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Clayton ZS, Brunt VE, Hutton DA, Casso AG, Ziemba BP, Melov S, Campisi J, Seals DR. Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha-Mediated Inflammation and Remodeling of the Extracellular Matrix Underlies Aortic Stiffening Induced by the Common Chemotherapeutic Agent Doxorubicin. Hypertension 2021; 77:1581-1590. [PMID: 33719511 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.16759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S Clayton
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado (Z.S.C., V.E.B., D.A.H., A.G.C., B.P.Z., D.R.S.)
| | - Vienna E Brunt
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado (Z.S.C., V.E.B., D.A.H., A.G.C., B.P.Z., D.R.S.)
| | - David A Hutton
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado (Z.S.C., V.E.B., D.A.H., A.G.C., B.P.Z., D.R.S.)
| | - Abigail G Casso
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado (Z.S.C., V.E.B., D.A.H., A.G.C., B.P.Z., D.R.S.)
| | - Brian P Ziemba
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado (Z.S.C., V.E.B., D.A.H., A.G.C., B.P.Z., D.R.S.)
| | - Simon Melov
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA (S.M., J.C.)
| | - Judith Campisi
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA (S.M., J.C.).,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA (J.C.)
| | - Douglas R Seals
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado (Z.S.C., V.E.B., D.A.H., A.G.C., B.P.Z., D.R.S.)
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Brana I, Ocana A, Chen EX, Razak ARA, Haines C, Lee C, Douglas S, Wang L, Siu LL, Tannock IF, Bedard PL. A phase I trial of pantoprazole in combination with doxorubicin in patients with advanced solid tumors: evaluation of pharmacokinetics of both drugs and tissue penetration of doxorubicin. Invest New Drugs 2014; 32:1269-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-014-0159-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Lim SH, Lee JY, Park SH, Kim YH, Suh HS, Park JB, Lee J. Effect of Combination of Anticancer Agents and Nitroimidazoles on the Survival of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells under Hypoxic Conditions. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SURGICAL SOCIETY 2009. [DOI: 10.4174/jkss.2009.76.6.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Ha Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Korea
| | | | - Sung Hwan Park
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Korea
| | - You Hee Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hun Suk Suh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae Bok Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Korea
| | - Jongwon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Korea
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Mizutani H. [Mechanism of DNA damage and apoptosis induced by anticancer drugs through generation of reactive oxygen species]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2007; 127:1837-42. [PMID: 17978559 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.127.1837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A number of anticancer drugs exert their effect by causing DNA damage and subsequent apoptosis induction. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and super oxide anion (O(2)(-)), participate in apoptosis and DNA damage induced by some anticancer drugs, however, the precise mechanism of apoptosis via ROS formation remains to be clarified. I investigated the mechanism of apoptosis and DNA damage induced by anticancer drugs, especially topoisomerase inhibitors, using human cultured cells. TAS-103, a topoisomerase inhibitor, induces apoptosis through DNA cleavage and subsequent H(2)O(2) generation mediated by poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and NAD(P)H oxidase activation. Doxorubicin (DOX), an anthracycline antibiotic and topoisomerase inhibitor, induces apoptosis through direct oxidative DNA damage leading to indirect H(2)O(2) generation mediated by PARP and NAD(P)H oxidase activation. DOX caused site-specific oxidative DNA damage in the presence of copper(II), which may contribute to apoptosis. These findings suggest that ROS formation plays important roles in apoptosis induced by anticancer drugs. Furthermore, these studies may provide an insight into the development of new effective chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Mizutani
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Omori, Nagoya, Japan.
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Hara Y, Kizaki K, Temma K, Chugun A, Kondo H. Effects of Anticancer Chemotherapeutic Drugs on the Acetylcholine Receptor-Operated Potassium Current in Guinea Pig Atrial Myocytes. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2004; 95:234-40. [PMID: 15546478 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2004.pto950506.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effects of 7 anticancer chemotherapeutic drugs on the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-operated potassium current (I(K.ACh)) in guinea pig atrial myocytes were investigated using the whole cell patch clamp technique. Doxorubicin, pirarubicin, and mitoxantrone inhibited the carbachol-induced I(K.ACh) in a concentration-dependent manner in atrial cells at a holding potential of -40 mV. IC50 values of doxorubicin, pirarubicin, and mitoxantrone for the carbachol-induced I(K.ACh) were 7.7 microM, 3.7 microM, and 9.1 microM, respectively. Pirarubicin inhibited the adenosine-induced and the GTPgammaS-induced I(K.ACh) in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50=6.0 and 5.1 microM, respectively). Doxorubicin and mitoxantrone up to 100 microM did not have an influence on the adenosine-induced I(K.ACh). Doxorubicin did not affect the GTPgammaS-induced I(K.ACh). Mitoxantrone 100 microM inhibited the current only by 25%. For concentrations up to 100 microM, anticancer drugs that have chemical structures entirely different from that of doxorubicin, i.e., 5-fluorouracil, 6-mercaptopurine, cyclophosphamide, and actinomycin D, did not have an influence on the carbachol-induced I(K.ACh). Doxorubicin and chemically related compounds possess anticholinergic effects mediated via an inhibitory action on I(K.ACh) by different underlying molecular mechanisms. Doxorubicin and mitoxantrone may inhibit I(K.ACh) by the blockade of muscarinic receptors, whereas pirarubicin may inhibit the current not only via blocking the muscarinic receptors but also by depressing the functions of the K+ channel itself and/or GTP-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Hara
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan.
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Neville-Webbe HL, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Evans CA, Coleman RE, Holen I. Sequence- and schedule-dependent enhancement of zoledronic acid induced apoptosis by doxorubicin in breast and prostate cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2004; 113:364-71. [PMID: 15455384 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether the combination of zoledronic acid and doxorubicin induced apoptosis of breast and prostate cancer cell lines, and if synergistic interaction was present. We investigated whether the levels of cell death altered depending on the sequence in which the drugs were administered and the possible mechanism of action responsible for the increased cell death following combined treatments. Breast and prostate cancer cells were treated with zoledronic acid alone, doxorubicin alone, or drugs in sequence (doxorubicin before, after, or with zoledronic acid), and the levels of apoptotic death were determined by evaluation of nuclear morphology. We found that clinically relevant concentrations of doxorubicin and zoledronic acid induced sequence- and schedule-dependent apoptosis of breast and prostate cancer cells. For maximal apoptosis, cells had to be pretreated for 24 hr with doxorubicin before immediate treatment with zoledronic acid for 1 hr. This observation is a characteristic feature of cell cycle phase-specific synergistic effect. Replacing zoledronic acid with the nonnitrogen-containing bisphosphonate clodronate did not induce increased apoptosis. Induction of apoptosis was mainly via inhibition of the mevalonate (MVA) pathway, as addition of the MVA pathway intermediary geranylgeraniol inhibited the induction of apoptosis by doxorubicin followed by zoledronic acid. In conclusion, combined treatment of breast and prostate cancer cell lines with clinically relevant doses of doxorubicin and zoledronic acid induces apoptosis in a synergistic fashion. These findings may have relevance for the clinical setting, particularly breast cancer patients receiving these drugs in the adjuvant setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen L Neville-Webbe
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Centre, Weston Park Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Anthracycline antibiotics, including adriamycin (ADM), are widely used to treat various human cancers, but their clinical use has been limited because of their cardiotoxicity. ADM is especially toxic to heart tissue. The mechanisms responsible for the cardiotoxic effect of ADM have been very/extremely controversial. This review focuses on the participation of free radicals generated by ADM in the cardiotoxic effect. ADM is reduced to a semiquinone radical species by microsomal NADPH-P450 reductase and mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase. In the presence of oxygen, the reductive semiquinone radical species produces superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. Generally, lipid peroxidation proceeds by mediating the redox of iron. ADM extracts iron from ferritin to form ADM-Fe3+, which causes lipid peroxidation of membranes. These events may lead to disturbance of the membrane structure and dysfunction of mitochondria. However, superoxide dismutase and hydroxyl radical scavengers have little effect on lipid peroxidation induced by ADM-Fe3+. Alternatively, ADM is oxidatively activated by peroxidases to convert to an oxidative semiquinone radical, which participates in inactivation of mitochondrial enzymes or including succinate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase. Here, we discuss the activation of ADM and the role of reductive and oxidative ADM semiquinone radicals in the cardiotoxic effect of this antibiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Muraoka
- Hokkaido College of Pharmacy, 7-1 Katsuraoka-cho, Otaru 047-0264, Japan.
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Mizutani H, Oikawa S, Hiraku Y, Murata M, Kojima M, Kawanishi S. Distinct mechanisms of site-specific oxidative DNA damage by doxorubicin in the presence of copper(II) and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase. Cancer Sci 2003; 94:686-91. [PMID: 12901793 PMCID: PMC11160291 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2003.tb01503.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2003] [Revised: 06/20/2003] [Accepted: 06/23/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The anticancer mechanism of doxorubicin (DOX), an anthracycline antibiotic, is believed to involve DNA damage through topoisomerase II inhibition and free radical generation. The free radical generation may also participate in genotoxicity, as well as cardiotoxicity, in normal human cells. The present study showed that DOX generates 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG), an indicator of oxidative DNA damage, in HL-60 cells, but not in H(2)O(2)-resistant HP100 cells, suggesting the involvement of H(2)O(2) in cellular DNA damage. Since DOX has both p-quinone and p-hydroquinone residues, free radical generation can be initiated by either reduction or oxidation of DOX. To clarify whether the oxidized or reduced form is more important for DOX-induced H(2)O(2) generation, we investigated the site-specific DNA damage induced by DOX in the presence of Cu(II), in comparison with that in the presence of cytochrome P450 reductase, using (32)P-labeled DNA fragments. DOX caused DNA damage in the presence of Cu(II) or cytochrome P450 reductase. The degree of Cu(II)-mediated DNA damage, including 8-oxodG formation, was much greater than that of cytochrome P450 reductase-mediated DNA damage. DOX plus Cu(II) caused DNA damage specifically at guanine, thymine and cytosine residues, particularly at 5'-GG-3', 5'-GT-3' and 5'-TG-3' sequences. Scavenger experiments suggested the involvement of reactive species generated from H(2)O(2) and Cu(I). When cytochrome P450 reductase and NADPH were used instead of Cu(II), every nucleotide was uniformly damaged, suggesting the participation of.OH. We conclude that DOX may induce carcinostatic and genotoxic effects through oxidation of its p-hydroquinone moiety by metal ion rather than through p-quinone reduction by cytochrome P450 reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Mizutani
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
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Muraoka S, Miura T. Inactivation of mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase by adriamycin activated by horseradish peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide. Chem Biol Interact 2003; 145:67-75. [PMID: 12606155 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(02)00239-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Although human cancers are widely treated with anthracycline drugs, these drugs have limited use because they are cardiotoxic. To clarify the cardiotoxic action of the anthracycline drug adriamycin (ADM), the inhibitory effect on succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) by ADM and other anthracyclines was examined by using pig heart submitochondrial particles. ADM rapidly inactivated mitochondrial SDH during its interaction with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the presence of H(2)O(2) (HRP-H(2)O(2)). Butylated hydroxytoluene, iron-chelators, superoxide dismutase, mannitol and dimethylsulfoxide did not block the inactivation of SDH, indicating that lipid-derived radicals, iron-oxygen complexes, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals do not participate in SDH inactivation. Reduced glutathione was extremely efficient in blocking the enzyme inactivation, suggesting that the SH group in enzyme is very sensible to ADM activated by HRP-H(2)O(2). Under anaerobic conditions, ADM with HRP-H(2)O(2) caused inactivation of SDH, indicating that oxidized ADM directly attack the enzyme, which loses its activity. Other mitochondrial enzymes, including NADH dehydrogenase, NADH oxidase and cytochrome c oxidase, were little sensitive to ADM with HRP-H(2)O(2). SDH was also sensitive to other anthracycline drugs except for aclarubicin. Mitochondrial creatine kinase (CK), which is attached to the outer face of the inner membrane of muscle mitochondria, was more sensitive to anthracyclines than SDH. SDH and CK were inactivated with loss of red color of anthracycline, indicating that oxidative activation of the B ring of anthracycline has a crucial role in inactivation of enzymes. Presumably, oxidative semiquinone or quinone produced from anthracyclines participates in the enzyme inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Muraoka
- Department of Biochemistry, Hokkaido College of Pharmacy, Katsuraoka-cho 7-1, Otaru 047-0264, Japan
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Chugun A, Uchide T, Temma K, Kennedy RH, Klimberg SV, Hara Y, Sasaki T, Akera T. Doxorubicin affects the cardiac muscarinic system in the rat. J Vet Med Sci 2001; 63:1315-22. [PMID: 11789610 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.63.1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During the study on the mechanism of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, we observed that a long incubation (4 hr) with doxorubicin reduced the maximal negative inotropic effects of a muscarinic receptor agonist, carbachol. The mechanism responsible for this doxorubicin-induced reduction of the efficacy of carbachol was examined in isolated guinea pig hearts. In isolated left atrial muscle preparations, 1 hr incubation with 100 microM doxorubicin caused a parallel right-ward shift of the concentration-response curves for carbachol, but a longer (4 hr) incubation with this agent (30, 100 or 200 microM), caused a significant reduction of the magnitude of the negative inotropic effect of carbachol in addition to the concentration-dependent parallel right-ward shift. The 4-hr incubation with these concentrations of doxorubicin also reduced the maximal negative inotropic effect of an adenosine A1 receptor agonist, R-phenylisopropyl adenosine (R-PIA), without affecting the potency of this agonist. Doxorubicin (1 to 100 microM) reduced [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) binding in a concentration dependent manner, but failed to alter [3HIR-PIA binding. The decrease in the magnitude of the maximal negative inotropic effect by doxorubicin was caused by changes in the muscarinic system at steps common to the transduction of muscarinic and adenosine A1 receptor mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chugun
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kitasato University, Towada-shi, Japan
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Sturgill MG, August DA, Brenner DE. Hepatic enzyme induction with phenobarbital and doxorubicin metabolism and myelotoxicity in the rabbit. Cancer Invest 2001; 18:197-205. [PMID: 10754988 DOI: 10.3109/07357900009031824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) undergoes extensive liver metabolism. This study was designed to compare the pharmacokinetic and myelotoxicity profiles of DOX and metabolites with and without phenobarbital-associated hepatic enzyme induction. DOX was administered i.v. to eight rabbits with and without 7 prior days of oral phenobarbital, with venous blood samples collected between 0 and 72 hr for determination of plasma DOX and metabolite concentrations by high-performance liquid chromatography and complete blood counts obtained on days 1, 5, 7, 8, and 9. DOX AUC infinity, t1/2 beta and CLT values were significantly reduced by phenobarbital induction (PBI), while only the formation clearance of DOX metabolites was significantly changed. PBI had no effect on nadir neutrophil counts but was associated with significantly accelerated neutrophil recovery. Hepatic enzyme induction with phenobarbital significantly reduces plasma DOX exposure while increasing the rate of metabolite formation. These effects result in significant acceleration of neutrophil recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Sturgill
- College of Pharmacy, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, USA
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Hara Y, Temma K, Sekiya Z, Chugun A, Kondo H. Molecular mechanism of doxorubicin-induced anticholinergic effect in guinea-pig atria. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2000. [DOI: 10.1139/y00-013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of anticholinergic actions of doxorubicin were examined by electrophysiological methods in atria and myocytes isolated from guinea-pig heart. A direct anticholinergic action of doxorubicin was confirmed with antagonistic action on carbachol-induced negative inotropic effect in atria. Both carbachol and adenosine produced shortening of action potential duration in atria measured by a microelectrode method. Doxorubicin (10-100 µM) inhibited the carbachol-induced action potential shortening in a concentration-dependent manner. However, doxorubicin did not antagonize the shortening elicited by adenosine. The whole-cell voltage clamp technique was performed to induce the muscarinic acetylcholine-receptor-operated K+ current (IK.ACh) in atrial myocytes loaded with GTP or GTPgammaS, a nonhydrolysable analogue of GTP. Doxorubicin (1-100 µM) suppressed carbachol-induced IK.ACh in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 = 5.6 µM). In contrast, doxorubicin (10 and 100 µM) suppressed neither adenosine-induced IK.ACh nor GTPgammaS-induced IK.ACh. These results indicate that doxorubicin produces a direct anticholinergic effect through the muscarinic receptors in atrial myocytes.Key words: action potential duration, anticholinergic action, atrial cell, doxorubicin, the muscarinic acetylcholine-receptor-operated K+ current.
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Licata S, Saponiero A, Mordente A, Minotti G. Doxorubicin metabolism and toxicity in human myocardium: role of cytoplasmic deglycosidation and carbonyl reduction. Chem Res Toxicol 2000; 13:414-20. [PMID: 10813659 DOI: 10.1021/tx000013q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The anthracycline doxorubicin (DOX) is an exceptionally good antineoplastic agent, but its use is limited by formation of metabolites which induce acute and chronic cardiac toxicities. Whereas the acute toxicity is mild, the chronic toxicity can produce a life-threatening cardiomyopathy. Studies in laboratory animals are of limited value in predicting the structure and reactivity of toxic metabolites in humans; therefore, we used an ethically acceptable system which is suitable for exploring DOX metabolism in human myocardium. The system involves cytosolic fractions from myocardial samples obtained during aorto-coronary bypass grafting. After reconstitution with NADPH and DOX, these fractions generate the alcohol metabolite doxorubicinol (DOXol) as well as DOX deoxyaglycone and DOXol hydroxyaglycone, reflecting reduction of the side chain carbonyl group, reductase-type deglycosidation of the anthracycline, and hydrolase-type deglycosidation followed by carbonyl reduction, respectively. The efficiency of each metabolic route has been evaluated at low and high DOX:protein ratios, reproducing acute, single-dose and chronic, multiple-dose regimens, respectively. Low DOX:protein ratios increase the efficiency of formation of DOX deoxyaglycone and DOXol hydroxyaglycone but decrease that of DOXol. Conversely, high DOX:protein ratios facilitate the formation of DOXol but impair reductase- or hydrolase-type deglycosidation and uncouple hydrolysis from carbonyl reduction, making DOXol accumulate at levels higher than those of DOX deoxyaglycone and DOXol hydroxyaglycone. Structure-activity considerations have suggested that aglycones and DOXol may inflict cardiac damage by inducing oxidative stress or by perturbing iron homeostasis, respectively. Having characterized the influence of DOX:protein ratios on deglycosidation or carbonyl reduction, we propose that the benign acute toxicity should be attributed to the oxidant activity of aglycones, whereas the life-threatening chronic toxicity should be attributed to alterations of iron homeostasis by DOXol. This picture rationalizes the limited protective efficacy of antioxidants against chronic cardiomyopathy vis-à-vis the better protection offered by iron chelators, and forms the basis for developing analogues which produce less DOXol.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Licata
- Institutes of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
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Chugun A, Temma K, Oyamada T, Suzuki N, Kamiya Y, Hara Y, Sasaki T, Kondo H, Akera T. Doxorubicin-induced late cardiotoxicity: delayed impairment of Ca2+-handling mechanisms in the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the rat. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2000. [DOI: 10.1139/y99-133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin treatment causes delayed development of cardiotoxicity. Whether the doxorubicin-induced impairment of cardiac functions reverses or progresses with time after the cessation of the treatment was examined. The rats were injected with doxorubicin (2.5 mg/kg, i.v., once a week for 3 weeks) and sacrificed at 1 (1W), 13 (13W), or 18 (18W) weeks after the final doxorubicin administration. The time to peak of twitch contraction observed at 2-Hz stimulation was not altered in left atrial or ventricular muscle preparations isolated from 1W rats, but it was prolonged in those from 13W and 18W rats. The reduction of the magnitude of postrest contraction and the alteration of force-frequency relationships in left atrial muscle preparations in 1W rats were not significant, but were intensified in the 13W and 18W groups. Alterations in the postrest contraction and the force-frequency relationships in ventricular muscle preparations isolated from doxorubicin-treated rat hearts were weaker, but the pattern of alteration was similar to that observed in left atrial muscle preparations. Caffeine-induced contraction observed in skinned fibers that were isolated from the 1W rats was not altered, but it was reduced in the 18W rats. The Ca2+ sensitivity of contractile proteins was not altered in doxorubicin-treated rat hearts in any of the groups. The Kd values estimated from a [3H]ryanodine binding study were not altered, but the Bmax values were significantly lower in the 13W and 18W groups than those observed in control rats. These results suggest that the dysfunction of the sarcoplasmic reticulum progresses after the completion of doxorubicin treatment and contributes to the doxorubicin-induced late cardiotoxicity.Key words: doxorubicin, late cardiotoxicity, rat heart, sarcoplasmic reticulum.
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Gewirtz DA. A critical evaluation of the mechanisms of action proposed for the antitumor effects of the anthracycline antibiotics adriamycin and daunorubicin. Biochem Pharmacol 1999; 57:727-41. [PMID: 10075079 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(98)00307-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1591] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for the antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects of the anthracycline antibiotics doxorubicin (Adriamycin) and daunorubicin (daunomycin) have been the subject of considerable controversy. This commentary addresses the potential role of DNA synthesis inhibition, free radical formation and lipid peroxidation, DNA binding and alkylation, DNA cross-linking, interference with DNA strand separation and helicase activity, direct membrane effects, and the initiation of DNA damage via the inhibition of topoisomerase II in the interaction of these drugs with the tumor cell. One premise underlying this analysis is that only studies utilizing drug concentrations that reflect the plasma levels in the patient after either bolus administration or continuous infusion are considered to reflect the basis for drug action in the clinic. The role of free radicals in anthracycline cardiotoxicity is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Gewirtz
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, and Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298, USA.
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Fornari FA, Jarvis DW, Grant S, Orr MS, Randolph JK, White FK, Gewirtz DA. Growth arrest and non-apoptotic cell death associated with the suppression of c-myc expression in MCF-7 breast tumor cells following acute exposure to doxorubicin. Biochem Pharmacol 1996; 51:931-40. [PMID: 8651943 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(96)00050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In the MCF-7 human breast [correction of beast] adenocarcinoma cell line, acute exposure to 1 muM doxorubicin inhibited cell proliferation by approximately 75%. Analysis of cell cycle distribution indicated that within 24 hr, the G(2)/M fraction increased more than 3-fold and the S-phase population declined by >50%. In addition to growth arrest, there was an approximately 40% reduction in the viable cell population after 72 hr. Gel electrophoretic resolution of low molecular weight DNA immediately after exposure of cells to doxorubicin failed to demonstrate "laddered" oligonucleosomal profiles associated with apoptosis. The absence of intracellular DNA fragments or release of fragmented DNA into the incubation medium was confirmed by spectrofluorophotometry over a 72 hr interval following exposure of cells to 1 muM doxorubicin. In addition, there was no evidence of the morphological features associated with apoptosis during this period. Acute exposure to 1 muM doxorubicin also produced a transient increase in c-myc message expression (within the first hour) followed by a decline to 70% of control levels within 2-4 hr. The reduction in c-myc mRNA levels was concentration dependent and corresponded closely with growth arrest (as well as with inhibition of DNA synthesis). These findings (as well as similar reports demonstrating a correspondence between reduced c-myc expression and growth inhibition by VM-26 and m-AMSA in MCF-7 cells) suggest that the down-regulation of c-myc expression may reflect perturbations in regulatory processes contributing to growth arrest in MCF-7 cells exposed to topoisomerase II inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Fornari
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond 23298, USA
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Siegal T, Horowitz A, Gabizon A. Doxorubicin encapsulated in sterically stabilized liposomes for the treatment of a brain tumor model: biodistribution and therapeutic efficacy. J Neurosurg 1995; 83:1029-37. [PMID: 7490617 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1995.83.6.1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Anthracyclines entrapped in small-sized, sterically stabilized liposomes have the advantage of long circulation time, reduced systemic toxicity, increased uptake into systemic tumors, and gradual release of their payload. To date, there is no information on the behavior of these liposomes in brain tumors. The objective of this study was to compare the biodistribution and clinical efficacy of free doxorubicin (F-DOX) and stealth liposome-encapsulated DOX (SL-DOX) in a secondary brain tumor model. Nine days after tumor inoculation Fischer rats with a right parietal malignant sarcoma received an intravenous dose of 6 mg/kg of either F-DOX or SL-DOX for evaluation of drug biodistribution. For therapeutic trials a single dose of 8 mg/kg was given 6 or 11 days after tumor induction, or alternatively, weekly doses (5 mg/kg) were given on Days 6, 13, and 20. Liposome-encapsulated DOX was slowly cleared from plasma with a t1/2 of 35 hours. Free-DOX maximum tumor drug levels reached a mean value of 0.8 microgram/g and were identical in the adjacent brain and contralateral hemisphere. In contrast, SL-DOX tumor levels were 14-fold higher at their peak levels at 48 hours, declining to ninefold increased levels at 120 hours. A gradual increase in drug levels in the brain adjacent to tumor was noted between 72 and 120 hours (up to 4 micrograms/g). High-performance liquid chromatography analysis identified a small amount of aglycone metabolites within the tumor mass from 96 hours and beyond, after SL-DOX injection. Cerebrospinal fluid levels were barely detectable in tumor-bearing rats treated with F-DOX up to 120 hours after drug injection (< or = 0.05 microgram/ml), whereas the levels found after SL-DOX were 10- to 30-fold higher. An F-DOX single-dose treatment given 6 days after tumor inoculation increased the rats' life span (ILS) by 135% over controls (p < 0.05) but was not effective if given on Day 11. In contrast, SL-DOX treatment resulted in an ILS of 168% (p < 0.0003) with no difference when given after 6 or 11 days. Treatment with three weekly doses of SL-DOX produced an ILS of 189% compared to 126% by F-DOX (p < 0.0002). The authors conclude that the use of long-circulating liposomes as cytotoxic drug carriers in brain tumor results in enhanced drug exposure and improved therapeutic activity, with equal effectiveness against early small- and large-sized brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Siegal
- Neuro-Oncology Clinic, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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19
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August DA, Verma N, Vaerten MA, Shah R, Andrews JC, Brenner DE. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of percutaneous hepatic venous isolation for administration of regional chemotherapy. Surg Oncol 1995; 4:205-16. [PMID: 8528483 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-7404(10)80037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic artery infusion (HAI) chemotherapy has been used to treat patients with unresectable liver tumours. We report a preclinical study of the pharmacokinetics of HAI combined with hepatic venous drug extraction (HVDE) for regional administration of doxorubicin. HVDE was aided by a double balloon catheter inserted via femoral vein cutdown into the inferior vena cava to collect all hepatic vein blood. Pigs received doxorubicin 0.5-9.0 mg kg-1 over 90 min via HAI or systemic infusion (SYSI). HVDE was performed for 240 min. SYSI pigs underwent hepatic venous isolation without drug filtration. Doxorubicin levels were assayed using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). HAI/HVDE reduced systemic exposure to doxorubicin with equivalent hepatic exposure at all doses. Pharmacokinetic enhancement ranged from 7.0 to 22.3 for peak concentration, 8.8-23.2 for the area under the curve and 2.9-4.2 for tissue concentration. HAI/HVDE also prevented the mortality which was observed with SYSI administration of high-dose (5.0 and 9.0 mg kg-1) doxorubicin. We conclude that HAI/HVDE reduces systemic exposure to doxorubicin as compared with SYSI of equivalent doses. Pharmacokinetic enhancement indices suggest that HAI/HVDE may allow equivalent hepatic drug exposure with reduced systemic exposure. This method may be applicable to other drugs and to other anatomic settings in which enhanced regional drug delivery is desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A August
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Cancer Institute of New Jersey New Brunswick 08901, USA
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20
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August DA, Verma N, Vaertan MA, Shah R, Brenner DE. An evaluation of hepatic extraction and clearance of doxorubicin. Br J Cancer 1995; 72:65-71. [PMID: 7599068 PMCID: PMC2034109 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1995.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A swine model was developed to study quantitatively the pharmacokinetics of hepatic extraction and clearance of doxorubicin (DOX). Systemic and hepatic artery infusions of DOX (0.5-9 mg kg-1) were administered to 34 pigs. Pharmacokinetic analysis was simplified by use of a double-balloon catheter in the inferior vena cava to collect hepatic venous effluent. During hepatic artery infusion only, DOX in hepatic venous blood was extracted using activated carbon filters to prevent drug recirculation. Hepatic extraction and clearance of DOX were independent of dose and route of administration. Extraction ratios varied from 0.75 to 0.91 during hepatic artery infusion and from 0.50 to 0.72 during systemic infusion. Clearance results were analogous. After cessation of drug infusions, hepatic extraction and clearance of DOX was negative, suggesting that the liver serves as a drug reservoir during DOX infusion and subsequently is a net source of unmetabolised drug. Liver extraction and clearance of DOX in pigs are substantial. During either systemic or hepatic artery infusion of DOX, the liver serves as a drug reservoir. Subsequent mobilisation of this hepatic pool of DOX may cause prolonged systemic exposure to drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A August
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey 08901, USA
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21
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Embree L, Gelmon KA, Lohr A, Mayer LD, Coldman AJ, Cullis PR, Palaitis W, Pilkiewicz F, Hudon NJ, Heggie JR. Chromatographic analysis and pharmacokinetics of liposome-encapsulated doxorubicin in non-small-cell lung cancer patients. J Pharm Sci 1993; 82:627-34. [PMID: 8392545 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600820617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and specific quantitative assay for total doxorubicin concentrations in plasma containing liposome-encapsulated doxorubicin hydrochloride (TLC D-99) was developed, with solvent extraction and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Separation of doxorubicin from its metabolites was accomplished with a 15 cm x 3.9 mm i.d., microBondapak phenyl analytical HPLC column. Optimum chromatographic conditions, obtained with a mobile phase gradient from 85 to 50% (v/v) 16 mM ammonium formate buffer in tetrahydrofuran at a flow rate of 2 mL/min, gave a detection limit of 0.3 pmol/injection. Eleven-point standard curves with from 0.00595 to 29.8 microM TLC D-99 and 0.1 microM internal standard in plasma were analyzed on three separate occasions to formally validate this assay. An overall correlation coefficient of 0.9985 was found for the logarithmic transformed data. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of doxorubicin were investigated after administration of TLC D-99 to 12 non-small-cell lung cancer patients as an intravenous infusion at doses of 60 and 75 mg/m2. The data are best described by a three-compartment model with alpha, beta, and gamma elimination half-lives of 0.0721, 2.84, and 25.2 h for the 60-mg/m2 group and 0.103, 2.56, and 14.9 h for the 75-mg/m2 patients. A mean plasma clearance of 9.89 L/h (range: 1.95 to 23.4 L/h) was found for the 60-mg/m2 patients, with that from the 75-mg/m2 group being within these values. Mean area under the plasma concentration versus time curve estimates of 37.1 and 47.9 microM/h were observed for the patients receiving 60 and 75 mg/m2, respectively. The plasma concentration-time course for total doxorubicin following administration of TLC D-99 suggests that the disposition of the liposomal formulation is determined more by the pharmacokinetics of the liposome than the encapsulated drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Embree
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
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22
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Zhang Y, Sweet KM, Sognier MA, Belli JA. An enhanced ability for transforming adriamycin into a noncytotoxic form in a multidrug-resistant cell line (LZ-8). Biochem Pharmacol 1992; 44:1869-77. [PMID: 1360214 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(92)90083-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant LZ-8 cells are 9000-fold more resistant to Adriamycin (ADRM) exposure than wild-type V79 cells. To understand more about the mechanisms producing such high level resistance, we tested whether LZ-8 cells inactivate ADRM toxicity to a greater extent than wild-type V79 cells. ADRM was recovered from (1) culture media of wild-type V79 and ADRM-resistant LZ-8 cells; (2) V79 and LZ-8 cells; and (3) LZ-8 cell plasma membrane, and the cytotoxicity was determined by treating V79 cells for 1 hr with a known concentration of the recovered ADRM. ADRM obtained from LZ-8 cells or its culture medium exhibited less cytotoxicity than that recovered from V79 cells or its culture medium. ADRM extracted from LZ-8 cell plasma membrane was noncytotoxic. HPLC analysis revealed that the extracted ADRM was structurally changed compared to stock ADRM. The retention time in the column was 7 min for stock ADRM, and 23 min for the recovered ADRM. Thus, LZ-8 cells have an increased ability to transform ADRM into a noncytotoxic form compared to wild-type V79 cells. This transformation involves structural conversion into a previously unidentified ADRM metabolite. The greatly increased survival of LZ-8 cells compared to V79 cells after ADRM treatment is due to at least two mechanisms: (1) an enhanced ability to inactivate the cytotoxicity of ADRM, and (2) increased drug efflux resulting from the amplification and overexpression of the pgp 1 gene in these cells. Our results suggest the possibility that P-glycoprotein participates in drug binding/inactivation in addition to serving as a drug efflux pump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Radiation Therapy, Galveston 77555
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23
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Temma K, Akera T, Chugun A, Ohashi M, Yabuki M, Kondo H. Doxorubicin: an antagonist of muscarinic receptors in guinea pig heart. Eur J Pharmacol 1992; 220:63-9. [PMID: 1425981 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(92)90012-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
While studying the mechanisms of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, we observed that doxorubicin inhibited the negative inotropic effect of acetylcholine in isolated heart muscle preparations. We therefore examined the effects of doxorubicin on muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. In left atrial muscle preparations isolated from guinea pig heart and stimulated at 2 Hz at 30 degrees C, doxorubicin caused a parallel right-ward shift of the dose-response curves for the negative inotropic effects of acetylcholine. The inhibitory action was reversed by an additional incubation in the absence of doxorubicin. Doxorubicin reversed the carbachol-induced inhibition of developed tension: a high concentration of doxorubicin brought the force back to its original strength. Doxorubicin inhibited specific [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) binding to membrane preparations obtained from ventricular muscle of guinea pig hearts. The pA2 value for doxorubicin obtained in the inotropic study corresponded to the IC50 value for doxorubicin observed in the [3H]QNB binding assay. These results indicate that doxorubicin acts as a weak competitive antagonist on muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Temma
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kitasato University, Aomori, Japan
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24
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Cox SK, Wilke AV, Frazier D. Determination of adriamycin in plasma and tissue biopsies. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1991; 564:322-9. [PMID: 1860929 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(91)80098-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid and sensitive method for the extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of adriamycin in tissue and plasma is described. Tissue (5-100 mg) and plasma (1 ml) samples underwent a C18 Sep-Pak extraction into methanol. Chromatography was performed on a muBondapakphenyl column using a mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.1 M ammonium formate (pH 4.0) with a flow-rate of 2 ml/min. Fluorometric detection was used with an excitation of 480 nm and an emission of 550 nm. The procedure produced a linear curve for the concentration range 25-1000 ng/ml. The development of the assay produced rapid, repeatable and accurate results for both small tissue samples and plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Cox
- Department of Environmental Practice, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37901
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25
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Abstract
Doxorubicin is an essential component of the treatment of aggressive lymphoma, childhood solid tumors, bone and soft tissue sarcomas, and breast cancer and additional indications are emerging. On the other hand, daunorubicin has occupied the central position of interest in the treatment of acute leukemia. Epirubicin has a spectrum very similar to doxorubicin but lesser toxicity. The ability to protect against cardiotoxicity with ICRF-187 further enhances clinical interest in exploiting modifications in doze intensity to therapeutic advantage. Idarubicin has at least equivalent activity to daunorubicin and doxorubicin in leukemia. New areas of research in relation to anthracycline antibiotics include introduction of new the analogs, insight into mechanisms of resistance, the reversal of multidrug resistance in vitro, the protection of cardiac toxicity, and the study of other important biochemical reactions relevant to cytotoxicity. Orally active anthracyclines such as idarubicin and compounds which lack cross-resistance with the parent drugs or have other mechanisms for cytotoxicity are being developed. It is likely that these modifications will lead to an expanding therapeutic spectrum for these already widely useful drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Muggia
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033
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26
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Beijnen JH, Meenhorst PL, van Gijn R, Fromme M, Rosing H, Underberg WJ. HPLC determination of doxorubicin, doxorubicinol and four aglycone metabolites in plasma of AIDS patients. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1991; 9:995-1002. [PMID: 1822225 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(91)80036-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay has been developed for the determination of the anticancer drug doxorubicin and the metabolites doxorubicinol, doxorubicinone, 7-deoxydoxorubicinone, doxorubicinolone and 7-deoxydoxorubicinolone in plasma of AIDS patients. Samples can be heated at 60 degrees C for 30 min to inactivate the human immunodeficiency virus. The sample pre-treatment involves a liquid-liquid extraction of the buffered plasma sample (pH 9) with a chloroform-1-propanol (4:1, v/v) mixture. The chromatographic analysis is performed on a Lichrosorb RP-8 (5 microns) column and by isocratic elution with a mobile phase of acetonitriletetrahydrofuran-phosphate buffer (pH 2.2) (800:5:200, w/w/w) with fluorescence detection (excitation wavelength: 460 nm; emission wavelength: 550 nm). The proposed method has been validated and, subsequently, implemented in a pharmacokinetic study of doxorubicin in AIDS patients with Kaposi's sarcoma who are treated with the combination regimen doxorubicin, vincristine and bleomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Beijnen
- Department of Pharmacy, Slotervaart Hospital/Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
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27
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Leone LA, Meitner PA, Myers TJ, Grace WR, Gajewski WH, Fingert HJ, Rotman B. Predictive value of the fluorescent cytoprint assay (FCA): a retrospective correlation study of in vitro chemosensitivity and individual responses to chemotherapy. Cancer Invest 1991; 9:491-503. [PMID: 1933482 DOI: 10.3109/07357909109018947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The potential clinical usefulness of the fluorescent cytoprint assay (FCA) was assessed retrospectively in 73 cancer patients by correlating individual tumor chemosensitivity in vitro with responses to chemotherapy. The data show that the FCA has a sensitivity of 98%, specificity of 81%, and predictive accuracies of 85% and 97% for positive and negative clinical responses, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Leone
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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28
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Usansky JI, Liebert M, Wedemeyer G, Grossman HB, Wagner JG. The uptake and efflux of doxorubicin by a sensitive human bladder cancer cell line and its doxorubicin-resistant subline. SELECTIVE CANCER THERAPEUTICS 1991; 7:139-50. [PMID: 1822001 DOI: 10.1089/sct.1991.7.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The uptake and efflux of doxorubicin (Dox) were investigated in a human bladder cancer cell line (UM-UC-6) and in a multi-drug resistant (mdr) subline (UM-UC-6Dox). Unlike previous reports, the initial uptake kinetics of Dox, and its accumulation and retention to steady-state were modelled mathematically. Cells were incubated with Dox and the amount of Dox in the cellular and medium phases was measured by a specific HPLC method. When monitored for 1 min from 0.02 microM to 25 microM Dox, the uptake was very rapid but was significantly faster in the resistant cell line. The initial rate of uptake at t = 0 followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics yielding Vmax values (the maximal rate of uptake) of 15.0 +/- 1.7 and 12.9 +/- 1.2 nmol/10(6)/min and Km (rate at Vmax/2) of 25.2 +/- 4.7 and 16.4 +/- 2.9 microM for UM-UC-6 and UM-UC-6Dox, respectively. There was no metabolism of Dox by keto-reduction or reductive hydrolysis. At 1.0 microM the uptake of Dox to steady-state was biexponential but there was no difference in total cellular Dox concentration between the two cell lines at equilibrium. A 3 compartment sequential closed model was fitted yielding significantly different values for the intercompartmental and hybrid rate constants, indicating altered intracellular distribution in resistant cells. Verapamil (10 microM), trifluoperazine (10 microM) or Tween 80 (0.005%) had no effect on the uptake or efflux of Dox. The UM-UC-6Dox line appeared to show atypical mdr characteristics since net drug accumulation was not lowered and classic P-glycoprotein inhibitors were not effective. The primary mechanism of Dox resistance is not enhanced metabolism or lowered intracellular concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Usansky
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
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29
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Abstract
The present review on the methods for the analysis of anticancer drugs should be seen as an addition to the excellent work of Eksborg and Ehrsson published half a decade ago in this journal (Vol. 340, p.31). The style and format have been followed closely, with the focus again on chromatographic techniques. We felt it important to add a list of compound (group) structures as a service to the reader. Methods have been reviewed for alkylating agents, platinum compounds, antitumour antibiotics, antimetabolites, alkaloids, suramin, 1-hydroxy-3-amino-propylidene-1,1-bisphosphonate and tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- U R Tjaden
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leiden, The Netherlands
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30
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Harris NL, Brenner DE, Anthony LB, Collins JC, Halter S, Hande KR. The influence of ranitidine on the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of doxorubicin in rabbits. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1988; 21:323-8. [PMID: 3370741 DOI: 10.1007/bf00264199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The influence of ranitidine on the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of doxorubicin was studied in six female New Zealand white rabbits. Plasma pharmacokinetic data were first obtained from rabbits given 3 mg/kg doxorubicin. After 1 month, the same rabbits were treated with ranitidine, 2.5 mg/kg or 25 mg/kg, before and during doxorubicin administration. The plasma doxorubicin assays to determine pharmacokinetic parameters were repeated. Drug toxicity was evaluated using complete blood counts, and hepatic function was measured using a 14C-aminopyrine breath test. High-dose ranitidine increased the total exposure to doxorubicin (area under the curve of doxorubicin alone = 1.44 +/- 0.88 microM.h/ml vs 4.49 +/- 2.35 microM.hr/ml for doxorubicin given with high-dose ranitidine; P = 0.06). Low-dose ranitidine did not alter doxorubicin pharmacokinetics. Exposure to doxorubicinol was altered by either high-dose or low-dose ranitidine. 14C-Aminopyrine half-life was altered by a ranitidine dose of 25 mg/kg (aminopyrine half-life after placebo control = 97 +/- 6 min as against aminopyrine half-life after ranitidine = 121 +/- 7 min; mean +/- SEM; P less than 0.02). Low-dose ranitidine did not exacerbate doxorubicin-induced myelosuppression. High-dose ranitidine enhanced doxorubicin-induced erythroid suppression while sparing the myeloid series. At cytochrome P-450-inhibitory doses, ranitidine's effects upon doxorubicin plasma pharmacokinetics are similar to those previously seen with cimetidine. These changes did not appear to alter drug detoxification and are not related to microsomal inhibition of doxorubicin detoxification. Low doses of ranitidine do not alter doxorubicin plasma pharmacokinetics or toxicity in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Harris
- Department of Medicine, Nashville Veterans Administration Medical Center, TN 37203
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31
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Olson RD, Mushlin PS, Brenner DE, Fleischer S, Cusack BJ, Chang BK, Boucek RJ. Doxorubicin cardiotoxicity may be caused by its metabolite, doxorubicinol. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85:3585-9. [PMID: 2897122 PMCID: PMC280258 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.85.10.3585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (former generic name, adriamycin), a highly effective anticancer drug, produces cardiotoxicity, which limits its therapeutic potential. The mechanism of this cardiotoxicity has remained elusive. Our data suggest that this toxicity could involve doxorubicinol, the primary circulating metabolite of doxorubicin. Doxorubicinol was markedly more potent than doxorubicin at compromising both systolic and diastolic cardiac function. Similarly, doxorubicinol was much more potent than doxorubicin at inhibiting the calcium pump of sarcoplasmic reticulum [ATP phosphohydrolase (Ca2+-transporting), EC 3.6.1.38], the Na+/K+ pump of sarcolemma [ATP phosphohydrolase (Na+/K+-transporting), EC 3.6.1.37], and the F0F1 proton pump of mitochondria [ATP phosphohydrolase (H+-transporting, EC 3.6.1.34]. Our finding that this highly toxic metabolite was produced by cardiac tissue exposed to doxorubicin suggests that doxorubicinol could accumulate in the heart and contribute significantly to the chronic cumulative cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin therapy. Our observation that doxorubicin was more potent than doxorubicinol in inhibiting tumor cell growth in vitro suggests that the cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin is dissociable from its anticancer activity.
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32
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Camaggi CM, Comparsi R, Strocchi E, Testoni F, Angelelli B, Pannuti F. Epirubicin and doxorubicin comparative metabolism and pharmacokinetics. A cross-over study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1988; 21:221-8. [PMID: 3162849 DOI: 10.1007/bf00262774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of doxorubicin (DX) and epirubicin (epiDX) were investigated in eight cancer patients who received 60 mg/m2 of both drugs independently by intravenous (i.v.) bolus at 3-week intervals according to a balanced cross-over design. Unchanged DX and epiDX plasma levels followed a triexponential decay. Half-lives (t/2) of the three decay phases were longer for DX (t/2 alpha: 4.8 vs. 3 min; t/2 beta 2.57 h vs. 1.09 h; t/2 gamma 48.4 vs. 31.2 h). According to a model-independent analysis, the different plasma disposition kinetics of the two compounds appears to be related to a higher plasma clearance (PlCl) and to a lower mean residence time (MRT) of epiDX (PlCl: 75.0 l/h, range: 35.6-133.4 l/h; MRT: 31.6 h, range: 7.0-41.5 h;) compared to DX (PlCl: 56.8 l/h, range: 24.4-119.5; MRT: 45.6 h, range: 26.0-83.1 h). No statistically significant differences could be detected for the volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) (epiDX, 31.8 l/kg; DX, 33.3 l/kg). Metabolites common to both compounds were detected in plasma: the 13-dihydro derivatives doxorubicinol (DXol) and epirubicinol (epiDXol), together with minor amounts of four aglycones (7-deoxy adriamycinone, adriamycinone, 7-deoxy 13-dihydro adriamycinone, and 13-dihydro adriamycinone). Following epiDX administration, two additional major metabolites were detected: the glucuronic acid conjugates of epiDX (4'-O-beta-D-glucuronyl-4'-epiDX) and epiDXol (4'-O-beta-D-glucuronyl 13-dihydro-4'-epiDX). This additional detoxication route appears to account for the more efficient and faster elimination of epiDX than of DX. In the urine collected in the 6 days after treatment, 12.2% of the DX and 11.9% of the epiDX dose was excreted as unchanged drug and fluorescent metabolites. A comparable renal clearance was calculated for DX (4.7 l/h, range 1.4-7.0 l/h) and epiDX (4.4 l/h, range 1.7-7.0 l/h). One patient with hepatic metastases and abnormal bilirubin serum level had percutaneous biliary drainage because of extrahepatic obstruction. The elimination of both drugs was significantly impaired in this patient; nevertheless, elimination of epiDX was still more efficient and faster than that of DX (PlCl: 35.6 vs. 24.4 l/h; MRT: 39.0 vs. 83.1 h; t/2 gamma: 47 vs. 74 h). This patient's biliary excretion accounted for 35.4% of the epiDX dose and 18.2% of the DX dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Camaggi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica dell'Università, Bologna, Italy
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33
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Inaba M, Kobayashi T, Tashiro T, Sakurai Y. Pharmacokinetic approach to rational therapeutic doses for human tumor-bearing nude mice. Jpn J Cancer Res 1988; 79:509-16. [PMID: 3133339 PMCID: PMC5917508 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1988.tb01620.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve clinical predictability from therapeutic results of various antitumor agents in human tumor/nude mouse models it seems to be important to use a dose pharmacokinetically equivalent to the clinical dose. Thus, we attempted to find the dose of a given drug that can reproduce in the nude mouse a plasma level similar to that seen in human patients treated with an effective dose of the drug based on comparative pharmacokinetic studies between man and nude mouse. As a result, those of 3 alkylating agents, mitomycin C, 3-[(4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl]-1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (ACNU) and cyclophosphamide, and those of 2 antimitotic agents, vincristine and vinblastine, were estimated to be one-fourth or one-fifth of their maximum tolerated doses (MTD's). On the other hand, in the case of adriamycin, its MTD was approximately equivalent to its clinical dose pharmacokinetically. In contrast, clinically equivalent doses of 2 antimetabolites tested, 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate, were significantly greater than their MTD's; i.e., their plasma levels did not reach the effective clinical ones even when their MTD's were administered to the nude mice. These results suggest that the antitumor effects of most antitumor agents are over- or underestimated in this model when MTD's are used as a therapeutic dose, and indicate that the use of clinically equivalent doses determined pharmacokinetically is desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Inaba
- Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo
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Rose LM, Tillery KF, el Dareer SM, Hill DL. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of doxorubicin and its metabolites in plasma and tissue. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1988; 425:419-23. [PMID: 3372654 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(88)80049-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L M Rose
- Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL 35255-5305
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Preiss R, Matthias M, Sohr R, Brockmann B, Hüller H. Pharmacokinetics of adriamycin, adriamycinol, and antipyrine in patients with moderate tumor involvement of the liver. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1987; 113:593-8. [PMID: 2824523 DOI: 10.1007/bf00390872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of adriamycin, its metabolite adriamycinol, and antipyrine were studied in 17 patients with moderate tumor involvement of the liver and compared to that of 19 tumor patients with normal liver function (Preiss et al. 1985). The individual liver function parameters deviated from normal by a factor ranging from 2.5 to 12.2. The t1/2 alpha and t1/2 beta, the AUC (corrected for body weight and dose) and the total body clearance (CL, corrected for body weight) of adriamycin did not differ significantly between the two groups of patients. Likewise, there was no difference in the kinetic parameters of antipyrine between the two groups. Unlike adriamycin and antipyrine, adriamycinol was found to have a significantly longer t1/2term (60.5 vs 28.3 h, P less than 0.001), an increased AUC (3.00 vs 1.43 h/ug per ml, P less than 0.02), and a higher AUCadriamycinol/AUCadriamycin ratio (0.94 vs 0.52, P less than 0.02) in patients with moderate tumor involvement of the liver. The CL, the AUC, and t1/2 beta of adriamycin correlated significantly (P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.01) with the corresponding kinetic parameters of antipyrine, but not with the usual liver function parameters. No correlation could be found between the kinetic parameters of adriamycinol and those of antipyrine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Preiss
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Charité Humboldt University, Berlin, German Democratic Republic
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Boucek RJ, Olson RD, Brenner DE, Ogunbunmi EM, Inui M, Fleischer S. The major metabolite of doxorubicin is a potent inhibitor of membrane-associated ion pumps. A correlative study of cardiac muscle with isolated membrane fractions. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)47666-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Maessen PA, Mross KB, Pinedo HM, van der Vijgh WJ. Improved method for the determination of 4'-epidoxorubicin and seven metabolites in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1987; 417:339-46. [PMID: 3477566 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(87)80127-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
4'-Epidoxorubicin, its seven metabolites and doxorubicin, as internal standard, were efficiently extracted from plasma using C18 Sep-Pak cartridges. The recoveries ranged from 58% for doxorubicin aglycone up to 98% for 4'-epidoxorubicin glucuronide. The anthracyclines were separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography within 9 min and analysed by fluorescence. The assay was sensitive to 3 X 10(-10) M for the glucuronides up to 12 X 10(-10) M for 7-deoxydoxorubicin aglycone. The peak-height ratio of the fluorescence intensities of the anthracyclines versus doxorubicin showed a linear correlation with the concentration from the detection limit up to 2.5 X 10(-7) M (correlation coefficient r2 greater than 0.99). Within-day and between-day precision of the assay were in the ranges 2-14% (n = 6) and 2-11% (n = 6), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Maessen
- Department of Oncology, Academic Hospital Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- G Powis
- Department of Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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Cummings J, Milstead R, Cunningham D, Kaye S. Marked inter-patient variation in adriamycin biotransformation to 7-deoxyaglycones: evidence from metabolites identified in serum. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CANCER & CLINICAL ONCOLOGY 1986; 22:991-1001. [PMID: 3770056 DOI: 10.1016/0277-5379(86)90067-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Several factors are known to modulate the clinical pharmacokinetics of adriamycin (ADR). Biotransformation has not been studied in this context because of problems identifying serum metabolites. We have studied patterns of ADR biotransformation in 25 patients with normal liver and kidney function and in most cases receiving ADR for the first time. Three major serum metabolites were identified by HPLC, TLC and mass spectrometry and their pharmacokinetics were followed over a 24-hr period. The relative amount of each metabolite present in a patient was quantitated by calculating its AUC. Adriamycinol was the major metabolite detected in the majority of patients. Adriamycin 7-deoxyaglycone was detected in the serum of 15 patients where it accounted for a small percentage of the total ADR concentration (1-5%). Its apparent half-life was normally less than 30 min. Adriamycinol 7-deoxyaglycone was detected in the serum of only 13 patients where it accounted for a greater percentage of the total ADR concentration (10-20%). Its pharmacokinetics exhibited marked inter-patient variations, with apparent half-lives ranging from 0.1 to 24 hr. There was a correlation between the AUC of ADR and the relative amount of metabolites present in each patient (r = 0.73). Thus, biotransformation may explain, partly, inter-patient variations in ADR pharmacokinetics. In turn, variations in biotransformation are dictated by whether or not ADR is converted to 7-deoxyaglycones.
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Bouma J, Beijnen JH, Bult A, Underberg WJ. Anthracycline antitumour agents. A review of physicochemical, analytical and stability properties. PHARMACEUTISCH WEEKBLAD. SCIENTIFIC EDITION 1986; 8:109-33. [PMID: 3520474 DOI: 10.1007/bf02086146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A review of physicochemical and analytical properties of anthracycline antitumour agents is presented. The following subjects are discussed: protolytic equilibria, partition and partition coefficients, self-association, adsorptive properties, metal complexation, spectroscopy and chromatography. Furthermore, the stability of anthracyclines in solutions, in pharmaceutical preparations and in biological media is discussed.
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