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Brandão J, Valério E, Weiskerger C, Veríssimo C, Sarioglou K, Novak Babič M, Solo-Gabriele HM, Sabino R, Rebelo MT. Strategies for Monitoring Microbial Life in Beach Sand for Protection of Public Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20095710. [PMID: 37174228 PMCID: PMC10178049 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20095710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The 2021 revised guidelines of the World Health Organization recommend monitoring the quality of sand in addition to water at recreational beaches. This review provides background information about the types of beaches, the characteristics of sand, and the microbiological parameters that should be measured. Analytical approaches are described for quantifying fungi and fecal indicator bacteria from beach sand. The review addresses strategies to assess beach sand quality, monitoring approaches, sand remediation, and the proposed way forward for beach sand monitoring programs. In the proposed way forward, recommendations are provided for acceptable levels of fungi given their distribution in the environment. Additional recommendations include evaluating FIB distributions at beaches globally to assess acceptable ranges of FIB levels, similar to those proposed for fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Brandão
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Animal Biology, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande 016, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Valério
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Animal Biology, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande 016, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Chelsea Weiskerger
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, 1449 Engineering Research Ct. Room A127, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Cristina Veríssimo
- Department of Transmittable Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Konstantina Sarioglou
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Monika Novak Babič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Helena M Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Raquel Sabino
- Department of Transmittable Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Rebelo
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Animal Biology, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande 016, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Schönborn C. Vergleichende Untersuchungen an geophilen Microsporum-Stämmen edaphischer, animaler und humaner Herkunft (2. Teil). Mycoses 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.1967.tb03663.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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ALTERAS REVOLCEANUUI. Über die pathogenen Eigenschaften einiger geophiler Dermatophyten, die in Bodenproben aus Rumänien f estgestellt wurden. Mycoses 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.1966.tb02400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rieth H. Folge: Isolierung keratinverwertender Pilze aus Erdboden mit Hilfe der Haarködermethode Nachweis von Mikrosporum gypseum (Nannizzia incurvata) und Trichophyton terrestre aus österreichischer, Keratinomyces Ajelloi aus dänischer und Chrysosporium keratinop. Mycoses 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.1972.tb01363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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FICHTENBAUM R. Über Fußpilzinfektionen bei aktiven Schwimssportlern und die Bedeutung der öffentlichen Badeanstalten füir die Verbreitung der Dermatomykosen. Mycoses 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.1966.tb02389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chabasse D, Bouchara JP, De Bievre C. [Demonstrated significance of fungal flora in sand-boxes]. Mycopathologia 1985; 90:3-13. [PMID: 4000243 DOI: 10.1007/bf00437265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the risk of fungal contamination in sand-boxes of the city of Angers' game areas, the authors took 100 samples of sand from different environments: parks, gardens, buildings, nursery schools. They report the presence of a varied and important mycoflora and that the frequency and the distribution are more sensitive to the techniques used to isolate the fungus, as well as to the quality of the sand and to the eco-mesological factors in the four studied areas. The examination of earth samples has allowed the findings of a great number of keratinophilie species. The strains living in the sand do not represent a real danger of infection for the children.
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Otcenásek M, Dvorák J, Kunert J. Geographic distribution of the geophilic dermatophytes in the soil. MYCOPATHOLOGIA ET MYCOLOGIA APPLICATA 1967; 31:151-62. [PMID: 5340544 DOI: 10.1007/bf02051220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Evolceanu R, Alteras I, Cojocaru I. Isolation ofTrichophyton quinckeanumfrom Rumanian soils. Med Mycol 1963. [DOI: 10.1080/00362176385190051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Evolceanu R, Alteras I, Cojocaru I. Considérations sur l'ubiquité duTrichophyton terrestre—Durié & Frey 1957—saprophyte du sol. Son inoculabilité. Mycopathologia 1962. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02136179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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