cyanobacterial pigment-protein composition and organization by environmental factors. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1988; 18:133-161. [PMID: 24425163 DOI: 10.1007/bf00042982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/1987] [Accepted: 12/24/1987] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The coordinate expression of stress-specific genes is a common response of all organisms to altered environmental conditions. In cyanobacteria, the physiological consequences of stress are often reflected in both the ultrastructure of the cell and in photosynthesis-related properties. This review will focus on the alterations in cyanobacterial pigment-protein organization which occur under different growth conditions, and how several molecular genetic aproaches are being used in this laboratory to investigate the regulatory mechanisms underlying these alterations. We will discuss in detail the response to iron starvation, and present a testable hypothesis for the mechanism of thylakoid reorganization mediated by this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Riethman
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Tucker Hall, 65211, Columbia, MO, USA
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Grossman AR, Lemaux PG, Conley PB, Bruns BU, Anderson LK. Characterization of phycobiliprotein and linker polypeptide genes in Fremyella diplosiphon and their regulated expression during complementary chromatic adaptation. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1988; 17:23-56. [PMID: 24429660 DOI: 10.1007/bf00047680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/1987] [Accepted: 12/14/1987] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Phycobilisomes, comprised of both chromophoric (phycobiliproteins) and non-chromophoric (linker polypeptides) proteins, are light-harvesting complexes present in the prokaryotic cyanobacteria and the eukaryotic red algae. Many cyanobacteria exhibit complementary chromatic adaptation, a process which enables these organisms to optimize absorption of prevalent wavelengths of light by altering the composition of the phycobilisome. To examine the mechanisms involved in adjusting the levels of phycobilisome components during complementary chromatic adaptation, we have isolated and sequenced genes encoding phycobiliprotein and linker polypeptides in the cyanobacterium Fremyella diplosiphon, analyzed their transcriptional characteristics (transcript sizes and abundance when F. diplosiphon is grown in different light qualities) and mapped transcript initiation and termination sites. Our results demonstrate that genes encoding phycobilisome components are often cotranscribed as polycistronic messenger RNAs. Light quality regulates the composition of the phycobilisome by causing changes in the abundance of transcripts encoding specific components, suggesting that regulation is at the level of transcription (although not eliminating the possibility of changes in mRNA stability). The work presented here sets the foundation for analyzing the evolution of the different phycobilisome components and exploring signal transduction from photoperception to activation of specific genes using in vivo and in vitro genetic technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Grossman
- Carnegie Institution of Washington, 290 Panama Street, 94305, Stanford, California, USA
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24
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Abstract
Cells of the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis starved for phosphate for 3 days took up phosphate at about 100 times the rate of unstarved cells. Kinetic data suggested that a new transport system had been induced by starvation for phosphate. The inducible phosphate transport system was quickly repressed by addition of Pi. Phosphate-starved cells were more sensitive to the toxic effects of arsenate than were unstarved cells, but phosphate could alleviate some of the toxicity. Arsenate was a noncompetitive inhibitor of phosphate transport; however, the apparent Ki values were high, particularly for phosphate-replete cells. Preincubation of phosphate-starved cells with arsenate caused subsequent inhibition of phosphate transport, suggesting that intracellular arsenate inhibited phosphate transport. This effect was not seen in phosphate-replete cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Thiel
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis 63121
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Green LS, Grossman AR. Changes in sulfate transport characteristics and protein composition of Anacystis nidulans R2 during sulfur deprivation. J Bacteriol 1988; 170:583-7. [PMID: 3123460 PMCID: PMC210694 DOI: 10.1128/jb.170.2.583-587.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfur-starved cells of Anacystis nidulans have an increased capacity to take up sulfate. The apparent Vmax for sulfate uptake increased at least 10-fold after 24 h of sulfur deprivation, whereas the K1/2 remained unchanged at approximately 1.35 microM. The initial rate of sulfate uptake increased between 2 and 6 h after transfer of the cells to sulfur-free medium, in concert with elevated levels of three cytoplasmic membrane polypeptides with molecular masses of 43, 42, and 36 kilodaltons (kDa). The amounts of these polypeptides did not increase in response to nitrogen or phosphorus deprivation. A fourth cytoplasmic membrane polypeptide of 17 kDa did not appear until 24 h after transfer to sulfur-deficient medium. In the total soluble fraction, three polypeptides with masses of 36.5, 33.5, and 28.5 kDa increased dramatically in response to sulfur deprivation, but not in response to nitrogen or phosphorus deprivation. The specificity and abundance of these polypeptides indicate that they could play an important role in the response of A. nidulans to sulfur deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Green
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, California
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Condensed phosphate deposition, sulfur amino acid use, and unidirectional transsulfuration in Synechococcus leopoliensis. Arch Microbiol 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00409879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cembella AD, Antia NJ, Harrison PJ. The utilization of inorganic and organic phosphorus compounds as nutrients by eukaryotic microalgae: a multidisciplinary perspective. Part 2. Crit Rev Microbiol 1984; 11:13-81. [PMID: 6373151 DOI: 10.3109/10408418409105902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Cembella AD, Antia NJ, Harrison PJ. The utilization of inorganic and organic phosphorous compounds as nutrients by eukaryotic microalgae: a multidisciplinary perspective: part 1. Crit Rev Microbiol 1982; 10:317-91. [PMID: 6321101 DOI: 10.3109/10408418209113567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This comprehensive literature review of the phosphorus nutrition and metabolism of eukaryotic microalgae deals sequentially with (1) extracellular P-compounds available for algal utilization and growth; (2) orthophosphate uptake mechanisms, kinetics, and influence from environmental variables; (3) phosphatase-mediated utilization of organic phosphates involving multiple enzymes, induction and cellular location of repressible and irrepressible phosphatases, and their role in growth physiological processes; (4) intracellular phosphate metabolism covering diversity of phosphometabolites. ATP-linked energy regulation, polyphosphate pools and storage roles, phospholipids and phospholipases; (5) steady-state and transient-state models relating phosphate utilization to growth; (6) ecological aspects covering manifestations of phosphorus limitation, interspecific competition for phosphonutrients among microorganisms, and current views on phosphorus cycling and turnover in aquatic ecosystems. Although concentrating on the microalgae, the review often points out sounder conclusions drawn from bacteria and fungi, and includes specific macroalgae in considering certain subtopics where such algae were better investigated and provided a good basis for comparison with the microalgae.
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Identification of the sulfur inclusion body inBeggiatoa alba B18LD by energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Curr Microbiol 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01569006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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