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Jobson S, Hamel JF, Mercier A. Shake it off: exploring drivers and outcomes of autotomy in marine invertebrates. Biol Lett 2024; 20:20240015. [PMID: 38807548 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2024.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Autotomy refers to self-amputation where the loss of a limb or organ is generally said to be (1) in response to stressful external stimuli; (2) voluntary and nervously mediated; (3) supported by adaptive features that increase efficiency and simultaneously mediate the cost; and (4) morphologically delineated by a predictable breakage plane. It is estimated that this phenomenon has evolved independently nine different times across the animal kingdom, appearing in many different taxa, including vertebrate and invertebrate as well as aquatic and terrestrial animals. Marine invertebrates use this behaviour in a diversity of manners that have yet to be globally reviewed and critically examined. Here, published data from marine invertebrate taxa were used to explore instances of injury as an evolutionary driver of autotomy. Findings suggest that phyla (e.g. Echinodermata and Arthropoda) possibly experiencing high rates of injury (tissue damage or loss) are more likely to be able to perform autotomy. Additionally, this review looks at various morphological, physiological and environmental conditions that have either driven the evolution or maintained the behaviour of autotomy in marine invertebrates. Finally, the use of autotomic abilities in the development of more sustainable and less ecologically invasive fisheries is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Jobson
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University , St John's (Newfoundland and Labrador), Canada
| | - Jean-François Hamel
- Society for the Exploration and Valuing of the Environment , St Philips (Newfoundland and Labrador), Canada
| | - Annie Mercier
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University , St John's (Newfoundland and Labrador), Canada
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2
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Vollin MF, Higham TE. The tailless gecko gets the worm: prey type alters the effects of caudal autotomy on prey capture and subjugation kinematics. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1173065. [PMID: 37693281 PMCID: PMC10484749 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1173065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Prey capture and subjugation are complex behaviors affected by many factors including physiological and behavioral traits of both the predator and the prey. The western banded gecko (Coleonyx variegatus) is a small generalist predator that consumes both evasive prey items, such as spiders, wasps, and orthopterans, and non-evasive prey items, including larvae, pupae, and isopterans. When consuming certain prey (e.g., scorpions), banded geckos will capture and then rapidly oscillate, or shake, their head and anterior part of their body. Banded geckos also have large, active tails that can account for over 20% of their body weight and can be voluntarily severed through the process of caudal autotomy. However, how autotomy influences prey capture behavior in geckos is poorly understood. Using high-speed 3D videography, we studied the effects of both prey type (mealworms and crickets) and tail autotomy on prey capture and subjugation performance in banded geckos. Performance metrics included maximum velocity and distance of prey capture, as well as velocity and frequency of post-capture shaking. Maximum velocity and distance of prey capture were lower for mealworms than crickets regardless of tail state. However, after autotomy, maximum velocity increased for strikes on mealworms but significantly decreased for crickets. After capture, geckos always shook mealworms, but never crickets. The frequency of shaking mealworms decreased after autotomy and additional qualitative differences were observed. Our results highlight the complex and interactive effects of prey type and caudal autotomy on prey capture biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina F. Vollin
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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3
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Rennolds CW, Bely AE. Integrative biology of injury in animals. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:34-62. [PMID: 36176189 PMCID: PMC10087827 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical injury is a prevalent challenge in the lives of animals with myriad potential consequences for organisms, including reduced fitness and death. Research on animal injury has focused on many aspects, including the frequency and severity of wounding in wild populations, the short- and long-term consequences of injury at different biological scales, and the variation in the response to injury within or among individuals, species, ontogenies, and environmental contexts. However, relevant research is scattered across diverse biological subdisciplines, and the study of the effects of injury has lacked synthesis and coherence. Furthermore, the depth of knowledge across injury biology is highly uneven in terms of scope and taxonomic coverage: much injury research is biomedical in focus, using mammalian model systems and investigating cellular and molecular processes, while research at organismal and higher scales, research that is explicitly comparative, and research on invertebrate and non-mammalian vertebrate species is less common and often less well integrated into the core body of knowledge about injury. The current state of injury research presents an opportunity to unify conceptually work focusing on a range of relevant questions, to synthesize progress to date, and to identify fruitful avenues for future research. The central aim of this review is to synthesize research concerning the broad range of effects of mechanical injury in animals. We organize reviewed work by four broad and loosely defined levels of biological organization: molecular and cellular effects, physiological and organismal effects, behavioural effects, and ecological and evolutionary effects of injury. Throughout, we highlight the diversity of injury consequences within and among taxonomic groups while emphasizing the gaps in taxonomic coverage, causal understanding, and biological endpoints considered. We additionally discuss the importance of integrating knowledge within and across biological levels, including how initial, localized responses to injury can lead to long-term consequences at the scale of the individual animal and beyond. We also suggest important avenues for future injury biology research, including distinguishing better between related yet distinct injury phenomena, expanding the subjects of injury research to include a greater variety of species, and testing how intrinsic and extrinsic conditions affect the scope and sensitivity of injury responses. It is our hope that this review will not only strengthen understanding of animal injury but will contribute to building a foundation for a more cohesive field of 'injury biology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey W Rennolds
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Alexandra E Bely
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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4
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Pizarro JE, Laspiur A, Acosta JC, Blanco GM, Boretto JM. High reproductive effort in a vulnerable lizard from high altitudes in Argentina: Reproductive biology and sexual dimorphism in Phymaturus extrilidus. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20210179. [PMID: 36515324 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220210179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive biology is fundamental to understanding the ecology and evolution of lizards which, in turn, is essential for the definition of the species´ conservation status. We studied life-history traits related to the reproduction of the Phymaturus extrilidus lizard, including the male and female reproductive cycles, litter size, mean annual reproductive output, reproductive effort, sexual maturity size and sexual dimorphism, body condition, and fat body cycles. We found sexual dimorphism in size and shape, supporting the hypotheses of sexual and fecundity selection. Females exhibited biennial reproductive cycles synchronous with the annual prenuptial male cycle, adjusted for the maturation of the vitellogenic follicles of females. Females of P. extrilidus have the highest mean annual reproductive output (MARO=1.14) recorded in Phymaturus, and this is accompanied by the highest reproductive effort (C=0.28, C energetic =0.31). Births occur from late summer to early autumn. The female reproductive cycle, strictly biennial, like all species of the P. palluma group, and the vitellogenesis in particular, appear to be limited by body condition and the amount of fat body stored. This study presents the fundamental reproductive traits of P. extrilidus that can provide valuable information to be used in the evaluation of the conservation status of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús E Pizarro
- Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Biología, Físicas y Naturales, Av. Ignacio de la Roza 590 (Oeste), Rivadavia, J5402DCS San Juan, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Laspiur
- Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Escuela Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud, Rawson y Arenales, Albardón, J5402DCS San Juan, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Laboratorio de Eco-fisiología e Historia de Vida de Reptiles, INIBIOMA, CONICET, Quintral 1250, 8400 Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Juan C Acosta
- Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Biología, Físicas y Naturales, Av. Ignacio de la Roza 590 (Oeste), Rivadavia, J5402DCS San Juan, Argentina
| | - Graciela M Blanco
- Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Biología, Físicas y Naturales, Av. Ignacio de la Roza 590 (Oeste), Rivadavia, J5402DCS San Juan, Argentina
| | - Jorgelina M Boretto
- Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Laboratorio de Eco-fisiología e Historia de Vida de Reptiles, INIBIOMA, CONICET, Quintral 1250, 8400 Bariloche, Argentina
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5
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Physiological Effects of Tail Regeneration following Autotomy in Italian Wall Lizards, Podarcis siculus. J HERPETOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1670/21-021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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6
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Ananjeva NB, Gordeev DA, Tao NT, Orlov NL. Analysis of Urotomy and Regeneration in Agamid Lizards of the Genus Mantheyus (Reptilia: Sauria: Agamidae: Draconinae) Using X-ray Methods and a Computed Microtomography. BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359022040033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Ontogeny and caudal autotomy fracture planes in a large scincid lizard, Egernia kingii. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7051. [PMID: 35488011 PMCID: PMC9054770 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10962-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Many lizard species use caudal autotomy, the ability to self-amputate a portion of the tail, as an effective but costly survival strategy. However, as a lizard grows, its increased size may reduce predation risk allowing for less costly strategies (e.g., biting and clawing) to be used as the primary defence. The King's skink (Egernia kingii) is a large scincid up to approximately 244 mm snout to vent length (SVL) in size when adult. Adults rely less on caudal autotomy than do juveniles due to their size and strength increase during maturation. It has been hypothesised that lower behavioural reliance on autotomy in adults is reflected in loss or restriction of caudal vertebrae fracture planes through ossification as caudal intra-vertebral fracture planes in some species ossify during ontogenetic growth. To test this, we used micro-CT to image the tails of a growth series of seven individuals of E. kingii. We show that fracture planes are not lost or restricted ontogenetically within E. kingii, with adults retaining between 39-44 autotomisable vertebrae following 5-6 non-autotomisable vertebrae. Even though mature E. kingii rely less on caudal autotomy than do juveniles, this research shows that they retain the maximum ability to autotomise their tails, providing a last resort option to avoid threats. The potential costs associated with retaining caudal autotomy are most likely mitigated through neurological control of autotomy and E. kingii's longevity.
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Fernández‐Rodríguez I, Braña F. Short‐term and long‐term consequences of regeneration on the reproductive investment of a multivoltine lizard. J Zool (1987) 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Fernández‐Rodríguez
- Department of Organisms and Systems Biology (Zoology) University of Oviedo Oviedo Spain
- Biodiversity Research Institute (IMIB, CSIC/UO/PA) University of Oviedo Mieres Spain
| | - F. Braña
- Department of Organisms and Systems Biology (Zoology) University of Oviedo Oviedo Spain
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10
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Fernández-Rodríguez I, Braña F. Allocation costs of regeneration: tail regeneration constrains body growth under low food availability in juvenile lizards. Oecologia 2021; 198:853-864. [PMID: 34907460 PMCID: PMC9056467 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-05084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The balance of energy allocated to development and growth of different body compartments may incur allocation conflicts and can thereby entail physiological and evolutionary consequences. Regeneration after autotomy restores the functionality lost after shedding a body part but requires a strong energy investment that may trade-off with other processes, like reproduction or growth. Caudal autotomy is a widespread antipredator strategy in lizards, but regeneration may provoke decreased growth rates in juveniles that could have subsequent consequences. Here, we assessed the growth of intact and regenerating hatchling wall lizards (Podarcis muralis) exposed to different food regimens. Regenerating juveniles presented slightly but significantly lower body growth rates than individuals with intact tails when facing low food availability, but there were no differences when food was supplied ad libitum. Regenerating individuals fed ad libitum increased their ingestion rates compared to intact ones during the period of greatest tail growth, which also reveals a cost of tail regeneration. When resources were scarce, hatchlings invested more in tail regeneration in relation to body growth, rather than delay regeneration to give priority to body growth. We propose that, in juvenile lizards, regeneration could be prioritized even at the expense of body growth to restore the functionality of the lost tail, likely increasing survivorship and the probability to reach reproductive maturity. Our study indicates that food availability is a key factor for the occurrence of trade-offs between regeneration and other growth processes, so that environmental conditions would be determinant for the severity of the costs of regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Fernández-Rodríguez
- Department of Organisms and Systems Biology (Zoology), University of Oviedo, 33071, Oviedo, Spain. .,Biodiversity Research Institute (IMIB, UO/CSIC/PA), University of Oviedo, Mieres, Spain.
| | - Florentino Braña
- Department of Organisms and Systems Biology (Zoology), University of Oviedo, 33071, Oviedo, Spain.,Biodiversity Research Institute (IMIB, UO/CSIC/PA), University of Oviedo, Mieres, Spain
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11
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Barr JI, Boisvert CA, Bateman PW. At What Cost? Trade-Offs and Influences on Energetic Investment in Tail Regeneration in Lizards Following Autotomy. J Dev Biol 2021; 9:53. [PMID: 34940500 PMCID: PMC8709428 DOI: 10.3390/jdb9040053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Caudal autotomy, the ability to shed a portion of the tail, is a widespread defence strategy among lizards. Following caudal autotomy, and during regeneration, lizards face both short- and long-term costs associated with the physical loss of the tail and the energy required for regeneration. As such, the speed at which the individual regenerates its tail (regeneration rate) should reflect the fitness priorities of the individual. However, multiple factors influence the regeneration rate in lizards, making inter-specific comparisons difficult and hindering broader scale investigations. We review regeneration rates for lizards and tuatara from the published literature, discuss how species' fitness priorities and regeneration rates are influenced by specific, life history and environmental factors, and provide recommendations for future research. Regeneration rates varied extensively (0-4.3 mm/day) across the 56 species from 14 family groups. Species-specific factors, influencing regeneration rates, varied based on the type of fracture plane, age, sex, reproductive season, and longevity. Environmental factors including temperature, photoperiod, nutrition, and stress also affected regeneration rates, as did the method of autotomy induction, and the position of the tail also influenced regeneration rates for lizards. Additionally, regeneration could alter an individual's behaviour, growth, and reproductive output, but this varied depending on the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I. Barr
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Catherine A. Boisvert
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Philip W. Bateman
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
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12
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Fernández-Rodríguez I, Braña F. Behavioral patterns in the early-stage antipredator response change after tail autotomy in adult wall lizards. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2021; 337:250-257. [PMID: 34783183 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Autotomy is a drastic antipredator defense consisting of the voluntary shedding of a body part to escape from the predators. The loss of a body part may impair locomotion, feeding or mating, so animals may face a higher predation risk shortly after autotomy. Thus, until regeneration is completed, prey may adjust their behavior to reduce predation risk, and this could involve secondary costs. We assessed the effect of tail loss on the antipredator behavior of wall lizards (Podarcis muralis), comparing the behavior of tailed and tailless individuals exposed to a predatory snake (Coronella austriaca) scent, under controlled experimental conditions. Tailless lizards spent significantly more time performing behaviors with antipredatory significance (e.g., moving slowly), whereas tailed individuals performed exploratory walking for significantly more time. Moreover, tailless lizards spent more time basking, which probably increases the effectiveness of their cryptic design and decreases detection by predators. Lizards intensified the tongue flick rates when exposed to a pungent control or snake scents, as compared to their response to a neutral control. Besides, both tailed and tailless lizards intensified some aspects of their antipredator behavior (walking slowly and avoiding refuge use) when exposed to snake scent, which indicates discrimination of the smell of predatory snakes. Lizards decreased refuge use when exposed to predator scents, probably because the refuges are evaluated as unsafe due to a high concentration of snake scents. To conclude, our experiments showed that, after losing their tails, wall lizards modify their behavior in a way that likely minimizes predation risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Fernández-Rodríguez
- Department of Organisms and Systems Biology (Zoology), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Research Unit of Biodiversity (UMIB, UO/CSIC/PA), University of Oviedo, Mieres, Spain
| | - Florentino Braña
- Department of Organisms and Systems Biology (Zoology), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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13
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Schwaner MJ, Hsieh ST, Braasch I, Bradley S, Campos CB, Collins CE, Donatelli CM, Fish FE, Fitch OE, Flammang BE, Jackson BE, Jusufi A, Mekdara PJ, Patel A, Swalla BJ, Vickaryous M, McGowan CP. Future Tail Tales: A Forward-Looking, Integrative Perspective on Tail Research. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:521-537. [PMID: 33999184 PMCID: PMC8680820 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Synopsis Tails are a defining characteristic of chordates and show enormous diversity in function and shape. Although chordate tails share a common evolutionary and genetic-developmental origin, tails are extremely versatile in morphology and function. For example, tails can be short or long, thin or thick, and feathered or spiked, and they can be used for propulsion, communication, or balancing, and they mediate in predator-prey outcomes. Depending on the species of animal the tail is attached to, it can have extraordinarily multi-functional purposes. Despite its morphological diversity and broad functional roles, tails have not received similar scientific attention as, for example, the paired appendages such as legs or fins. This forward-looking review article is a first step toward interdisciplinary scientific synthesis in tail research. We discuss the importance of tail research in relation to five topics: (1) evolution and development, (2) regeneration, (3) functional morphology, (4) sensorimotor control, and (5) computational and physical models. Within each of these areas, we highlight areas of research and combinations of long-standing and new experimental approaches to move the field of tail research forward. To best advance a holistic understanding of tail evolution and function, it is imperative to embrace an interdisciplinary approach, re-integrating traditionally siloed fields around discussions on tail-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Schwaner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - S T Hsieh
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - I Braasch
- Department of Integrative Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior (EEB), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - S Bradley
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - C B Campos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sacramento State University, Sacramento, CA 95819, USA
| | - C E Collins
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sacramento State University, Sacramento, CA 95819, USA
| | - C M Donatelli
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - F E Fish
- Department of Biology, West Chester University, West Chester, PA 19383, USA
| | - O E Fitch
- Department of Integrative Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior (EEB), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - B E Flammang
- Department of Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - B E Jackson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Longwood University, Farmville, VA 23909, USA
| | - A Jusufi
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - P J Mekdara
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - A Patel
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - B J Swalla
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - M Vickaryous
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - C P McGowan
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Reproductive Stage and Clutch Size Incur Energetic and Oxidative Costs in an Endangered Iguana, Ctenosaura oedirhina. J HERPETOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1670/20-099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Beatty AE, Mote DM, Schwartz TS. Tails of reproduction: Regeneration leads to increased reproductive investment. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2021; 335:522-528. [PMID: 33970527 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Trade-offs between life-history traits are due to limited resources or constraints in the regulation of genetic and physiological networks. Tail autotomy, with subsequent regeneration, is a common anti-predation mechanism in lizards and is predicted to trade-off with life-history traits, such as reproduction. We utilize the brown anole lizard with its unusual reproductive pattern of single-egg clutches every 7-10 days to test for a trade-off in reproductive investment over 8 weeks of tail regeneration on a limited diet. In contrast to predictions, we found that investing in tissue regeneration had a positive effect on reproduction in terms of egg size (11.7% relative to controls) and hatchling size (11.5% relative to controls), and no effect on egg number or survival, with the increase in reproduction starting at peak regeneration. We discuss mechanistic hypotheses that the process of regeneration may cause increased energetic efficiency or utilized shared physiological pathways with reproductive investment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby E Beatty
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - David M Mote
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Tonia S Schwartz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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16
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Bradley SS, Howe E, Bent LR, Vickaryous MK. Cutaneous tactile sensitivity before and after tail loss and regeneration in the leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius). J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb.234054. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.234054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Amongst tetrapods, mechanoreceptors on the feet establish a sense of body placement and help to facilitate posture and biomechanics. Mechanoreceptors are necessary for stabilizing the body while navigating through changing terrains or responding to a sudden change in body mass and orientation. Lizards such as the leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius) employ autotomy – a voluntary detachment of a portion of the tail – to escape predation. Tail autotomy represents a natural form of significant (and localized) mass loss. Semmes–Weinstein monofilaments were used to investigate the effect of tail autotomy (and subsequent tail regeneration) on tactile sensitivity of each appendage of the leopard gecko. Prior to autotomy, we identified site-specific differences in tactile sensitivity across the ventral surfaces of the hindlimbs, forelimbs and tail. Repeated monofilament testing of both control (tail-intact) and tail-loss geckos had a significant sensitization effect (i.e. decrease in tactile threshold, maintained over time) in all regions of interest except the palmar surfaces of the forelimbs in post-autotomy geckos, compared with baseline testing. Although the regenerated tail is not an exact replica of the original, tactile sensitivity is shown to be effectively restored at this site. Re-establishment of tactile sensitivity on the ventral surface of the regenerate tail points towards a (continued) role in predator detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie S. Bradley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Erika Howe
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Leah R. Bent
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Matthew K. Vickaryous
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G2W1, Canada
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17
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García-Hernández S, Machado G. Fitness Implications of Nonlethal Injuries in Scorpions: Females, but Not Males, Pay Reproductive Costs. Am Nat 2021; 197:379-389. [PMID: 33625967 DOI: 10.1086/712759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe ability to detach a body part in response to a predation attempt is known as autotomy, and it is perhaps the most intensively studied form of nonlethal injury in animals. Although autotomy enhances survival, it may impose reproductive costs on both males and females. We experimentally investigated how autotomy affects the reproductive success of males and females of a scorpion species. Individuals of Ananteris balzani autotomize the last abdominal segments (the tail), losing the anus and leading to lifelong constipation, since regeneration does not occur. Although the male tail is used during courtship and sperm transfer, autotomy has no effect on male mating success. The combined effect of increased mortality and reduced fecundity resulted in autotomized females producing nearly 35% fewer offspring than intact females. In conclusion, the negative effects of tail autotomy are clearly sex dependent, probably because the factors that influence reproductive success in males and females are markedly different.
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Gorzelak P, Salamon MA, Brom K, Oji T, Oguri K, Kołbuk D, Dec M, Brachaniec T, Saucède T. Experimental neoichnology of post-autotomy arm movements of sea lilies and possible evidence of thrashing behaviour in Triassic holocrinids. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15147. [PMID: 32934271 PMCID: PMC7492279 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72116-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinoderms exhibit remarkable powers of autotomy. For instance, crinoids can shed arm and stalk portions when attacked by predators. In some species, it has been reported that the autotomized arms display vigorous movements, which are thought to divert the attention of predators. This phenomenon, however, has not been well explored. Here we present results of experiments using the shallowest water species of living stalked crinoid (Metacrinus rotundus) collected at 140 m depth. A wide range of movements of detached arms, from sluggish writhing to violent flicks, was observed. Interestingly, autotomized arms produce distinct traces on the sediment surface. They are composed of straight or arched grooves usually arranged in radiating groups and shallow furrows. Similar traces were found associated with detached arms of the oldest (Early Triassic) stem-group isocrinid (Holocrinus). This finding may suggest that the origins of autotomy-related thrashing behaviour in crinoids could be traced back to at least the Early Triassic, underscoring the magnitude of anti-predatory traits that occurred during the Mesozoic Marine Revolution. A new ethological category, autotomichnia, is proposed for the traces produced by thrashing movements of shed appendages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariusz A Salamon
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Brom
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Tatsuo Oji
- University Museum, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Oguri
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, 237-0061, Japan
| | - Dorota Kołbuk
- Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Dec
- Polish Geological Institute - National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Brachaniec
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Thomas Saucède
- Biogéosciences UMR CNRS 6282, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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19
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Kaczmarski M, Ziemblińska K, Tryjanowski P. Sand lizards Lacerta agilis with higher digit ratios are more likely to autotomy. J Anat 2020; 237:1103-1113. [PMID: 32659045 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Digit ratio is a morphological feature regarded as a biomarker of the balance of sex hormones during early development. The exposure of embryos to a set of sex hormones and the mutual relations between those hormones cause the emergence of individual morphological and/or behavioural characteristics as well as differences between sexes. We have thus hypothesised that differences in one of these morphological traits-digit ratio-may be a proxy representing a tendency towards tail autotomy. The aim of this study is to investigate the digit ratio (2D:3D, 2D:4D, 3D:4D) of the sand lizard, Lacerta agilis, Lacertidae, a species characterised by well-developed sexual dimorphism, whereby females are larger than males. We also tested associations between patterns in digit ratio and caudal autotomy, a common defensive mechanism among lizards. To our knowledge, the relationship between a tendency towards autotomy and digit ratio pattern has never been researched. To date, studies on autotomy have mainly focused on the consequences, costs or evolutionary background of tail loss. Hence, researchers examined mostly the frequency of autotomy in the context of predatory pressure or habitat conditions, omitting an individual's behavioural tendency to shed its tail. However, behavioural traits can affect an individual's exposure to predator attack and consequently the need to use an anti-predator strategy. Thus, following this logic, dropping the tail may be the result of the lizard's intraspecific personality characteristics, resulting from the effect of hormones on behaviour or innate traits. Therefore, we suggest that the inclusion of autotomy as a factor explaining observed digit ratio patterns and their variability between taxa has great potential. We used computerised measurements of photographed limbs to determine the length of digits. We found that the digit ratios for all four limbs were significantly lower in females than in males, excluding the 3D:4D ratio for the right hindlimbs. Therefore, the results confirmed the pattern already observed for most lizards. The novel element in our study is the detection of the relationship between a tendency towards caudal autotomy and digit ratio. Individuals with a tendency towards autotomy have a higher 2D:4D ratio in the right forelimbs and a lower 2D:3D ratio in the right hindlimbs. Obtained results suggest that these morphological characteristics are most likely related to intraspecific differences (between bold and shy individuals) which consequently may determine an individual's reaction or susceptibility to be a prey and escape behaviour. Thus, our results are probably the first attempt to link digit ratio to the susceptibility of lizards to tail autotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikołaj Kaczmarski
- Institute of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Klaudia Ziemblińska
- Department of Meteorology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Tryjanowski
- Institute of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland.,Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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20
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Barr JI, Somaweera R, Godfrey SS, Gardner MG, Bateman PW. When one tail isn't enough: abnormal caudal regeneration in lepidosaurs and its potential ecological impacts. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1479-1496. [PMID: 32583608 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal caudal regeneration, the production of additional tails through regeneration events, occurs in lepidosaurs as a result of incomplete autotomy or sufficient caudal wound. Despite being widely known to occur, documented events generally are limited to opportunistic single observations - hindering the understanding of the ecological importance of caudal regeneration. Here we compiled and reviewed a robust global database of both peer-reviewed and non-peer reviewed records of abnormal regeneration events in lepidosaurs published over the last 400 years. Using this database, we qualitatively and quantitatively assessed the occurrence and characteristics of abnormal tail regeneration among individuals, among species, and among populations. We identified 425 observations from 366 records pertaining to 175 species of lepidosaurs across 22 families from 63 different countries. At an individual level, regenerations ranged from bifurcations to hexafurcations; from normal regeneration from the original tail to multiple regenerations arising from a single point; and from growth from the distal third to the proximal third of the tail. Species showing abnormal regenerations included those with intra-vertebral, inter-vertebral or no autotomy planes, indicating that abnormal regenerations evidently occur across lepidosaurs regardless of whether the species demonstrates caudal autotomy or not. Within populations, abnormal regenerations were estimated at a mean ± SD of 2.75 ± 3.41% (range 0.1-16.7%). There is a significant lack of experimental studies to understand the potential ecological impacts of regeneration on the fitness and life history of individuals and populations. We hypothesised that abnormal regeneration may affect lepidosaurs via influencing kinematics of locomotion, restrictions in escape mechanisms, anti-predation tactics, and intra- and inter-specific signalling. Behaviourally testing these hypotheses would be an important future research direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I Barr
- Behavioural Ecology Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.,CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, 147 Underwood Avenue, Floreat, WA, 6014, Australia
| | - Ruchira Somaweera
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, 147 Underwood Avenue, Floreat, WA, 6014, Australia
| | - Stephanie S Godfrey
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, 340 Great King Street, North Dunedin, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Michael G Gardner
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia.,The Evolutionary Biology Unit, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Philip W Bateman
- Behavioural Ecology Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
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21
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Meter B, Starostová Z, Kubička L, Kratochvíl L. The limits of the energetical perspective: life-history decisions in lizard growth. Evol Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-020-10054-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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FernÁndez-RodrÍguez I, BraÑa F. The movement dynamics of autotomized lizards and their tails reveal functional costs of caudal autotomy. Integr Zool 2020; 15:511-521. [PMID: 32297699 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Autotomy has evolved independently several times in different animal lineages. It frequently involves immediate functional costs, so regeneration evolved in many instances to restore the functionality of that body part. Caudal autotomy is a widespread antipredator strategy in lizards, although it may affect energy storage, locomotion dynamics, or survival in future encounters with predators. Here, we assessed the effect of tail loss on the locomotor performance of wall lizards (Podarcis muralis), as well as the recovery of locomotor functionality of lizards with regenerated tails, and the movement dynamics of shed tails that were either intact or having regenerated portions. Tail loss had no effect on locomotion over unhindered spaces, possibly due to compensation between a negative effect on the stride of front limbs, and a positive effect of losing mass and friction force. We found a clear negative impact of tail loss on locomotion in spaces with interspersed obstacles, in which tailed lizards jumped larger distances when leaving the obstacles. Besides, lizards that used the tail to push off the ground were able to approach the obstacles from further, so that the tail seemed to be useful when used during jumping. Regeneration fully restores lizard's locomotor capacities, but tail antipredator value, as indicated by the intensity of post-autotomic movements, is only partially retrieved. From these results, we propose that, together with the recovery of post-autotomy antipredator capacities, the restoration of the organismal locomotor performance may have been an important, yet frequently neglected factor in the evolution of lizard's regeneration ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene FernÁndez-RodrÍguez
- Department of Organisms and Systems Biology (Zoology), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Research Unit of Biodiversity (UMIB, UO/CSIC/PA), University of Oviedo, Mieres, Spain
| | - Florentino BraÑa
- Department of Organisms and Systems Biology (Zoology), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Research Unit of Biodiversity (UMIB, UO/CSIC/PA), University of Oviedo, Mieres, Spain
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23
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Barr JI, Boisvert CA, Somaweera R, Trinajstic K, Bateman PW. Re-regeneration to reduce negative effects associated with tail loss in lizards. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18717. [PMID: 31822746 PMCID: PMC6904483 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55231-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many species of lizard use caudal autotomy, the ability to self-amputate a portion of their tail, regenerated over time, as an effective anti-predation mechanism. The importance of this tactic for survival depends on the degree of predation risk. There are, however, negative trade-offs to losing a tail, such as loss of further autotomy opportunities with the regenerated tail vertebrae being replaced by a continuous cartilaginous rod. The common consensus has been that once a tail has been autotomised and regenerated it can only be autotomised proximal to the last vertebral autotomy point, as the cartilage rod lacks autotomy planes. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that although the regenerated portion of the tail is unable to autotomise, it can re-regenerate following a physical shearing event. We assessed re-regeneration in three populations of the King’s skink (Egernia kingii), a large lizard endemic to south-west Western Australia and surrounding islands. We show that re-regeneration is present at an average of 17.2% across the three populations, and re-regenerated tissue can comprise up to 23.3% of an individual’s total tail length. The ability to re-regenerate may minimise the costs to an individual’s fitness associated with tail loss, efficiently restoring ecological functions of the tail.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I Barr
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia. .,CSIRO Land and Water, 147 Underwood Avenue, Floreat, WA, 6014, Australia.
| | - Catherine A Boisvert
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Ruchira Somaweera
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, 147 Underwood Avenue, Floreat, WA, 6014, Australia
| | - Kate Trinajstic
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Philip W Bateman
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.
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24
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Watson CM, Degon Z, Krogman W, Cox CL. Evolutionary and ecological forces underlying ontogenetic loss of decoy coloration. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Predator-based selection has resulted in the repeated evolution of a variety of antipredator traits. Despite the effectiveness of these traits, some species experience shifts or even complete loss of antipredator traits during development. The evolutionary forces that favour such a transition are poorly understood. We sought to comprehend the role of predator-based selection and organismal factors underlying developmental loss of antipredator traits by focusing on decoy coloration in skink lizards. To this end, we studied the ontogenetic loss of decoy tail coloration in three Nearctic skink species. We performed natural history collection surveys and clay-model studies on predation to determine the organismal determinants of decoy coloration (body size and energy content of the tail) and predation based upon size and decoy coloration. We found that decoy coloration was lost during development at a similar size in all three species. Although predation rates on juvenile models were similar for both uniform brown and decoy models, predation rates on adult models with decoy coloration were much higher than those on non-decoy adult models. Overall, our results suggest that predator-based selection is an important factor driving the ontogenetic loss of decoy coloration at similar sizes across these species and might be generalizable to other antipredator traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M Watson
- Department of Biology, Midwestern State University, Wichita Falls, TX, USA
| | - Zachariah Degon
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - William Krogman
- Department of Biology, Midwestern State University, Wichita Falls, TX, USA
| | - Christian L Cox
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
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25
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Black KL, Fudge D, Jarvis WMC, Robinson BW. Functional plasticity in lamellar autotomy by larval damselflies in response to predatory larval dragonfly cues. Evol Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-019-09979-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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26
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Savvides P, Poliviou V, Stavrou M, Sfenthourakis S, Pafilis P. Insights into how predator diversity, population density and habitat type may affect defensive behaviour in a Mediterranean lizard. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2018.1477836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pantelis Savvides
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Venetia Poliviou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Maria Stavrou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Panayiotis Pafilis
- Section of Zoology and Marine Biology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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27
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Joseph PN, Emberts Z, Sasson DA, Miller CW. Males that drop a sexually selected weapon grow larger testes. Evolution 2017; 72:113-122. [PMID: 29156096 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Costly sexually selected weapons are predicted to trade off with postcopulatory traits, such as testes. Although weapons can be important for achieving access to females, individuals of some species can permanently drop (i.e. autotomize) their weapons, without regeneration, to escape danger. We capitalized on this natural behavior to experimentally address whether the loss of a sexually selected weapon leads to increased testes investment in the leaf-footed cactus bug, Narnia femorata Stål (Hemiptera: Coreidae). In a second experiment, we measured offspring production for males that lost a weapon during development. As predicted, males that dropped a hind limb during development grew significantly larger testes than the control treatments. Hind-limb autotomy did not result in the enlargement of other nearby traits. Our results are the first to experimentally demonstrate that males compensate for natural weapon loss by investing more in testes. In a second experiment we found that females paired with males that lost a hind limb had 40% lower egg hatching success than females paired with intact males, perhaps because of lower mating receptivity to males with a lost limb. Importantly, in those cases where viable offspring were produced, males missing a hind limb produced 42% more offspring than males with intact limbs. These results suggest that the loss of a hind-limb weapon can, in some cases, lead to greater fertilization success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Joseph
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32608.,Current Address: Esophageal and Lung Institute, Allegheny Health Network, 4800 Friendship Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Zachary Emberts
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Daniel A Sasson
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, Florida 32080
| | - Christine W Miller
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32608
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- P. A. Lagos
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University North Ryde Sydney NSW Australia
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29
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Lamb AD, Watkins-Colwell GJ, Moore JA, Warren DL, Iglesias TL, Brandley MC, Dornburg A. Endolymphatic Sac Use and Reproductive Activity in the Lesser Antilles Endemic GeckoGonatodes antillensis(Gekkota: Sphaerodactylidae). BULLETIN OF THE PEABODY MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 2017. [DOI: 10.3374/014.058.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jon A. Moore
- Florida Atlantic University, Wilkes Honors College, Jupiter, FL 33458 USA, and Florida Atlantic University, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, Fort Pierce, FL 34946 USA
| | - Dan L. Warren
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia, and Biocomplexity and Biodiversity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa 904-0495 Japan
| | - Teresa L. Iglesias
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia, and Physics and Biology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa Prefecture 904-0495, Japan
| | | | - Alex Dornburg
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC 27601 USA
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30
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Starostová Z, Gvoždík L, Kratochvíl L. An energetic perspective on tissue regeneration: The costs of tail autotomy in growing geckos. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 206:82-86. [PMID: 28130071 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tail autotomy is a crucial antipredatory lizard response, which greatly increases individual survival, but at the same time also compromises locomotor performance, sacrifices energy stores and induces a higher burden due to the ensuing response of regenerating the lost body part. The potential costs of tail autotomy include shifts in energy allocation and metabolic rates, especially in juveniles, which invest their energy primarily in somatic growth. We compared the metabolic rates and followed the growth of juvenile males with and without regenerating tails in the Madagascar ground gecko (Paroedura picta), a nocturnal ground-dwelling lizard. Geckos with intact tails and those that were regrowing them grew in snout-vent-length at similar rates for 22weeks after autotomy. Tail regeneration had a negligible influence on body mass-corrected metabolic rate measured at regular intervals throughout the regenerative process. We conclude that fast-growing juveniles under the conditions of unrestricted food can largely compensate for costs of tail loss and regeneration in their somatic growth without a significant impact on the total individual body mass-corrected metabolic rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Starostová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2, 12844, Czech Republic.
| | - Lumír Gvoždík
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology AS CR, Květná 8, Brno, 603 65, Czech Republic.
| | - Lukáš Kratochvíl
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2, 12844, Czech Republic.
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31
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Gillis G, Higham TE. Consequences of lost endings: caudal autotomy as a lens for focusing attention on tail function during locomotion. J Exp Biol 2016; 219:2416-22. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.124024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Autotomy has evolved in many animal lineages as a means of predator escape, and involves the voluntary shedding of body parts. In vertebrates, caudal autotomy (or tail shedding) is the most common form, and it is particularly widespread in lizards. Here, we develop a framework for thinking about how tail loss can have fitness consequences, particularly through its impacts on locomotion. Caudal autotomy is fundamentally an alteration of morphology that affects an animal's mass and mass distribution. These morphological changes affect balance and stability, along with the performance of a range of locomotor activities, from running and climbing to jumping and swimming. These locomotor effects can impact on activities critical for survival and reproduction, including escaping predators, capturing prey and acquiring mates. In this Commentary, we first review work illustrating the (mostly) negative effects of tail loss on locomotor performance, and highlight what these consequences reveal about tail function during locomotion. We also identify important areas of future study, including the exploration of new behaviors (e.g. prey capture), increased use of biomechanical measurements and the incorporation of more field-based studies to continue to build our understanding of the tail, an ancestral and nearly ubiquitous feature of the vertebrate body plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Gillis
- Department of Biology, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA 01075, USA
| | - Timothy E. Higham
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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32
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Price ER. The physiology of lipid storage and use in reptiles. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:1406-1426. [PMID: 27348513 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lipid metabolism is central to understanding whole-animal energetics. Reptiles store most excess energy in lipid form, mobilise those lipids when needed to meet energetic demands, and invest lipids in eggs to provide the primary source of energy to developing embryos. Here, I review the mechanisms by which non-avian reptiles store, transport, and use lipids. Many aspects of lipid absorption, transport, and storage appear to be similar to birds, including the hepatic synthesis of lipids from glucose substrates, the transport of triglycerides in lipoproteins, and the storage of lipids in adipose tissue, although adipose tissue in non-avian reptiles is usually concentrated in abdominal fat bodies or the tail. Seasonal changes in fat stores suggest that lipid storage is primarily for reproduction in most species, rather than for maintenance during aphagic periods. The effects of fasting on plasma lipid metabolites can differ from mammals and birds due to the ability of non-avian reptiles to reduce their metabolism drastically during extended fasts. The effect of fasting on levels of plasma ketones is species specific: β-hydroxybutyrate concentration may rise or fall during fasting. I also describe the process by which the bulk of lipids are deposited into oocytes during vitellogenesis. Although this process is sometimes ascribed to vitellogenin-based transport in reptiles, the majority of lipid deposition occurs via triglycerides packaged in very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs), based on physiological, histological, biochemical, comparative, and genomic evidence. I also discuss the evidence for non-avian reptiles using 'yolk-targeted' VLDLs during vitellogenesis. The major physiological states - feeding, fasting, and vitellogenesis - have different effects on plasma lipid metabolites, and I discuss the possibilities and potential problems of using plasma metabolites to diagnose feeding condition in non-avian reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin R Price
- Department of Biological Sciences, Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, U.S.A
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33
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Kats LB, Dill LM. The scent of death: Chemosensory assessment of predation risk by prey animals. ECOSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/11956860.1998.11682468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 670] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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34
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Sousa HC, Costa BM, Morais CJS, Pantoja DL, Queiroz TA, Vieira CR, Colli GR. Blue tales of a blue‐tailed lizard: ecological correlates of tail autotomy in
Micrablepharus atticolus
(Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae) in a Neotropical savannah. J Zool (1987) 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. C. Sousa
- Departamento de Zoologia Universidade de Brasília Brasília DF Brasil
| | - B. M. Costa
- Instituto Federal de Brasília Gama DF Brasil
| | - C. J. S. Morais
- Departamento de Zoologia Universidade de Brasília Brasília DF Brasil
| | - D. L. Pantoja
- Departamento de Zoologia Universidade de Brasília Brasília DF Brasil
| | - T. A. Queiroz
- Departamento de Zoologia Universidade de Brasília Brasília DF Brasil
| | - C. R. Vieira
- Department of Biology Utah State University Logan UT USA
| | - G. R. Colli
- Departamento de Zoologia Universidade de Brasília Brasília DF Brasil
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Zamora‐Camacho FJ, Reguera S, Moreno‐Rueda G. Does tail autotomy affect thermoregulation in an accurately thermoregulating lizard? Lessons from a 2200‐m elevational gradient. J Zool (1987) 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. J. Zamora‐Camacho
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Granada Granada Spain
| | - S. Reguera
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Granada Granada Spain
| | - G. Moreno‐Rueda
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Granada Granada Spain
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Russell AP, Lynn SE, Powell GL, Cottle A. The regenerated tail of juvenile leopard geckos (Gekkota: Eublepharidae: Eublepharis macularius) preferentially stores more fat than the original. ZOOLOGY 2015; 118:183-91. [PMID: 25935709 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The tail of many species of lizard is used as a site of fat storage, and caudal autotomy is a widespread phenomenon among lizards. This means that caudal fat stores are at risk of being lost if the tail is autotomized. For fat-tailed species, such as the leopard gecko, this may be particularly costly. Previous work has shown that tail regeneration in juveniles of this species is rapid and that it receives priority for energy allocation, even when dietary resources are markedly reduced. We found that the regenerated tails of juvenile leopard geckos are more massive than their original counterparts, regardless of dietary intake, and that they exhibit greater amounts of skeleton, inner fat, muscle and subcutaneous fat than original tails (as assessed through cross-sectional area measurements of positionally equivalent stations along the tail). Autotomy and regeneration result in changes in tail shape, mass and the pattern of tissue distribution within the tail. The regenerated tail exhibits enhanced fat storage capacity, even in the face of a diet that results in significant slowing of body growth. Body growth is thus sacrificed at the expense of rapid tail growth. Fat stores laid down rapidly in the regenerating tail may later be used to fuel body growth or reproductive investment. The regenerated tail thus seems to have adaptive roles of its own, and provides a potential vehicle for studying trade-offs that relate to life history strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4.
| | - Sabrina E Lynn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - G Lawrence Powell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Andrew Cottle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
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Samia DSM, Blumstein DT, Stankowich T, Cooper WE. Fifty years of chasing lizards: new insights advance optimal escape theory. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 91:349-66. [PMID: 25620002 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses often examine data from diverse taxa to identify general patterns of effect sizes. Meta-analyses that focus on identifying generalisations in a single taxon are also valuable because species in a taxon are more likely to share similar unique constraints. We conducted a comprehensive phylogenetic meta-analysis of flight initiation distance in lizards. Flight initiation distance (FID) is a common metric used to quantify risk-taking and has previously been shown to reflect adaptive decision-making. The past decade has seen an explosion of studies focused on quantifying FID in lizards, and, because lizards occur in a wide range of habitats, are ecologically diverse, and are typically smaller and differ physiologically from the better studied mammals and birds, they are worthy of detailed examination. We found that variables that reflect the costs or benefits of flight (being engaged in social interactions, having food available) as well as certain predator effects (predator size and approach speed) had large effects on FID in the directions predicted by optimal escape theory. Variables that were associated with morphology (with the exception of crypsis) and physiology had relatively small effects, whereas habitat selection factors typically had moderate to large effect sizes. Lizards, like other taxa, are very sensitive to the costs of flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo S M Samia
- Laboratory of Theoretical Ecology and Synthesis, Federal University of Goiás, CP. 131, 74001-970 Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Daniel T Blumstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 621 Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, U.S.A
| | - Theodore Stankowich
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, 1250 Bellflower Blvd., Long Beach, CA 90840, U.S.A
| | - William E Cooper
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, IN 46835, U.S.A
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Hsieh ST. Tail loss and narrow surfaces decrease locomotor stability in the arboreal green anole lizard (Anolis carolinensis). J Exp Biol 2015; 219:364-73. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.124958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tails play an important role for dynamic stabilization during falling and jumping in lizards. Yet, tail autotomy (the voluntary loss of an appendage) is a common mechanism used for predator evasion among these animals. How tail autotomy impacts locomotor performance and stability remains poorly understood. The goal of this study was to determine how tail loss affects running kinematics and performance in the arboreal green anole lizard, Anolis carolinensis (Voigt, 1832). Lizards were run along four surface widths (9.5 mm, 15.9 mm, 19.0 mm, and flat), before and following 75% tail autotomy. Results indicate that when perturbed with changes in surface breadth and tail condition, surface breadth tends to have greater impacts on locomotor performance than does tail loss. Furthermore, while tail loss does have a destabilizing effect during regular running in these lizards, its function during steady locomotion is minimal. Instead, the tail likely plays a more active role during dynamic maneuvers that require dramatic changes in whole body orientation or center of mass trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Tonia Hsieh
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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39
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Effect of temperature, photoperiod, and feeding on the rate of tail regeneration in a semiaquatic plethodontid salamander. J Therm Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Higham TE, Lipsett KR, Syme DA, Russell AP. Controlled Chaos: Three-Dimensional Kinematics, Fiber Histochemistry, and Muscle Contractile Dynamics of Autotomized Lizard Tails. Physiol Biochem Zool 2013; 86:611-30. [DOI: 10.1086/673546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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41
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McElroy EJ, Bergmann PJ. Tail Autotomy, Tail Size, and Locomotor Performance in Lizards. Physiol Biochem Zool 2013; 86:669-79. [DOI: 10.1086/673890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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42
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Lynn SE, Borkovic BP, Russell AP. Relative Apportioning of Resources to the Body and Regenerating Tail in Juvenile Leopard Geckos (Eublepharis macularius) Maintained on Different Dietary Rations. Physiol Biochem Zool 2013; 86:659-68. [DOI: 10.1086/673312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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43
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Ontogenetic switch between alternative antipredatory strategies in the leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius): defensive threat versus escape. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-013-1536-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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44
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Critical Tail Autotomy for Reduction of Maximal Swimming Performance in a Plethodontid Salamander (Desmognathus quadramaculatus). J HERPETOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1670/12-011r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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45
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Aguilera C, del Pliego PG, Alfaro RM, Lazcano D, Cruz J. Pollution biomarkers in the spiny lizard (Sceloporus spp.) from two suburban populations of Monterrey, Mexico. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2012; 21:2103-2112. [PMID: 22872494 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-012-0978-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution may severely impact reptile species in urbanized areas. The magnitude of the impact is analyzed in the present study using lizard tail tips for the quantitative evaluation of enzymatic biomarkers of pollution. Spiny lizards (Sceloporus serrifer and S. torquatus) were collected from two suburban localities in the Monterrey metropolitan area, Mexico: Chipinque Ecological Park, a natural protected area, and El Carmen Industrial Park (IP), a highly polluted site. Different enzymes were used as biomarkers including: acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), carboxylesterase (CaE), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST). The levels of AChE, BChE and ACP activity were not significantly different between localities. AChE and BChE, commonly used as biomarkers of neurotoxic polluting agents (e.g. organophosphate pesticides) do not appear to be affecting the populations from the study locations. In contrast, the levels of CaE, GST, ALP and SOD were significantly different between the localities. These biomarkers are regularly associated with oxidative stress and processes of detoxification, and generally indicate pollution caused by heavy metals or hydrocarbons, which are common in industrial sites. The data resulting from the analysis of these biomarkers indicate that these polluting agents are affecting the populations of Sceloporus in IP. The present work validates the possibility of conducting additional ecotoxicological studies using biomarkers in combination with a nondestructive sampling technique in species of spiny lizards that are abundant in many North America areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Aguilera
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Apartado Postal F-96, 66450, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, Mexico
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Effects of Caudal Autotomy on Postnatal Growth Rates of HatchlingPsammodromus algirus. J HERPETOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1670/10-321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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47
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Ritzman TB, Stroik LK, Julik E, Hutchins ED, Lasku E, Denardo DF, Wilson-Rawls J, Rawls JA, Kusumi K, Fisher RE. The Gross Anatomy of the Original and Regenerated Tail in the Green Anole (Anolis carolinensis). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2012; 295:1596-608. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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48
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Vignoli L, Vuerich V, Bologna M. Experimental study of dispersal behaviour in a wall lizard species (Podarcis sicula) (Sauria Lacertidae). ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2011.643922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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49
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Jervis MA, Moe A, Heimpel GE. The evolution of parasitoid fecundity: a paradigm under scrutiny. Ecol Lett 2012; 15:357-64. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01745.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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50
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Morphological and biochemical analyses of original and regenerated lizard tails reveal variation in protein and lipid composition. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2012; 161:77-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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