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Japhalekar K, Srinivasan S, Viswanathan G, Venkatesh K. Flux balance analysis for overproduction of organic acids by Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 under dark anoxic condition. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Ataeian M, Vadlamani A, Haines M, Mosier D, Dong X, Kleiner M, Strous M, Hawley AK. Proteome and strain analysis of cyanobacterium Candidatus "Phormidium alkaliphilum" reveals traits for success in biotechnology. iScience 2021; 24:103405. [PMID: 34877483 PMCID: PMC8633866 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria encompass a diverse group of photoautotrophic bacteria with important roles in nature and biotechnology. Here we characterized Candidatus “Phormidium alkaliphilum,” an abundant member in alkaline soda lake microbial communities globally. The complete, circular whole-genome sequence of Ca. “P. alkaliphilum” was obtained using combined Nanopore and Illumina sequencing of a Ca. “P. alkaliphilum” consortium. Strain-level diversity of Ca. “P. alkaliphilum” was shown to contribute to photobioreactor robustness under different operational conditions. Comparative genomics of closely related species showed that adaptation to high pH was not attributed to specific genes. Proteomics at high and low pH showed only minimal changes in gene expression, but higher productivity in high pH. Diverse photosystem antennae proteins, and high-affinity terminal oxidase, compared with other soda lake cyanobacteria, appear to contribute to the success of Ca. “P. alkaliphilum” in photobioreactors and biotechnology applications. Closed genome of the cyanobacteria Ca. P. alkaliphilum from high-pH photobioreactor Genetic factors lead this Phormidium to outcompete other cyanobacteria in photobioreactor Adaptation to high pH and alkalinity is not linked to specific genes Strain-level diversity contributes Ca. P. alkaliphilum success in changing conditions
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ataeian
- Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Marianne Haines
- Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Damon Mosier
- Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Xiaoli Dong
- Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Manuel Kleiner
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Marc Strous
- Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Alyse K. Hawley
- Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
- Corresponding author
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Simple, fast and accurate method for the determination of glycogen in the model unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 164:105686. [PMID: 31400361 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.105686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen is a highly soluble branched polymer composed of glucose monomers linked by glycosidic bonds that represents, together with starch, one of the main energy storage compounds in living organisms. While starch is present in plant cells, glycogen is present in bacteria, protozoa, fungi and animal cells. Due to its essential function, it has been the subject of intense research for almost two centuries. Different procedures for the isolation and quantification of glycogen, according to the origin of the sample and/or the purpose of the study, have been reported in the literature. The objective of this study is to optimize the methodology for the determination of glycogen in cyanobacteria, as the interest in cyanobacterial glycogen has increased in recent years due to the biotechnological application of these microorganisms. In the present work, the methodology reported for the quantification of glycogen in cyanobacteria has been reviewed and an extensive empirical analysis has been performed showing how this methodology can be optimized significantly to reduce time and improve reliability and reproducibility. Based on these results, a simple and fast protocol for quantification of glycogen in the model unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 is presented, which could also be successfully adapted to other cyanobacteria.
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Velmurugan R, Incharoensakdi A. Disruption of Polyhydroxybutyrate Synthesis Redirects Carbon Flow towards Glycogen Synthesis in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 Overexpressing glgC/glgA. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:2020-2029. [PMID: 29931091 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The photoautotrophic Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (hereafter Synechocystis) is known for its α-polyglucan (glycogen) synthesis to serve as a carbon storage compound. In this study, the glgC- and glgA-overexpressing Synechocystis strain with the disruption of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) synthesis (▴GCAX-ΔBK) showed an increased glycogen production. This engineered strain had a high glycogen content of 38.3% (g g-1 dry cell weight) as compared with 27.4% in the phaA knockout strain (ΔBK) and 34.8% in the glgC/glgA-overexpressing strain (▴GCAX) after 20 d growth. Under nitrogen-deprived growth conditions for 3 d, the ▴GCAX-ΔBK strain showed a further increase in glycogen content from 27.0% to 36.0%. Furthermore, the engineered strains grown under ionic, osmotic or oxidative stress conditions had an increase of glycogen accumulation, whereas no increase was observed in the wild type. The maximum glycogen content was 54.0% in the ▴GCAX-ΔBK strain treated with 3 mM H2O2. The overall results indicated that in the absence of PHB synthesis, Synechocystis cells redirected the carbon flow towards the synthesis of glycogen as an alternative physiological responsive compound especially under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendran Velmurugan
- Department of Biochemistry, Cyanobacterial Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aran Incharoensakdi
- Department of Biochemistry, Cyanobacterial Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Baslam M, Baroja-Fernández E, Ricarte-Bermejo A, Sánchez-López ÁM, Aranjuelo I, Bahaji A, Muñoz FJ, Almagro G, Pujol P, Galarza R, Teixidor P, Pozueta-Romero J. Genetic and isotope ratio mass spectrometric evidence for the occurrence of starch degradation and cycling in illuminated Arabidopsis leaves. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171245. [PMID: 28152100 PMCID: PMC5289593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is a great wealth of data supporting the occurrence of simultaneous synthesis and breakdown of storage carbohydrate in many organisms, previous 13CO2 pulse-chase based studies indicated that starch degradation does not operate in illuminated Arabidopsis leaves. Here we show that leaves of gwd, sex4, bam4, bam1/bam3 and amy3/isa3/lda starch breakdown mutants accumulate higher levels of starch than wild type (WT) leaves when cultured under continuous light (CL) conditions. We also show that leaves of CL grown dpe1 plants impaired in the plastidic disproportionating enzyme accumulate higher levels of maltotriose than WT leaves, the overall data providing evidence for the occurrence of extensive starch degradation in illuminated leaves. Moreover, we show that leaves of CL grown mex1/pglct plants impaired in the chloroplastic maltose and glucose transporters display a severe dwarf phenotype and accumulate high levels of maltose, strongly indicating that the MEX1 and pGlcT transporters are involved in the export of starch breakdown products to the cytosol to support growth during illumination. To investigate whether starch breakdown products can be recycled back to starch during illumination through a mechanism involving ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP) we conducted kinetic analyses of the stable isotope carbon composition (δ13C) in starch of leaves of 13CO2 pulsed-chased WT and AGP lacking aps1 plants. Notably, the rate of increase of δ13C in starch of aps1 leaves during the pulse was exceedingly higher than that of WT leaves. Furthermore, δ13C decline in starch of aps1 leaves during the chase was much faster than that of WT leaves, which provides strong evidence for the occurrence of AGP-mediated cycling of starch breakdown products in illuminated Arabidopsis leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marouane Baslam
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra). Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Edurne Baroja-Fernández
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra). Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Adriana Ricarte-Bermejo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra). Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Ángela María Sánchez-López
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra). Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Iker Aranjuelo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra). Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Abdellatif Bahaji
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra). Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Francisco José Muñoz
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra). Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Goizeder Almagro
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra). Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Pablo Pujol
- Servicio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus de Arrosadia, Iruña, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Regina Galarza
- Servicio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus de Arrosadia, Iruña, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Pilar Teixidor
- Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Universitat de Barcelona, C/ Lluís Solé I Sabarís 1–3, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Pozueta-Romero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra). Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Damrow R, Maldener I, Zilliges Y. The Multiple Functions of Common Microbial Carbon Polymers, Glycogen and PHB, during Stress Responses in the Non-Diazotrophic Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:966. [PMID: 27446007 PMCID: PMC4914499 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical microbial carbon polymers such as glycogen and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) have a crucial impact as both a sink and a reserve under macronutrient stress conditions. Most microbial species exclusively synthesize and degrade either glycogen or PHB. A few bacteria such as the phototrophic model organism Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 surprisingly produce both physico-chemically different polymers under conditions of high C to N ratios. For the first time, the function and interrelation of both carbon polymers in non-diazotrophic cyanobacteria are analyzed in a comparative physiological study of single- and double-knockout mutants (ΔglgC; ΔphaC; ΔglgC/ΔphaC), respectively. Most of the observed phenotypes are explicitly related to the knockout of glycogen synthesis, highlighting the metabolic, energetic, and structural impact of this process whenever cells switch from an active, photosynthetic 'protein status' to a dormant 'glycogen status'. The carbon flux regulation into glycogen granules is apparently crucial for both phycobilisome degradation and thylakoid layer disassembly in the presence of light. In contrast, PHB synthesis is definitely not involved in this primary acclimation response. Moreover, the very weak interrelations between the two carbon-polymer syntheses indicate that the regulation and role of PHB synthesis in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 is different from glycogen synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Damrow
- Section of Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Iris Maldener
- Section of Organismic Interactions, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Zilliges
- Section of Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinBerlin, Germany; Section of Biophysics and Photosynthesis, Institute of Physics, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
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Kwak JY, Kim MG, Kim YW, Ban HS, Won MS, Park JT, Park KH. Properties of a glycogen like polysaccharide produced by a mutant of Escherichia coli lacking glycogen synthase and maltodextrin phosphorylase. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 136:649-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.09.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Chow TJ, Su HY, Tsai TY, Chou HH, Lee TM, Chang JS. Using recombinant cyanobacterium (Synechococcus elongatus) with increased carbohydrate productivity as feedstock for bioethanol production via separate hydrolysis and fermentation process. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 184:33-41. [PMID: 25453434 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a recombinant cyanobacterium strain with increased photosynthesis rate, cell growth and carbohydrate production efficiency was genetically engineered by co-expressing ictB, ecaA, and acsAB (encoded for bacterial cellulose) in Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942. The resulting cyanobacterial biomass could be effectively hydrolyzed with dilute acid (2% sulfuric acid), achieving a nearly 90% glucose recovery at a biomass concentration of 80 g/L. Bioethanol can be produced from fermenting the acidic hydrolysate of S. elongatus PCC7942 via separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) process at a concentration of 7.2 g/L and with a 91% theoretical yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Jin Chow
- Department of Biotechnology, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Yen Su
- Department of Biotechnology, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yu Tsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Hui Chou
- Department of Biotechnology, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Min Lee
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Center for Biosciences and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Bahaji A, Baroja-Fernández E, Sánchez-López ÁM, Muñoz FJ, Li J, Almagro G, Montero M, Pujol P, Galarza R, Kaneko K, Oikawa K, Wada K, Mitsui T, Pozueta-Romero J. HPLC-MS/MS analyses show that the near-Starchless aps1 and pgm leaves accumulate wild type levels of ADPglucose: further evidence for the occurrence of important ADPglucose biosynthetic pathway(s) alternative to the pPGI-pPGM-AGP pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104997. [PMID: 25133777 PMCID: PMC4136846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In leaves, it is widely assumed that starch is the end-product of a metabolic pathway exclusively taking place in the chloroplast that (a) involves plastidic phosphoglucomutase (pPGM), ADPglucose (ADPG) pyrophosphorylase (AGP) and starch synthase (SS), and (b) is linked to the Calvin-Benson cycle by means of the plastidic phosphoglucose isomerase (pPGI). This view also implies that AGP is the sole enzyme producing the starch precursor molecule, ADPG. However, mounting evidence has been compiled pointing to the occurrence of important sources, other than the pPGI-pPGM-AGP pathway, of ADPG. To further explore this possibility, in this work two independent laboratories have carried out HPLC-MS/MS analyses of ADPG content in leaves of the near-starchless pgm and aps1 mutants impaired in pPGM and AGP, respectively, and in leaves of double aps1/pgm mutants grown under two different culture conditions. We also measured the ADPG content in wild type (WT) and aps1 leaves expressing in the plastid two different ADPG cleaving enzymes, and in aps1 leaves expressing in the plastid GlgC, a bacterial AGP. Furthermore, we measured the ADPG content in ss3/ss4/aps1 mutants impaired in starch granule initiation and chloroplastic ADPG synthesis. We found that, irrespective of their starch contents, pgm and aps1 leaves, WT and aps1 leaves expressing in the plastid ADPG cleaving enzymes, and aps1 leaves expressing in the plastid GlgC accumulate WT ADPG content. In clear contrast, ss3/ss4/aps1 leaves accumulated ca. 300 fold-more ADPG than WT leaves. The overall data showed that, in Arabidopsis leaves, (a) there are important ADPG biosynthetic pathways, other than the pPGI-pPGM-AGP pathway, (b) pPGM and AGP are not major determinants of intracellular ADPG content, and (c) the contribution of the chloroplastic ADPG pool to the total ADPG pool is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellatif Bahaji
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Pública de Navarra/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Edurne Baroja-Fernández
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Pública de Navarra/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Ángela María Sánchez-López
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Pública de Navarra/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Francisco José Muñoz
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Pública de Navarra/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Jun Li
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Pública de Navarra/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Goizeder Almagro
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Pública de Navarra/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Manuel Montero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Pública de Navarra/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Pablo Pujol
- Servicio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus de Arrosadia, Iruña, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Regina Galarza
- Servicio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus de Arrosadia, Iruña, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Kentaro Kaneko
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazusato Oikawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kaede Wada
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Mitsui
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Javier Pozueta-Romero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Pública de Navarra/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
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Aikawa S, Nishida A, Ho SH, Chang JS, Hasunuma T, Kondo A. Glycogen production for biofuels by the euryhaline cyanobacteria Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002 from an oceanic environment. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2014; 7:88. [PMID: 24959200 PMCID: PMC4067375 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-7-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxygenic photosynthetic microorganisms such as cyanobacteria and microalgae have attracted attention as an alternative carbon source for the next generation of biofuels. Glycogen abundantly accumulated in cyanobacteria is a promising feedstock which can be converted to ethanol through saccharification and fermentation processes. In addition, the utilization of marine cyanobacteria as a glycogen producer can eliminate the need for a freshwater supply. Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002 is a fast-growing marine coastal euryhaline cyanobacteria, however, the glycogen yield has not yet been determined. In the present study, the effects of light intensity, CO2 concentration, and salinity on the cell growth and glycogen content were investigated in order to maximize glycogen production in Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002. RESULTS The optimal culture conditions for glycogen production in Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002 were investigated. The maximum glycogen production of 3.5 g L(-1) for 7 days (a glycogen productivity of 0.5 g L(-1) d(-1)) was obtained under a high light intensity, a high CO2 level, and a nitrogen-depleted condition in brackish water. The glycogen production performance in Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002 was the best ever reported in the α-polyglucan (glycogen or starch) production of cyanobacteria and microalgae. In addition, the robustness of glycogen production in Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002 to salinity was evaluated in seawater and freshwater. The peak of glycogen production of Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002 in seawater and freshwater were 3.0 and 1.8 g L(-1) in 7 days, respectively. Glycogen production in Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002 maintained the same level in seawater and half of the level in freshwater compared with the optimal result obtained in brackish water. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002 has high glycogen production activity and glycogen can be provided from coastal water accompanied by a fluctuation of salinity. This work supports Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002 as a promising carbohydrate source for biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimpei Aikawa
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 3-5 Sanban, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Atsumi Nishida
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Shih-Hsin Ho
- Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No.1 University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy, National Cheng Kung University, No.1 University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, No.1 University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Tomohisa Hasunuma
- Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, 3-5 Sanban, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 3-5 Sanban, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
- Biomass Engineering Program, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Department of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
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Izumi Y, Aikawa S, Matsuda F, Hasunuma T, Kondo A. Aqueous size-exclusion chromatographic method for the quantification of cyanobacterial native glycogen. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 930:90-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Aikawa S, Izumi Y, Matsuda F, Hasunuma T, Chang JS, Kondo A. Synergistic enhancement of glycogen production in Arthrospira platensis by optimization of light intensity and nitrate supply. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 108:211-5. [PMID: 22277210 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 01/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis, a fast-growing halophilic cyanobacterium able to accumulate glycogen, was investigated for its feasibility to serve as feedstock for fermentative production of biofuels and chemicals. The culture conditions most appropriate for glycogen production were identified. Glycogen production was maximized by the depleting nitrate source under a high light intensity of 700 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1). With optimal control of both light intensity and nitrate supply, glycogen production of A. platensis reached nearly 1.03 g L(-1) (a glycogen productivity of 0.29 g L(-1) d(-1)), which is, to the best of our knowledge, the highest α-polyglucan (glycogen or starch) production performance ever reported in microalgae. The outcome of this work supports A. platensis as a promising carbohydrate source for biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimpei Aikawa
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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Bahaji A, Li J, Ovecka M, Ezquer I, Muñoz FJ, Baroja-Fernández E, Romero JM, Almagro G, Montero M, Hidalgo M, Sesma MT, Pozueta-Romero J. Arabidopsis thaliana mutants lacking ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase accumulate starch and wild-type ADP-glucose content: further evidence for the occurrence of important sources, other than ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, of ADP-glucose linked to leaf starch biosynthesis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 52:1162-76. [PMID: 21624897 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcr067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
It is widely considered that ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP) is the sole source of ADP-glucose linked to bacterial glycogen and plant starch biosynthesis. Genetic evidence that bacterial glycogen biosynthesis occurs solely by the AGP pathway has been obtained with glgC⁻ AGP mutants. However, recent studies have shown that (i) these mutants can accumulate high levels of ADP-glucose and glycogen, and (ii) there are sources other than GlgC, of ADP-glucose linked to glycogen biosynthesis. In Arabidopsis, evidence showing that starch biosynthesis occurs solely by the AGP pathway has been obtained with the starchless adg1-1 and aps1 AGP mutants. However, mounting evidence has been compiled previewing the occurrence of more than one important ADP-glucose source in plants. In attempting to solve this 20-year-old controversy, in this work we carried out a judicious characterization of both adg1-1 and aps1. Both mutants accumulated wild-type (WT) ADP-glucose and approximately 2% of WT starch, as further confirmed by confocal fluorescence microscopic observation of iodine-stained leaves and of leaves expressing granule-bound starch synthase fused with GFP. Introduction of the sex1 mutation affecting starch breakdown into adg1-1 and aps1 increased the starch content to 8-10% of the WT starch. Furthermore, aps1 leaves exposed to microbial volatiles for 10 h accumulated approximately 60% of the WT starch. aps1 plants expressing the bacterial ADP-glucose hydrolase EcASPP in the plastid accumulated normal ADP-glucose and reduced starch when compared with aps1 plants, whereas aps1 plants expressing EcASPP in the cytosol showed reduced ADP-glucose and starch. Moreover, aps1 plants expressing bacterial AGP in the plastid accumulated WT starch and ADP-glucose. The overall data show that (i) there occur important source(s), other than AGP, of ADP-glucose linked to starch biosynthesis, and (ii) AGP is a major determinant of starch accumulation but not of intracellular ADP-glucose content in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellatif Bahaji
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Pública de Navarra/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Mutiloako Etorbidea Zenbaki Gabe, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
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14
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Nold SC, Ward DM. Photosynthate partitioning and fermentation in hot spring microbial mat communities. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 62:4598-607. [PMID: 16535472 PMCID: PMC1389010 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.12.4598-4607.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Patterns of (sup14)CO(inf2) incorporation into molecular components of the thermophilic cyanobacterial mat communities inhabiting hot springs located in Yellowstone National Park and Synechococcus sp. strain C1 were investigated. Exponentially growing Synechococcus sp. strain C1 partitioned the majority of incorporated (sup14)CO(inf2) into protein, low-molecular-weight metabolites, and lipid fractions (45, 22, and 18% of total incorporated carbon, respectively). In contrast, mat cores from various hot springs predominantly accumulated polyglucose during periods of illumination (between 77 and 85% of total incorporated (sup14)CO(inf2)). Although photosynthetically active, mat photoautotrophs do not appear to be rapidly growing, since we also detected only limited synthesis of macromolecules associated with growth (i.e., protein and rRNA). To test the hypothesis that polysaccharide reserves are fermented in situ under the dark anaerobic conditions cyanobacterial mats experience at night, mat cores were prelabeled with (sup14)CO(inf2) under illuminated conditions and then transferred to dark anaerobic conditions. Radiolabel in the polysaccharide fraction decreased by 74.7% after 12 h, of which 58.5% was recovered as radiolabeled acetate, CO(inf2), and propionate. These results indicate tightly coupled carbon fixation and fermentative processes and the potential for significant transfer of carbon from primary producers to heterotrophic members of these cyanobacterial mat communities.
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15
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Cuhel RL, Taylor CD, Jannasch HW. Assimilatory Sulfur Metabolism in Marine Microorganisms: Sulfur Metabolism, Protein Synthesis, and Growth of Alteromonas luteo-violaceus and Pseudomonas halodurans During Perturbed Batch Growth. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 43:151-9. [PMID: 16345918 PMCID: PMC241795 DOI: 10.1128/aem.43.1.151-159.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibiotic protein synthesis inhibitor chloramphenicol specifically blocked the incorporation of [S]sulfate into the residue protein of two marine bacteria, Pseudomonas halodurans and Alteromonas luteo-violaceus. Simultaneous inhibition of total protein synthesis occurred, but incorporation of S into low-molecular-weight organic compounds continued. A. luteo-violaceus rapidly autolyzed, with similar reduction in cell counts, total culture protein and cellular sulfur, whereas P. halodurans remained viable. Treatment with chloramphenicol, growth during nitrogen and carbon limitation, and the carbon and energy sources used for growth did not alter the sulfur content of P. halodurans protein. The mean value (1.09%, by weight), representing a wide variety of environmentally relevant growth conditions, was in agreement with model protein composition. The variability of cellular composition of P. halodurans and A. luteo-violaceus is discussed with respect to the measurement of bacterial growth in natural environments. Total carbon and nitrogen per cell varied greatly (coefficient of variation, ca. 100%) depending on growth conditions. Variation in total sulfur and protein per cell was much less (coefficient of variation, <50%), but the least variation was found for sulfate incorporation into residue protein (coefficient of variation, ca. 15%). Thus, sulfate incorporation into residue protein can be used as an accurate measurement of de novo protein synthesis in these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Cuhel
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
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16
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Gerdes G, Klenke T. States of biogenic bedding as records of the interplay of ecologic time and environment (a case study of modern siliciclastic sediments, Mellum Island, southern North Sea). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03043697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Foy R, Smith R. The role of carbohydrate accumulation in the growth of planktonicOscillatoriaspecies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00071618000650161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Suzuki E, Umeda K, Nihei S, Moriya K, Ohkawa H, Fujiwara S, Tsuzuki M, Nakamura Y. Role of the GlgX protein in glycogen metabolism of the cyanobacterium, Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2007; 1770:763-73. [PMID: 17321685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2007.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2006] [Revised: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The putative glgX gene encoding isoamylase-type debranching enzyme was isolated from the cyanobacterium, Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942. The deduced amino acid sequence indicated that the residues essential to the catalytic activity and substrate binding in bacterial and plant isoamylases and GlgX proteins were all conserved in the GlgX protein of S. elongatus PCC 7942. The role of GlgX in the cyanobacterium was examined by insertional inactivation of the gene. Disruption of the glgX gene resulted in the enhanced fluctuation of glycogen content in the cells during light-dark cycles of the culture, although the effect was marginal. The glycogen of the glgX mutant was enriched with very short chains with degree of polymerization 2 to 4. When the mutant was transformed with putative glgX genes of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, the short chains were decreased as compared to the parental mutant strain. The result indicated that GlgX protein contributes to form the branching pattern of polysaccharide in S. elongatus PCC 7942.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Suzuki
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195, Japan.
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19
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Page-Sharp M, Behm CA, Smith GD. Cyanophycin and glycogen synthesis in a cyanobacterialScytonemaspecies in response to salt stress. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb12883.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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20
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Ruddy G, Turley CM, Jones TER. Ecological interaction and sediment transport on an intertidal mudflat I. Evidence for a biologically mediated sediment-water interface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1144/gsl.sp.1998.139.01.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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21
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Ruddy G, Turley CM, Jones TER. Ecological interaction and sediment transport on an intertidal mudflat II. An experimental dynamic model of the sediment-water interface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1144/gsl.sp.1998.139.01.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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22
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On the annual cycle of the blue-green alga
Microcystis Aeruginosa
Kütz. Emend. Elenkin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1981.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A 4 year series of field, light-microscope and ultrastructural observations is presented to illustrate biological aspects of the annual cycle of natural
Microcystis
populations enclosed in Lund tubes. Nine morphological stati, all referable to
M. aeruginosa f. aeruginosa
, feature at various stages of the cycle. Summer bloom-forming populations originate from vegetative colonial stock that overwinters on the bottom sediment each year, but there is no mass transfer of these colonies to the water column: intensive growth from individual cells in the old colonies leads to the formation of new infective colonies, being stimulated when the bottom water approaches anoxia and light penetrates to the bottom sediments. Growth is slow but the developing populations sustain only minor losses through grazing and settling out, eventually becoming dominant over other species. Allelopathy possibly contributes to this effect. In postmaximal populations, several mechanisms can contribute to net buoyancy loss and a (usually) rapid recruitment of vegetative colonies to the sediments is observed. Hypotheses are advanced to account for the observed behaviour, and some of these have been tested in the laboratory. The apparent physiological flexibility of
Microcystis
seems well suited to growth and survival in the microenvironments encountered in eutrophic lakes.
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23
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Liotenberg S, Campbell D, Rippka R, Houmard J, de Marsac NT. Effect of the nitrogen source on phycobiliprotein synthesis and cell reserves in a chromatically adapting filamentous cyanobacterium. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1996; 142 ( Pt 3):611-622. [PMID: 8868436 DOI: 10.1099/13500872-142-3-611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria can utilize nitrate or ammonium as a source of fixed nitrogen for cell growth. In the filamentous Calothrix sp. strain PCC 7601, these two sources of nitrogen differently influenced the phycobiliprotein composition of the phycobilisomes, the major light-harvesting antennae. When compared to nitrate, growth in the presence of ammonium resulted in intracellular steady-state levels 35% lower for phycoerythrin and 46% higher for phycocyanin. Besides these differences in cell pigmentation, a rapid but transient accumulation of cyanophycin granule polypeptide occurred in ammonium-grown cells, while these macromolecules were not detected in cells grown with nitrate. In contrast, glycogen reserves displayed a dynamic pattern of accumulation and disappearance during cell growth which varied only slightly with the nitrogen source. The observed changes in cell pigmentation are reminiscent of the phenomenon of complementary chromatic adaptation, in which green and red wavelengths promote the syntheses of phycoerythrin and phycocyanin-2, respectively. As in complementary chromatic adaptation, the regulation of synthesis of phycoerythrin and phycocyanin-2 by the nitrogen source occurred mainly at the mRNA level. Moreover, the transcriptional start sites for the expression of the cpeBA and the cpc2 operons, which respectively encode the two subunits of phycoerythrin and phycocyanin-2, were the same in cells grown in nitrate or ammonium, and identical to those in green- and red-light-grown cells. The results of this study suggest that acclimation to the spectral light quality and to the nitrogen source share some common regulatory elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylviane Liotenberg
- Unité de Physiologie Microbienne, Département de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cédex 15, France
| | - Douglas Campbell
- Unité de Physiologie Microbienne, Département de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cédex 15, France
| | - Rosmarie Rippka
- Unité de Physiologie Microbienne, Département de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cédex 15, France
| | - Jean Houmard
- Unité de Physiologie Microbienne, Département de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cédex 15, France
| | - Nicole Tandeau de Marsac
- Unité de Physiologie Microbienne, Département de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cédex 15, France
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24
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Stal LJ. Physiological ecology of cyanobacteria in microbial mats and other communities. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 1995; 131:1-32. [PMID: 33863161 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1995.tb03051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this review some aspects of the physiological ecology of cyanobacteria are discussed by taking a microbial mat as an example. The majority of microbial mats are built and dominated by cyarsobacteria which are primary producers at the basis of the microbial foodweb in microbial mats. These micro-scale ecosystems are characterized by steep and fluctuating physico-chemical gradients of which those of light, oxygen and sulphide are the most conspicuous. Light is strongly attenuated in the sediment, and owing to constant sedimentation, the mat-forming cyanobacteria have to move upwards towards the light. However, at the sediment surface, light intensity, particularly in the u.v. part of the spectrum, is often deleterious. The gliding movement of the cyanobacteria, with photo- and chemotaxis, allows the organism to position itself in a thin layer at optimal conditions. The organic matter produced by cyanobacterial photosynthesis is decomposed by the ruicrobial community. Sulphate-reducing bacteria are important in the end-oxidation of the organic matter. These organisms are obligate anaerobes and produce sulphide. Gradients of sulphide and oxygen move up and down in the sediment as a response to diurnal variations of light intensity. Cyanobacteria, therefore, are sometimes exposed to large concentrations of the extremely toxic sulphide. Some species are capable of sulphide-dependent anoxygenic photosynthesis. Other cyanobacteria show increased rates of oxygenic photosynthesis in the presence of sulphide and have mechanisms to oxidize sulphide while avoiding sulphide toxicity. Iron might play an important role in this process. Under anoxic conditions in the dark, mat-forming cyanobacteria switch to fermentative metabolism. Many species are also capable of fermentative reduction of elemental sulphur to sulphide. The gradients of sulphide and oxygen are of particular importance for nitrogen fixation. Very few microbial mats are formed by heterocystous cyanobacteria, which are best adapted to diazntrophic growth. However, these organisms probably cannot tolerate greater concentrations of sulphide or anoxic conditions or both. Under such conditions non-heterocystous cyanobacteria become dominant as diazotrophs. These organisms avoid conditions of oxygen supersaturation. In the ecosystem, nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis might be separated temporally as well as spatially. In addition, non-heterocystous diazotrophic cyanobacteria have mechanisms at the subcellular level to protect the oxygen-sensitive nitrogenase from inaction. CONTENTS Summary 1 I. Introduction 2 II. Microbial mats 3 III. Cyanobacteria in light gradients 7 IV. Dark metabolism 10 V. Interactions with sulphide 13 VI. Nitrogen fixation 16 VII. References 28.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Stal
- Laboratory for Microbiology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, NL-1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Reyes JC, Florencio FJ. Electron transport controls transcription of the glutamine synthetase gene (glnA) from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1995; 27:789-799. [PMID: 7727755 DOI: 10.1007/bf00020231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The glnA gene, encoding type I glutamine synthetase (GS) in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, showed a high sequence similarity with other cyanobacterial glnA genes. A dramatic decrease in the amount of glnA mRNA, a single transcript of about 1.6 kb, was observed after transfer to darkness, or after incubation with the electron transport inhibitors DCMU or DBMIB. The levels of glnA transcript were fully recovered after 5 min of reillumination. The glnA mRNA was found to be equally stable both in the light and the dark (half-life about 2.5 min). Unlike the glnA messenger, the amount of GS protein was not reduced in the dark. Synthesis of the glnA transcript in the dark required the presence of glucose. In addition, glnA transcription in a Synechocystis psbE-psbF mutant lacking photosystem II required the presence of glucose even when grown in the light. These observations indicate that glnA transcription is under the control of the redox state of the cell. Finally, nitrogen starvation provoked a delay in the decrease of glnA transcript in darkness, suggesting a connection between nitrogen and redox controls of glnA transcript levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Reyes
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, Spain
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26
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Schneegurt MA, Sherman DM, Nayar S, Sherman LA. Oscillating behavior of carbohydrate granule formation and dinitrogen fixation in the cyanobacterium Cyanothece sp. strain ATCC 51142. J Bacteriol 1994; 176:1586-97. [PMID: 8132452 PMCID: PMC205243 DOI: 10.1128/jb.176.6.1586-1597.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that some aerobic, unicellular, diazotrophic cyanobacteria temporally separate photosynthetic O2 evolution and oxygen-sensitive N2 fixation. Cyanothece sp. ATCC strain 51142 is an aerobic, unicellular, diazotrophic cyanobacterium that fixes N2 during discrete periods of its cell cycle. When the bacteria are maintained under diurnal light-dark cycles, N2 fixation occurs in the dark. Similar cycling is observed in continuous light, implicating a circadian rhythm. Under N2-fixing conditions, large inclusion granules form between the thylakoid membranes. Maximum granulation, as observed by electron microscopy, occurs before the onset of N2 fixation, and the granules decrease in number during the period of N2 fixation. The granules can be purified from cell homogenates by differential centrifugation. Biochemical analyses of the granules indicate that these structures are primarily carbohydrate, with some protein. Further analyses of the carbohydrate have shown that it is a glucose polymer with some characteristics of glycogen. It is proposed that N2 fixation is driven by energy and reducing power stored in these inclusion granules. Cyanothece sp. strain ATCC 51142 represents an excellent experimental organism for the study of the protective mechanisms of nitrogenase, metabolic events in cyanobacteria under normal and stress conditions, the partitioning of resources between growth and storage, and biological rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Schneegurt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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27
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Kiel JA, Ten Berge AM, Venema G. Nucleotide sequence of the Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 hemE gene encoding the homologue of mammalian uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase. DNA SEQUENCE : THE JOURNAL OF DNA SEQUENCING AND MAPPING 1992; 2:415-8. [PMID: 1339332 DOI: 10.3109/10425179209020822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of a Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 gene encoding the homologue of mammalian uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (UROD). The gene, designated hemE, encoded a polypeptide of 354 amino acids with a molecular weight of 39,283. The primary sequences of the polypeptide encoded by hemE and human and rat UROD had 32.5% identical amino acid residues. No invariant cysteine residues were found, despite the fact that UROD isolated from different sources has been shown to be inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents. The knowledge of the primary structure of this cyanobacterial protein may be helpful in better understanding the structural alterations and functional abnormalities of UROD in patients suffering from Porphyria Cutanea Tarda (PCT).
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Kiel
- Department of Genetics, Centre of Biological Sciences, Haren, The Netherlands
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28
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Verma SK, Singh SP, Singh RK. Nutritional control of copper uptake in the cyanobacteriumNostoc calcicola Br�b. Biometals 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01141314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Broedel SE, Wolf RE. Genetic tagging, cloning, and DNA sequence of the Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942 gene (gnd) encoding 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. J Bacteriol 1990; 172:4023-31. [PMID: 2113917 PMCID: PMC213388 DOI: 10.1128/jb.172.7.4023-4031.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A genetic approach was used for the cloning of the Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942 (Synechococcus strain R2) gnd gene which encodes 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD). A restriction map of the gnd locus was prepared by Southern analysis using the Escherichia coli gene as a heterologous probe. The Synechococcus strain R2 gene was genetically tagged by restriction site-specific insertion of the nptII gene of Tn903 into a pUC19 plasmid library of Synechococcus strain R2 chromosomal DNA. Synechococcus strain R2 was transformed with this insertion mutation library, and isolates carrying the gnd::nptII gene were identified as mutants hypersensitive to incubation in the dark. The interrupted gene was cloned from one of the mutants. A plasmid carrying the gnd::nptII gene was reintroduced into Synechococcus strain R2, and kanamycin-resistant transformants were selected. Transformants arising by gene replacement were dark sensitive and missing 6PGD activity. Transformants arising by plasmid insertion were dark resistant and had 6PGD activity. The wild-type gene was then cloned from a transformant containing a plasmid insertion, making use of the restriction map derived from the interrupted gene. Synechococcus strain R2 6PGD was expressed in E. coli when the cloned gnd gene was transcribed from the lacZ promoter resident on the vector. The boundaries of the gene and the direction of transcription were determined from the phenotypes conferred by plasmids carrying deletions entering gnd from either end. The nucleotide sequence was determined. The deduced amino acid sequence of Synechococcus strain R2 6PGD has 56% homology to that of the E. coli K-12 enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Broedel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Catonsville 21228
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30
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Nitrogen fixation activity of a filamentous, nonheterocystous cyanobacterium in the presence and absence of exogenous, organic substrates. Arch Microbiol 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00248420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- J Preiss
- Department of Biochemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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32
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Changes in photoelectron transport activity in cyanophage N-1-infected cells ofNostoc muscorum. Curr Microbiol 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01569563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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33
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Ohmori M, Ohmori K, Hasunuma K. Rapid change in cyclic 3?,5?-AMP concentration triggered by a light-off or light-on signal in Anabaena cylindrica. Arch Microbiol 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00425163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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34
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Kumar A, Singh D, Singh H. Isolation and characterization of a metronidazole-resistant (Mtn-R) mutant strain ofNostoc muscorumaffected in ammonium regulation of heterocyst formation and uptake hydrogenase activity. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1988. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1988.tb02727.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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35
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36
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Shively JM, Bryant DA, Fuller RC, Konopka AE, Stevens SE, Strohl WR. Functional inclusions in prokaryotic cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1988; 113:35-100. [PMID: 3068183 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60846-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J M Shively
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, South Carolina 29634
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37
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Transient state characteristics of changes in light conditions for the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria agardhii. Arch Microbiol 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00423130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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38
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van Rijn J, Shilo M. Nitrogen Limitation in Natural Populations of Cyanobacteria (
Spirulina
and
Oscillatoria
spp.) and Its Effect on Macromolecular Synthesis. Appl Environ Microbiol 1986; 52:340-4. [PMID: 16347132 PMCID: PMC203527 DOI: 10.1128/aem.52.2.340-344.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural populations of the cyanobacteria
Spirulina
species and
Oscillatoria
species obtained from Israeli fishponds were limited in growth by nitrogen availability in summer. Physiological indicators for nitrogen limitation, such as phycocyanin, chlorophyll
a
, and carbohydrate content, did not show clear evidence for nitrogen limited growth, since these organisms are capable of vertical migration from and to the nitrogen-rich bottom. By means of
14
C labeling of the cells under simulated pond conditions followed by cell fractionation into macromolecular compounds, we found that carbohydrates synthesized at the lighted surface were partially utilized for dark protein synthesis at the bottom of these ponds.
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Affiliation(s)
- J van Rijn
- The Division of Microbial and Molecular Ecology, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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39
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Rozen A, Arad H, Sch�nfeld M, Tel-Or E. Fructose supports glycogen accumulation, heterocysts differentiation, N2 fixation and growth of the isolated cyanobiont Anabaena azollae. Arch Microbiol 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00446778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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40
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Bisen P, Bagchi S, Audholia S. Nitrate reductase activity of a cyanobacteriumPhormidium uncinatumafter cyanophage LPP-1 infection. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1986. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1986.tb01214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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41
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Peschek GA. Structure and function of respiratory membranes in cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). Subcell Biochem 1984; 10:85-191. [PMID: 6433519 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2709-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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42
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Sherman DM, Sherman LA. Effect of iron deficiency and iron restoration on ultrastructure of Anacystis nidulans. J Bacteriol 1983; 156:393-401. [PMID: 6413495 PMCID: PMC215094 DOI: 10.1128/jb.156.1.393-401.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of iron deficiency and iron reconstitution on the ultrastructure of the unicellular cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans R2 were studied by electron microscopy. Low-iron cells, grown with different amounts of aeration, were analyzed at 6, 12, and 24 h after the addition of iron. Low-iron cells had a decrease in the quantities of membranes, phycobilisomes, and carboxysomes and a large increase in glycogen storage granules. In cells aerated with gentle shaking, the addition of iron caused the number of carboxysomes to increase rapidly within 6 h. This was paralleled by a decrease in the quantity of glycogen storage granules. Carboxysomes were associated with the nucleoplasmic face of the inner photosynthetic membrane in normal, but not low-iron, cells; they once more contacted the membrane by 6 h after iron addition. Phycobilisome assembly was apparent by 6 h, and the number of phycobilisomes increased throughout reconstitution. Membrane restoration was accomplished in two stages: (i) components were added to preexisting membranes until about 12 h, and (ii) new membranes were synthesized beginning at 12 to 18 h. Low-iron cells grown by bubbling with air had only one to two concentric layers of membrane per cell. The addition of iron led to a pattern of reconstitution that was similar to that described above with two important exceptions. Under these conditions, the number of carboxysomes remained low and the carboxysomes rarely contacted the photosynthetic membranes. New membranes were not synthesized until the culture had reached the late-logarithmic growth phase and after all other morphological features had returned to normal.
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43
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44
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Hardie LP, Balkwill DL, Stevens SE. Effects of Iron Starvation on the Physiology of the Cyanobacterium
Agmenellum quadruplicatum. Appl Environ Microbiol 1983; 45:999-1006. [PMID: 16346259 PMCID: PMC242402 DOI: 10.1128/aem.45.3.999-1006.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of iron starvation on the growth and physiology of the unicellular cyanobacterium
Agmenellum quadruplicatum
were studied. Uptake of iron from the medium did not occur at a constant rate. The majority of the iron was removed at two different times, when the cells were initially inoculated into the medium and after the cultures had become quite dense and had stopped growing. Iron became limiting for growth 16 h after transfer to an iron-deficient medium, but cultures retained full viability for at least 212 h. Once iron became limiting,
c
-phycocyanin and chlorophyll
a
were degraded concurrently. This was followed by an accumulation of intracellular glucose in place of the
c
-phycocyanin. Nitrate and nitrite reductase activities were elevated through 50 h, after which they decreased steadily. The photosynthetic unit size also increased through 50 h and then decreased. Once iron was restored to the culture medium, growth resumed. The intracellular pigment levels increased rapidly as the glucose level diminished.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Hardie
- Department of Microbiology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Molecular and Cell Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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45
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The effects of nitrogen limitation on the ultrastructure of the cyanobacterium Agmenellum quadruplicatum. Arch Microbiol 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00459520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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46
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LAMBERT GRANTR, SMITH GEOFFREYD. THE HYDROGEN METABOLISM OF CYANOBACTERIA (BLUE-GREEN ALGAE). Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 1981. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.1981.tb00360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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47
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Konopka A. Influence of Temperature, Oxygen, and pH on a Metalimnetic Population of
Oscillatoria rubescens. Appl Environ Microbiol 1981; 42:102-8. [PMID: 16345803 PMCID: PMC243970 DOI: 10.1128/aem.42.1.102-108.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Planktonic
Oscillatoria
spp. often inhabit depths of thermally stratified lakes in which gradients of physical and chemical factors occur. Measurements of photosynthetic rate or photosynthetic carbon metabolism were used to evaluate the importance of vertical gradients of temperature, oxygen, and pH upon
Oscillatoria rubescens
in Crooked Lake, Ind. At the low light intensities experienced in situ, neither photosynthetic rate nor relative incorporation of carbon dioxide into low-molecular-weight compounds, polysaccharide, or protein was affected by temperature. At a 10-fold-higher light intensity, the photosynthetic rate increased as temperature increased; most of the additional carbon accumulated as polysaccharide. Polysaccharide which was synthesized at high light intensity and temperature was respired when the organisms were placed in the dark, but was not used for protein biosynthesis. When
O. rubescens
was shifted from high light to low light, a fraction of the polysaccharide was metabolized into protein. Adaptation to growth at lower temperatures by
O. rubescens
cultures resulted in a decrease in the maximum photosynthetic rate. Oxygen inhibited photosynthesis by only 10 to 15% at concentrations typically found in the lake. The photosynthetic rates at pH values which occurred in Crooked Lake were all near the maximum. Thus, gradients of temperature, oxygen, or pH are not likely to significantly affect the distribution of
O. rubescens
in Crooked Lake, given the low light intensity at which
O. rubescens
grows and the range of values for those factors in the lake.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Konopka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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48
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Occurrence, structure and function of intracellular polyglucose in the obligate chemolithotroph Thiobacillus neapolitanus. Arch Microbiol 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00425255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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49
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Rai AN, Rowell P, Stewart WD. Nitrogenase activity and dark CO2 fixation in the lichen Peltigera aphthosa Willd. PLANTA 1981; 151:256-264. [PMID: 24301852 DOI: 10.1007/bf00395178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/1980] [Accepted: 09/19/1980] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The lichen Peltigera aphthosa consists of a fungus and green alga (Coccomyxa) in the main thallus and of a Nostoc located in superficial packets, intermixed with fungus, called cephalodia. Dark nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction) of lichen discs (of alga, fungus and Nostoc) and of excised cephalodia was sustained at higher rates and for longer than was the dark nitrogenase activity of the isolated Nostoc growing exponentially. Dark nitrogenase activity of the symbiotic Nostoc was supported by the catabolism of polyglucose accumulated in the ligh and which in darkness served to supply ATP and reductant. The decrease in glucose content of the cephalodia paralleled the decline in dark nitrogenase activity in the presence of CO2; in the absence of CO2 dark nitrogenase activity declined faster although the rate of glucose loss was similar in the presence and absence of CO2. Dark CO2 fixation, which after 30 min in darkness represented 17 and 20% of the light rates of discs and cephalodia, respectively, also facilitated dark nitrogenase activity. The isolated Nostoc, the Coccomyxa and the excised fungus all fixed CO2 in the dark; in the lichen most dark CO2 fixation was probably due to the fungus. Kinetic studies using discs or cephalodia showed highest initial incorporation of (14)CO2 in the dark in to oxaloacetate, aspartate, malate and fumarate; incorporation in to alanine and citrulline was low; incorporation in to sugar phosphates, phosphoglyceric acid and sugar alcohols was not significant. Substantial activities of the enzymes phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.31) and carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (EC 2.7.2.5 and 2.7.2.9) were detected but the activities of PEP carboxykinase (EC 4.1.1.49) and PEP carboxyphosphotransferase (EC 4.1.1.38) were negligible. In the dark nitrogenase activity by the cephalodia, but not by the free-living Nostoc, declined more rapidly in the absence than in the presence of CO2 in the gas phase. Exogenous NH 4 (+) inhibited nitrogenase activity by cephalodia in the dark especially in the absence of CO2 but had no effect in the light. The overall data suggest that in the lichen dark CO2 fixation by the fungus may provide carbon skeletons which accept NH 4 (+) released by the cyanobacterium and that in the absence of CO2, NH 4 (+) directly, or indirectly via a mechanism which involves glutamine synthetase, inhibits nitrogenase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Rai
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University, DD1 4HN, Dundee, UK
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50
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Boussiba S, Richmond AE. C-phycocyanin as a storage protein in the blue-green alga Spirulina platensis. Arch Microbiol 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00403211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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