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Balhara A, Basit A, Argikar UA, Dumouchel JL, Singh S, Prasad B. Comparative Proteomics Analysis of the Postmitochondrial Supernatant Fraction of Human Lens-Free Whole Eye and Liver. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:592-600. [PMID: 33952609 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence of ocular diseases has accelerated research into therapeutic interventions needed for the eye. Ocular enzymes play important roles in the metabolism of drugs and endobiotics. Various ocular drugs are designed as prodrugs that are activated by ocular enzymes. Moreover, ocular enzymes have been implicated in the bioactivation of drugs to their toxic metabolites. The key purpose of this study was to compare global proteomes of the pooled samples of the eye (n = 11) and the liver (n = 50) with a detailed analysis of the abundance of enzymes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics and endobiotics. We used the postmitochondrial supernatant fraction (S9 fraction) of the lens-free whole eye homogenate as a model to allow accurate comparison with the liver S9 fraction. A total of 269 proteins (including 23 metabolic enzymes) were detected exclusively in the pooled eye S9 against 648 proteins in the liver S9 (including 174 metabolic enzymes), whereas 424 proteins (including 94 metabolic enzymes) were detected in both the organs. The major hepatic cytochrome P450 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases enzymes were not detected, but aldehyde dehydrogenases and glutathione transferases were the predominant proteins in the eye. The comparative qualitative and quantitative proteomics data in the eye versus liver is expected to help in explaining differential metabolic and physiologic activities in the eye. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Information on the enzymes involved in xenobiotic and endobiotic metabolism in the human eye in relation to the liver is scarcely available. The study employed global proteomic analysis to compare the proteomes of the lens-free whole eye and the liver with a detailed analysis of the enzymes involved in xenobiotic and endobiotic metabolism. These data will help in better understanding of the ocular metabolism and activation of drugs and endobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Balhara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India (An.B., S.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (Ab.B., B.P.); Biotransformation Group, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (U.A.A.); and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (J.L.D.)
| | - Abdul Basit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India (An.B., S.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (Ab.B., B.P.); Biotransformation Group, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (U.A.A.); and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (J.L.D.)
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India (An.B., S.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (Ab.B., B.P.); Biotransformation Group, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (U.A.A.); and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (J.L.D.)
| | - Jennifer L Dumouchel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India (An.B., S.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (Ab.B., B.P.); Biotransformation Group, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (U.A.A.); and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (J.L.D.)
| | - Saranjit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India (An.B., S.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (Ab.B., B.P.); Biotransformation Group, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (U.A.A.); and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (J.L.D.)
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India (An.B., S.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (Ab.B., B.P.); Biotransformation Group, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (U.A.A.); and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (J.L.D.)
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Argikar UA, Dumouchel JL, Dunne CE, Bushee AJ. Ocular non-P450 oxidative, reductive, hydrolytic, and conjugative drug metabolizing enzymes. Drug Metab Rev 2017; 49:372-394. [PMID: 28438049 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2017.1322609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism in the eye for any species, laboratory animals or human, is gaining rapid interest as pharmaceutical scientists aim to treat a wide range of so-called incurable ocular diseases. Over a period of decades, reports of metabolic activity toward various drugs and biochemical markers have emerged in select ocular tissues of animals and humans. Ocular cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes and transporters have been recently reviewed. However, there is a dearth of collated information on non-P450 drug metabolizing enzymes in eyes of various preclinical species and humans in health and disease. In an effort to complement ocular P450s and transporters, which have been well reviewed in the literature, this review is aimed at presenting collective information on non-P450 oxidative, hydrolytic, and conjugative ocular drug metabolizing enzymes. Herein, we also present a list of xenobiotics or drugs that have been reported to be metabolized in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upendra A Argikar
- a Analytical Sciences and Imaging , Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Jennifer L Dumouchel
- a Analytical Sciences and Imaging , Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Christine E Dunne
- b Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , CO , USA
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Muzio G, Maggiora M, Paiuzzi E, Oraldi M, Canuto RA. Aldehyde dehydrogenases and cell proliferation. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:735-46. [PMID: 22206977 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) oxidize aldehydes to the corresponding carboxylic acids using either NAD or NADP as a coenzyme. Aldehydes are highly reactive aliphatic or aromatic molecules that play an important role in numerous physiological, pathological, and pharmacological processes. ALDHs have been discovered in practically all organisms and there are multiple isoforms, with multiple subcellular localizations. More than 160 ALDH cDNAs or genes have been isolated and sequenced to date from various sources, including bacteria, yeast, fungi, plants, and animals. The eukaryote ALDH genes can be subdivided into several families; the human genome contains 19 known ALDH genes, as well as many pseudogenes. Noteworthy is the fact that elevated activity of various ALDHs, namely ALDH1A2, ALDH1A3, ALDH1A7, ALDH2*2, ALDH3A1, ALDH4A1, ALDH5A1, ALDH6, and ALDH9A1, has been observed in normal and cancer stem cells. Consequently, ALDHs not only may be considered markers of these cells, but also may well play a functional role in terms of self-protection, differentiation, and/or expansion of stem cell populations. The ALDH3 family includes enzymes able to oxidize medium-chain aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes, such as peroxidic and fatty aldehydes. Moreover, these enzymes also have noncatalytic functions, including antioxidant functions and some structural roles. The gene of the cytosolic form, ALDH3A1, is localized on chromosome 17 in human beings and on the 11th and 10th chromosome in the mouse and rat, respectively. ALDH3A1 belongs to the phase II group of drug-metabolizing enzymes and is highly expressed in the stomach, lung, keratinocytes, and cornea, but poorly, if at all, in normal liver. Cytosolic ALDH3 is induced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or chlorinated compounds, such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, in rat liver cells and increases during carcinogenesis. It has been observed that this increased activity is directly correlated with the degree of deviation in hepatoma and lung cancer cell lines, as is the case in chemically induced hepatoma in rats. High ALDH3A1 expression and activity have been correlated with cell proliferation, resistance against aldehydes derived from lipid peroxidation, and resistance against drug toxicity, such as oxazaphosphorines. Indeed, cells with a high ALDH3A1 content are more resistant to the cytostatic and cytotoxic effects of lipidic aldehydes than are those with a low content. A reduction in cell proliferation can be observed when the enzyme is directly inhibited by the administration of synthetic specific inhibitors, antisense oligonucleotides, or siRNA or indirectly inhibited by the induction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) with polyunsaturated fatty acids or PPARγ transfection. Conversely, cell proliferation is stimulated by the activation of ALDH3A1, whether by inhibiting PPARγ with a specific antagonist, antisense oligonucleotides, siRNA, or a medical device (i.e., composite polypropylene prosthesis for hernia repair) used to induce cell proliferation. To date, the mechanisms underlying the effects of ALDHs on cell proliferation are not yet fully clear. A likely hypothesis is that the regulatory effect is mediated by the catabolism of some endogenous substrates deriving from normal cell metabolism, such as 4-hydroxynonenal, which have the capacity to either stimulate or inhibit the expression of genes involved in regulating proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Muzio
- Dipartimento di Medicina ed Oncologia Sperimentale, Università di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
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4
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Holmes RS, Hempel J. Comparative studies of vertebrate aldehyde dehydrogenase 3: Sequences, structures, phylogeny and evolution. Evidence for a mammalian origin for the ALDH3A1 gene. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 191:113-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Biochemical Genetics of Opossum Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 3: Evidence for Three ALDH3A-Like Genes and an ALDH3B-Like Gene. Biochem Genet 2009; 48:287-303. [DOI: 10.1007/s10528-009-9318-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Rout UK, Holmes RS. Alcohol dehydrogenases and aldehyde dehydrogenases among inbred strains of mice: multiplicity, development, genetic studies and metabolic roles. Addict Biol 2003; 1:349-62. [PMID: 12893452 DOI: 10.1080/1355621961000124966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) are the major enzymes responsible for the metabolism of alcohols and aldehydes in the body. Both exist as a family of isozymes in mammals, and have been extensively studied in animal models, particularly among inbred strains of mice. Mouse ADH exists as at least three major classes, which are predominantly localized in liver (classes I and III), and in stomach/cornea (class IV). Mouse ALDH exhibits extensive multiplicity, several forms of which have been characterized, including ALDH1 (liver cytoplasmic/class 1 isozyme); ALDH2 (liver mitochondrial/class 2.); ALDH3 (stomach cytosolic/class 3); ALDH4 (liver microsomal/class 3); and ALDH5 (testis cytosolic/class 3). Biochemical, genetic and molecular genetic analyses have been performed on several of these enzymes, including studies on variant forms of ADH and ALDH. Distinct metabolic roles are proposed, based upon their tissue and subcellular distribution characteristics and the biochemical properties for these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- U K Rout
- Department of Obstetrics-Gynaecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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Dolney DE, Szalai G, Duester G, Felder MR. Molecular analysis of genetic differences among inbred mouse strains controlling tissue expression pattern of alcohol dehydrogenase 4. Gene 2001; 267:145-56. [PMID: 11313141 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(01)00409-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The ADH gene family in vertebrates is composed of at least seven distinct classes based upon sequence comparisons and enzyme properties. The Adh4 gene product may play an important role in differentiation and development because of its capacity to metabolize retinol to retinoic acid. Allelic gene differences exist among inbred mouse strains which control structure and tissue-specific regulation of Adh4. C57BL/6 mice are unique and have no detectable ADH4 enzyme activity in epididymis and low levels in seminal vesicle, ovary and uterus compared to other strains. C57BL/6 mice express Adh4 in stomach at levels similar to other strains. The goal of this research was to investigate this genetic variation at the molecular level. Northern analysis revealed that the content of ADH4 mRNA in tissues correlate with the enzyme expression pattern. Interestingly, C57BL/6 mice express an ADH4 mRNA in stomach which is smaller than expressed in C3H and other mice. An analysis of the 5'- and 3'-ends of the mRNA using RACE analysis determined that the ADH4 mRNA in C57BL/6 mice is truncated in the 3'-untranslated region. Sequence analysis of RACE products showed that the truncation is due to a single nucleotide mutation which produces an early polyadenylation signal. Additional RACE and Northern analysis revealed that at least five different polyadenylation sites are used in the Adh4 gene. Using 3'-end polymorphisms found between C57BL/6 and C3H strains and RT-PCR, it was shown that the lack of expression in epididymis in C57BL/6 mice is cis-acting in F(1) hybrid animals. The DNA sequence of the proximal promoter (-600/+42 nt) was determined in several mouse strains differing in tissue-specific expression patterns and did not reveal any nucleotide substitutions correlating with expression pattern suggesting further upstream or downstream sequences may be involved.
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MESH Headings
- Alcohol Dehydrogenase/genetics
- Alleles
- Alternative Splicing
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Poly A/genetics
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Dolney
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Downes JE, Swann PG, Holmes RS. A genetic basis for corneal sensitivity to ultraviolet light among recombinant SWXJ inbred strains of mice. Curr Eye Res 1997; 16:539-46. [PMID: 9192162 DOI: 10.1076/ceyr.16.6.539.5075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine a possible genetic basis for corneal sensitivity to UV-B light exposure. METHODS To this end, adult male mice from the 14 SWXJ recombinant inbred albino strains (originating from SJL/J and SWR/J parental strains) were subjected to ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure of 0.078 J/cm2 and photographed four days post-exposure, to assess corneal opacity and the possible correlation with corneal aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity and soluble protein content. RESULTS Those recombinant strains that exhibited the SWR/J strain phenotype of having low levels of ALDH and decreased soluble protein levels also exhibited greater levels of corneal clouding after UV-exposure than the other strains, which exhibited "normal" levels of both ALDH activity and soluble protein in the cornea. CONCLUSIONS These data support an hypothesis for a major role for ALDH in assisting the cornea to protect the eye against UV-induced tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Downes
- Division of Science and Technology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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Downes JE, Holmes RS. Purification and properties of murine corneal alcohol dehydrogenase. Evidence for class IV ADH properties. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1995; 372:349-54. [PMID: 7484397 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1965-2_42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J E Downes
- School of Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
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Algar EM, VandeBerg JL, Holmes RS. A gastric alcohol dehydrogenase in the baboon: purification and properties of a 'high-Km' enzyme, consistent with a role in 'first pass' alcohol metabolism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1992; 16:922-7. [PMID: 1443431 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1992.tb01894.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The major isozyme of alcohol dehydrogenase in baboon stomach, ADH3, has been purified to homogeneity and characterized with a range of alcohol and aldehyde substrates. Using kcat/Km values as an indication of substrate efficacy, medium-chain length aliphatic alcohols and aldehydes were identified as the preferred substrates. ADH3 showed 'high-Km' properties with respect to ethanol, and is expected to significantly contribute to 'first-pass' metabolism of alcohol. The enzyme exhibited more than two orders of magnitude higher turnover of substrate than the baboon liver 'low-Km' ADH, and may play a role in the rapid metabolism of a wide range of ingested alcohols in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Algar
- Division of Science and Technology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
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Nadeau JH, Davisson MT, Doolittle DP, Grant P, Hillyard AL, Kosowsky MR, Roderick TH. Comparative map for mice and humans. Mamm Genome 1992; 3:480-536. [PMID: 1392257 DOI: 10.1007/bf00778825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J H Nadeau
- Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609
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Törrönen R, Korkalainen M, Kärenlampi SO. Induction of class 3 aldehyde dehydrogenase in the mouse hepatoma cell line Hepa-1 by various chemicals. Chem Biol Interact 1992; 83:107-19. [PMID: 1505055 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(92)90040-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The mouse hepatoma cell line Hepa-1 was shown to express an aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) isozyme which was inducible by TCDD and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The induced activity could be detected with benzaldehyde as substrate and NADP as cofactor (B/NADP ALDH). As compared with rat liver and hepatoma cell lines, the response was moderate (maximally 5-fold). There was an apparent correlation between this specific form of ALDH and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) in the Hepa-1 wild-type cell line--in terms of inducibility by several chemicals. However, the magnitude of the response was clearly smaller for ALDH than for AHH. Southern blot analysis showed that a homologous gene (class 3 ALDH) was present in the rat and mouse genome. The gene was also expressed in Hepa-1 and there was a good correlation between the increase of class 3 ALDH-specific mRNA and B/NADP ALDH enzyme activity after exposure of the Hepa-1 cells to TCDD. It is concluded that class 3 ALDH is inducible by certain chemicals in the mouse hepatoma cell line, although the respective enzyme is not inducible in mouse liver in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Törrönen
- Department of Physiology, University of Kuopio, Finland
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13
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Human stomach aldehyde dehydrogenase cDNA and genomic cloning, primary structure, and expression in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)50690-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Buchberg
- Jefferson Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107-5541
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Abstract
Aldehydes are highly reactive molecules that may have a variety of effects on biological systems. They can be generated from a virtually limitless number of endogenous and exogenous sources. Although some aldehyde-mediated effects such as vision are beneficial, many effects are deleterious, including cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity. A variety of enzymes have evolved to metabolize aldehydes to less reactive forms. Among the most effective pathways for aldehyde metabolism is their oxidation to carboxylic acids by aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs). ALDHs are a family of NADP-dependent enzymes with common structural and functional features that catalyze the oxidation of a broad spectrum of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes. Based on primary sequence analysis, three major classes of mammalian ALDHs--1, 2, and 3--have been identified. Classes 1 and 3 contain both constitutively expressed and inducible cytosolic forms. Class 2 consists of constitutive mitochondrial enzymes. Each class appears to oxidize a variety of substrates that may be derived either from endogenous sources such as amino acid, biogenic amine, or lipid metabolism or from exogenous sources, including aldehydes derived from xenobiotic metabolism. Changes in ALDH activity have been observed during experimental liver and urinary bladder carcinogenesis and in a number of human tumors, including some liver, colon, and mammary cancers. Changes in ALDH define at least one population of preneoplastic cells having a high probability of progressing to overt neoplasms. The most common change is the appearance of class 3 ALDH dehydrogenase activity in tumors arising in tissues that normally do not express this form. The changes in enzyme activity occur early in tumorigenesis and are the result of permanent changes in ALDH gene expression. This review discusses several aspects of ALDH expression during carcinogenesis. A brief introduction examines the variety of sources of aldehydes. This is followed by a discussion of the mammalian ALDHs. Because the ALDHs are a relatively understudied family of enzymes, this section presents what is currently known about the general structural and functional properties of the enzymes and the interrelationships of the various forms. The remainder of the review discusses various aspects of the ALDHs in relation to tumorigenesis. The expression of ALDH during experimental carcinogenesis and what is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying those changes are discussed. This is followed by an extended discussion of the potential roles for ALDH in tumorigenesis. The role of ALDH in the metabolism of cyclophosphamidelike chemotherapeutic agents is described. This work suggests that modulation of ALDH activity may an important determinant of the effectiveness of certain chemotherapeutic agents.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lindahl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Vermillion 57069
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Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) isozymes in the gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica): Tissue and subcellular distribution and biochemical genetics of ALDH3. Biochem Genet 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02401810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Nadeau JH, Davisson MT, Doolittle DP, Grant P, Hillyard AL, Kosowsky M, Roderick TH. Comparative map for mice and humans. Mamm Genome 1991; 1 Spec No:S461-515. [PMID: 1799811 DOI: 10.1007/bf00656504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J H Nadeau
- Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Buchberg
- Jefferson Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, PA 19107-5541
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Nadeau
- Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609
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20
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Abedinia M, Pain T, Algar EM, Holmes RS. Bovine corneal aldehyde dehydrogenase: the major soluble corneal protein with a possible dual protective role for the eye. Exp Eye Res 1990; 51:419-26. [PMID: 2209753 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4835(90)90154-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bovine corneal aldehyde dehydrogenase was purified to homogeneity and characterized with aldehyde substrates at pH 7.4. The enzyme was a dimer with a subunit size of 65 kDa. Using kcat/Km values as an indication of substrate efficacy, aldehyde products of lipid peroxidation were recognized as the likely 'natural' substrates. Protein yields from enzyme purification, as well as electrophoretic analyses of crude and purified enzyme preparations, demonstrated that this enzyme is the major soluble protein in bovine cornea, and constitutes around 0.5% wet weight of tissue. A dual role in protecting the eye against UV-B light is proposed--oxidation of aldehydes generated by light induced lipid peroxidation, and the direct absorption of UV-B light by bovine corneal ALDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abedinia
- Division of Science and Technology, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Australia
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21
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Holmes RS, van Oorschot RA, Vandeberg JL. Genetics of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase from Monodelphis domestica cornea: further evidence for identity of corneal aldehyde dehydrogenase with a major soluble protein. Genet Res (Camb) 1990; 56:259-65. [PMID: 2272517 DOI: 10.1017/s0016672300035369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A didelphid marsupial, the gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica), was used as a model species to study the biochemical genetics of alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in corneal tissue. Isoelectric point variants of corneal ALDH (designated ALDH3) and a major soluble protein in corneal extracts were observed among eight families of animals used in studying the genetics of these proteins. Both phenotypes exhibited identical patterns following PAGE-IEF and were inherited in a normal Mendelian fashion, with two alleles at a single locus (ALDH3) showing codominant expression. The data provided evidence for genetic identity of corneal ALDH with this major soluble protein, and supported biochemical evidence, recently reported for purified bovine corneal ALDH, that this enzyme constitutes a major portion of soluble corneal protein (Abedinia et al. 1990). Isoelectric point variants for corneal ADH were also observed, with patterns for the two major forms (ADH3 and ADH4) and one minor form (ADH5) being consistent with the presence of two ADH subunits (designated gamma and delta), and variant phenotypes existing for the gamma subunit. The genetics of this enzyme was studied in the eight families, and the results were consistent with codominant expression of two alleles at a single locus (designated ADH3). It is relevant that a major detoxification function has been proposed for corneal ADH and ALDH, in the oxidoreduction of peroxidic aldehydes induced by available oxygen and UV-B light (Holmes & VandeBerg, 1986a). In addition, a direct role for corneal ALDH as a UV-B photoreceptor in this anterior eye tissue has also been proposed (Abedinia et al. 1990).
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Holmes
- Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78284
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Searle AG, Peters J, Lyon MF, Hall JG, Evans EP, Edwards JH, Buckle VJ. Chromosome maps of man and mouse. IV. Ann Hum Genet 1989; 53:89-140. [PMID: 2688541 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1989.tb01777.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Current knowledge of man-mouse genetic homology is presented in the form of chromosomal displays, tables and a grid, which show locations of the 322 loci now assigned to chromosomes in both species, as well as 12 DNA segments not yet associated with gene loci. At least 50 conserved autosomal segments with two or more loci have been identified, twelve of which are over 20 cM long in the mouse, as well as five conserved segments on the X chromosome. All human and mouse chromosomes now have conserved regions; human 17 still shows the least evidence of rearrangement, with a single long conserved segment which apparently spans the centromere. The loci include 102 which are known to be associated with human hereditary disease; these are listed separately. Human parental effects which may well be the result of genomic imprinting are reviewed and the location of the factors concerned displayed in relation to mouse chromosomal regions which have been implicated in imprinting phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Searle
- MRC Radiobiology Unit, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon
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23
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Algar EM, Holmes RS. Purification and properties of mouse stomach aldehyde dehydrogenase. Evidence for a role in the oxidation of peroxidic and aromatic aldehydes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1989; 995:168-73. [PMID: 2930794 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(89)90076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The major isozyme of aldehyde dehydrogenase in mouse stomach, AHD-4, has been purified to homogeneity and characterized with a range of aldehyde substrates at pH 7.4. The enzyme was a dimer with a subunit size of 65 kDa. Using V/Km values as an indication of substrate efficacy, aromatic aldehydes were the preferred substrates. The enzyme used either NAD+ or NADP+ as cofactor, but showed a preference for NAD+. AHD-4 showed 'high-Km' properties with respect to acetaldehyde, but differed from the 'high-Km' liver mitochondrial enzyme (AHD-1), in that it was not a semialdehyde dehydrogenase. The enzyme was significantly active towards the peroxidic aldehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal, and may play a role in vivo in the detoxification of aromatic aldehydes and the aldehyde products of lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Algar
- Division of Science and Technology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
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24
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Sladek NE, Manthey CL, Maki PA, Zhang Z, Landkamer GJ. Xenobiotic oxidation catalyzed by aldehyde dehydrogenases. Drug Metab Rev 1989; 20:697-720. [PMID: 2680404 DOI: 10.3109/03602538909103572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N E Sladek
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis 55455
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Holmes RS, Cheung B, VandeBerg JL. Isoelectric focusing studies of aldehyde dehydrogenases, alcohol dehydrogenases and oxidases from mammalian anterior eye tissues. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 93:271-7. [PMID: 2673654 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(89)90081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
1. Isoelectric focusing (IEF) and zymogram methods were used to examine the tissue distribution, multiplicity and substrate specificities of alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs), aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) and ocular oxidases (EOXs) from mammalian anterior eye tissues. 2. Baboon, cattle, pig and sheep corneal extracts exhibited high ALDH activities; the corneal ALDHs were distinct from the major liver ALDHs and distinguished by their preference for medium-chain aldehydes. 3. Baboon and pig corneal extracts also showed high ADH activities, by comparison with ovine and bovine samples. Moreover, the ADHs were distinct from the major liver isozymes in pI value and substrate specificity. 4. Mammalian lens extracts exhibited significant ALDH activity of a form corresponding to the major liver cytosolic isozyme. Minor activity of the corneal enzyme was also observed in some species. 5. Lens ADH phenotypes were species-specific, and consisted of either Class II activity (baboon and sheep), Class III ADH activity (pig), or activities of both ADH classes (cattle). 6. Lens extracts also exhibited a complex pattern of ocular oxidase (EOX) activities following IEF. 7. A role in peroxidatic aldehyde detoxification is proposed for these enzymes in anterior eye tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Holmes
- Division of Science and Technology, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
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