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Alfahlawy A, Selim MAA, Hassan HY. Biocompatibility of three different root canal sealers, experimental study. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:715. [PMID: 37794396 PMCID: PMC10552196 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03473-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was assessed the biocompatibility of three different root canal sealers (Well-Root St, GuttaFlow Bioseal, and AH-Plus) following implantation in rat subcutaneous tissues, using histopathological immunohistochemical analysis. METHODS Four groups of eighty-four male rats each underwent subcutaneous dorsal implantation of a polyethylene tube, either empty or filled. Tissues were collected, fixed, and processed for histological analysis after 7, 15, and 30 d. Slides were photographed and digitally processed to identify lymphocytes and macrophages using Cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3) and cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68) markers, respectively. P was set at 0.05, when lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration was compared between groups and observation times using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS Histopathological analysis of all groups revealed an inflammatory reaction followed by the emergence of a fibrous capsule after 7 days. After 30 days, the thickness of the fibrous capsule and the inflammatory response subsided. CD3 staining for immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the AH-Plus group had the highest mean percentage of lymphocyte infiltration at 7 and 15 days, followed by the Well-Root St, GuttaFlow Bioseal, and Control groups. After 30 days, no discernible difference was observed between the groups in terms of the mean percentage of lymphocyte infiltration. After 7, 15, and 30 days, there was a significant difference in the mean percentage of macrophage infiltration across the groups, as demonstrated by CD68 staining. After 7, 15, and 30 days, the AH-Plus group had the highest mean percentage of macrophage infiltration, followed by the Well-Root St. and GuttaFlow Bioseal groups, while the control group had the lowest mean percentage. CONCLUSION All observational periods showed minimal inflammatory reactions to GuttaFlow Bioseal. After subcutaneous tissue implantation in a rat model, the initial inflammatory reactions to Well-Root St and AH-Plus had abated by day 30, and all tested sealers had outstanding biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Alfahlawy
- Endodontic Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Manar A A Selim
- Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Hayam Y Hassan
- Professor & Chairman of Endodontic Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.
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Fan M, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Zhi J, Xu W, Yang Y, Xu Y, Luo K, Wang D. Mn(II)-Mediated Self-Assembly of Tea Polysaccharide Nanoparticles and Their Functional Role in Mice with Type 2 Diabetes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:30607-30617. [PMID: 35771882 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tea polysaccharide (TPS) is a bioactive compound that has attracted increasing attention for its health effect on regulating the metabolism of glucose and lipid. Moreover, due to their good biocompatibility and biodegradability, TPS-based nanoparticles have emerged as effective nanocarriers for the delivery of bioactive molecules. In this study, we developed a TPS-based biocarrier system for the orally targeted administration of Mn(II) ions and investigated their antidiabetic effects in C57BL/6 mice with HFD/streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T2DM. Mn(II)-loaded TPS-based nanoparticles (MTNPs) were synthesized, in which negatively charged functional groups in protein and uronic acid in TPS conjugates would act as binding sites for Mn(II) ions, which is responsible for the cross-linking reaction of MTNP. The resulting MTNP had a spherical shape and a mean particle size of around 30 nm with a Mn(II) ion content of 2.24 ± 0.13 mg/g. In T2DM mice, we discovered that MTNP treatment significantly lowered blood glucose levels and improved glucose intolerance. Furthermore, the impact of MTNP on the recovery of FINS, the homeostatic index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and the homeostatic index of β-cell (HOMA β-cell) levels was significantly larger (p < 0.05) than TPS alone, demonstrating that Mn(II) ions can enhance TPS's ability to repair HFD/STZ-induced β-cell damage. Mn(II) ions in MTNP not only acted as cofactors to increase the exocytosis of insulin secretory cells by upregulating the expression of Ca(II)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMK II) but also promoted TPS's lipid-lowering effect in T2DM mice by inhibiting glucogenesis and regulating the lipid metabolism. Our findings suggest that Mn(II) ions can be used not only as cross-linkers in the formation of nanoparticulated TPS but also as cofactors in improving the functional role of TPS in regulating the glucose and lipid metabolism, which will provide insights into the development of TPS-based drug delivery systems for the prevention of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Fan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Jinglei Zhi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Wanying Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Yuqi Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Ying Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Ke Luo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Dongfeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
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Kővágó C, Szekeres B, Szűcs-Somlyó É, Májlinger K, Jerzsele Á, Lehel J. Preliminary study to investigate the distribution and effects of certain metals after inhalation of welding fumes in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:49147-49160. [PMID: 35212899 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19234-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The most important welding processes used are the gas metal arc (GMA) welding, the tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding, and the manual metal arc (MMA) welding processes. The goal of our investigation was to monitor the distribution of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) in the lung, spleen, liver, and kidney of mice after inhalation exposure of different welding methods using different steel base materials. The treatment groups were the following: MMA-mild steel, MMA-molybdenum-manganese (MoMn) alloy, TIG-mild steel, and TIG-stainless steel. The samples were taken 24 and 96 h after the treatments. Most importantly, it was found that the Mn concentration in the lung' samples of the MMA-mild steel and the MMA-MoMn groups was increased extremely at both sampling times and in the spleen' samples also. In the TIG groups, the rise of the Mn concentration was only considerable in the lungs and spleens at 24 h, and emerged concentration was found in the liver in 96 h samples. Histopathology demonstrated emerged siderin content in the spleens of the treated animals and in siderin filled macrophages in the lungs mostly in all treated groups. Traces of high-level glycogen retention was found in the MMA groups at both sampling times. Similar glycogen retention in TIG-Ms and TIG stainless group's liver samples and emerged number of vacuoles, especially in the hepatocytes of the TIG-stainless steel 96 h group were also found. The mentioned results raise the consequence that there is a considerable difference in the kinetics of the Mn distribution between the MMA- and the TIG-fume-treated groups. Hence, the result suggests that manganese has a particle-size-dependent toxico-kinetics property. The anomaly of the glycogen metabolism indicates the systemic effect of the welding fumes. Also, the numerous vacuoles mentioned above show a possible liver-specific adverse effect of some components of the TIG-stainless steel welding fumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Kővágó
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.
| | | | - Éva Szűcs-Somlyó
- Department of Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kornél Májlinger
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos Jerzsele
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Lehel
- Department of Food Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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Peptidomimetic Lipid-Nanoparticle-Mediated Knockdown of TLR4 in CNS Protects against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Mice. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12122072. [PMID: 35745411 PMCID: PMC9228890 DOI: 10.3390/nano12122072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke activates toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling, resulting in proinflammatory polarization of microglia and secondary neuronal damage. Herein, we report a novel lipid-nanoparticle (LNP)-mediated knockdown of TLR4 in microglia and amelioration of neuroinflammation in a mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). siRNA against TLR4 (siTLR4) complexed to the novel LNP (siTLR4/DoGo310), which was based on a dioleoyl-conjugated short peptidomimetic (denote DoGo310), was readily internalized by the oxygen–glucose-deprived (OGD) mouse primary microglia, knocked-down TLR4, and polarized the cell to the anti-inflammatory phenotype in vitro. Systemic administration of siTLR4/DoGo310 LNPs in the tMCAO mice model resulted in the accumulation of siRNA mainly in the Iba1 positive cells in the peri-infarct. Analysis of the peri-infarct brain tissue revealed that a single injection of siTLR4/DoGo310 LNPs led to significant knockdown of TLR4 gene expression, reversing the pattern of cytokines expression, and improving the neurological functions in tMCAO model mice. Our data demonstrate that DoGo310 LNPs could be a promising nanocarrier for CNS-targeted siRNA delivery for the treatment of CNS disorders.
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Mikolasch TA, Oballa E, Vahdati-Bolouri M, Jarvis E, Cui Y, Cahn A, Terry RL, Sahota J, Thakrar R, Marshall P, Porter JC. Mass spectrometry detection of inhaled drug in distal fibrotic lung. Respir Res 2022; 23:118. [PMID: 35546672 PMCID: PMC9092847 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-022-02026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Currently the only available therapies for fibrotic Interstitial Lung Disease are administered systemically, often causing significant side effects. Inhaled therapy could avoid these but to date there is no evidence that drug can be effectively delivered to distal, fibrosed lung. We set out to combine mass spectrometry and histopathology with rapid sample acquisition using transbronchial cryobiopsy to determine whether an inhaled drug can be delivered to fibrotic, distal lung parenchyma in participants with Interstitial Lung Disease. Methods Patients with radiologically and multidisciplinary team confirmed fibrotic Interstitial Lung Disease were eligible for this study. Transbronchial cryobiopsies and endobronchial biopsies were taken from five participants, with Interstitial Lung Disease, within 70 min of administration of a single dose of nebulised ipratropium bromide. Thin tissue cryosections were analysed by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Mass Spectrometry imaging and correlated with histopathology. The remainder of the cryobiopsies were homogenised and analysed by Liquid Chromatography—tandem Mass Spectrometry. Results Drug was detected in proximal and distal lung samples from all participants. Fibrotic regions were identified in research samples of four of the five participants. Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Mass Spectrometry imaging showed co-location of ipratropium with fibrotic regions in samples from three participants. Conclusions In this proof of concept study, using mass spectrometry, we demonstrate for the first-time that an inhaled drug can deposit in distal fibrotic lung parenchyma in patients with Interstitial Lung Disease. This suggests that drugs to treat pulmonary fibrosis could potentially be administered by the inhaled route. Trial registration A prospective clinical study approved by London Camden and Kings Cross Research Ethics Committee and registered on clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03136120) Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12931-022-02026-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresia A Mikolasch
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK. .,University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Eunice Oballa
- Discovery Medicine, Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Medicine, GSK Research and Development, Stevenage, UK
| | | | - Emily Jarvis
- Development Biostatistics, GSK Development, Stevenage, UK
| | - Yi Cui
- Safety and Medical Governance, Pharma Safety, GSK Development, Stevenage, UK
| | - Anthony Cahn
- Discovery Medicine, Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Medicine, GSK Research and Development, Stevenage, UK
| | - Rebecca L Terry
- Pathology, In Vitro/In Vivo Translation, GSK Research, Stevenage, UK
| | - Jagdeep Sahota
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK.,University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ricky Thakrar
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Peter Marshall
- Bioimaging, In Vitro/In Vivo Translation, GSK Research, Stevenage, UK
| | - Joanna C Porter
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK.,University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Xia X, Wang X, Wang H, Lin Z, Shao K, Xu J, Zhao Y. Ameliorative effect of white tea from 50-year-old tree of Camellia sinensis L. (Theaceae) on kidney damage in diabetic mice via SIRT1/AMPK pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 272:113919. [PMID: 33577915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Diabetic kidney damage (DKD) is one of the most common complications of diabetes, which is known as a chronic inflammatory kidney disease caused by persistent hyperglycemia. White tea was originally used as a folk medicine to treat measles in ancient China. What arouses our interest is that there is a traditional method to treat diabetes with white tea taken from over 30-year-old tree of Camellia sinensis L. However, there are few reports on the renal protection of white tea. AIM OF THE STUDY This present study was designed to study the potential protective effects of white tea (WT) and old tree white tea (OTWT) on high-fat-diet (HFD) combined with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 2 diabetic mice to explore the possible mechanism of WT/OTWT against DKD. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups: NC, T2D, WT (400 mg/kg·b.w, p.o.), OTWT (400 mg/kg·b.w, p.o.). Diabetes was established in all groups except NC group, by six weeks of HFD feeding combined with STZ (50 mg/kg, i.p.) for 3 times, treatments were administered for six weeks and then all the animals were decapitated; kidney tissues and blood samples were collected for the further analysis, including: levels of insulin, lipid metabolism (TG, TC, HDL, LDL, FFA), antioxidative enzymes (catalase (CAT), super oxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx)), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatine, inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-2, iNOS, MCP-1), advanced glycation end products (AGE), receptor of AGE (RAGE), Nrf2, AMPK, SIRT1, and PGC-1α. H&E, PAS and Masson staining were performed to examine the histopathological alterations of the kidneys. RESULTS Our data showed that WT and OTWT reversed the abnormal serum lipids (TG, TC, HDL, LDL, FFA) in T2D mice, upregulated antioxidative enzymes levels (CAT, SOD, GPx) and inhibit the excessive production of proinflammatory mediators (including MCP-1, TNF-α, IL1β, COX-2 and iNOS) by varying degrees, and OTWT was more effective. In histopathology, OTWT could significantly alleviate the accumulation of renal AGE in T2D mice, thereby improving the structural changes of the kidneys, such as glomerular hypertrophy, glomerular basement membrane thickening and kidney FIbrosis. CONCLUSIONS Both WT and OTWT could alleviate the diabetic changes in T2D mice via hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, while OTWT was more evident. OTWT could prominently alleviate the accumulation of AGE in the kidneys of T2D mice, thereby ameliorating the renal oxidative stress and inflammatory damage, which was associated with the activation of SIRT1/AMPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Xia
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, 037009, China; School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Xude Wang
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Hua Wang
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Zhenchuan Lin
- Pinpin Tea Industry Co., Ltd., Fujian, 355200, China.
| | - Keping Shao
- Pinpin Tea Industry Co., Ltd., Fujian, 355200, China.
| | - Jing Xu
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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Robinson E, Giffen P, Hassall D, Ball D, Reid H, Coe D, Teague S, Terry R, Earl M, Marchand J, Farrer B, Havelund R, Gilmore IS, Marshall PS. Multimodal imaging of drug and excipients in rat lungs following an inhaled administration of controlled-release drug laden PLGA microparticles. Analyst 2021; 146:3378-3390. [PMID: 33876155 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02333g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Controlled-release formulations, in the form of micro- or nanoparticles, are increasingly attractive to the pharmaceutical industry for drug delivery. For respiratory illnesses, controlled-release microparticle formulations provide an opportunity to deliver a higher percentage of an inhaled medicament dose to the lung, thus potentially reducing the therapeutic dose, frequency of dosing, and minimising side-effects. We describe the use of a multimodal approach consisting of MALDI MS imaging, 3D depth profiling TOF-SIMS analysis, and histopathology to monitor the distribution of drug and excipients in sections taken from excised rat lungs following an inhaled administration of drug-laden microparticles. Following a single dose, the administered drug was detected in the lung via both MALDI MS and TOF-SIMS over a range of time points. Both imaging techniques enabled the characterisation of the distribution and retention of drug particles and identified differences in the capabilities of both imaging modalities. Histochemical staining of consecutive sections was used to provide biological context to the findings and will also be discussed in this presentation. We demonstrate how this multimodal approach could be used to help increase our understanding of the use of controlled release microparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Robinson
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK.
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Xia X, Lin Z, Shao K, Wang X, Xu J, Zhai H, Wang H, Xu W, Zhao Y. Combination of white tea and peppermint demonstrated synergistic antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:2500-2510. [PMID: 33058206 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND White tea, considered to be the oldest form of tea, is becoming a popular beverage for its organoleptic characteristics. Peppermint tea, used as a herbal remedy for centuries, is now also very popular throughout the world as herbal tea. What interested us was that in ancient China, peppermint was used in combination with tea as a detoxification or anti-inflammatory agent. However, there are few reports on the combined use of white tea and peppermint. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of white tea in combination with peppermint. RESULTS A synergistic inhibitory effect against four bacterial strains, especially against Staphylococcus argenteus, was observed in the combination of white tea and peppermint in vitro. In addition, the combined formula demonstrated a stronger anti-inflammatory effect in vivo than either of the two used alone, which was associated with the decrease of the pro-inflammatory cytokines of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In a further mechanism study, it was found that white tea and peppermint inhibited the phosphorylation of p-IκB-α and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) at different degrees. While the enhanced anti-inflammatory effect of the combined formula was associated with the combination of NF-κB down-regulation and p-MAPK inhibition. CONCLUSION In our study, it was for the first time shown that when white tea was combined with peppermint, the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects were enhanced. The results suggested an effective application of white tea in combination with peppermint as a potential antibacterial and anti-inflammatory functional food. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Xia
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | | | | | - Xude Wang
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Xu
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hang Zhai
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hua Wang
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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Howaili F, Mashreghi M, Shahri NM, Kompany A, Jalal R. Development and evaluation of a novel beneficent antimicrobial bioscaffold based on animal waste-fish swim bladder (FSB) doped with silver nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 188:109823. [PMID: 32604004 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Treated fish wastes have found many applications in industry and medicine. Besides, nowadays low-cost scaffold with antimicrobial activity which can accelerates the process of wound healing is very demanding. In this study fish swim bladder (FSB), taken from Rutilus frisii, which is a disposable waste was doped with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and evaluated as antimicrobial wound dressing. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs showed the presence of AgNPs on the scaffold. Histological observation confirmed cells and muscle removal from FSB and collagen preservation. There was significant antibacterial activity even in 50 ppm AgNPs concentration against pathogenic bacteria, swelling ratio was rather low, and cytotoxic assay revealed that the AgNPs-FSB scaffold had no toxic effect on human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cells. Interestingly, despite the porous structure, the AgNPs-FSB scaffold was found to be a suitable barrier to microbial penetration even after 72 h. Further study showed the gradual release of AgNPs during 24 h. In conclusion, biofabricated FSB prepared in this study have appropriate characteristics notably encompassing a high quantity of collagen and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Also, its porous structure made it suitable as a 3-D structure for the growth of cells and adding other antimicrobial nano-sized materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadak Howaili
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 9177948974, Iran.
| | - Mansour Mashreghi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 9177948974, Iran; Industrial Biotechnology Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 9177948974, Iran; Nano Research Center, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 9177948974, Iran.
| | - Nasser Mahdavi Shahri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 9177948974, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Kompany
- Nano Research Center, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 9177948974, Iran; Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 9177948974, Iran.
| | - Razieh Jalal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 9177948974, Iran.
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Srilatha K, Reddy KP. Sciatic Nerve Structural and Functional Recovery with Extract of Phyllanthus amarus and Esculetin in STZ-Induced Hyperglycemic Rats. Ann Neurosci 2020; 26:17-29. [PMID: 32843829 PMCID: PMC7418574 DOI: 10.1177/0972753120911840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Diabetes-instigated nerve damage is a chronic complication including impaired peripheral nerve function with lowered nerve conduction velocity (NCV), demyelination of nerve fibres and alterations in the behaviour. Many clinical and experimental studies have proved that Phyllanthus amarus and esculetin have potential effects against various diseases. Purpose: The aim of this study is to assess the neuroprotective role of hydro-ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus amaras (PAE) and esculetin (ESC) on NCV, metabolism, behavioural and structural changes in diabetic rats. Methods: The extent of protection using PAE and ESC in diabetic rats was determined by checking the HbA1c, NO, myeloperoxidase (MPO), total calcium, protein content, Na+-K+ ATPase activity, acetylcholine content and behavioural alterations using rotarod and maze learning tests on 7, 14 and 21 days. NCV was measured on the 21st day. Results: The diabetic rats showed increased HbA1c, nitrite, MPO, calcium and decreased protein, Na+-K+ ATPase activity, NCV, acetylcholine, behavioural alterations and morphological changes of sciatic nerve so that diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is manifested. Continuous treatment for three weeks with Phyllanthus amarus and esculetin significantly minimized the damage to axons and myelin sheath and enhanced the sciatic NCV by reversing all the mentioned parameters. Conclusion: Phyllanthus amarus and esculetin showed the anti-diabetic as well as anti-inflammatory characteristics by prevention of initiation of adverse processes of the sciatic nerve morphology, internal cell functions leading to improved coordination, behavioural and physiological functions in STZ-induced diabetic rats. PAE has shown similar effects with the ESC. However, further studies are essential to confirm their detailed therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Srilatha
- Department of Zoology, Neuroscience Lab, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Karnati Pratap Reddy
- Department of Zoology, Neuroscience Lab, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Ganbold T, Bao Q, Zandan J, Hasi A, Baigude H. Modulation of Microglia Polarization through Silencing of NF-κB p65 by Functionalized Curdlan Nanoparticle-Mediated RNAi. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:11363-11374. [PMID: 32073249 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b23004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microglia polarization plays an important role in poststroke recovery. Inhibition of proinflammatory (M1) polarization and promotion of anti-inflammatory (M2) polarization of microglia are potential therapeutic strategies for inflammation reduction and neuronal recovery after stroke. Here, we evaluated the central nervous system (CNS)-targeted short interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery ability of functionalized curdlan nanoparticles (CMI) and investigated the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 silencing efficiency of CMI-mediated siRNA in microglia, as well as the resulting neuroprotective effect of microglia polarization and neuroprotection in vitro and in vivo. The systemic delivery of NF-κB p65 siRNA (sip65) complexed to CMI nanoparticles in the mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) resulted in the distribution of siRNA in microglia and significant silencing in NF-κB p65 in the peri-infarct region. Knockdown of NF-κB p65 resulted in M1 to M2 phenotypic transition of microglia, evidenced by the change in the expression pattern of signature cytokines as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase and CD206. Moreover, the CMI-mediated silencing of p65 increased the density of neurons and decreased pyknosis and edema in the peri-infarct region. Assessment of the neurological deficit score on the Bederson scale revealed a significantly reduced score in the mouse model of tMCAO treated with the sip65/CMI complex. Collectively, our data suggest that CMI nanoparticles are a promising CNS-targeting siRNA delivery system, and NF-κB p65 may be a potential therapeutic target for inflammation reduction and poststroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsogzolmaa Ganbold
- Institute of Mongolian Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, P. R. China
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 010020, PR China
| | - Qingming Bao
- Institute of Mongolian Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, P. R. China
| | - Jargalmaa Zandan
- Institute of Mongolian Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, P. R. China
| | - Agula Hasi
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 010020, PR China
| | - Huricha Baigude
- Institute of Mongolian Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, P. R. China
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12
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Xia X, Xu J, Wang X, Wang H, Lin Z, Shao K, Fang L, Zhang C, Zhao Y. Jiaogulan tea (Gpostemma pentaphyllum) potentiates the antidiabetic effect of white tea via the AMPK and PI3K pathways in C57BL/6 mice. Food Funct 2020; 11:4339-4355. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00395f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The use of plant-based beverages to interfere with the onset of diabetes may be a promising approach towards type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Xia
- School of Functional Food and Wine
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Jing Xu
- School of Functional Food and Wine
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Xude Wang
- School of Functional Food and Wine
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Hua Wang
- School of Functional Food and Wine
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | | | | | - LinLin Fang
- College of Pharmacy
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian
- China
| | | | - Yuqing Zhao
- School of Functional Food and Wine
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education
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13
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Tian L, Zhang L, Cui Y, Li H, Xie X, Li Y, Wang C. miR-142-3p Regulates Milk Synthesis and Structure of Murine Mammary Glands via PRLR-Mediated Multiple Signaling Pathways. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:9532-9542. [PMID: 31369265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Murine mammary gland is an ideal model for studying the development and milk synthesis in dairy animals. MicroRNAs play an important role in milk synthesis and mammary gland development; however, the molecular mechanism of miR-142-3p continues to be poorly understood. Here, we knocked down miR-142-3p expression in vitro and vivo, increased the prolactin receptor expression and activated many downstream cellular proteins, such as mammalian target of rapamycin, sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1, cyclin D1, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5. Additionally, miR-142-3p knockdown in mouse mammary gland epithelial cells increased proliferation but not viability, induced cell cycle progression, decreased apoptosis, and increased the expression of triglycerides and β-casein. Moreover, miR-142-3p knockdown in murine mammary gland tissue in vivo affected the structure and function of the mammary gland, which showed an increased number of lobules and ducts and was more capable of producing milk. However, overexpression of miR-142-3p had the opposite effects. In summary, these data reveal that miR-142-3p regulates milk synthesis and the structure of murine mammary glands via PRLR-mediated multiple signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin 150030 , China
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin 150030 , China
| | - Yingjun Cui
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin 150030 , China
| | - Huiming Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin 150030 , China
| | - Xuejiao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin 150030 , China
| | - Ye Li
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin 150030 , China
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14
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Yuan X, Zheng J, Ren L, Jiao S, Feng C, Du Y, Liu H. Enteromorpha prolifera oligomers relieve pancreatic injury in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 206:403-411. [PMID: 30553339 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The polysaccharides of Enteromorpha prolifera (PEP) displayed various bioactivities such as anti-viral, anti-inflammatory and immune-regulative effects. However, no studies were performed on the biological effect of Enteromorpha prolifera oligomers (EPO). In this study, we prepared EPO and evaluated their anti-diabetic effect. By enzymatic degradation, EPO were produced from PEP, and the average molecular weight was identified to be 44.1 kDa by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) analysis. The major monosaccharide units of EPO were measured to be rhamnose, glucuronic acid, glucose, xylose and galactose by capillary electrophoresis assay. Based on the in vitro studies, EPO presented potent reducing power and antioxidant effect such as the scavenging of 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide and NO radicals. The in vivo studies show that EPO relieved the symptoms of polydipsia, polyphagia, emaciation and hyperglycemia in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice to a certain extent. Further, by using the quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay and immunofluorescence staining, EPO was proved to promote the insulin secretion by reducing pancreatic inflammation and apoptosis in diabetic mice. In summary, our results indicate that the mitigation of EPO on pancreatic damage might be an effective way to ameliorate the diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xubing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
| | - Junping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
| | - Lishi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China.
| | - Siming Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China.
| | - Cui Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China.
| | - Yuguang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China.
| | - Hongtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China.
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15
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Gaowa S, Bao N, Da M, Qiburi Q, Ganbold T, Chen L, Altangerel A, Temuqile T, Baigude H. Traditional Mongolian medicine Eerdun Wurile improves stroke recovery through regulation of gene expression in rat brain. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 222:249-260. [PMID: 29758340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Eerdun Wurile (EW) is one of the key Mongolian medicines for treatment of neurological and cardiological disorders. EW is ranked most regularly used Mongolian medicine in clinic. Components of EW which mainly originate from natural products are well defined and are unique to Mongolian medicine. AIM OF THE STUDY Although the recipe of EW contains known neuroactive chemicals originated from plants, its mechanism of action has never been elucidated at molecular level. The objective of the present study is to explore the mechanism of neuroregenerative activity of EW by focusing on the regulation of gene expression in the brain of rat model of stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) models were treated with EW for 15 days. Then, total RNAs from the cerebral cortex of rat MCAO models treated with either EW or control (saline) were extracted and analyzed by transcriptome sequencing. Differentially expressed genes were analyzed for their functions during the recovery of ischemic stroke. The expression level of significantly differentially expressed genes such as growth factors, microglia markers and secretive enzymes in the lesion was further validated by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Previously identified neuroactive compounds, such as geniposide (Yu et al., 2009), myristicin (Shin et al., 1988), costunolide (Okugawa et al., 1996), toosendanin (Shi and Chen, 1999) were detected in EW formulation. Bederson scale indicated that the treatment of rat MCAO models with EW showed significantly lowered neurological deficits (p < 0.01). The regional cerebral blood circulation was also remarkably higher in rat MCAO models treated with EW compared to the control group. A total of 186 genes were upregulated in the lesion of rat MCAO models treated with EW compared to control group. Among them, growth factors such as Igf1 (p < 0.05), Igf2 (p < 0.01), Grn (p < 0.01) were significantly upregulated in brain after treatment of rat MCAO models with EW. Meanwhile, greatly enhanced expression of microglia markers, as well as complementary components and secretive proteases were also detected. CONCLUSION Our data collectively indicated that EW enhances expression of growth factors including Igf1 and Igf2 in neurons and microglia, and may stimulate microglia polarization in the brain. The consequences of such activity include stimulation of neuron growth, hydrolysis and clearance of cell debris at the lesion, as well as the angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saren Gaowa
- School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, PR China; Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, PR China; International Hospital of Mongolian Medicine, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010021, PR China
| | - Narisi Bao
- School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, PR China; Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, PR China
| | - Man Da
- International Hospital of Mongolian Medicine, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010021, PR China
| | - Qiburi Qiburi
- Institute of Mongolian Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, PR China
| | - Tsogzolmaa Ganbold
- Institute of Mongolian Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, PR China
| | - Lu Chen
- Institute of Mongolian Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, PR China
| | - Altanzul Altangerel
- Institute of Mongolian Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, PR China
| | - Temuqile Temuqile
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, PR China; International Hospital of Mongolian Medicine, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010021, PR China
| | - Huricha Baigude
- Institute of Mongolian Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, PR China.
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16
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Kiernan JA. Does progressive nuclear staining with hemalum (alum hematoxylin) involve DNA, and what is the nature of the dye-chromatin complex? Biotech Histochem 2018; 93:133-148. [DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2017.1399466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- JA Kiernan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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17
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Eosin fluorescence: A diagnostic tool for quantification of liver injury. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 19:37-44. [PMID: 28400340 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis is one of the most common life threatening diseases. The diagnosis is mainly based on biochemical analysis such as liver function test. However, histopathological evaluation of liver serves far better for more accurate final diagnosis. The goal of our study was to evaluate the eosin fluorescence pattern in CCl4-induced liver injury model compared with normal and different treatment groups. For this purpose, liver tissues were stained with H/E and examined under bright field microscope but the fluorescence microscopy of H/E stained slides provided an interesting fluorescence pattern and was quite helpful in identifying different structures. Interesting fluorescence patterns were obtained with FITC, Texas Red and Dual channel filter cubes that were quite helpful in identifying different morphological features of the liver. During the course of hepatic injury, liver cells undergo necrosis, apoptosis and overall cellular microenvironment is altered due to the modification of proteins and other intracellular molecules. Intensified eosin fluorescence was observed around the central vein of injured liver compared to normal indicating enhanced binding of eosin to the more exposed amino acid residues. To conclude, eosin fluorescence pattern varies with the health status of a tissue and can be used further for the diagnosis and quantification of severity of various liver diseases.
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18
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The In Vitro-In Vivo Safety Confirmation of PEG-40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil as a Surfactant for Oral Nanoemulsion Formulation. Sci Pharm 2017; 85:scipharm85020018. [PMID: 28362322 PMCID: PMC5489922 DOI: 10.3390/scipharm85020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation on the safety use of high concentration of polyoxyl 40 (PEG-40) hydrogenated castor oil as a surfactant for oral nanoemulsion was performed in Webster mice. As previously reported, nearly 20% of PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil was used to emulsify the glyceryl monooleate (GMO) as an oil to the aqueous phase. Thermodynamically stable and spontaneous nanoemulsion was formed by the presence of co-surfactant polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG-400). Standard parameters were analyzed for nanoemulsion including particle size and particle size distribution, the surface charge of nanoemulsion, and morphology. To ensure the safety of this nanoemulsion, several cell lines were used for cytotoxicity study. In addition, 5000 mg/kg body weight (BW) of the blank nanoemulsion was given orally to Webster mice once a day for 14 days. Several parameters such as gross anatomy, body weight, and main organs histopathology were observed. In particular, by considering the in vivo data, it is suggested that nanoemulsion composed with a high amount of PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil is acceptable for oral delivery of active compounds.
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19
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Simultaneous visualization of tumour oxygenation, neovascularization and contrast agent perfusion by real-time three-dimensional optoacoustic tomography. Eur Radiol 2015; 26:1843-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-015-3980-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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20
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Tomlinson L, Fuchser J, Fütterer A, Baumert M, Hassall DG, West A, Marshall PS. Using a single, high mass resolution mass spectrometry platform to investigate ion suppression effects observed during tissue imaging. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:995-1003. [PMID: 24677520 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The signal intensity of a given molecule across a tissue section when measured using mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is prone to changes caused by the molecular heterogeneity across the surface of the tissue. Here we propose a strategy to investigate these effects using electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) on a single high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) platform. METHODS A rat was administered with a single inhaled dose of a compound and sacrificed 1 h after dosing. Sections were prepared from the excised frozen lung and analysed using MALDI, liquid extraction surface analysis (LESA) nano-ESI-MS and nano-ESI liquid chromatography (LC)/MS. The ESI and MALDI ion sources were mounted either side of the ion transfer system of the same Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometer. RESULTS MALDI MSI clearly demonstrated widespread distribution of the dosed molecule throughout the lung, with the exception of a non-lung section of tissue on the same sample surface. Comparison of the lipid signals across the sample indicated a change in signal between the lung and the adipose tissue present on the same section. Use of ESI and MALDI, with and without an internal standard, supported the evaluation of changes in the signal of the dosed molecule across the tissue section. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate the successful application of a dual ion source HRMS system to the systematic evaluation of data from MALDI MSI, used to determine the distribution of an inhaled drug in the lung. The system discussed is of great utility in investigating the effects of ion suppression and evaluating the quantitative and qualitative nature of the MSI data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tomlinson
- Platform Technology and Science (PTS), Chemical Sciences, UK, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
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21
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Streckfuss-Bömeke K, Jende J, Cheng IF, Hasenfuss G, Guan K. Efficient generation of hepatic cells from multipotent adult mouse germ-line stem cells using an OP9 co-culture system. Cell Reprogram 2013; 16:65-76. [PMID: 24380658 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2013.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
On the basis of their self-renewal capacity and their ability to differentiate into derivatives of all three germ layers, germ line-derived multipotent adult stem cells (maGSCs) from mouse testis might serve as one of preferable sources for pluripotent stem cells in regenerative medicine. In our study, we aimed for an efficient hepatic differentiation protocol that is applicable for both maGSCs and embryonic stem cells (ESCs). We attempted to accomplish this goal by using a new established co-culture system with OP9 stroma cells for direct differentiation of maGSCs and ESCs into hepatic cells. We found that the hepatic differentiation of maGSCs was induced by the OP9 co-culture system in comparison to the gelatin culture. Furthermore, we showed that the combination of OP9 co-culture with activin A resulted in the increased expression of endodermal and early hepatic markers Gata4, Sox17, Foxa2, Hnf4, Afp, and Ttr compared to differentiated cells on gelatin or on OP9 alone. Moreover, the hepatic progenitors were capable of differentiating further into mature hepatic cells, demonstrated by the expression of liver-specific markers Aat, Alb, Tdo2, Krt18, Krt8, Krt19, Cps1, Sek, Cyp7a1, Otc, and Pah. A high percentage of maGSC-derived hepatic progenitors (51% AFP- and 61% DLK1-positive) and mature hepatic-like cells (26% ALB-positive) were achieved using this OP9 co-culture system. These generated hepatic cells successfully demonstrated in vitro functions associated with mature hepatocytes, including albumin and urea secretion, glycogen storage, and uptake of low-density lipoprotein. The established co-culture system for maGSCs into functional hepatic cells might serve as a suitable model to delineate the differentiation process for the generation of high numbers of mature hepatocytes in humans without genetic manipulations and make germ line-derived stem cells a potential autologous and alternative cell source for hepatic transplants in metabolic liver disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Streckfuss-Bömeke
- 1 Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen , 37075, Göttingen, Germany
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Clinical doses of citalopram or reboxetine differentially modulate passive and active behaviors of female Wistar rats with high or low immobility time in the forced swimming test. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 110:89-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Thomas A, Stevens AP, Klein MS, Hellerbrand C, Dettmer K, Gronwald W, Oefner PJ, Reinders J. Early changes in the liver-soluble proteome from mice fed a nonalcoholic steatohepatitis inducing diet. Proteomics 2012; 12:1437-51. [PMID: 22589191 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite the increasing incidence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with the rise in lifestyle-related diseases such as the metabolic syndrome, little is known about the changes in the liver proteome that precede the onset of inflammation and fibrosis. Here, we investigated early changes in the liver-soluble proteome of female C57BL/6N mice fed an NASH-inducing diet by 2D-DIGE and nano-HPLC-MS/MS. In parallel, histology and measurements of hepatic content of triglycerides, cholesterol and intermediates of the methionine cycle were performed. Hepatic steatosis manifested itself after 2 days of feeding, albeit significant changes in the liver-soluble proteome were not evident before day 10 in the absence of inflammatory or fibrotic signs. Proteomic alterations affected mainly energy and amino acid metabolism, detoxification processes, urea cycle, and the one-carbon/S-adenosylmethionine pathways. Additionally, intermediates of relevant affected pathways were quantified from liver tissue, confirming the findings from the proteomic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Thomas
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Josef-Engert-Strasse 9, Regensburg, Germany
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Cho HK, Cho JH, Choi SW, Cheong IW. Topical delivery of retinol emulsions co-stabilised by PEO-PCL-PEO triblock copolymers: effect of PCL block length. J Microencapsul 2012; 29:739-46. [PMID: 22583129 DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2012.686528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This article describes enhanced skin permeation and UV/thermal stability of retinol emulsions by the co-stabilisation of Tween20 and biodegradable poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(ε-caprolactone)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PCL-PEO) triblock copolymers having different lengths of hydrophobic PCL block. A triblock copolymer with a longer PCL block has a lower hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) value. Commercial Retinol 50C® (BASF Co., Ludwigshafen, Germany) was used as the source of retinol. Ultrasonication of the Retinol 50C® emulsion with the triblock copolymers led to an increase in retinol solubilisation and a decrease in average particle size of the resulting retinol emulsion. These characteristics improved skin permeation of retinol through the stratum corneum of artificial skin and subsequent proliferation of viable epidermis cell. Employment of the triblock copolymer with a longer PCL block increased both UV and thermal stabilization of the retinol. These results suggest that HLB and PCL block length are important factors to enhance the topical delivery of retinol into the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heui Kyoung Cho
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Buk-gu, Daegu, South Korea
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25
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Wong YH, Wang H, Ravasi T, Qian PY. Involvement of Wnt signaling pathways in the metamorphosis of the bryozoan Bugula neritina. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33323. [PMID: 22448242 PMCID: PMC3308966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the metamorphosis of the marine bryozoan Bugula neritina. We observed the morphogenesis of the ancestrula. We defined three distinct pre-ancestrula stages based on the anatomy of the developing polypide and the overall morphology of pre-ancestrula. We then used an annotation based enrichment analysis tool to analyze the B. neritina transcriptome and identified over-representation of genes related to Wnt signaling pathways, suggesting its involvement in metamorphosis. Finally, we studied the temporal-spatial gene expression studies of several Wnt pathway genes. We found that one of the Wnt ligand, BnWnt10, was expressed spatially opposite to the Wnt antagonist BnsFRP within the blastemas, which is the presumptive polypide. Down-stream components of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway were exclusively expressed in the blastemas. Bnβcatenin and BnFz5/8 were exclusively expressed in the blastemas throughout the metamorphosis. Based on the genes expression patterns, we propose that BnWnt10 and BnsFRP may relate to the patterning of the polypide, in which the two genes served as positional signals and contributed to the polarization of the blastemas. Another Wnt ligand, BnWnt6, was expressed in the apical part of the pre-ancestrula epidermis. Overall, our findings suggest that the Wnt signaling pathway may be important to the pattern formation of polypide and the development of epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Him Wong
- KAUST Global Collaborative Research Program, Division of Life Sciences, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hao Wang
- KAUST Global Collaborative Research Program, Division of Life Sciences, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Timothy Ravasi
- Department of Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Pei-Yuan Qian
- KAUST Global Collaborative Research Program, Division of Life Sciences, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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26
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Meyer D, Voigt A, Widmayer P, Borth H, Huebner S, Breit A, Marschall S, de Angelis MH, Boehm U, Meyerhof W, Gudermann T, Boekhoff I. Expression of Tas1 taste receptors in mammalian spermatozoa: functional role of Tas1r1 in regulating basal Ca²⁺ and cAMP concentrations in spermatozoa. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32354. [PMID: 22427794 PMCID: PMC3303551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During their transit through the female genital tract, sperm have to recognize and discriminate numerous chemical compounds. However, our current knowledge of the molecular identity of appropriate chemosensory receptor proteins in sperm is still rudimentary. Considering that members of the Tas1r family of taste receptors are able to discriminate between a broad diversity of hydrophilic chemosensory substances, the expression of taste receptors in mammalian spermatozoa was examined. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The present manuscript documents that Tas1r1 and Tas1r3, which form the functional receptor for monosodium glutamate (umami) in taste buds on the tongue, are expressed in murine and human spermatozoa, where their localization is restricted to distinct segments of the flagellum and the acrosomal cap of the sperm head. Employing a Tas1r1-deficient mCherry reporter mouse strain, we found that Tas1r1 gene deletion resulted in spermatogenic abnormalities. In addition, a significant increase in spontaneous acrosomal reaction was observed in Tas1r1 null mutant sperm whereas acrosomal secretion triggered by isolated zona pellucida or the Ca²⁺ ionophore A23187 was not different from wild-type spermatozoa. Remarkably, cytosolic Ca²⁺ levels in freshly isolated Tas1r1-deficient sperm were significantly higher compared to wild-type cells. Moreover, a significantly higher basal cAMP concentration was detected in freshly isolated Tas1r1-deficient epididymal spermatozoa, whereas upon inhibition of phosphodiesterase or sperm capacitation, the amount of cAMP was not different between both genotypes. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Since Ca²⁺ and cAMP control fundamental processes during the sequential process of fertilization, we propose that the identified taste receptors and coupled signaling cascades keep sperm in a chronically quiescent state until they arrive in the vicinity of the egg - either by constitutive receptor activity and/or by tonic receptor activation by gradients of diverse chemical compounds in different compartments of the female reproductive tract.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Models, Biological
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sperm Head/metabolism
- Spermatozoa/metabolism
- Testis/cytology
- Testis/metabolism
- Red Fluorescent Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorke Meyer
- Walther-Straub Institute of Pharmacology and
Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Anja Voigt
- German Institute of Nutrition,
Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
- Institute for Neural Signal Transduction,
Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patricia Widmayer
- Institute of Physiology, University of
Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Heike Borth
- Walther-Straub Institute of Pharmacology and
Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra Huebner
- German Institute of Nutrition,
Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
| | - Andreas Breit
- Walther-Straub Institute of Pharmacology and
Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Susan Marschall
- Institute of Experimental Genetics,
Helmholtz-Zentrum, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Boehm
- Institute for Neural Signal Transduction,
Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther-Straub Institute of Pharmacology and
Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Ingrid Boekhoff
- Walther-Straub Institute of Pharmacology and
Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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27
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Marshall P, Toteu-Djomte V, Bareille P, Perry H, Brown G, Baumert M, Biggadike K. Correlation of Skin Blanching and Percutaneous Absorption for Glucocorticoid Receptor Agonists by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Liquid Extraction Surface Analysis with Nanoelectrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2010; 82:7787-94. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1017524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Marshall
- BioMolecular Analysis, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Medicine, Respiratory CEDD, Histology, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Respiratory CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, U.K., Discovery Biometrics, GlaxoSmithKline, Greenford Road, Greenford, U.K., and Advion Biosciences Ltd., Queens Road, Hethersett, Norwich, U.K
| | - Valerie Toteu-Djomte
- BioMolecular Analysis, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Medicine, Respiratory CEDD, Histology, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Respiratory CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, U.K., Discovery Biometrics, GlaxoSmithKline, Greenford Road, Greenford, U.K., and Advion Biosciences Ltd., Queens Road, Hethersett, Norwich, U.K
| | - Philippe Bareille
- BioMolecular Analysis, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Medicine, Respiratory CEDD, Histology, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Respiratory CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, U.K., Discovery Biometrics, GlaxoSmithKline, Greenford Road, Greenford, U.K., and Advion Biosciences Ltd., Queens Road, Hethersett, Norwich, U.K
| | - Hayley Perry
- BioMolecular Analysis, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Medicine, Respiratory CEDD, Histology, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Respiratory CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, U.K., Discovery Biometrics, GlaxoSmithKline, Greenford Road, Greenford, U.K., and Advion Biosciences Ltd., Queens Road, Hethersett, Norwich, U.K
| | - Gillian Brown
- BioMolecular Analysis, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Medicine, Respiratory CEDD, Histology, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Respiratory CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, U.K., Discovery Biometrics, GlaxoSmithKline, Greenford Road, Greenford, U.K., and Advion Biosciences Ltd., Queens Road, Hethersett, Norwich, U.K
| | - Mark Baumert
- BioMolecular Analysis, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Medicine, Respiratory CEDD, Histology, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Respiratory CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, U.K., Discovery Biometrics, GlaxoSmithKline, Greenford Road, Greenford, U.K., and Advion Biosciences Ltd., Queens Road, Hethersett, Norwich, U.K
| | - Keith Biggadike
- BioMolecular Analysis, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Medicine, Respiratory CEDD, Histology, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Respiratory CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, U.K., Discovery Biometrics, GlaxoSmithKline, Greenford Road, Greenford, U.K., and Advion Biosciences Ltd., Queens Road, Hethersett, Norwich, U.K
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28
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Smith AA. Hematein chelates of unusual metal ions for tinctorial histochemistry. Biotech Histochem 2010; 85:43-54. [PMID: 19575317 DOI: 10.3109/10520290903048392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematoxylin is oxidized easily to hematein, an excellent stain for metal ions. If it already is bound to a substrate, the metal ion becomes a mordant linking the dye to the substrate. Metal ions added to hematein in solution are chelated by the hematein to form a lake. Most of these chelates stain animal tissues. They usually are bound to the tissue by a combination of hydrogen bonding of the hematein and ionic bonding of the metal ion. When binding of the lake to the tissue occurs by way of the metal ion, the metal ion is a mordant. Mordant staining often is specific. Chromium hematoxylin binds to strong acids; it can be made selective for protein-bound sulfonic acids. Zirconyl hematoxylin is selective for acidic mucins. Mucihematein can be made selective for all acidic mucins or for sulfomucins alone. Bismuth hematoxylin appears to be selective for the guanido group of arginine and there is some evidence that the bonding is covalent. Although it is not a histochemical stain, copper-chrome hematoxylin is an excellent stain for organelles with double membranes, i.e., mitochondria and nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Smith
- School of Podiatric Medicine, Barry University, Miami Shores, FL 33161-6695, USA.
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29
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Dapson R, Horobin RW, Kiernan J. Hematoxylin shortages: their causes and duration, and other dyes that can replace hemalum in routine hematoxylin and eosin staining. Biotech Histochem 2010; 85:55-63. [DOI: 10.3109/10520290903048400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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30
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Abstract
INTRODUCTIONFor the study of microscopic anatomy and of pathological material, it is usual to stain sections of tissue in such a way as to impart a dark color to the nuclei of cells and a lighter, contrasting color to the cytoplasm and extracellular structures. Nuclear stains, including cationic, anionic, and metal complexing dyes, are considered in this article. The rationales of the techniques are discussed, but methods of higher chemical specificity (e.g., for nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and functional groups of proteins) are not covered.
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31
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Abstract
The older metal-hematoxylin stains stain a broad spectrum of tissue components. Several recently introduced metal-hematoxylin stains are highly selective. This selectivity is usually bought at the price of severe limitations on the choice of fixative. A very dilute (2 x 10(-4)M) aluminum hematoxylin is selective for nucleic acids in tissues fixed in organic solvents alone. Vanadate hematoxylin is selective for basic proteins in tissues fixed in formaldehyde or mercuric salts. Bismuth hematoxylin is selective for arginine residues and thus for histones and myelin basic protein in tissues fixed in strong acids (Bouin's fluid or SUSA fluid). Zirconyl hematoxylin is selective for acidic mucins. Zirconyl hematoxylin does not restrict the choice of fixative.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Smith
- School of Graduate Medical Sciences, Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, Barry University, Miami Shores, FL 33161, USA
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32
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Abstract
Bismuth ions complex with hematoxylin oxidized by sodium iodate to form a dark blue dye that stains structures with high arginine content. In citrate buffer at pH 5.2, staining is confined to cell nuclei and myelin sheaths. Extraction of nucleic acids has little effect on the stain. Blockade of the guanidino groups of arginine completely abolishes staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Roach
- School of Podiatric Medicine, Barry University, Miami Shores, Florida 33161, USA
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33
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Abstract
Ammonium vanadate can act as both an oxidant and a mordant for hematoxylin. Lithium carbonate can remove vanadate hematoxylin from other structures so that only the most basic proteins are stained. Brief diazotization of the tissue sections restricts staining to the histone proteins of the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Smith
- School of Podiatric Medicine, Barry University, Miami Shores, Florida 33161, USA
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34
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Abstract
The staining properties of chromoxane cyanine R (Colour Index No. 43820, Mordant blue 3; also known as eriochrome cyanine R and solochrome cyanine R) have been studied. Used alone, the dye imparted its red colour to nuclei, cytoplasm and collagen. The dye was extracted by mild alkali but not by acids. Stainability required ionized amino groups in the tissue, and there was also evidence for non-ionic binding of the dye. The colours obtained by staining with mixtures of chromoxane cyanine R and ferric chloride varied with the molar iron:dye ratio and with the pH. Useful staining was seen only between pH 1 and 2. The tissues were coloured either all blue (when Fe:dye was high), or both red and blue (when Fe:dye was low). Lower pH favoured the deposition of red, higher pH the deposition of blue colour. The red was mainly in cytoplasm, blue in nuclei and myelin. Collagen fibres were red or purple, depending on pH and iron:dye ratio. Red colours were differentiated by acid and changed to blue, but not extracted, by mild alkali. The red substance in the stained sections was clearly not the free dye, so it was probably an iron-dye complex. From the effects of various differentiating agents, it was deduced that the red and blue dye-metal complex molecules were bound to the tissue by the dye moiety, not by interposition of iron atoms. Staining by the complexes of iron(III) with chromoxane cyanine R did not involve nucleic acids or other polyanions or the amino groups of proteins. There was evidence for only non-ionic binding of both red and blue complexes. It is suggested that the red colour in sections stained by solutions with low iron:dye ratio is due to a simple carboxylate complex, [ Fe2H (dye)]-. The blue colour would then result from withdrawal of a proton from the red complex to give [Fe2(dye)]2-. The bases that remove the protons may be arginine-rich nucleoproteins of nuclei and phospholipid bases of myelin. Techniques are described for informative simultaneous staining in two colours, and for the selective staining of either nuclei or myelin.
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35
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Horobin RW, Flemming L. Structure-staining relationships in histochemistry and biological staining. II. Mechanistic and practical aspects of the staining of elastic fibres. J Microsc 1980; 119:357-72. [PMID: 6157820 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.1980.tb04107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Correlations between the structural features of dyes and staining performance for elastic fibres were investigated. Dyes studied included the traditional stains (such as Gomori's Aldehyde-Fuchsin and Weigert's Resorcin-Fuchsin), acid dyes used from alkaline aqueous-organic solvent mixtures (the Horobin-James system), and basic dyes used from acidic aqueous-ethanolic mixtures (the Taenzer-Unna system). In all three classes effective elastic fibre stains had large conjugated bond numbers, and were often hydrophobic (i.e. had high Hansch pi values). By choosing dyes with conjugated bond numbers at or over a critical value (25 for the TU system, 35 for the HJ) it is possible to select new and effective dyes for use in the HJ and TU staining systems. Mechanistically these results support the view that for typical commercial dyes and also for the traditional stains van der Waals attractions provide the important contributions to dye-elastic fibre affinities, with hydrophobic bonding playing a subsidiary role. However, supporting the views of Lillie, it was also noted that even hydrophilic dyes of low conjugated bond number could stain elastic fibres, if the dye carried a sufficiently reactive primary amino group as a substituent. The additional substituent groupings needed to generate such reactivity have been specified, for both acidic and alkaline reaction conditions.
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