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Saadi S, Ghazali HM, Saari N, Abdulkarim SM. The structural reconformation of peptides in enhancing functional and therapeutic properties: Insights into their solid state crystallizations. Biophys Chem 2021; 273:106565. [PMID: 33780688 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2021.106565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic peptides derived proteins with alpha-reconformation states like antibody shape have shown potential effects in combating terrible diseases linked with earlier signs of angiogensis, mutagenesis and transgenesis. Alpha reconformation in material design refers to the folding of the peptide chains and their transitions under reversible chemical bonds of disulfide chemical bridges and further non-covalence lesions. Thus, the rational design of signal peptides into alpha-helix is intended in increasing the defending effects of peptides into cores like adjuvant antibiotic and/or vaccines. Thereby, the signal peptides are able in displaying multiple eradicating regions by changing crystal-depositions and deviation angles. These types of molecular structures could have multiple advantages in tracing disease syndromes and impurities by increasing the host defense against the fates of pathogens and viruses, eventually leading to the loss in signaling by increasing peptide susceptibility levels to folding and unfolding and therefore, formation of transgenic peptide models. Alpha reconformation peptides is aimed in triggering as well as other regulatory functions such as remodulating metabolic chain disorders of lipolysis and glucolysis by increasing the insulin and leptin resistance for best lipid storages and lipoprotein density distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Saadi
- Institut de la Nutrition, de l'Alimentation et des Technologies Agro-alimentaires INATAA 25017, Université Frères Mentouri, Constantine 1, Algeria; Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Hasanah Mohd Ghazali
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nazamid Saari
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sabo Mohammed Abdulkarim
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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2
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Miyaji Y, Aiyama S, Kurabuchi S. Strain-Specific and Endocrine Control of Granular Convoluted Tubule Cells and Epidermal Growth Factor Expression in the Mouse Submandibular Gland. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2007; 291:105-13. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.20617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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3
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Chaparro RJ, Konigshofer Y, Beilhack GF, Shizuru JA, McDevitt HO, Chien YH. Nonobese diabetic mice express aspects of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:12475-80. [PMID: 16895987 PMCID: PMC1832259 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0604317103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Before the onset of autoimmune destruction, type 1 diabetic patients and an animal model, the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse, show morphological and functional abnormalities in target organs, which may act as inciting events for leukocyte infiltration. To better understand these abnormalities, but without the complications associated with lymphocytic infiltrates, we examined genes expressed in autoimmune target tissues of NOD/severe combined immunodeficient (scid) mice and of autoimmune-resistant C57BL/6/scid mice. Our results suggest that the NOD genetic background may predispose them to diabetic complications, including insulin resistance in the absence of high circulating glucose levels and without autoimmune destruction of their beta cells. Several of these genes lie within known type 1 and 2 diabetes loci. These data suggest that the NOD mouse may be a good candidate to study an interface between type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo José Chaparro
- *Program in Immunology and Departments of
- To whom correspondence may be sent at the present address:
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461. E-mail:
| | - Yves Konigshofer
- *Program in Immunology and Departments of
- Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - Georg F. Beilhack
- *Program in Immunology and Departments of
- Medicine, Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Judith A. Shizuru
- *Program in Immunology and Departments of
- Medicine, Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Hugh O. McDevitt
- *Program in Immunology and Departments of
- Microbiology and Immunology and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - Yueh-hsiu Chien
- *Program in Immunology and Departments of
- Microbiology and Immunology and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
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4
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Abstract
Since the first identification of renin by Tigerstedt and Bergmann in 1898, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been extensively studied. The current view of the system is characterized by an increased complexity, as evidenced by the discovery of new functional components and pathways of the RAS. In recent years, the pathophysiological implications of the system have been the main focus of attention, and inhibitors of the RAS such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin (ANG) II receptor blockers have become important clinical tools in the treatment of cardiovascular and renal diseases such as hypertension, heart failure, and diabetic nephropathy. Nevertheless, the tissue RAS also plays an important role in mediating diverse physiological functions. These focus not only on the classical actions of ANG on the cardiovascular system, namely, the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis, but also on other functions. Recently, the research efforts studying these noncardiovascular effects of the RAS have intensified, and a large body of data are now available to support the existence of numerous organ-based RAS exerting diverse physiological effects. ANG II has direct effects at the cellular level and can influence, for example, cell growth and differentiation, but also may play a role as a mediator of apoptosis. These universal paracrine and autocrine actions may be important in many organ systems and can mediate important physiological stimuli. Transgenic overexpression and knock-out strategies of RAS genes in animals have also shown a central functional role of the RAS in prenatal development. Taken together, these findings may become increasingly important in the study of organ physiology but also for a fresh look at the implications of these findings for organ pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Paul
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Morris BJ. Renin. Compr Physiol 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp070301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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Jones CA, Hurley MI, Black TA, Kane CM, Pan L, Pruitt SC, Gross KW. Expression of a renin/GFP transgene in mouse embryonic, extra-embryonic, and adult tissues. Physiol Genomics 2000; 4:75-81. [PMID: 11074016 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.2000.4.1.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A reporter construct was assembled with 4-kb of renin 5'-flanking sequence fused to humanized green fluorescent protein (GFP) cDNA. Transgenic mice carrying this construct were produced and assayed for GFP expression. In the adult, expression was detected in juxtaglomerular (JG) cells of the kidney and granular convoluted tubular cells of the submandibular gland. Furthermore, treatment of mice with captopril induced GFP expression in renal vascular smooth muscle cells. During embryogenesis, GFP expression was first detected at embryonic day E13 in the adrenal gland and Wolffian duct. Expression was also seen in the developing renal vasculature as early as E14 and remained detectable through birth. Renal GFP expression became restricted to JG cells in adults. Fetal adrenal and gonadal arteries also expressed GFP. In the placenta, GFP was observed in giant cell trophoblasts, consistent with reports of renin expression in chorionic cells of both humans and mice. We conclude that 4 kb of renin 5' flank is sufficient to direct multiple known renin expression patterns. Furthermore, the renin-GFP construct characterized here will provide a useful vital reporter for renin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Jones
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo 14260, USA
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7
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Rougeot C, Rosinski-Chupin I, Mathison R, Rougeon F. Rodent submandibular gland peptide hormones and other biologically active peptides. Peptides 2000; 21:443-55. [PMID: 10793230 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(00)00158-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The cervical sympathetic trunk-submandibular gland neuroendocrine axis plays an integral role in physiological adaptations and contributes to the maintenance of systemic homeostasis, particularly under the 'stress conditions' seen with tissue damage, inflammation, and aggressive behavior. The variety of polypeptides, whose release from acinar and ductal cells is under sympathetic nervous system control, offers coordinated and progressive levels of endocrine communication. Proteolytic enzymes (e.g. the kallikreins and furin maturases) are involved in the conversion of inactive precursors (e. g. Pro-EGF and SMR1) into biologically active molecules (e.g. EGF, SMR1-pentapeptide), which act on local or distant targets and thereby modulate the homeostatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rougeot
- Unité de Génétique et Biochimie du Développement, Unité de Recherche Associée, 1960 Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, 75724, Paris, France.
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8
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Pradervand S, Wang Q, Burnier M, Beermann F, Horisberger JD, Hummler E, Rossier BC. A mouse model for Liddle's syndrome. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10:2527-33. [PMID: 10589691 DOI: 10.1681/asn.v10122527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Liddle's syndrome (or pseudoaldosteronism) is an autosomal dominant form of salt-sensitive hypertension, due to abnormal sodium transport by the renal tubule. To study the pathophysiology of salt sensitivity, a mouse model for Liddle's syndrome has been generated by Cre/loxP-mediated recombination. Under normal salt diet, mice heterozygous (L/+) and homozygous (L/L) for Liddle mutation (L) develop normally during the first 3 mo of life. In these mice, BP is not different from wild type despite evidence for increased sodium reabsorption in distal colon and low plasma aldosterone, suggesting chronic hypervolemia. Under high salt intake, the Liddle mice develop high BP, metabolic alkalosis, and hypokalemia accompanied by cardiac and renal hypertrophy. This animal model reproduces to a large extent a human form of salt-sensitive hypertension and establishes a causal relationship between dietary salt, a gene expressed in kidney and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pradervand
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Toxicologie de l'Université, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Kikkawa Y, Yamanaka N, Tada J, Kanamori N, Tsumura K, Hosoi K. Prorenin processing and restricted endoproteolysis by mouse tissue kallikrein family enzymes (mK1, mK9, mK13, and mK22). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1382:55-64. [PMID: 9507064 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(97)00144-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Four members of the tissue kallikrein family, mK1, mK9, mK13, and mK22, all of which exhibit extensive homology in amino acid sequence among themselves, were obtained from the submandibular gland of ICR mice and examined for their ability to cleave prorenin. Tissue kallikrein mK13 was confirmed to be a prorenin-converting enzyme; and mK9, which was earlier shown to be an EGF-binding protein, was found to cleave mouse Ren 2 prorenin specifically and convert it to mature renin with an activity of approximately 1/10 of that of mK13. With the same substrate, mK22 (beta-NGF endopeptidase) gave two products, renin and arginyl-renin; whereas mK1 (true tissue kallikrein) did not process it at all. The endoproteolytic activity of tissue kallikreins was examined with various peptide-MCA substrates. The substrates contained three key structures; X(Y)-Arg-Arg, X(Y)-Lys-Arg and X-Lys-Lys motifs (where X and Y are hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acids, respectively). We found that mK1, mK9 and mK13 preferentially cleaved the former two types of substrate, except Y-Arg-Arg-MCA. The substrate X-Lys-Lys-MCA was hardly cleaved by these three tissue kallikreins but was preferentially cleaved by mK22. The four tissue kallikreins seem to have the ability to process precursor proteins containing a pair of basic amino acid residues; the specificities of three of the enzymes (mK1, mK9 and mK13) were similar to each other but were different from that of mK22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kikkawa
- Department of Physiology, Tokushima University School of Dentistry, Japan
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10
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Abstract
A unique aspect of the circulating renin-angiotensin system and the many independent tissue renin-angiotensin systems is their interactions at multiple levels with reproduction. These interactions, which have received relatively little attention, include effects of estrogens and possibly androgens on hepatic and renal angiotensinogen mRNA; effects of androgens on the Ren-2 gene and salivary renin in mice; the prorenin surge that occurs with but outlasts the LH surge during the menstrual cycle; the inhibitory effects of estrogens on thirst and water intake; the tissue renin-angiotensin systems in the brain, the anterior pituitary, and the ovaries and testes, that is, in all the components of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis; the presence of some components of the renin-angiotensin system in the uterus and the fetoplacental unit; and the possible relation of renin and angiotensin to ovulation and fetal well-being. These interactions are described and their significance considered in this short review.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Ganong
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0444, USA
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11
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Krege JH, John SW, Langenbach LL, Hodgin JB, Hagaman JR, Bachman ES, Jennette JC, O'Brien DA, Smithies O. Male-female differences in fertility and blood pressure in ACE-deficient mice. Nature 1995; 375:146-8. [PMID: 7753170 DOI: 10.1038/375146a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a dipeptidyl carboxy-peptidase that generates the vasoconstricting peptide angiotensin II and inactivates the vasodilating peptide bradykinin. The gene encoding ACE is composed of two homologous regions and codes for both a somatic and testis isoenzyme. Experiments with hypertensive rats and some, but not other, studies of humans suggest that sequences at or linked to the gene influence blood pressure. The testis-specific form of ACE has its own promoter within intron 12 (ref. 14), is encoded by the 3' region of the gene, and is found only in postmeiotic spermatogenic cells and sperm. Its function is unknown. Here we investigate the role of the Ace gene in blood pressure control and reproduction using mice generated to carry an insertional mutation that is designed to inactivate both forms of ACE. All homozygous female mutants were found to be fertile, but the fertility of homozygous male mutants was greatly reduced. Heterozygous males but not females had blood pressures that were 15-20 mm Hg less than normal, although both male and female heterozygotes had reduced serum ACE activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Krege
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599-7525, USA
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12
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Abstract
The granular convoluted tubule (GCT) is a segment of the duct system of all rodents, situated between the striated and intercalated ducts. It has the peculiar property of synthesizing a large variety of biologically active polypeptides whose role in saliva remains unknown. The literature on the fine structure of GCT cells is critically reviewed. Some recent developments on endocrine regulation of the structure and contents of rodent GCT cells are summarized, with emphasis on EGF, NGF, renin, and kallikrein proteases. A survey of the distribution of GCT cells in several vertebrate families is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Gresik
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York Medical School, New York 10031
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13
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Miller CC, McPheat JC, Potts WJ. Targeted integration of the Ren-1D locus in mouse embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:5020-4. [PMID: 1594609 PMCID: PMC49220 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.11.5020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We have introduced a Ren-1D targeting vector into embryonic stem cells containing the two highly homologous mouse renin genes Ren-1D and Ren-2. Using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screen designed to detect targeted integration at Ren-1D and Ren-2, we isolated 15 targeted embryonic stem cell clones, all of which had undergone a gene conversion event at the Ren-1D locus. We did not isolate any clones in which the incoming DNA had recombined with Ren-2. Over the region encompassed by our transgene, Ren-1D and Ren-2 display greater than 95% homology. Our results suggest that the machinery driving gene targeting by means of homologous recombination in mammalian cells is capable of distinguishing between these two sequences. Construction of transgenic mice with the embryonic stem cells reported here carrying a mutated renin gene will permit a greater understanding of the functions of the Ren-1D and Ren-2 gene products and their relative contribution to cardiovascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Miller
- Biotechnology Department, ICI Pharmaceuticals, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
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14
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Kim W, Nakayama K, Nakagawa T, Kawamura Y, Haraguchi K, Murakami K. Mouse submandibular gland prorenin-converting enzyme is a member of glandular kallikrein family. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54995-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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15
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Abstract
It has long been known that the renin-angiotensin system plays an integral role in the regulation of blood pressure and electrolyte and fluid balance in mammals. The advent of molecular biologic techniques has afforded new insights into the genes regulating blood pressure. Laboratory mice and rats have been used as experimental models to examine the structural organization and expression of the renin gene. It is now well established that some mice, unlike rats and humans, contain a duplicated copy of the renin locus, which accounts for the high level of renin activity long known to be found in the submandibular gland of some mice. Indeed it is this fortuitous observation that facilitated the isolation of the first complementary DNA clones for renin and ultimately the many species-specific probes now available to analyze mammalian tissues for evidence of primary renin expression. The use of complementary DNAs as probes for primary renin expression helped confirm and further clarify earlier studies demonstrating the presence of renin activity in a number of extrarenal tissues. Although expression in some of these tissues is evolutionarily conserved, their significance has still been elusive. In this report we review the impact of molecular biology on our current understanding of renin gene structure and organization, tissue- and cell-specific expression and regulation, and the changes in renin expression throughout ontogeny. In addition, we describe how new developments in gene transfer technology have added important tools to our arsenal for examining renin gene regulation and how these technologies can be used to develop new tools for renin and hypertension research.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Sigmund
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, N.Y
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16
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Bachmann J, Feldmer M, Ganten U, Stock G, Ganten D. Sexual dimorphism of blood pressure: possible role of the renin-angiotensin system. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1991; 40:511-5. [PMID: 1958553 DOI: 10.1016/0960-0760(91)90270-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of hypertension in men is higher than in women and the onset of this disease is earlier in male than in female subjects. In spontaneously hypertensive rats, males also have higher blood pressures than females. Evidence from epidemiological, physiological, molecular biological and morphological studies concerning this sexual dimorphism is reviewed. We demonstrate that the gonadal steroids testosterone and estrogen have important effects on the gene regulation of the renin-angiotensin system. This may in part contribute to the sexual dimorphism in blood pressure control. The direct effect of steroid hormones on genes related to hypertension provides a suitable paradigm to improve our understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms of cardiovascular control.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bachmann
- German Institute for High Blood Pressure Research, University of Heidelberg
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17
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A processing enzyme for prorenin in mouse submandibular gland. Purification and characterization. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)39267-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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18
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Burt DW, Mullins LJ, George H, Smith G, Brooks J, Pioli D, Brammar WJ. The nucleotide sequence of a mouse renin-encoding gene, Ren-1d, and its upstream region. Gene X 1989; 84:91-104. [PMID: 2691339 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(89)90143-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-encoding genes have been cloned from high (Ren-1d, Ren-2d)- and low (Ren-1c)-renin-producing strains of mice (DBA/2J and C57BL/10). Each of the genes is approx. 9.6 kb in length and consists of nine exons and eight introns. The entire nucleotide sequence of the Ren-1d gene has been determined and the 5'-flanking regions of the three genes, Ren-1c, Ren-1d and Ren-2d, have been compared. The significance of several potential regulatory signals found in the DNA is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Burt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, U.K
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19
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Okuyama A, Kondoh N, Koh E, Takeyama M, Fujioka H, Matsuda M, Matsumoto K. Correlative changes of plasma renin activity and serum testosterone in human internal spermatic vein after single administration of human chorionic gonadotropin. Int Urol Nephrol 1989; 21:659-65. [PMID: 2700186 DOI: 10.1007/bf02559624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
To study changes in renin secretion from the human testis at various days after hCG treatment, plasma renin activity in the internal spermatic vein (ISV) and cubital vein (CV) was measured at the time of surgical repair of varicocele in 79 patients. Sixty-five of them were given a single administration of hCG (10,000 IU/m2) 1 to 10 days before operation. Although the mean PRA levels in CV in both treated and untreated groups were similar, the mean PRA levels in ISV obtained 1 to 5 days after hCG treatment were significantly higher than that in the untreated group. However, the mean PRA levels in ISV returned to that in the untreated group 6-10 days after treatment. Serum testosterone levels in the same ISV were also much higher 1 to 6 days after hCG treatment, compared with those in the untreated group. On the basis of these results it is concluded that (a) the secretion of renin from the testis into ISV can be demonstrated for 5 days after hCG treatment; (b) the parallel increases in PRA with testosterone in ISV seem to suggest a possible influence of androgen on renin production in Leydig cells of human testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Okuyama
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Medical School, Japan
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20
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Fabian JR, Field LJ, McGowan RA, Mullins JJ, Sigmund CD, Gross KW. Allele-specific Expression of the Murine Ren-1 Genes. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)71532-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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21
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Ekker M, Tronik D, Rougeon F. Extra-renal transcription of the renin genes in multiple tissues of mice and rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:5155-8. [PMID: 2662195 PMCID: PMC297576 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.13.5155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the mouse renin genes (Ren-1 and Ren-2) and of the unique rat renin gene was determined in several extra-renal tissues of mice and rats by primer-directed enzymatic amplification of cDNAs. In addition to the adrenal glands, testis, and ovaries, renin transcripts are detected in the liver, whole brain, and hypothalamus and, at lower levels, in spleen, thymus, lung, and prostate. Expression of the rat renin gene correlates with that of the mouse Ren-1 gene with the notable exception of the submaxillary gland where renin transcripts are found only in mice. The levels of renin transcripts in the liver of females from both species are higher than in males. In mice, the relative levels of Ren-1 and Ren-2 transcripts vary widely in different tissues. These results support the hypothesis of a local renin-angiotensin system in multiple extra-renal sites and imply the existence of complex mechanisms of regulation of the renin gene, previously thought to be expressed in a tissue-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ekker
- Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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22
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Burt DW, Nakamura N, Kelley P, Dzau VJ. Identification of negative and positive regulatory elements in the human renin gene. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)83241-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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23
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Miller CC, Carter AT, Brooks JI, Lovell-Badge RH, Brammar WJ. Differential extra-renal expression of the mouse renin genes. Nucleic Acids Res 1989; 17:3117-28. [PMID: 2657654 PMCID: PMC317718 DOI: 10.1093/nar/17.8.3117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We have used RNase-protection analyses to study renin gene expression in one- and two-gene mouse strains. The RNase-protection assay is capable of discriminating between the transcripts from the different renin genes. In a two-gene strain containing Ren-1D and Ren-2, we demonstrate transcriptional activity from Ren-1D in kidney, submandibular gland (SMG), testes, liver, brain and heart. Ren-2 is clearly expressed in kidney, SMG and testes. Similar analyses of one gene strains (containing Ren-1C only) show expression in kidney, SMG, testes, brain and heart. We cannot detect renin mRNA in the liver of these mice. Ren-1C and Ren-1D thus display quite different tissue-specificities. In order to determine whether the different tissue-specificities of the highly homologous Ren-1C and Ren-1D genes are due to different trans-acting factors in the different mouse strains or to different cis-acting DNA elements inherent to the genes, we introduced a Ren-1D transgene (Ren-1*) into a background strain containing only the Ren-1C gene. The transgene exhibits the same tissue-specificity as the Ren-1D gene of two-gene strains suggesting the presence of different cis-acting DNA elements in Ren-1C and Ren-1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, UK
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Nakayama K, Kim WS, Hatsuzawa K, Hashiba K, Murakami K. Tissue distribution and characterization of prorenin-converting enzyme in mouse. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 158:369-76. [PMID: 2644930 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(89)80057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Renin is produced from an inactive precursor, prorenin, through endoproteolytic cleavage at paired basic amino-acid residues. Using (35S)methionine-labeled prorenin, that was synthesized with Xenopus oocyte expression system, as a substrate, we have determined the tissue distribution and the nature of prorenin-converting activity in mouse. The highest activity was found in the submandibular gland of male ICR mouse. The activity of the enzyme seemed to be parallel to that of renin. This enzyme activity, with an optimal pH 8.0-8.5, was inhibited by leupeptin, antipain and benzamidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nakayama
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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25
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Nakamura N, Burt DW, Paul M, Dzau VJ. Negative control elements and cAMP responsive sequences in the tissue-specific expression of mouse renin genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:56-9. [PMID: 2536160 PMCID: PMC286402 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.1.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The 5' flanking regions of the mouse renin genes (Ren1d and Ren2d) contain putative negative control and cAMP responsive elements. Sequence analysis shows additionally that these putative control elements in the Ren2d gene are interrupted by a 160-base-pair insertion. To document the functions of these elements, we isolated these regions and fused them to the reporter gene chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), which was linked upstream to a thymidine kinase (TK) promoter (pUTKAT1). The chimeric constructs were transfected into mouse pituitary tumor AtT-20 and human choriocarcinoma JEG-3 cells. At the basal unstimulated condition, Ren1d 5' flanking sequence in the sense orientation inhibited basal CAT expression from the TK promoter of pUTKAT1, whereas the same sequence in the antisense orientation did not. The 5' flanking region of Ren2d had no inhibitory effect on basal CAT expression. These data demonstrate that the negative control element is functional in Ren1d but is nonfunctional in Ren2d, suggesting that the 160-base-pair insertion in Ren2d interferes with the function of the negative control elements. In response to 8-bromo-cAMP, both renin genes increased transcription 3-fold, suggesting a functional cis action of the cAMP responsive element in both genes. These data may be important in the understanding of the regulation of the tissue-specific expression of mouse renin genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nakamura
- Molecular and Cellular Vascular Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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26
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Tronik D, Ekker M, Rougeon F. Structural analysis of 5'-flanking regions of rat, mouse and human renin genes reveals the presence of a transposable-like element in the two mouse genes. Gene X 1988; 69:71-80. [PMID: 2852145 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(88)90379-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The two renin genes of the mouse (Ren1 and Ren2) are expressed at different levels in the submaxillary gland (SMG). In contrast to mice, there is no detectable renin gene expression in the rat SMG. To determine the molecular basis for these different levels of renin expression, we have compared the 5'-flanking regions of the rat and mouse genes. The sequence of mouse, but not rat, genes reveals the presence in Ren1 and Ren2 of a large insertion, probably a new class of transposable elements. A second, apparently unrelated shorter insertion is present only in Ren2. Otherwise, the mouse and rat 5'-flanking sequences are well conserved and resemble the corresponding region of the human Ren gene, indicating that the insertions occurred after the separation of the rat and mouse species but before the duplication of the mouse Ren gene. We suggest that these structural differences may have a role in the differential expression of the Ren genes in mice and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Tronik
- LA CNRS 361, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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27
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McGowan RA, Gross KW, Wilson CM. Effect of androgen and thyroid hormones on renin-1 messenger ribonucleic acid levels in mouse submandibular gland. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1988; 56:271-6. [PMID: 3286326 DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(88)90070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of renin and other biologically active polypeptides in the granular convoluted tubule cells of the mouse submandibular gland (SMG) is regulated by androgen and thyroid hormones. In this study genetically hypothyroid (hyt/hyt) mice carrying a single renin structural gene (Ren-1) were used to investigate the mechanism of hormonal action in mouse SMG. Treatment of female mice with 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and/or thyroxine (T4) enhanced renin-1 activity and increased renin-1 mRNA, determined by Northern analysis. Compared to euthyroid (hyt/+) littermates, hyt/hyt mice had lower basal levels of renin-1 mRNA and a blunted response to either hormone alone. DHT and T4 acted synergistically to increase renin-1 activity and renin-1 mRNA in the SMG of hyt/hyt females. Furthermore, levels of renin-1 activity and renin-1 mRNA varied concordantly in the SMG of these animals. These data indicate that androgen and thyroid hormones influence levels of renin-1 in mouse SMG primarily by regulating the amount of renin-1 mRNA available for translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A McGowan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
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28
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Metzger R, Wagner D, Takahashi S, Suzuki F, Lindpaintner K, Ganten D. Tissue renin-angiotensin systems aspects of molecular biology and pharmacology. CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTENSION. PART A, THEORY AND PRACTICE 1988; 10:1227-38. [PMID: 3066529 DOI: 10.1080/07300077.1988.11878913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Advances in molecular biology over the last few years have made it possible to extend studies concerned with the role of renin in blood pressure regulation and fluid balance to the genetic level. Epidemiological data from cross-sectional population studies as well as experimental findings in spontaneously hypertensive rats suggest a greater disposition towards hypertension in males than in females. Testosterone (T) is known to raise blood pressure in female and castrated male SH-rats, while concomitantly increasing tissue renin activities. The availability of recombinant DNA technology and of a 32P labeled mouse submandibular gland renin cRNA as a hybridization probe enabled us to quantitatively assess whether this increase is paralleled by enhanced renin gene expression. In groups of female NMRI mice injected with DHT, we were able to show, that cardiac renin activity was significantly increased after 2 hours (1.6 fold) and 21 days (1.9 fold) of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) treatment compared to controls. DHT had no effect on renin mRNA concentration in the uterus, whereas in the ovary it resulted in a 50% decrease. We conclude that enhanced renin-activity and mRNA levels in peripheral organs and in the central nervous system are due to direct or indirect effects (cis, transacting) of T on renin gene expression. Thus, T may participate in the development of hypertension by stimulating the activity of tissue renin-angiotensin systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Metzger
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg
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29
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Mullins JJ, Sigmund CD, Kane-Haas C, Wu CZ, Pacholec F, Zeng Q, Gross KW. Studies on the regulation of renin genes using transgenic mice. CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTENSION. PART A, THEORY AND PRACTICE 1988; 10:1157-67. [PMID: 3066526 DOI: 10.1080/07300077.1988.11878808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic mice are being used as an assay to identify the DNA sequences that direct the tissue specificity and physiological regulation of murine renin gene expression. In initial studies, a DNA segment encoding the duplicated renin gene, Ren-2, has been injected into the pronuclei of fertilized eggs homozygous for the Ren-1c allele. The 24 kb XhoI fragment utilized consists of 5.3 kb of upstream flanking sequences and 9.5 kb of 3' flanking sequence in addition to the 10 kb segment encoding the 9 exons of the natural gene. Seventeen transgenic founder mice were identified of which at least 7 exhibited evidence of transgene expression. The 4 expressing lines that have been studied in detail integrated from 5 to 15 copies of the transgene but expression was not proportional to the number of copies integrated. Qualitatively, expression is detected in the correct spectrum of tissues, and submandibular gland expression of the transgene responds appropriately to known hormonal modulators. However, quantitatively, the levels of expression deviate considerably from normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Mullins
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
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30
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Okuyama A, Nonomura N, Nakamura M, Namiki M, Sonoda T. Renin-angiotensin system. ARCHIVES OF ANDROLOGY 1988; 21:169-80. [PMID: 3072932 DOI: 10.3109/01485018808986739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Renin, a protease that cleaves the prohormone angiotensinogen thereby releasing angiotensin I, plays a major role in regulating blood pressure and electrolyte balance. Although renin is synthesized mainly in the cortical cells of the kidney, the presence of renin or reninlike activity has been recognized in various extrarenal tissues of humans and animals, including such reproductive organs as LH-containing cells of the anterior pituitary, placentral trophoblasts, and Leydig cells of the male gonad. It has also been learned that the renin in these extrarenal tissues generates angiotensins locally, which may interact with angiotensin II receptors in a paracrine or autocrine manner. However, the precise roles of the renin-angiotensin system in extrarenal tissue are not yet understood. We demonstrated the renin-angiotensin system in human testis by measuring the plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma angiotensin II (PAII), and testosterone in the internal spermatic vein (ISV) simultaneously after treatment with hCG, and elucidated the relationship between the renin-angiotensin system and sex steroids from Leydig cells of the male gonad.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Okuyama
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Medical School, Japan
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31
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Dzau VJ, Brody T, Ellison KE, Pratt RE, Ingelfinger JR. Tissue-specific regulation of renin expression in the mouse. Hypertension 1987; 9:III36-41. [PMID: 3298045 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.9.6_pt_2.iii36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Increasing biochemical evidence suggests that the renin-angiotensin system may be present in may extrarenal tissues. We have employed the mouse submandibular gland renin complementary DNA (pDD-1D2) and the rat liver angiotensinogen complementary DNA (pRang 3) to demonstrate that renin and angiotensinogen messenger RNAs are expressed in the mouse kidney, submandibular gland, heart, adrenal, brain, and testis. To elucidate the factors that influence local tissue renin-angiotensin expressions, we studied tissue renin messenger RNA and enzymatic levels of male mice in response to sodium depletion and castration. Sodium depletion resulted in increased renin expression in the kidney, heart, and adrenal, but not in the submandibular gland and testis. Castration lowered renin levels in all extrarenal tissues but appeared to increase renin level in the kidney. Taken together, the above data demonstrate tissue-specific regulation of renin expression and imply different functions for the sodium responsive and nonresponsive systems.
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32
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Abstract
Inbred strains of mice can be categorized into two groups based on the absence or presence of a duplicated copy of the renin structural gene; one-gene strains carry a single renin gene (Ren-1), whereas two-gene strains carry two renin genes (Ren-1 and Ren-2). To investigate the contribution that each locus makes to the composite levels of renin mRNA observed to accumulate in different tissues of two-gene strains, we have developed two assays capable of distinguishing the highly homologous Ren-1 and Ren-2 transcripts. Both methods take advantage of established base sequence differences between Ren-1 and Ren-2 coding regions by using reverse transcriptase-mediated primer extension of oligonucleotide primer/mRNA hybrids in the presence of appropriate deoxy-and dideoxynucleotide phosphates. Using these techniques we found that Ren-1 and Ren-2 mRNAs accumulate in the kidney of two-gene strains to approximately equal levels. These observations are discussed in light of potential mechanisms regulating the tissue-specific expression of the Ren-1 and Ren-2 loci.
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33
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Expression of tissue-specific Ren-1 and Ren-2 genes of mice: comparative analysis of 5'-proximal flanking regions. Mol Cell Biol 1985. [PMID: 6392850 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.4.11.2321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
All inbred strains of mice carry the Ren-1 structural gene, which encodes the renin-1 isozyme, the classical renin activity found in kidneys. In addition, some strains carry a second renin structural gene, Ren-2, which encodes the predominantly expressed submaxillary gland renin isozyme, renin-2. Ren-1 and Ren-2 exhibit markedly different patterns of tissue-specific expression. In an effort to understand the molecular basis for this differential expression, detailed analysis of the genomic sequences corresponding to the Ren-1 and Ren-2 genes, and the transcripts originating from these loci, was undertaken. Sequence analysis of regions proximal to the structural genes indicated the presence of eucaryotic consensus sequences for transcription. These sequence motifs were strongly conserved between Ren-1 and Ren-2. Approximately 150 bases upstream from the major transcription initiation site, significant differences between these genes were apparent, including the presence of a repetitive DNA element in the Ren-2 copy as well as other breaks in homology and sequence curiosities. Strong homology between Ren-1 and Ren-2 resumed at a point ca. 200 bases further upstream on Ren-1. S1 analysis of submaxillary gland and kidney RNA populations indicated that the majority of transcripts initiate at homologous positions on Ren-1 and Ren-2. On a per cell basis, the accumulation of Ren-1 transcripts in the kidney and Ren-2 transcripts in the submaxillary gland are probably equivalent. These results suggest that it is tissue-specific utilization of the homologous start sites that is critical to their differential patterns of expression. Models which can account for this observation are presented. Interestingly, we found a minor fraction of transcripts initiating 5' to the major transcription start site. These transcripts encoded an open reading frame which may add an additional 23 amino acids to the N-terminus of the renin precursor.
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34
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Dlouhy SR, Karn RC. Multiple gene action determining a mouse salivary protein phenotype: identification of the structural gene for androgen binding protein (Abp). Biochem Genet 1984; 22:657-67. [PMID: 6541906 DOI: 10.1007/bf00485851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel variation in electrophoretic phenotype is described for a mouse salivary androgen binding protein (Abp). Crosses show that the variation is inherited in an autosomal codominant manner and protein characterization studies show that the variant Abp differs in isoelectric point from the common form of the protein. Those observations suggest that the variation involves the structural gene for the mouse salivary Abp. The genetic studies also show that the electrophoretic mobility of the variant Abp can be influenced by the sex-limited saliva pattern (Ssp) gene. The SspS allele alters the electrophoretic mobility of Abp in males at puberty or in females which have received exogenous testosterone [Karn, R.C., Dlouhy, S.R., Springer, K.R., Hjorth, J.P., and Nielsen, J.T. (1982). Biochem Genet. 20:493]. This study shows that Abp and Ssp are distinct genes which are not closely linked and that SspS is trans active in F1 (Abpa/Abpb, SspS/SspF) males.
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35
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Martin SA, Bulfield G. A regulatory locus, Hdc-e, determines the response of mouse kidney histidine decarboxylase to estrogen. Biochem Genet 1984; 22:1037-46. [PMID: 6529437 DOI: 10.1007/bf00499630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Levels of histidine decarboxylase (HDC; EC 4.1.1.22) activity in female mouse kidney are modulated by estrogen (administered as implanted pellets). In some inbred strains HDC activity is induced by estrogen, while in others the enzyme is repressed. Immunoprecipitation with an anti-fetal rat HDC antiserum has shown that induction and repression of HDC levels are due to changes in enzyme concentration. Segregation analysis has identified a single additively inherited regulatory locus, Hdc-e, which determines the response to estrogen. The allele Hdc-eb (C57BL/10) determines induction, and the allele Hdc-ed (DBA/2) determines repression. Preliminary evidence indicates cosegregation of Hdc-e alleles with alleles of another regulatory locus, Hdc-c (determining kidney HDC concentration), and therefore putative linkage of Hdc-e with the HDC gene complex on chromosome 2. This is the first report of a mammalian regulatory gene controlling two opposite mechanisms, induction and repression in response to a single effector.
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36
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Azen EA, Carlson DM, Clements S, Lalley PA, Vanin E. Salivary proline-rich protein genes on chromosome 8 of mouse. Science 1984; 226:967-9. [PMID: 6095444 DOI: 10.1126/science.6095444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Endonuclease restriction (Hind III) fragments of DNA from Chinese hamster X mouse somatic cell hybrids hybridized with proline-rich protein complementary DNA clones only when the DNA was isolated from cells containing mouse chromosome 8, or a fragment of chromosome 8. The evidence suggests that proline-rich protein genes are located at the proximal portion of chromosome 8 toward the centromere.
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37
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Chirgwin JM, Schaefer IM, Diaz JA, Lalley PA. Mouse kidney renin gene is on chromosome one. SOMATIC CELL AND MOLECULAR GENETICS 1984; 10:633-7. [PMID: 6095465 DOI: 10.1007/bf01535229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The structural gene for mouse kidney renin (Ren-1) was localized to chromosome 1 by Southern blot analysis of mouse-hamster somatic cell hybrids with a cloned mouse submandibular renin cDNA probe. The submandibular renin gene (Ren-2) also lies on chromosome 1; so it may be, in those mouse lines which carry it, a tandem duplication of the kidney-type Ren-1 gene.
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38
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Field LJ, Philbrick WM, Howles PN, Dickinson DP, McGowan RA, Gross KW. Expression of tissue-specific Ren-1 and Ren-2 genes of mice: comparative analysis of 5'-proximal flanking regions. Mol Cell Biol 1984; 4:2321-31. [PMID: 6392850 PMCID: PMC369061 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.4.11.2321-2331.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
All inbred strains of mice carry the Ren-1 structural gene, which encodes the renin-1 isozyme, the classical renin activity found in kidneys. In addition, some strains carry a second renin structural gene, Ren-2, which encodes the predominantly expressed submaxillary gland renin isozyme, renin-2. Ren-1 and Ren-2 exhibit markedly different patterns of tissue-specific expression. In an effort to understand the molecular basis for this differential expression, detailed analysis of the genomic sequences corresponding to the Ren-1 and Ren-2 genes, and the transcripts originating from these loci, was undertaken. Sequence analysis of regions proximal to the structural genes indicated the presence of eucaryotic consensus sequences for transcription. These sequence motifs were strongly conserved between Ren-1 and Ren-2. Approximately 150 bases upstream from the major transcription initiation site, significant differences between these genes were apparent, including the presence of a repetitive DNA element in the Ren-2 copy as well as other breaks in homology and sequence curiosities. Strong homology between Ren-1 and Ren-2 resumed at a point ca. 200 bases further upstream on Ren-1. S1 analysis of submaxillary gland and kidney RNA populations indicated that the majority of transcripts initiate at homologous positions on Ren-1 and Ren-2. On a per cell basis, the accumulation of Ren-1 transcripts in the kidney and Ren-2 transcripts in the submaxillary gland are probably equivalent. These results suggest that it is tissue-specific utilization of the homologous start sites that is critical to their differential patterns of expression. Models which can account for this observation are presented. Interestingly, we found a minor fraction of transcripts initiating 5' to the major transcription start site. These transcripts encoded an open reading frame which may add an additional 23 amino acids to the N-terminus of the renin precursor.
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39
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Panthier JJ, Dreyfus M, Roux TL, Rougeon F. Mouse kidney and submaxillary gland renin genes differ in their 5' putative regulatory sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1984; 81:5489-93. [PMID: 6089205 PMCID: PMC391731 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.81.17.5489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The genomic DNAs that specify the renin mRNAs found in the submaxillary gland and in the kidney of Swiss mice have been isolated by molecular cloning in phage lambda. The Ren1 and Ren2 genes, encoding the kidney and submaxillary renins, respectively, span about 9.5 kilobases each. Restriction maps of both renin genes and their flanking sequences are presented. To correlate the differential expression of the renin genes with their structures, a sequence analysis of the putative 5' regulatory sequences of both genes was conducted. The results show that the leader sequences and promoter regions of both genes are highly homologous to a point located 179 nucleotides upstream from the transcription start point; the sequences diverge beyond this position.
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40
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Pratt RE, Dzau VJ, Ouellette AJ. Influence of androgen on translatable renin mRNA in the mouse submandibular gland. Hypertension 1984; 6:605-13. [PMID: 6389334 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.6.5.605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In mature outbred Swiss male mice, submandibular gland renin enzyme activity is 4- and 10-fold higher than in glands of prepubescent males and mature females, respectively. Levels of translatable renin mRNA have been studied in mouse submandibular gland during postnatal development and following administration of testosterone. The [35S]methionine-labeled cell-free translation products directed by male glandular mRNA contain a 47 +/- 2kd renin precursor that is not detected in products coded by prepubescent male or female gland mRNA. This cell-free synthesized precursor is detected immunochemically only in the translation products of gland mRNA from males of 33 days or older and from females receiving testosterone administration, a pattern consistent with the measurements of renin enzyme activity. This increase in biologically active renin mRNA is a selective one, since unfractionated male and female mRNAs have similar overall nucleotide sequence complexity corresponding to 1% of mouse single copy DNA. The cDNA transcribed from male gland mRNA reacts 5- and 10-fold faster with the template mRNA than with female or prepubescent male gland mRNA, respectively, which indicates that the male gland contains abundant nucleotide sequences that exist at low concentration in the female or prepubescent male. Selective hybrid arrested translation confirms that the levels of renin mRNA are lower in the glands of prepubescent males than in those of the mature males. These data indicate that the regulation of renin enzymatic activity by androgens is mediated by an increase in the levels of translatable renin mRNA both during postnatal development and after testosterone administration.
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41
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Mouse submaxillary gland renin. Purification and properties of minor forms, which include several differently processed forms of the major gene product and a second gene product. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)39736-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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42
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Field LJ, McGowan RA, Dickinson DP, Gross KW. Tissue and gene specificity of mouse renin expression. Hypertension 1984; 6:597-603. [PMID: 6378791 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.6.4.597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The Ren-1 locus of mice encodes the protease renin, which with converting enzyme processes angiotensinogen to the potent vasopressor angiotensin II. Some strains of mice appear to carry a duplication of the renin structural gene (Ren-2) near the Ren-1 locus. Strains with the gene duplication can exhibit as much as 100-fold higher levels of submaxillary gland renin compared to strains with a single gene copy. In contrast, kidney renin levels appear to be unaffected by the gene duplication. Sequence analysis of a 319 bp renin cDNA recombinant isolated from a kidney library from the two-gene strain DBA/2Ha corresponds to a transcript of the Ren-1 gene. Moreover, a single base substitution of A for G at residue #996 in the kidney renin mRNA creates a potential glycosylation recognition site that may, in part, account for the differential glycosylation of kidney and submaxillary gland renins. In addition, our tissue surveys indicate that mature mRNAs from the Ren loci are detectable in adrenal gland and testes, as well as sublingual and parotid salivary glands, and reveal length variation for the renin transcripts in at least the submaxillary gland.
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43
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Windass JD, Mullins JJ, Beecroft LJ, George H, Meacock PA, Williams BR, Brammar WJ. Molecular cloning of cDNAs from androgen-independent mRNA species of DBA/2 mouse sub-maxillary glands. Nucleic Acids Res 1984; 12:1361-76. [PMID: 6546617 PMCID: PMC318582 DOI: 10.1093/nar/12.3.1361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
cDNA libraries have been constructed from mRNAs isolated from mature male DBA/2 mouse submaxillary glands. Several recombinant plasmids have been assigned to particular mRNA species and their in vitro translation products by HART and hybrid selection. Clones containing copies of two abundant mRNA species that showed no sexual dimorphism were selected for detailed characterisation. Nucleotide sequences determined from one series of clones define an 850 nucleotide mRNA encoding a polypeptide of 16.5 kd having an N-terminal signal sequence, an acidic core and four glycosylation sites. A second family of clones correspond to an mRNA of 800 nucleotides, the sequence of which can be interpreted as coding for an intracellular protein of 14.7 kd. Computer searches of protein and nucleic acid sequences have not revealed the identity of either of these submaxillary gland products.
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44
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Martin SA, Taylor BA, Watanabe T, Bulfield G. Histidine decarboxylase phenotypes of inbred mouse strains: a regulatory locus (Hdc) determines kidney enzyme concentration. Biochem Genet 1984; 22:305-22. [PMID: 6732748 DOI: 10.1007/bf00484230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Mouse kidney histidine decarboxylase (HDC) provides a model system to study genetic control of a hormone-regulated enzyme (inducible by estrogen and thyroxine; repressible by testosterone). Five major HDC phenotypes scored on the basis of (i) enzyme activity and (ii) the difference in activity between the sexes (females usually higher than males) have been discovered by screening 38 strains of mice. One genetic difference between high-activity strains (DBA/2 and C3H/He) and low-activity strains (C57BL/6 and C57BL/10) has been examined in detail. The phenotypic difference segregates as a single gene in both conventional crosses and between recombinant inbred (RI) strains. Immunoprecipitation has shown that the activity difference is due to an alteration in the number of enzyme molecules. The phenotypic difference between high and low strains can therefore be attributed to different alleles of a single regulatory locus, Hdc; the allele Hdcb determines low HDC concentration, and the allele Hdcd high concentration. Hdc has been mapped to chromosome 2 using data from both comparisons of strain distribution patterns of previously mapped loci within RI strains and a conventional three-point cross. The probable gene order is B2m-pa-Hdc, with map distances of 3.1 +/- 1.7 and 2.0 +/- 1.4 cM, respectively.
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Pratt RE, Ouellette AJ, Dzau VJ. Biosynthesis of renin: multiplicity of active and intermediate forms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1983; 80:6809-13. [PMID: 6139811 PMCID: PMC390075 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.80.22.6809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Processing of renin involves sequential proteolytic cleavages of a preproform to the active mature forms. Preprorenin is rapidly internalized cotranslationally into the rough endoplasmic reticulum and hydrolyzed by signal peptidase to produce prorenin. In the Golgi, prorenin is converted (within 15 min) to a form of renin that is enzymatically active. Over the next 12 hr, a slow intracellular process removes a dipeptide near the carboxyl terminus, converting the one-chain renin into two chains joined by a single disulfide bond. This conversion occurs during formation, condensation, and packaging of renin granules. The resultant two-chain renin is approximately one-sixth as active as the one-chain form. The intact renin molecule is obligatory for enzymatic activity because heavy chain alone has little or no activity. Both one- and two-chain renins are secreted, but prorenin is not. Multiple isoelectric forms of prorenin, one-chain renin, and two-chain renin are also observed. This microheterogeneity probably results from minor differences in amino acid composition as a consequence of variations in cleavage positions during processing. Thus, these data suggest that renin synthesis and secretion is complex and may be subject to regulation at multiple steps. Furthermore, based on the results of this study, we also propose that renin can be secreted by two different pathways.
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Corvol P, Panthier JJ, Foote S, Rougeon F. Structure of the mouse submaxillary gland renin precursor and a model for renin processing. Arthur C. Corcoran Memorial Lecture. Hypertension 1983; 5:I3-9. [PMID: 6337959 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.5.2_pt_2.i3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Wilson CM, Reynolds RC, Ward PE. Comparison of genetic and endocrine control of renin and kallikrein in mouse submandibular gland. Life Sci 1982; 31:1613-8. [PMID: 6755123 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(82)90053-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The effects of strain, sex, hypophysectomy and hormone treatment on mouse submandibular gland renin, kallikrein, S2266 hydrolase, and BAEe esterase activities have been examined. Renin activity is determined by the Rnr locus on mouse Chromosome 1. Female SWR/J mice (Rnrs/Rnrs) have 1000-fold higher submandibular gland renin activity than C57BL/6J mice (Rnrb/Rnrb). Both strains have similar kallikrein activity. Renin, BAEe esterase, and S2266 hydrolase are substantially higher in male mice compared to females of the same strain whereas kallikrein is not. Dihydrotestosterone and/or thyroxine treatment induces renin, BAEe esterase, and S2266 hydrolase in female mice with little effect on kallikrein. All four enzyme activities are profoundly reduced by hypophysectomy. Dihydrotestosterone and thyroxine are both required to restore renin, BAEe esterase, and S2266 hydrolase to induce levels. Dihydrotestosterone and/or thyroxine restores kallikrein to control levels. We conclude that renin and kallikrein in the mouse submandibular gland are under different genetic and endocrine control. In addition, the synthetic substrate S2266 is not a specific substrate for kallikrein activity in mouse submandibular gland cytosol.
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Wilson C, Taylor B. Genetic regulation of thermostability of mouse submaxillary gland renin. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)68348-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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